How to Avoid Expensive Pump Failures and Repairs from Cavitation by Determining the “Suction Energy” of a Pump Written by: Allan R. Budris, P.E. www.WaterWorldCE.com How to Avoid Expensive Pump Failures and Repairs from Cavitation by Determining the “Suction Energy” of a Pump Educational Objectives On completion of this course, students will: 1 Learn how and when cavitation exists in and causes damage to centrifugal pumps. 4 Learn about pump “Low Flow Suction Recirculation”, and when it will cause damage to a pump. 2 Learn a method that can predict when cavitation will and will not cause damage to and shorten the life of centrifugal pumps. 5 Learn when pump suction piping can cause pump damage, and recommended minimum straight suction pipe lengths. 3 Learn how the NPSH Margin and Suction Energy of a pump impacts pump reliability. Cavitation damage can drastically shorten the life of the pump impeller, mechanical seals, bearings and possibly other pump components, plus cavitation typically starts in pumps with NPSH Margins (NPSHA/NPSHR) of around 4.0, and sometime even higher. This means that cavitation exists in a high percentage of installed pumps. But not all pumps that experience cavitation will be damaged. So the big questions becomes, not will my pump cavitate, but will the cavitation that likely exists cause damage to my pump. Allan Budris has developed a relatively simple means of answering this question in the form of “Suction Energy”. This paper defines Suction Energy, Suction Energy Levels, Suction Energy Gating values for various pump types, and how Suction Energy Ratios and NPSH Margin Ratios can predict relative pump life. Also explained are how Suction Energy can also predict suction recirculation damage, and when suction piping is critical to dependable pump performance. Suction pipe lengths are suggested for low and high pump suction energy levels. This new method for predicting cavitation damage in centrifugal pumps, which has been adopted by the Hydraulic Institute and major pump companies, can save thousands of dollars in unnecessary maintenance costs. Introduction: One way that the Best-of-Class users reduce the Life Cycle Costs of their pump installations is by selecting pumps and designing pump systems that will avoid cavitation damage within their pumps. Cavitation damage can dras2 tically shorten the life of the pump impeller, mechanical seals, bearings and possibly other pump components. In other words it will reduce the mean-time-between-failure (MTBF), possibly to as low as three months, which will increase maintenance costs and pump down time. There has been a lot written on the dangers of pump cavitation damage when adequate suction pressure (Net Positive Suction Head Available - NPSHA) is not provided; when pumps are operated at low flow rates (below the start of suction recirculation); and/or when sufficient straight runs of piping are not provided upstream of the pump suction. It can require NPSHA values of four times the published Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR), or more, to avoid all cavitation in a pump. The start of Suction Recirculation, which occurs in all centrifugal pumps at some reduced flow rate, can be as high as 85% or more of the pump best efficiency flow rate (bep). The required minimum straight length of pipe, up stream of the pump suction, may be as high as 15 times the pipe diameter or higher. However, experienced pump users also know that most smaller, and/or slower speed, pumps do not experience cavitation damage, even when operated under these unfavorable conditions. So the question is, specifically when must pump users take special precautions to avoid cavitation damage, and the associated increase in maintenance costs? Suction Energy: Well, based on the writer’s extensive experience with several major pump manufacturers, he was able to developed a www.WaterWorldCE.com Suction Energy (S.E.) = De x N x S x S.G. Where: De = Impeller eye diameter (inches) N = Pump speed (rpm) S = Suction specific speed (rpm x (gpm)0.5) / (NPSHR)0.75 S.G. = Specific gravity of liquid pumped Based on the experience of hundreds of centrifugal pumps, the writer was able to establish the following specific gating values for the start of “High Suction Energy” and “Very High Suction Energy”, for various pump types. Pump Suction Energy Ratio’s can be determined by dividing the actual pump suction energy value by the “High Suction Energy” gating values from this table. Table 1. Pump Type Start of Start of “High Suction Energy” “Very High Suction Energy” 2-Vane Sewage Pumps* 100 x 106 150 x 106 Double Suction Pumps 120 x 106 180 x 106 End Suction Pumps 160 x 106 240 x 106 Vertical Turbine Pumps 200 x 106 300 x 106 Inducers 320 x 106 480 x 106 * - Applies to all pumps with less than 15° of impeller vane overlap Low Suction Energy (S.E. Ratio’s less than 1.0): Pumps with levels of suction energy below these values are considered to have low suction energy. Generally speaking, low suction energy pumps are not prone to noise, vibration or damage from cavitation or