How to create the best possible environment Prof. Kari Larjava, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Finland - land of sustainable technology • First in the environmental comparison by the World Economic Forum • At the same time one of the most competitive countries in the world Better environment through sustainable technology Emissions in Finland for SO 2 , NO x , NH 3 , VOC 700 600 500 SO2 400 NOx kt NH3 300 VOC 200 100 Year 04 20 02 20 00 20 98 19 96 19 94 19 92 19 90 19 88 19 86 19 84 19 82 19 80 0 19 • Environmental load strongly reduced thanks to • early introduction of national environmental legislation • broad networking and well-functioning cooperation between authorities, industries and research institutes • good education system FECC - The Finnish Environmental Cluster for China • FECC is a governmentally funded venture between Finland and China. • Established in 2006 by the Finnish Ministry of Trade and Industry • Supported by other governmental agencies, research institutions and internationally oriented companies. • The FECC’s mission is to promote and enhance co-operation in the area of environmental protection and sustainable development between Finland and China. • FECC operates under the trademark “Cleantech Finland” and represents Finnish environmental operators • The Finnish high-tech EcoCity is the leading project under FECC Finnish technologies for the best possible environment • Energy and material efficient technologies for forest, metal, mining and energy industry • Energy and material efficient buildings Phosphorous discharges • Utilisation of automatic control technology to improve environmental efficiency • Innovative technologies for waste collection, recycling and treatment • Optimal water treatment solutions from rural areas to recycling of industrial waters Finnish Environment Institute • Monitoring technologies for better environment 1000 Other industries 800 Pulp and paper t/a 600 400 200 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2005 Energy systems in Finland diversity and distributed production • The best word to define the Finnish energy system is diversity: the base electricity load is produced by: Ø Four nuclear power plants (a fifth is under construction) Ø Condensing coal combustion along the coast line Ø Gas turbines in the Southern part of the country Ø Hydropower • Different forms of CHP (combined heat and power) production units, mostly based on biomass and co-combustion are used • Electricity, district heat or steam production Energy generation: combined heat and power • Example: Grate-fired biomass power plant (CHP) by Wärtsilä Steam turbine Main process diagram Process water Feed water Hot water Steam Air Flue gas Ash Fuel Optional To process Multicyclone/ ESP* From process Water treatment Feed water tank Fuel storage Ash storage Courtesy of Wärtsilä Medium and large-scale CHP production: circulating fluidised bed combustion (Foster Wheeler Energia Oy) Kymin Voima Oy, Kuusankoski, Kymi paper mill, Finland 107 kg/s, 114 bar / 541°C. Thermal power 269 MWth. Power plant produces 80 MW of electricity, 120 MW of process heat and 70 MW for district heating. Fuel is 75% wood-based, peat is used as the co-fuel. Supplier: Metso Power Oy The Role of Black Liquor: The Recovery Boiler The role of the Kraft Recovery Boiler: • Recovery of valuable pulping chemicals • Clean and efficient combustion of organic material • Heat recovery • Supplier: Andritz Future Trends: CO2 Reduction by Efficiency Increase and Co-Combustion Boiler performance improvement by OTSC technology 1000 CO2 emission, kg/MWh (electricity) Pulverised fuel PF Circulating fluidised-bed CFB OTSC Once-through supercritical steam cycle 100% coal 900 CFB 800 PF OTSC CFB OTSC PF 700 CFB 80% coal 20% biomass 600 OTSC CFB 500 35 40 Efficiency, % 45 50 Energy efficient buildings → 50-85% lower heating energy consumption • The biggest decisions to save energy are made early in the design phase 2 Space heating demand (kWh/m ) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 China new building code Low energy no heat recovery in ventilation Low energy From elevators, electricity back to the grid KONE EcoDisc ® Counterweight Elevator Car Excessive “potential energy“ • Energy Recovery (Regeneration) • Converts excessive “potential energy“ into electricity for re-use • Saves up to 20% of the total energy consumed Motor Output Current KONE Modulate Line Bridge (MLB) • MLB output - High quality power - Re-usable in or outside the building Technologies for efficient waste management and recycling • Finnish waste management expertise is based on • High waste recycling rates and long experience in working recycling system • In sparsely inhabited country with long distances cost-effective methods are needed for waste collection and source separation • Investment in research and development • Strong expertise and advanced technologies in: • Waste collection and source separation • Waste recycling • Waste-to-energy solutions • Landfill technologies Recycling and treatment of waste • Metso Power Oy and Foster Wheeler Energy ltd significant suppliers of Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) technology. • Flexible, energy-efficient technology • Possible to combust a wide range of fuels • Production of fuel from waste and bale wrapping solutions by eg BMH Enviro and Cross Wrap Oy • Kuusakoski Recycling one of the largest suppliers and refiners of recycled metals in the world. Waste FBC plant in Stockholm, by Foster Wheeler Water resources management • Finland has the most sustainable water management level in the world (ranked by the UN water poverty index) • Successful water resources management