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FLOWERS
WILD
AND
HOW
TO
IDENTIFY
AN
THEM
INTRODUCTION
THE
TO
BRITISH
FLORA
BY
HILDERIC
FRIEND
AUTHOR
'THE
FLOWERS
'FLOWERS
OF
AND
AND
FLOWER
ETC.,
ROBERT
25-35
CITY
ROAD,
THEIR
STORY,'
LORE,'
ETC.
CULLEY
AND
26
PATERNOSTER
ROW,
E.G.
March,
1910
EDITION
FIRST
....
June,
1910
Reprinted
/
LIST
ILLUSTRATIONS
OF
COLOURED
Plate
I.
PLATES
Frontispiece-
Poppies
Facing page
II.
Lilies,Flowering Rush, and Spearwort
Water
"
III.
Deadly Nightshade
IV.
Arum,
,,
,,
Lords
or
13
.20
Ladies
and
BLACK-AND-WHITE
.
.
.
-32
ILLUSTRATIONS
Pag*
I.
Primrose
2.
Mono-
"
3.
Disk-florets of
4.
Narcissus
,,
,,
5.
Caper-spurge
17
6.
Catkins
of Hazel
19
7.
Dodder
(Cuscutd)
8.
Bladderwort
9.
Butterwort
Fig.
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
and
and
Buttercup
Dicotyledons
.
.
II
.
.
{Pinguiculd)
II.
Orchid
12.
Guelder
Rose
,,
13.
Catkins
of Willow
,,
14.
Foxglove {Digitalis}
,,
15. Bluebell {Campanula}
,,
.
.
{Drosera)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
( Utriciilarid)
Sundew
,,
9
.....
Daisy
10.
,,
8
.....
.
.
.
.
.19
.231.
.26
26
fertilized by Bees
{VibUrnuni)
.
.
^364917
15 p
.
......
29
.
.
.
29
....
"
.
.
,
,
.
-31
.
i
31
34
P
\
6
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Fig.
1
6.
17.
Wild
Convolvulus
Water
White
36
Lily
(Nymphaea]
38
....
,,
1
8.
Willow
Herb
(Efilobiuni)
38
,,
19.
Daisy
Horse
(Chrysanthemum}
.
,,
20.
.40
.
.
(Iris)
Flag
40
........
,,
21.
Lily
of
the
Valley
(Convallaria]
-43
,,
22.
Lady's
Smock
.
Gentian
.
Clover
.
.
.
.
and
Vetch
49
.....
{Ltguminosat}..
-49
.
,,
25.
Herb
26.
Snowberry
-43
{Gentiand)
,,
24.
.
{Cardamine}
,,
23.
.
.
(Geum)
Bennet
50
,,
(Symphoria)
-5"
.
,,
27.
Wood
28.
Enchanter's
.
.
Anemone
55
.......
,,
Nightshade
(Circaea)
55
.
,,
29.
.
Musk
Mallow
.
"
56
(Malva)
,,
30.
in
Dandelion
56
Fruit
,,
31.
,,
Lords
and
Ladies
5^
{Aruui)
.
.
.
.
"
PLAN
THE
As
one
different
many
into
his way
of
reach
may
roads,
shall
Many
plans
In
botany easy.
endeavour
different
to
this
all
Those
have
guide should
study the
plants
growing.
at
a
city by
a
student
been
have
use
methods.
It is necessary
of a
four whorls
the
so
of
of flower-craft
the heart
ways.
make
heart
the
in
variety
adopted to
a
little volume
we
is best
the
that
who
take
us
of
for their
pocket-lens,and
where
they find
the
find
may
outset
to
master
should
them
the
blossom.
is the
outer
whorl, usually green,
(1) The
calyx, and is made
up of sepals,either separate
or
joined together. Examples are the buttercup
and
primrose (Fig. i).