recirculation. However, there could be detrimental effects on mechanical seals from the air or vapors which may be liberated from the liquid during the formation of the cavitation bubbles, under low NPSH margin conditions (below 1.1 – 1.3 NPSH margin ratio). One exception to this damage free zone does, however, occur with pumps handling abrasives and/or corrosive liquids which amplify the implosion impact of the cavitation bubbles. www.WaterWorldCE.com High Suction Energy (S.E. Ratio’s between 1.0 and less then 1.5): Pumps with high suction energy and low NPSH margins, especially when operated in the suction recirculation flow range, may experience noise, vibration and/or minor cavitation erosion damage with impeller materials that have low cavitation resistance, such as cast iron. High suction energy starts at about 3,560 rpm in end suction pumps with 6” and larger suction nozzles sizes, and split case pumps with 8” and larger suction nozzles. At 1,780 rpm, high suction energy is likely to start with 10” suction nozzle size for end suction pumps, and 12” suction size for split case pumps. Very High Suction Energy (S.E. Ratio’s of 1.5 and above): Pumps with very high suction energy and low NPSH margins, especially when operated in the suction recirculation flow range, may experience erosion damage, even with cavitation resistant materials, such as stainless steel. This impact of Suction Energy on pump reliability can be seen in figure 1. It reflects a pump reliability “trend line” that was developed from actual field reliability data at two process plants (one with split case pumps, and the other with ANSI end suction chemical pumps). As can be see, pump reliability definitely decreases with increasing values of suction energy. Figure 1: Suction Energy Reliability Factor Reliability factor method that predicts when pumps are susceptible to cavitation noise, vibration, and/or damage; and when they are free of these damaging affects. The method is called “Suction Energy”, with specific gating values of “Suction Energy” identified for different pump types and/or impeller vane overlap. The amount of energy in a pumped fluid which flashes into vapor and then collapses back into a liquid in the high pressure areas of the impeller determines the amount of noise and/or damage from cavitation. Suction energy is another term for the liquid momentum in the suction eye of a pump impeller, which means that it is a function of the mass and velocity of the liquid in the inlet. Suction energy is defined as: NPSH Margin The NPSHR of a pump does not represent the start of 1: Suction Energy Reliability Factor cavitation. ItFigure is actually the NPSHA that will cause the total head to be reduced by 3%, due to flow blockage from cavitation vapor in the entry of the impeller vanes. It can take from 1.05 to 2.5 times the NPSHR just to achieve the 100 percent head point, and typically 4 to 5 times the 3% NPSHR of the pump to totally eliminate cavitation. The question then becomes, how much NPSH Margin is really required to minimize cavitation damage, and achieve extended MTBF rates. Figure 2 presents a trend line that was obtained from the same actual field test data mentioned above for Suction Energy, and it shows a definite trend of improving reliability with higher NPSH Margin values. 3 Reliability factor Figure 2: NPSH Margin Reliability lines. This is due to the fact that the maximum cavitation damage does not actually occur at the lowest NPSH Margin, but instead at a NPSH Margin Ratio value around 1.3 to 1.5, above the start of suction recirculation, as shown in figure 5. This is due to the cushioning impact of the dissolved air which is liberated (to entrained air) as the cavitation vapor bubbles are formed, in increasing numbers, as the NPSH Margin is reduced (as shown in figure 6). Figure 4: Suction Energy/NPSH Margin Reliability (Erosion Damage) NPSH Margin Reliability Factor Based on these Suction Energy and NPSH Margin pump Figure 2: NPSH Margin Reliability reliability trend lines, and other field experience, the author developed the graph shown in figure 3, to provide a reasonable approximation of the overall pump reliability (from pump cavitation and the related vibration) that can be expected with aqueous liquids, when various NPSH margin ratios are applied to “High Suction Energy” pumps of increasing energy levels (Actual Pump Suction Energy divided by the “High Suction Energy” gating value for the pump type). These NPSH margin reliability factors are based on the fact that, above the gating suction energy values, cavitation becomes more severe. In other words, the greater the suction energy, the more important it is to suppress the residual cavitaiton that exists above the NPSHR, to prevent damage. This reliability factor is only applicable within the allowable operating flow region, above the start of suction recirculation. Much higher NPSH margin values are required in the region of suction recirculation for high and very high suction energy pump applications. Figure 5: Typical Relative Erosion Rate vs. NPSH