based on • Advanced, innovative and diversified water technologies • Co-operatives and self-governed solutions in the water sector • High level of education and research • Finnish firms have optimised their water use, especially in the pulp and paper, steel and chemical industry Water treatment technologies • Chemical solutions for water treatment. World leader in this field is Kemira Water. Kemicond technology for sludge dewatering Chemical pre-treatment followed by microscreening for stormwater treatment Waste water treatment solutions for rural areas • New innovative solutions for municipal wastewater treatment in rural areas. Uponor, Biolan Oy and Green Rock provide various types of mini treatment plant products. Batch wastewater treatment plant for rural areas The Biolan Greywater Filter for treating grey wastewater Biostone biological treatment system Focus areas in monitoring techniques • Top expertise especially in measuring air quality and emissions, such as: • gaseous components and particulates • environmental conditions • remote sensing and environmental data management • Gasmet Technologies Ltd • continuous emission monitoring of gaseous components • continuous emission monitoring of mercury • Dekati Ltd • real-time measurement of fine particle concentrations and size distribution with ELPI • Vaisala Group • environmental measurement, especially weather measurements and corresponding industrial measurements ITS - Intelligent transport and traffic systems and services • Finland is at the forefront of applications of information and communications technologies (ITS) in the transport environment • Intelligent planning tools, software and ITsystems for efficient operation of transport activities • Reduced congestion, improved safety and more efficient use of the transport network • Reduced environmental impact Second generation biofuels • Advanced processes are called for in the production of “biomass-to-liquid” (BTL) fuels • Processes for production of ethanol from wood-based ligno-cellulosic feedstoks developed by VTT • Gasification of wood biomass opens new resources for liquid fuel production. • Production of high-quality feedgas for synthetic diesel fuel production based on Fisher-Trophs (FT) method. • Development by VTT and Finnish forest industry corporations • Municipal waste residues (MWR) could also be used as liquid biofuel feedstock via gasification Second generation biofuels • Low-grade plant oils and animal fats turned into high-quality synthetic diesel fuel (NExBTL by Neste Oil) • Characteristics: • Excellent cold-use properties • Mixes flawlessly with mineral oil diesel • Superior qualities that help, e.g. lower harmful exhaust emissions • First commercial-scale plants start in 2007 • Licences for the technology sold to other companies in Europe Finnish R&D in figures • Finland ranks among the OECD top countries in terms of R&D investments. In 2005 R&D expenditure represented 3.5% of the GDP • The number of R&D personnel has doubled in the last ten years. This makes over 2% of the overall labour force, which is the highest figure among all the OECD countries. VTT - Creating business from technology VTT IS: • The biggest multidisciplinary research organization in Northern Europe • An essential part of the Finnish innovation system VTT HAS: • Polytechnic R&D covering different fields of technology from electronics to building technology • Clients and partners: industrial and business enterprises, organisations, universities and research institutes VTT CREATES: • New technology and science-based innovations in co-operation with domestic and foreign partners Public decision makers, financiers and R&D performers Parliament Parliament of of Finland Finland Council Council of of State State Science and Technology Policy Council of Finland Ministry Ministry of of Education Education Ministry Ministry of of Trade Trade and and Industry Industry Other Other ministries ministries Academy of Finland The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation The Finnish National Fund for Research and Development VTT Other Other research research institutes institutes Universities Universities TE-Centres TE-Centres VTT profile in 2007 2 780 employees 217 M€ turnover 7 Knowledge Clusters: § Digital Information Systems § Telecommunications § Microtechnologies and Sensors § Materials and Building § Industrial Systems § Biotechnology § Energy and Pulp&Paper 46 Knowledge Centres 9 Key Customer Sectors: § Biotechnology, pharmaceutical and food industries § Electronics § Energy § ICT § Real estate and construction § Machines and vehicles § Transport and logistics § Forest industry § Process industry and environment VTT’s status as a performer of R&D work Basic research Applied research Development work S E I SIT R IVE N U VTT IN DU ST RY VTT's Environmental research • The biggest multidisciplinary research organization in Northern Europe • Main know-how offerings in environmental research include: • Emission control • Prevention of climate change • Waste and waste technology • Water technologies • Sludge and sediment • Environmental monitoring technologies • Environmental risk management • Clean products and processes • Environmental applications of ICT • Sustainable energy systems Finnish High-Tech EcoCity concept • Completely new combinations of technological competencies and their resulting products will be utilised in the construction project • Innovative ecological planning and design • Low energy, low waste living • Closed water systems • Integrated telecommunication • Zero emission low-energy traffic system • Efficient waste management and total recycling • Local electricity production with zero emissions