(2) The next whorl, which is usually coloured,
of petals,
It is made
is called the corolla.
up
be either separate or joined together,
which
may
in the flowers already named
(Fig. i).
as
and
the stamens,
(3) Inside the petals come
it is important to notice where
they are situated.
in the
In
as
some
primrose, they are
cases,
the
attached
to
petals. In others, as in the
after the petals
remain
buttercup, the stamens
the
removed.
and
on
sepals are
They are
receptacle.
(4) In the very heart of the flower will be
in the primrose is like
the pistil,
which
found
7
PETALS
,
FIG.
i."
BLOSSOMS
SHOWING
OF
PRIMROSE
PETALS
AND
AND
CALYX.
BUTTERCUP,
THE
It must
pin.
a
not
and
stamens
we
The
9
noted
that
flowers
some
all the four sets
have
when
be
PLAN
come
other
of organs.
The pistils
of the greatest importance
are
to classification (Fig. 3).
parts of the flower or plant,such
leaves,prickles,
tendrils,
bracts,glands,fruits
and
seeds,are of great value for distinguishing
as
different classes
and
orders.
are
British Wild
great groups, known
fall into two
chiefly
monocotyledons and dicotyledons;
distinguishedas follows:
Flowers
as
Our
and
they
"
FIG.
2."
DIAGRAM
OF
MONO-
DICOTYLEDON.
AND
B, Dicotyledon. I. Pistil;2. Inner whorl
whorl ; 4. Petals ; 5. Calyx. The
; 3. Outer
Monocotyledon;
of
stamens
perianthis made
of 4 and
up
5.
DICOTYLEDONS
|
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Leaves
with
veins.
parallel
with netted
|
veins.
Organs offlowersin
threes
or
sixes.
in fours
|
or
fives.
Stem
with
wood
without
separablebark.
in
bundles, not
in
rings.
wood
separablebark,
in annual
layersor rings.
Seeds
with
one
seed leaf.
j
with two
seed leaves.
THE
10
PLAN
lily,or narcissus (Fig.4) will
represent the monocotyledons ; the primrose,
illustrate
buttercup (Fig. i),or geranium may
the dicotyledons.
shrubs
and
cotyled
trees
All our
belong to the diThere
is only one
exception the
broom
butchers
(8s).1
As the subject is so
large we shall not be
the trees, shrubs,grasses, sedges,
able to classify
Our wild flowers may
rushes and weeds.
chiefly
be studied in three ways:
according to (i)the
(2) the situation,or (3) the structure.
season,
each of these heads,
hints on
I shall give some
and follow the suggestionswith a listof plants,
Linnaeus
the lines which
on
arrangedsomewhat
adopted. This consists in noting the number
and
of stamens
pistils.But, as our plants
The
crocus,
"
fall into
families
necessary
to
blend
or
orders, it will be
the natural
system
found
with
the
Linnean.
followingPlan
is arranged,and where
subject:
The
I.
II.
THE
THE
FLOWERS
FLOWERS
will show
to
IN
IN
look
SEASON
SITUATION
how
the work
for any
given
(p. 13).
(p. 16).
1I ) Hedgerows, banks, and ditches.
and fields.
(2) Meadows
(3) Heaths, downs, and commons.
and forests.
(4) Woodlands
(5) Marshes, fens,and bogs. ^
(6) Lakes, ponds,and rivers.
(7) The seashore and estuary.
'
The
numbers
in
refer
parentheses
to the listat the end.
"*
a
o
fc-
""
,-^
u
A
I
CO
2
UI
THE
12
III.
THE
STRUCTURE
PLAN
HABITS
AND
(1) General
(2) The
OF
FLOWERS
(p. 20).
observations.
blossom.
(3) Catkins.
(4)
Fruits
(5)
Leaves,
(6)
Stems
(7)
Climbing
IV.
and
Fly
(11)
Spurges
THE
stipules.
outgrowths.
and
rambling.
tubers.
Aromatics
(10)
and
bracts,
and
(8) Roots
(9)
seeds.
and
and
poisons.
catchers.
and
CLASSIFICATION
orchids.