Margin near Figure 4: Suction Energy / NPSH Margin Reliability (Erosion Damage) Figure 3: NPSH Margin Reliability Factor Figure 5: Typical Relative Erosion Rate vs. NPSH Margin near This new methodBEP for Flow predicting cavitation damage Rate in centrifugal pumps, which has been adopted by the Hydraulic Institute and major pump companies, can save thousands of dollars in unnecessary maintenance costs, as discussed further below. Suction Energy Impact on Low Flow Pump Internal “Suction Recirculation”: Figure 3: NPSH Margin Reliability Factor Now the pump reliability curves shown in figure 3 reflect not only the actual cavitation damage to the impeller, but reduce life of the bearings and mechanical seals from the vibration and air liberated due to cavitation. If we only look at the actual cavitation erosion of the impeller, pump reliability is not only higher, as approximated in figure 4, but not a straight 4 Low flow suction recirculation can be extremely damaging in High Suction Energy pumps. Suction recirculation caused cavitation is even more damaging than conventional (high flow) cavitation. The writer remembers one field problem in California, with a high suction energy pump, equipped with a flexible rubber joint on the suction nozzle (which did not have tie rods). The operator would not operated this pump for fear of knocking down the pier that www.WaterWorldCE.com it was mounted on, due to very high suction recirculation pressure pulsations / forces acting on the unrestrained expansion joint. pumps should not be operating for extended time periods in the suction recirculation region. Figure 7: Impeller Suction Recirculation Figure 6: Cavitation impact on amount of entrained air in pumpage Figure 8: Start of Suction Recirculation in High Suction Energy Pumps Figure 7: Impeller Suction Recirculation 6: Cavitation impact on amount of entrained air in WhatFigure is Suction Recirculation? pumpage Suction recirculation is a condition where, at some reduced flow rate, the eye of the impeller becomes too large for the net through flow, and the inlet tip speed becomes high enough to cause the flow in the inlet portion of an impeller to separate from the vanes at the periphery and be ejected upstream, opposite to the direction of net flow entering the impeller, often well into the suction pipe (see figure 7). This forms eddies and vortices within the impeller inlet, and pre-rotation of the liquid entering the pump. Suction recirculation also causes the formation of very intense vortices between the impeller vanes, which have high velocities at their core, and this consequently lowers the static pressure at that location. This can in turn lead to intense cavitation accompanied by severe pressure pulsations and noise that can be damaging to the operation of the pump, and to the integrity of the impeller material. It occurs in all centrifugal pumps at some reduced pump capacity, normally below the best efficiency rate of flow, but only causes damage in High and Very High Suction Energy pumps. In part, it helps a pump adjust to the lower flow throughput. Generally, the higher the suction specific speed (and specific speed) of a pump, the greater the flow rate at which suction recirculation begins. This is shown in Figure 8, which can be used to approximate the start of suction recirculation for high suction energy pumps. The three curves show the effect of specific speed on the start of suction recirculation, which increases with increasing specific speed and suction specific speed. This reduces the allowable operating region. As was stated earlier, high suction energy www.WaterWorldCE.com Figure 8: Start Suction in High Suction Energy The exactofflow at Recirculation which suction recirculation takes Pumps place is dependent on the design of the impeller, and should be obtained from the pump manufacturer. The important fact to remember is that the larger the impeller eye diameter (which leads to a lower required NPSH), the higher will be the capacity at which suction recirculation takes place, as a percentage of the capacity at best efficiency. Identifying Suction Recirculation damage: Figure 9 shows just how much more damaging suction recirculation can be compared to classic cavitation. Tests of this “High Suction Energy” pump at its best efficiency and start of suction recirculation flow rates, demonstrate not only a much higher suction pressure pulsations peak (from cavitation) for the suction recirculation flow rate (in the maximum erosion flow region), but the width of the pulsation peak is much broader and occurs at a higher NPSH margin ratio. It can take a NPSH margin ratio (NPSHA/ NPSHR) of over 3.0 to get beyond the suction recirculation peak, and even at that the suction pressure pulsation level is 75% that of the bep flow peak. 5 Figure 9: Pressure Pulsation level vs. NPSH Margin Ration for Recirculation and BEP flow rates and mounted on the impeller. Such rings are commonly referred to as “bulk-head rings”. This prevents the recirculation vortex from extending axially beyond the plane formed by the apron. Of course, since this does increase the required NPSH, the use of these bulk-head rings can only be resorted to if there is sufficient margin in the available NPSH. This was the fix used to solve the California pump recirculation pier damaging problem mentioned above. Figure 10: Bulk-head ring construction It should be noted that the location of the material damage is an9: excellent diagnostic tool in identifying whether the Figure Pressure Pulsation level vs. NPSH Margin cause Ratio is classic cavitation or internal suction recirculation for Recirculation and BEP flow rates caused cavitation. If the damage is to the hidden (high pressure) side of the vanes, and must be seen with the help of a small mirror, the cause is suction recirculation. Classic cavitation damage occurs on the visible (low pressure) side of the impeller vane, a little way back from the leading edge. As discussed above, flow recirculation may, or may not, cause pump noise, vibration, erosion damage, and/or large forces on the impeller. It can also cause the pump alignment to change, all of which may tend to affect the shaft seal and bearing life. The likelihood of damage is heavily dependent on the suction energy level (does the pump posses high or very high suction energy), specific speed of the pump (above 3,500), the NPSH margin in the pump, and the nature of the flow provided to the suction piping. Experience has shown that low suction energy pumps are not susceptible to damage from suction recirculation. However, solids and/or corrosives can accelerate damage during suction recirculation (as with classic cavitation), even with low suction energy applications. Solving Suction Recirculation Problems: Other than avoiding the low flow suction recirculation zone all together, or selecting only low suction energy pumps, the normal first fix for a suction recirculation problem is to install an external by-pass lines to bring the net flow rate above the start of suction recirculation. If the above is not practical, there is a relatively simple pump modification which, in a number of cases, has been used quite successfully to reduce and even sometimes eliminate the unfavorable effects of suction recirculation. It consists of retrofitting pumps with a stationary casing ring, the apron of which extends inwardly of the impeller eye diameter (figure 10). If preferred, such rings can instead be rotating 6 Finally, another interesting fix, a “stabilizer,” might also be able to alleviate problem suction recirculation. A stabiFigure 10 :smaller Bulk-head ring construction lizer is a second diameter concentric pipe, 4 to 12 inches long, installed inside the suction pipe, supported by equidistant struts welded into the suction line, and installed directly upstream of the pump suction nozzle (figure 11). Occasionally stabilizers are allowed to partially protrude into the pump casing. On certain pump sizes, these stabilizer pipes deliver stable performance over an extended flow range. Figure 11: Suction Recirculation “Stabilizer” Suction Energy’s Impact on how Inlet Piping can affects Pump Reliability: The purpose of pump piping is to provide a conduit for Figure Suction Recirculation “Stabilizer” the flow of11: liquid to and from a pump, without adversely affecting the performance or reliability of the pump. Howwww.WaterWorldCE.com ever, many pump performance and reliability problems are caused, or aggravated, by inadequate system (mainly suction) piping, especially with high specific speed pumps having High or Very High Suction Energy. Suction Piping Generally speaking, suction piping is more critical to the performance of a pump then the discharge piping. The function of suction piping is to supply an evenly distributed flow of liquid to the pump suction, with sufficient pressure to the pump to avoid cavitation and related damage to the pump. An uneven flow distribution is characterized by strong local currents, swirls and/or an excessive amount of entrained air. The ideal approach is a straight pipe (of some minimum length), coming directly to the pump, with no turns or flow disturbing fittings close to the pump (see figure 12). Furthermore, the suction piping should be at least as large as the pump suction nozzle and be sized to ensure that the maximum liquid velocity at any point in the inlet piping does not exceed 8 ft/sec. region, is with the straight pipe, while the highest pressure level in this flow region is with two perpendicular short radius elbows. These higher pressure pulsation levels are the result of higher levels of cavitation in the pump, caused by the reduced NPSH available (due to the higher local velocities) from the flow disturbing fittings. It should be noted that these flow disturbing fittings did not increase the pressure pulsation level for flow rates above the suction recirculation region, since the pump tested was a small pump with a low specific speed value (2,464). Figure 13: Impact of suction fittings on pump pressure pulsation level Figure 12: Typical Pump Piping The most disturbing flow patterns to a pump are