OF
FLOWERS
(p. 37).
BRITISH
AND
WILD
HOW
EVERY
the
and
time
the
observed
flowers
appear,
fewer
flowers
is
study
bewilder
the
and
nettle,
the
with
speedwell,
the
see
fragrant
and
and
blossoms
primrose
soon
the
other
on
(52)
often
The
:
the
is
hyacinths
25)
trees,
the
in
make
13
strawberry,
the
woods
the
on
laurel
in
azure
hazel,
find
and
flower
their
violet
sweet
spurge
full
survive
celandine
In
mercury.
p.
dead
chickweed,
stars,
(see
aside
put
we
viii), barren
dog's
willow,
alder,
if
which
golden
catkins
before
profusion.
appear,
following
(Group
and
their
others
its
best
Year,
New
groundsel,
the
are
coltsfoot
(74),
The
few
a
winter,
(167, ii)
we
to
daisy, dandelion,
The
Blossoms
flowers
earliest
the
spring
become
they
advances.
with
us
the
when
that
and
in
Spring
The
SEASON
that
winter
as
THEM
IN
has
begin
to
IDENTIFY
FLOWERS
one
arrives
fewer
TO
THE
I.
FLOWERS
the
(113).
March,
carpet
BRITISH
14
under
the trees.
WILD
On
FLOWERS
dry
walls
the
tiny whitlow-
(100) appears, and the adoxa
(112) in the
is also
hedgerows, where the tall treacle mustard
flourishing.The buttercups(167)come
rapidly
forward
in April,the anemone
(165) flourishes,
and the early orchids (seep. 35) appear.
grass
Flowers
May
are
almost
the
trees
too
are
wild
being
in
to
numerous
now
rose,
with
gay
mention.
colour
elder,guelder
"
rose,
Most
of
thorn,
crab, hawand
others
The
cowslip, lady's smock,
herb
robert, mallow
(175),pansy, scarlet pimpernel
and
(55),avens,
poppies (Plate I) give
the
beauty to the landscape. Then
season.
Su
burst
m
me
r
Bios
so ms
in all their
glory. It will now
be necessary
hard
the
to work
to keep up with
which
covered.
treasures
new
everywhere be dismay
The water
lilies (Plate II),
pond weeds,
sweet
willowherbs,meadowiris,
purpleloosestrife (141),
adorn the
(145),and other moisture-lovers
streams
on
the
upon
and
moors
us
lakes ; heathers
; while
the
sea
and
their allies
holly,horned
are
poppy
(160),celery,sea campion, convolvulus
(62),and
other plantsof the sea-shore are It their best.
Autumn
is the
as
season
for all kinds
these often afford
of seeds
the best
means
and
fruits,
and,
of
identify-
FIG.
4."
A
STUDY
OF
NARCISSUS
(see Group ix, p. 51),
BLOOMS
l6
BRITISH
WILD
FLOWERS
ing plants,they should be
umbels
The composites and
now,
as
appear
but
in
a
number
spring
and
carefullystudied.
dence
are
mostly in eviof hardy plants,such
still linger.
summer,
these
different members
of the
are
Among
buttercup and mint families (Group iv),some
the like.
crucifers (Group x), polygonums, and
The
(79),the stately
pretty grass of Parnassus
foxglove(40),and the bell-flowers (59) are also
the year
As
to be found.
approaches its close,
few other plants come
into
the ivy (72) and
a
in the hedgerows.
bloom, and the fruits glitter
II. THE
It is often
FLOWERS
easy
to
of its habitat.
means
IN
decide
SITUATION
what
Some
a
flower
plantscan
is wby
only
live
It is
only by the seashore.
home, and as
always well to begin study near
of the young
most
people who will use this little
take them,
live in the country, we
volume
may
in
to look for the flowers which
first,
grow
in
water,
I.
others
Hedgerows, Banks,
violets
Sweet
celandine
appear
(167). Dead
and
Ditches
early, as well as the
nettle,treacle mustard,
Then
follow.
the
come
(112), avens
barren
strawberry and the real strawberry,the
herb
little geranium (131) known
as
robert,
the campion, stitchwort,various
plants called
adoxa
umbels
(Group vi) because
their flowers
spread
1
8
BRITISH
like
out
an
(142),and
WILD
FLOWERS
umbrella, the bedstraws, agrimony
mallow
others.
no
(175),to mention
In
2.