those that result from swirling liquid that has traversed several of direction in various planes. Whenpressure fittings, such on pump fittings of suction 13: Impact Figurechanges as elbows and “T” fittings level (especially two elbows at right pulsation angles), are located too close to the pump inlet, spinning action or “swirl” is induced. This swirl could adversely affect pump performance by reducing efficiency, head and net If the suction piping fails to deliver the liquid to the positive suction head (NPSH) available. It also could genpump in this condition, a number of pump problems can reerate noise, vibration and damage in high-suction-energy sult. High “Suction Energy” pumps, as discussed above, and pumps. Straight pipe length recommendations should be high Specific Speed (over 3,500) pumps are most susceptible doubled if the distance between two perpendicular elbows to poor suction piping. More often than not, the resulting in the suction line is less than 5 pipe diameters. Figure 12: Typical Pump Piping problems can include one or more of the following: Eccentric reducers should be installed with the flat surface • Noisy operation. at the top (to avoid trapping air or vapors) and the slopped • Random axial load oscillations. surface at the bottom, for horizontal pump installations (see • Deterioration in performance. figure 12). An exception to this is when a double suction, split • Premature bearing and/or seal failure case pump is installed vertically, in which case the flat surface • Cavitation damage to the impeller and inlet portions of should be at the side of the fitting to avoid flow disturbances the casing. extending into the pump, such as shown in figure 14 for a side Figure 13 shows the results of a high suction energy, low facing elbow. This can cause higher flow rates to one side of specific speed pump tested with three separate inlet piping the double suction impeller then the other, which causes the configurations (a straight inlet pipe, a single short radius NPSHR to be higher on one side then the other. It could also elbow installed on the pump suction nozzle, and two short racause the lower flow side to be in suction recirculation. Also dius suction nozzles, at right angles to one another, installed for this reason, elbows must be vertical (perpendicular to the on the pump suction). As can be observed, the lowest suction plane of the shaft) when installed close to a horizontal double pressure pulsation level, in the low flow suction recirculation suction pump. www.WaterWorldCE.com 7 Figure 14: Flow disturbances at pump inlets will cause hydraulic load and force unbalance If the minimum recommended straight pipe lengths cannot be provided, flow-straightening devices should be considered. Field Examples: Suction Energy / Cavitation Issues with Impellers having little or no vane overlap The author was recently called upon to trouble shoot two seemingly different problems, which turned out to have a common cause. In both cases new replacement pumps encountered problems not experienced with the It is always recommended that a straight uninterrupted original pumps. Detailed investigations revealed that, section of pipe be installed between the pump suction nozzle although the general hydraulic performance of the replaceand the nearest fitting. Isolation valves, strainers and other ment pumps was very close to the initial pumps, the new devices used on the inlet (suction) side of a pump should be pump impellers had little or no vane overlap, compared to sized and located to minimize any disturbance of the flow the older pumps. What this seemingly subtle difference into the pump. The specific straight pipe length recomdid was to increase the “Suction Energy” intensity of the mendation depends on the type of fitting(s), the pump type, pumps from the “Low Suction Energy” experienced by the at pump Figure 14: Flow the suction energydisturbances level and the pump specificinlets speed.will Onecause original pumps, to “High” and “Very High” Suction Energy and force unbalancefor low to eight hydraulic straight pipeload diameters are recommended for the new replacement pumps. In one case it caused a suction energy, low specific speed (below 3,500) pumps, see submersible sewerage pump to experience severe cavitation, Table 1. Three to 16 pipe diameters are recommended for and damage, from low flow suction recirculation. In the high suction energy and high specific speed (above 3,500) other case it caused excessive cavitation at high flow rates, pumps, see Table 2. in a vertical turbine water pump, which liberated sufficient amounts of entrained air to damage the bowl bearings that Table 2: Minimum Recommended Straight Pipe Length (L1) before Pump Suction for Low Suction Energy / Low Specific were lubricated by the fluid pumped. Speed Pumps However as previously discussed, in order to determine the likelihood of cavitation caused damage the Suction EnFitting End Suction Pump Double Suction Split Case Pumps ergy level must be calculated and compared with the pump Fitting in Fitting in Fitting type gating value from Table 1. This allows the calculation Either Shaft Plane Perpendicular of the Suction Energy Ratio (Actual Suction Energy / Start Orientation to Shaft of High Suction Energy Gating value). This ratio establishes Long Radius Elbow 1D 3D 1D pump Suction Energy Severity, where Low Suction Energy Short Radius Elbow 2D 5D 2D is defined as SER values below 1.0, High Suction Energy has 45° Tee 1D 5D 1D SER values of 1.0 to less than 1.5, and Very High Suction 90° Tee 3D 8D 3D Energy has SER’s of 1.5 and above. Open Valves 2D 2D Also as noted above, Low Suction Energy pumps norCheck Valves 5D 5D mally do not experience cavitation damage or noise, High Filters / Strainers 3D 3D Suction Energy pumps experience cavitation noise, but little if any cavitation damage, and Very High Suction Energy Table 3: Minimum Recommended Straight Pipe Length (L1) pumps may experience major cavitation damage, along with before Pump Suction for High Suction Energy / How Specific Speed Pumps cavitation noise, depending on the NPSH Margin. As pointed out in the foot note to table 1, the “2-Vane Fitting End Suction Pump Double Suction Split Case Pumps Sewage Pumps” pump type, really applies to all pumps Fitting in Fitting in Fitting whose impellers have less than 15 degrees of vane overlap Either Shaft Plane Perpendicular (as shown in figure 15), and this configuration has the low Orientation to Shaft est gating value (100 x 106, start of High Suction Energy). Long Radius Elbow 5D 5D 3D Insufficient vane overlap allows the higher pressures at the Short Radius Elbow 8D 8D 3D discharge of the impeller to recirculate (between the impel45° Tee 8D 8D 3D ler vanes) to the suction, causing higher velocities (energy) 90° Tee 15D 15D 6D and increased cavitation. Open Valves 3-5D 3-5D Check Valves 10D 10D Filters / Strainers 6D 6D 8 Field Problem Specifics: So how did the Suction Energy calculations come out for the initial and new (problem) pumps. Table 4 below presents www.WaterWorldCE.com these result. The fact that the new pump impellers had less than 15 degrees of vane overlap resulted in significant increases in the “Suction Energy Intensity”, increasing from Low Suction Energy to Very High Suction Energy for the submersible pump, and from Low Suction Energy to High Suction Energy for the Vertical Turbine Pump. Figure 15: Impeller Vane Overlap Table 4: Field Pump Suction Energy Comparison BASIC PUMP TYPE ITEM OLD PUMP Suction Energy Level 93 x 10 6 Suction Energy 160 x 10 Gating Value 6 NEW PUMP 178 x 106 100 x 106 (< 15° vane overlap) Submersible (end suction) Suction Energy Ratio 0.58 1.78 Suction Energy Intensity Low Very High Suction Energy Level 114 x 106 102 x 106 Vertical Turbine Pump Suction Energy 200 x 10 Gating Value Suction Energy Ratio 0.57 1.02 Suction Energy Intensity Low High 6 100 x 106 (< 15° vane overlap) Conclusions: In the case of the problem submersible pump, the “Very High Suction Energy”, for the new pump was further ag15: Impeller Vane suction, Overlap and the fact gravated byFigure an elbow at the pump that the system forced the pump to operate in the low flow suction recirculation region (which can require NPSH Margin Ratios over 10 to eliminate all cavitation under these conditions). This greatly increases the applicable X-axis NPSH Margin Ratio values, from that shown in the figure 3 reliability chart (which only apply to flow rates above the start of suction recirculation). The NPSH Margin Ratios should probably be increased by a factor of 2 to 2.5 in the suction recirculation region. So even with actual NPSH Margin Ratios above 3.3, the impeller experienced cavitation damage. The vertical turbine pump had a different problem. The greater amount of cavitation caused by the lack of vane overlap, and the lower NPSH Margin Ratio (1.2) for this application caused the liberation of an excessive amount of dissolved air to become entrained air (see figure 6). This entrained air entered the bowl bearings, which caused them to run dry and fail prematurely. So what should be the take-away from all of this? I think it is the importance of calculating/determining the Suction Energy, Suction Energy Ratio, and NPSH Margin Ratio, for all new pump applications (and retrofits), with special care being taken to determine if the particular pump has at least 15 degrees of impeller vane overlap, and how it effects the Suction Energy Intensity. Remember that the amount of vane overlap decreases with increasing impeller trim, so the determination must be made for the specific impeller diameter for the application. Finally, it is also very important, in the case of high suction energy pumps, to prevent the pumps from operating in the low flow suction recirculation region, to avoid cavitation caused damage and shortened pump life. References: 1. Allan R. Budris & Heinz P. Bloch, “Pump User’s Handbook – Life Extension”, Third Edition, 2010. 2. “Effects of Entrained Air, NPSH Margin, and Suction Piping on Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps”, Allan R. Budris & Philip A. Mayleben, Proceedings of the 15th International Pump Users Symposium. 