TJie Meadows
and
Fields
find
buttercups and daisies,cowslips(52),
geraniums (131),saffron,orchids (8) of different
kinds, eyebright,various sorts of thistles,and
we
many
On
weeds.
3.
HeatJis,Downs,
Commons
and
the
the whortleberry
foxglove (40) flourishes,
and heather
abound, the golden potentillas
(147)
are
common.
Many plants which grow freely
in hedgerows belong also to
4.
Here
we
these
sites.
Woodland
and
shrubs
Forest
and
climbing plants
the trees.
Honeysuckle, bryony,
growing among
(Plate III),
deadly nightshade or Belladonna
and
The
laurel (113) are
found.
the spurge
curious spurges
(Fig. 5, No. 144),several orchids
(8),the hyacinth,foxglove,and giant bell-flower
Woodruff, madder, herb pans
(59)also occur.
(in), and many other curious plants also haunt
get various
In the
"k
5. Mars
one
is
bewildered
lies,Fens, and
with
riches.
Bogs
The
marsh
marigold (168), globe-flower (169), valerian,
orchids, bog bean (60),bog myrtle,mealy prim-
BRITISH
2O
WILD
FLOWERS
(52),grass of Parnassus
(79),sundew
(82),
strifes,
bog asphodel (93), yellow and
purple looseviolet (53), frog-bit (116),water
water
lily(Fig.17),cotton
crowfoot,marsh
grass, water
cinquefoil(148),and gipsywort are but a few.
rose
6.
foregoing,along with others,
lobelia,
floweringrush (PlateII),pond
the
as
Rivers
and
of the
yield some
such
Lakes, Ponds,
weeds, marestail, and
7. The
others.
Seashore
and
Estuary
It is
delightfulflora of their own.
late,but includes sea holly,
usually somewhat
horned
(160),viper'sbugloss (51),sea
poppy
convolvulus
phire,
(62),thrift,sea heath, campion, samthe pretty
beautiful
thistles,
aster, some
lavender
sea
(80),and the lovely little burnet
suffice as
must
rose
a
general
(151). This
guide to the situations in which plants may be
We
found.
turn
to the important subject
now
have
a
of structure.
III.
THE
STRUCTURE
AND
HABITS
OF
FLOWTERS
Ht"
General
I.
Flowers
differ
observing their
and
structure
in
Observations
many
differences
that
we
are
ways,
of form,
and
it is
by
colour,habit,
able to arrange
them
PLATE
III.
"
DEADLY
NIGHTSHADE.
in families and
and
find
we
like
others
If
orders.
blossoms
the
of
FLOWERS
WILD
BRITISH
look
we
at the
This
shapes
like
are
some
insect.
an
21
a
is
one
bell
round,
like a
salver-shaped,and that is fashioned
When
thimble.
we
study the colours we observe
infinite variety. We
is the
that there
same
have the peculiaryellow of the primrose (Fig.i)
of the pimpernel (55). The
scarlet
the
and
(PlateI) is opposed
flaming colour of the poppy
of the
water
the dazzling whiteness
to
lily
of yellow,
have
large numbers
(Plate II). We
or
white, and
blue
numbers
marked
are
spots, lines,and
Some
feelers,by
that
while
some
have
others
up
corms,
have
send
in
patches,
out
suckers
or
tendrils,hooks, and
have
of
dig
we
greater
even
variations
or
creep,
means
If
ramble.
with
others
; while
but
;
patterns.
plants
stolons
flowers
and
they climb
observe
specimens we
tubers, and rhizomes,
which
scales
or
fibres.