3. Allan R. Budris & Philip A. Mayleben, “The Effects of NPSH Margin, Suction Energy and Air on Centrifugal Pump Reliability”, (1998 Texas A&M Pump Users Symposium). 4. Igor J. Karassik, “Centrifugal Pump Operation at off-design conditions”, Chemical Processing, April 1987 www.WaterWorldCE.com 9 Notes 10 www.WaterWorldCE.com Online Completion Use this page to review the questions and choose your answers. Return to www.waterworldce.com and sign in. If you have not previously purchased the program select it from the “Online Courses” listing and complete the online purchase. Once purchased the exam will be added to your Archives page where a Take Exam link will be provided. Click on the “Take Exam” link, complete all the program questions and submit your answers. An immediate grade report will be provided and upon receiving a passing grade (70%) your “Verification Form” will be provided immediately for viewing and/or printing. Verification Forms can be viewed and/or printed anytime in the future by returning to the site, sign in and return to your Archives Page. Questions 1. Regarding the start of cavitation in a centrifugal pump, as the NPSH available to the pump is reduced, at what point are the first cavitation bubbles formed? a. When the NPSHA equals the pump “required NPSH” (NPSHR3%) b. When the NPSHA equals the NPSHR0% value c. When the NPSHA is about 5 feet above the pump NPSHR3% d. When the NPSHA is about 4 times the NPSHR3% 2. Cavitation in a pump will always cause damage? a. Yes b. No 3. “Suction Energy” can predict cavitation damage from: a. Conventional cavitation b. Low flow suction recirculation cavitation c. Poor suction piping d. All of the above 4. Which of the following factors is not included in the formula for suction energy? a. Pump speed b. Impeller eye diameter c. Flow rate at pump best efficiency point d. Suction Specific Speed 5. “Very High Suction Energy” starts at a Suction Energy Ratio (SER) of: a. b. c. d. 1.2 1.5 0.8 2.0 6. Under what conditions might a “Low Suction Energy” pump experience cavitation damage? a. b. c. d. At high flow rates With poor pump piping With high impeller O.D. tip speeds When pumping abrasives 7. What pump configuration has the highest Suction Energy Gating value (Start of High Suction Energy)? a. b. c. d. Vertical turbine pump 2-Vane (Impeller) Sewage Pump End Suction Pump Double Suction, (side impeller inlet) pump www.WaterWorldCE.com 8. Typically, pump reliability increases with: a. Lower Suction Energy and smaller impeller diameter b. Lower Suction Energy Ratio and Higher NPSH Margin Ratio c. Lower flow rate and lower Suction Energy d. Higher specific Speed and Lower Suction Specific Speed 9. Low Flow Suction Recirculation only occurs in pumps with large impeller eyes? a. Yes b. No 10.Operation in the low flow suction recirculation region should be avoided because it will always cause damage to the pump? a. Yes b. No 11. The flow rate (as a percentage of the best efficient flow point) at which suction recirculation starts increases with increasing pump: a. Specific Speed and Suction Specific Speed b. Specific Speed and Suction Energy c. Pump flow rate and Suction Energy d. NPSH Margin Ratio and Pump Speed 12. Which pumps are most likely to be damaged by cavitation from suction recirculation? a. Pumps with Low Suction Energy b. Pumps with High Suction Energy c. Pumps with Very High Suction Energy d. High flow rate pumps 13. Cavitation damage from suction recirculation can be differentiated from conventional cavitation by: a. The location of the erosion damage (on the hidden, high pressure side of the impeller vanes) b. The location of the erosion damage (on the visible, low pressure side of the impeller vanes) c. The location of the erosion damage (on the leading edge of the impeller vanes d. Erosion damage to the inside of the casing suction nozzle 14.A good method to avoid damage from pump suction recirculation damage is: a. Do not operate pump below the start of suction recirculation b. Add by-pass line to prevent pump operation below start of suction recirculation. c. Select Low Suction Energy pump d. All of the above 15. Which is typically more damaging in a Very High Suction Energy pump? a. Suction Recirculation caused cavitation b. Conventional cavitation 16.Typically which is more important to the reliable operation of a centrifugal pump? a. Good discharge piping b. Good suction piping 17. Which is not normally a problem that might be caused by poor suction piping? a. b. c. d. Noisy operation Premature bearing and/or seal failure Cavitation damage to the impeller Increased power draw 18. Which is more likely to experience damage with poor suction piping? a. High Suction Energy and high speed pumps b. High Suction Energy and high Specific Speed pumps c. High Specific Speed and High Suction Specific Speed pumps d. High Suction Energy and high flow rate pumps 19.Elbows located near the suction of a double suction, split case pump should always be oriented to be: a. b. c. d. Vertical Horizontal In the plane of the