We
are
of sepals and
by the varying number
the solitary
and pistils,
blossom
of stamens
petals,
Some
of flowers there.
here, the mass
droop,
struck
others
are
erect
;
these
are
in
broad
umbels,
spikes, tassels, clusters,or panicles.
of flowers open
the larger number
While
by
most
are
conspicuous at night, and
day, some
The
close at regular hours.
and
open
many
man's
goat's-beard,pimpernel (55) or
poor
weather-glass,and evening campion are wellthose
in
BRITISH
22
We
illustrations.
known
that
plants
some
These
edible
have
down
seeds
jerk their
Such
others
as
the fact
by
fleshy,others
have
fruits ; those
from
matters
struck
are
are
wings, and
or
FLOWERS
WILD
seeds, with
vessels
possess
dry.
are
which
them.
it is of the
these
first importance
while
it
classification,
study. Mere
of its
enables
to identifya plant by means
us
teaches us little of its wonderful
history,
organs,
of our
the chief end
and
study is to teach us
ing
aid and
As an
this.
supplement to the followwill now
of the
classification,
we
study some
points of structure.
many
to
2.
is
in
as
of
many
the
separate
to
or
with
irregular,
conjoined.
Natural
one
Order
may
one
in
be
sepals and
the
Flowers
(N.O.) are
alike, although there
much
all of
blossoms
The
orchids.
be
variegated,as
or
;
attention.
our
It may
buttercup
the
regularor
arrest
its colour.
first note
hue,
Blossom
first thing to
usuallythe
We
The
are
petals
which
belong
usually very
ceptions.
important ex-
larity
find, for example, a great simiall the
umbels
between
(Group vi),the
labiates or
lip-flowers(Group iv),the orchids,
We
the
roses
differences
and
buttercups,and
often
exist.
The
(173)do not look
though they belong to
monkshood
other
plants.
columbine
much
the
like
same
But
and
cups,
butter-
family.
BRITISH
24
There
are
many
WILD
FLOWERS
plants among
the
rose
family
like buttercups
(Group xvii)which look very much
(Group xviii); but if we
study the
explanations attached to these two groups, we
how
shall at once
see
widely they differ. We
ought here speciallyto note the following:
COMPOSITES
(Group viii).Example : Daisy.
flowers
whose
Plants
Each
of
are
compound.
has five stamens, the anthers
the perfectflowers
of which
form
tube.
See
Horse
a
Daisy,
Fig. 19.
LABIATES
(Group iv). Example : Mint.
four stamens, and four seeds
Flowers
lip-shaped,
nutlets in an open receptacle.
or
LEGUMES
(Group xv).
Example : Pea.
Flowers
butterflyshaped, stamens
ten, seeds
such as fumitory
usuallyin pods. A few plants,
and
the little blue
milkwort, the butterwort
bladderwort, somewhat
resemble
labiates
and
and
of the Broomrapes
legumes, as do also some
and Scrophulariaceae
(Group iv),Fig. 24.
CRUCIFERS
flower.
(Group x). Example : Wallfour petals and six stamens.
There
are
easily be distinguished from other
They can
(Group ix) by the
plants with six stamens
of petalsand the shapes of the leaves
number
(Fig.22).
UMBELS
(Group vi). Example : Carrot.
Flowers
umbrella, nearly
spreading like an
always white.
BRITISH
WILD
FLOWERS
3. Catkins
In many
of
(Fig.6)
instances
the
of
which
tassels,some
25
flowers
take
the
form
regular catkins,
while others only looselyresemble
these.