shaft Perpendicular to the plane of the shaft 20.What is the minimum impeller vane overlap angle that is required to avoid an increased Suction Energy Ratio (SER)? a. b. c. d. 0° 10° 15° 20° 11 A Comprehensive Approach to Reducing Pump Energy Costs PROGRAM COMPLETION INFORMATION If you wish to purchase and complete this activity traditionally (mail or fax) rather than Online, you must provide the information requested below. Please be sure to select your answers carefully and complete the evaluation information. To receive credit, you must receive a score of 70% or better. Complete online at: www.WaterWorldCE.com Name: Title: Specialty: Address: E-mail: City: State: ZIP: Telephone: Home ( ) Office ( ) Lic. Renewal Date: Country: Requirements for successful completion of the course and to obtain 1 professional development hour (PDH): •Read the entire course. •Take the test online at: www.WaterWorldCE.com •A score of 70% on this test will earn you 1 PDH. •Optional: Complete course evaluation below and return to: PennWell, James Laughlin, 1421 S. Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK 74112 or [email protected]. •Payment of $15.95 will be required to take the test. Charges on your statement will show up as: PennWell Course Evaluation Please evaluate this course by responding to the following statements, using a scale of Excellent = 5 to Poor = 0. 1. Please rate the course’s effectiveness. 5 4 3 2 1 0 2. Was the overall administration of the course effective? 5 4 3 2 1 0 3. Do you feel that the references were adequate? Yes No 4. Would you participate in a similar program on a different topic? Yes No 5. If any of the test questions were unclear or ambiguous, please list them.________________________________________________________ 6. Was there any subject matter you found confusing? Please describe. 7. What additional education topics would you like to see? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ PAYMENT & CREDIT INFORMATION Examination Fee: $15.95 Credit Hours: 1 Should you have additional questions, please contact : James Laughlin (918) 832-9320 (Mon-Fri 9:00 am-5:00 pm CST). ❑ I have enclosed a check or money order. ❑ I am using a credit card. My Credit Card information is provided below. ❑ American Express ❑ Visa ❑ MC ❑ Discover Please provide the following (please print clearly): Exact Name on Credit Card Credit Card # Expiration Date Signature SPONSOR/PROVIDER All content has been derived from references listed, and or the opinions of WaterWorldCE faculty. Please direct all questions pertaining to PennWell or the administration of this course to James Laughlin, 1421 S. Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK 74112 or [email protected]. EDUCATIONAL DISCLAIMER The opinions of efficacy or perceived value of any products or companies mentioned in this course and expressed herein are those of the author(s) of the course and do not necessarily reflect those of PennWell. Completing a single professional development course does not provide enough information to give the participant the feeling that s/he is an expert in the field related to the course topic. It is a combination of many educational courses and on-the-job experience that allows the participant to develop skills and expertise. 12 Answer Form Please check the correct box for each question below. 1. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 2. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 3. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 4. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 5. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 6. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 7. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 8. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 9. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 10. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 11. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 12. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 13. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 14. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 15. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 16. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 17. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 18. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 19. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D 20. ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C ❑ D COURSE EVALUATION and PARTICIPANT FEEDBACK We encourage participant feedback pertaining to all courses. Please be sure to complete the survey included with the course and mail to: [email protected]. RECORD KEEPING PennWell maintains records of your successful completion of any exam. Please contact our offices for a copy of your professional development hours report. This report, which will list all credits earned to date, will be generated and mailed to you within five business days of receipt. © 2010 by the PennWell Corporation www.WaterWorldCE.com
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