Many
of our
bear genuine catkins, and
native trees
be easilyrecognized thereby. The
catkins
may
of hazel
the willow
The
found
are
and
are
in
trees
also
loose, and
dog's
are
mercury
Those
in winter.
appear
large,and
alder, poplar, sweet
shrubs
they
birch
and
are
often
are
called
palms.
gale (21),and
bear
not
them.
unlike
In
the
of
other
the
oak
tassels
(115),nettle (17),and
elsewhere.
4. Fruits
and
Seeds
and
generally think of fruits as sweet
edible,while seeds are for sowing. That is not
the true
difference,but it will suffice for us at
kinds
present. Fleshy fruits are found on many
of plants,both
and
herbaceous
shrubby. The
N.O. Rosaceae
(Group xvii) is the chief fruitbearing family. Fruits vary in colour. We have
white berry,that of the mistletoe.
Another
one
is often
in hedges and
found
gardens, but it
(Fig.26) is a foreigner(snowberry,Sympharia).
A
are
large number
crimson, scarlet,or some
of red.
find
other shade
the herbs we
Among
red
berries on
berry,
strawlilyof valley,asparagus,
bryony, and bittersweet ; while
arum,
the
holly, yew, honeysuckle, rowan,
guelder
We
o
H-J
o
d
.
26
bramble, hawthorn,
raspberry
a
are
cherry, and
buckthorn,
sea
few
27
arbutus, cranberry, rose,
broom,
butcher's
rose,
FLOWERS
WILD
BRITISH
of
shrubs
the
of
and
trees
deeper hue
the
found
on
blackthorn, bilberry,elder,
are
juniper,privet,buckthorn, ivy,crowberry,deadly
nightshade (Plate III),and other plants.
of many
Seeds
are
kinds, and are dispersed
fruits
whose
in various
the
as
to
the
Fruits
red.
are
We
ways.
have
a
attached
pappus
to
such
composites (Group viii),
the thistles and dandelion
(Fig.30),as well as
those of the willow, the willow-herb
(Fig. 18),
seeds
of many
valerian, and
a
few
others.
Hooked
seeds,
lay hold of the hair of animals or the
found on avens
dress of pedestrians,
are
(Fig.25),
foot,
crowhound's-tongue,woodruff, corn
goosegrass,
and other plants. A
burdock, some
trefoils,
few plantsejecttheir seeds in different ways, and
the geraniums (Group xiv),gorse, broom, violet,
and impatient bittercress are specially
interesting
in this connexion.
Others, like the ash, maple,
and
and
or
fir,have
elm, the lime
samarae,
which
can
winged seeds,
fruits
or
seeds
which
of the
float
on
different
the
breeze.
The
umbels, geraniums,
legumes, crucifers,and buttercups are of great
value
to
means
as
by which
distinguish one
speciesfrom
another.
5. Leaves, Bracts^ and
Many
plants
can
be
Stipules
identified
at
once
by
28
BRITISH
their leaves
WILD
FLOWERS
all
alone,and
can
be
arranged under
parallelveins are
with
headings. Those
monocotyledons (Group ix),those whose
netted
are
are
dicotyledons. A very few
two
round,
are
in
as
pennywort
; others
veins
leaves
heart-
are
spear-shaped,oval,oblong, or palmate. We
whether
observe
must
they are opposite to each
other
or
alternate, whether
they are in whorls
or
scattered,simple or compound, entire or cut
into
with
plain edges or notched.
segments,
umbels
the
Thus
(Group vi) almost all have
leaves ; in the labiates (Group iv)
much-divided
they are opposite,frequentlyon a square stem,
or
the
and
lip-shapedflowers
Sometimes
bracts
or
of these
to
seem
saffron
are
modified
the presence
and
stipules,
is of great importance. A
have
In
leaves.
no
(86) bear
seasons.
are
leaves
the
four
have
flowers
and
The
absence
or
few
at
plants
and
different
(85) the
phyllodes,which
replaced by
form
and
coltsfoot
leaves
the butcher's broom
stamens.
carry
leaves
the
flowers.
6. Stems
and
Outgrowths
rough, and the
in the nettle,
as
roughness may be due to stings,
hairs of different kinds, hooks, prickles,
thorns,
all have
tendrils and other outgrowths. These
their uses, chieflyto
protect the plants from
their foes,or to enable them
to secure
a suitable
The
stems
may
be
smooth
or
f:
^
H
"
6*
C*
W
fc
I
o
J
29
"
BRITISH
30
hold
sufficient air and
and
keep
WILD
from
insects
and
stealing
rain
and
the
causing decay, or
Sometimes
the
to
may
honey-pots
they may
prevent
lodging on the plant and
nectar
;
her
check
to
serve
may
reaches
Nature
Hairs
sunshine.
climbing
from
dew
FLOWERS
ends
by
many
tion.
evaporameans.
keeps off
the dangerous moisture, as in the leaves of holly
and most
gold,
marithe celandine,marsh
evergreens,
lily; while at other
bog bean and water
The
times
hairs serve
the same
end.
prickles
of the rose
the bark ; the spines of
from
grow
and
the white
black thorn
are
woody. In the
holly,butcher's broom, gorse, and other plants,
formed
and
thorns
the
by the
prickles are
hardening of the leaf portions.
smooth,
a
7.
Many
Climbing
plants
habits.
Some
may
stand
glossy
and
surface
Rambling
recognized by their
upright, others trail on
be
for
ground, and others use various means
stiff
and
or
prickles,
reaching a height. Hooks
used by brambles, roses, goosegrass,
are
bristles,
and
few other plants. The
a
convolvulus, hop,
honeysuckle, dodder
(Fig. 7), bindweed, twine
round
and round; while vetches,white fumitory,
the
and
others
throw
out
8. Roots
Many
of the
tendrils.
and
Tubers
monocotyledons (Group ix) have
BRITISH
32
bulbous
WILD
roots, which
FLOWERS
made
are
of
layers of
plant with
up
fleshyleaves. If we find a bulbous
six petals and
and
the veins
of the
stamens,
leaves
it belongs
be
sure
parallel,we
may
this group.
Other
to
corms
or
plants have
of the
orchids
tubers, as
(p. 35), the
many
pig-nut,bulbous crowfoot, arum
(Plate IV), and
moschatel.
Some
of the
material
lay up much
encouraging this habit we
and
parsnip, radish and
umbels
their
in
get
our
and
crucifers
roots, and
garden
by
carrot
turnip. So starch is
obtained
from the arum
(176) and potato, which
is representedin our
flora by the bittersweet (68).
and
9. Aromatics
Poisons
plants are harmless, others useful,and
few
others poisonous. It is well to remember
a
general facts. Nearly all the crucifers (Group x)
be eaten
as
are
safe, and, if boiled, may
tables,
vegeSome
even
when
found
and
they yield cress
radish
cauliflower,
and
watercress.
are
aromatic,
Most
and
from
in
a
and
wild
state.
vated,
Culti-
mustard, cabbage
turnip,horse-radish
the labiates (Group iv)
and
of
them
we
obtain
mint
The
thyme, sage, pennyroyal^-and balm.
be
inclined
also
umbels
to
(Group vi) are
often very
aromatic, but are
poisonous. The
the deadly hemlock, but under
order
contains
and
it celery,carrots
cultivation
we
get from
fennel and samphire,as well as caraway
parsnips,
and
^\
I
r
PLATE
IV.
"
ARUM.
BRITISH
seeds, and
a
cicely. The
WILD
substitute
FLOWERS
for
anise
33
from
sweet
family (Group xvii) yields
valuable
fruits,the buttercups (Group
many
useful medicines
as
aconite, the
xviii)such
poppies (Plate I) opium and laudanum, the
composites (Group viii)the lettuce, chicory,
and
tansy, chamomile, and other useful herbs
rose
roots.
IO.
A
Fly Catchers
in whole
or
plantsget their living,
part,
by trapping insects and
living things. One
bladderworts
as
family known
(5)lives in ditches
arid sluggish water.
There
three
are
species,
with
bladders
the
on
yellow blossoms, and
leaves (Fig.8),which
float in the water, and
are
into
cut
Closely related,
segments.
many
and
habit,
although very different in appearance
the four butterworts
are
(4),with singleviolet
flowers
and
curl
greasy, glandular leaves,which
their edges and
so
capture their prey (Fig.9).
Then
have the three sundews
we
(82),with their
red 'leaves covered
with dewy glands (Fig.10).
Among the pink family we also find some
plants
known
of
the
account
as
catchfly(126), on
viscid hairs with which
they are covered, and to
which
insects
often
be seen
to
are
adhering.
The
also
few
curious
toothwort
(45)
and
teasel
(10)are
guilty.
3
FIG.
15."
CAMPANULA,
34
OB
BLUEBELL.
BRITISH
II.
There
WILD
Spurges
FLOWERS
35
Orchids
and
plantswhich are so
peculiarin their structure that beginners may be
excused
if they find it difficult to classify
them.
well be placed in any of
As
they cannot
very
two
arc
of
groups
which
the groups
draw
attention
follow, I must
The
here.
to them
(Fig.5) will be best
spurges
recognized by their caper-likefruits,and their
acrid, milky juice(seeGroup xvi). There are a
few other plants which
yield a similar juice,as
the dandelion, lettuce,greater celandine
(161),
and poppy,
but these all belong to the composites
the plants with open
to
or
(Group viii),
and
stamens
blossoms
(Group xviii).
many
There
umbels
about
are
a
dozen
spurges,
and
composites, they must
has
student
till the
gained a
knowledge of other plants.
There
about
are
fiftyorchids
British
flora,and
the
and, like
be
aside
considerable
(8)
includes
group
set
the
in
the
the
most
interestingflowers in the world.
the shapes of bees, flies,
They assume
spiders,
insects,animals, and other livingthings,and are
and
curious
worth
our
best attention.
One
or
two
common
meadows, and
(Fig. ii)are found in our
if these
it will be easy
are
carefullystudied
to recognize the others.
They belong to the
be placed in the
monocotyledons, but cannot
six
not
same
they have
(ix) because
group
kinds
FIG.
16."
WILD
CONVOLVULUS.
FIG.
17.
"
WHITE
FIG,
WATER
18.
"
LILY
ROSEBAY
(Nvniphaea alba}.
WILLOW-HERB,
38
BRITISH
WILD
FLOWERS
39
monocotyledons the
will find that in the
stamens
six (Hexandria); while
or
(Triandria)
But
a
ledon
dicotydicotyledons they vary.
three
are
in
the
be
to
six
fall into
stamens
four
long
be
and
the
ones,
is
plants
In
groups.
in
short
two
that
seen
two
equal, and
are
What
stamens.
It will
done?
stamens
six
have
may
other
and
one
there
then
with
the
are
only four
plants all have a strong family
petals. These
of the
likeness,and owing to the arrangement
petalsthey have been placed in the N.O. Cruciferae,Group x (Fig.22).
Again, very many
plants have five stamens,
but in some
cases
they are free,while in others
the
anthers
flowers
form
a
tube.
In
the
latter
case
the
compound, and so we have (Fig. 19)
Group viii,N.O. Compositae, which corresponds
The arrangewith the Syngenesia of Linnaeus.
ment,
therefore,is the simplest possible. There
few
stamen
one
are
plants with
only,
very
and these will not be found by the beginner,so I
the plants which
have
with
stamens
start
two
and one
pistil
(or more). This forms the second
class
andria.
means
No
are
in
the
The
Linnean
stamen,
term
or
system,
in all these
andria
male
known
as
Di-
expressions
organ.
will include
all the
plants,because
refuses to be bound
Nature
by rules laid down by
have got a good hold of the
man.
we
But, once
great laws, the exceptionsmay be easilymastered.
system
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LONDON