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07.12.2010
PROmoting real Life Observations for Gaining
Understanding of road user behaviour in Europe
PROLOGUE: how to realise large scale
naturalistic observations?
Rob Eenink (SWOV), coordinator
Marika Hoedemaeker (TNO) WP-leader
Contents
What are Naturalistic Observations?
Added value of Naturalistic Observations
Aims of PROLOGUE
Outline of PROLOGUE
Research topics: user‘s preferences
Methodology, technology, organisation
Small scale pilots: some preliminary results
How to proceed?
02/12/2010
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Sheet 2
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07.12.2010
What are Naturalistic Observations?
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Passenger cars/motorcycles:
– Own car/bike: Naturalistic Driving
– Sensors, camera’s: continuous
monitoring
– Acceleration, speed, eye movements,
headway, position on road etc.
•
Vulnerable road users:
– Site based observations
– Interactions
•
ICT as facilitator:
– Large databases
– Analysing software
– Small & cheap sensors, camera's
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FOT: assessment of ITS
ND: research methodology p.e. used
in FOT’s
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FOT-Net 4th Stakeholders meeting, PROLOGUE
Added value of Naturalistic
Observations?
•
Traditional research: instrumented cars, simulators, police records, indepth, interviews…:
– No natural environment
– No direct, systematic observation of a conflict, near miss or crash
•
Issues for naturalistic observation:
– the effect of road design characteristics, or weather conditions on the
interaction between driver and vehicle;
– driving style comparison of specific road user groups, e.g. novice drivers;
– the identification of crash contributing factors;
– the prevalence of mobile phone or other in-car information devices and the
relationship with particular behaviour patterns or crashes;
– the effect of particular interventions, p.e. eco-driving;
– the interaction between motorised vehicles and vulnerable road users;
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Added value of Naturalistic
Observations?
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Potential user groups:
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Research organisations
Automotive industry
Enforcement
Insurers
Driver training and licensing agencies
Road authorities & Ministries of transport
EU
Road user organisations
Environmental organisations
100 cars study
SHRP2
2B Safe
SAFER
…
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FOT-Net 4th Stakeholders meeting, PROLOGUE
Aims of PROLOGUE
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Prologue is a feasibility study for a large scale European naturalistic
observational study
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Output
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To pick the best technology and methodology
To pick the best topics
To start coordination
To get support
Outcome
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Harmonised ND: superior knowledge human behaviour
Next generation road safety measures
Sustainability, traffic management
Economy will profit
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PROLOGUE: Outline
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PROLOGUE outline
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WP 1 Identification of potential areas of application and research
questions (TOI)
– Experiences from previous and current related studies
– Identification of the interests of different user groups
– Actual and potential areas of application and related research questions
•
WP 2 Methodological, technical and organisational issues and
requirements (TNO)
– Technical issues and requirements
– Methodological and organisational issues and requirements
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PROLOGUE outline
•
WP4 Recommendations for a large scale European naturalistic
observation study (SWOV)
– Recommendations for a large scale European naturalistic study
– Final report: overview of findings and experiences
•
WP5 Stakeholder involvement and dissemination of results (KfV)
– User Forum
– Dissemination by printed and electronic means
– Face-to-face communication: 6 workshops
• 2010: Brussels, Austria,, Spain, Norway, Netherlands, UK
• 2011 Greece, Final conference: Vienna
•
WP6 Project management (SWOV)
– Financial and administrative management
– Quality Assurance
– Advisory Board
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PROLOGUE outline
24 months
workshop
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WP 1 Tasks
Task 1.1
Experiences from ND related studies
Task 1.2
Interests of user groups
- previous and current studies
- different methodologies (EDR, instrumented cars, ”real ND”)
- input from organisations (European and world-wide)
- literature scan
- input from Advisory Board members
- communication with SHRP2 programme
- questionnaire to User Forum members
Task 1.3
Application areas and research questions
- actual and potential areas
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Task 1.1 Previous and current research
Findings
Main areas investigated with ND methods:
• Driver distraction and inattention
• Drowsiness and fatigue
• In-vehicle systems
• Lane change behaviour
• Heavy-vehicle – light-vehicle interaction
• Driver characteristics and states
• Applied use of naturalistic driving – e.g., in driver training and
graduated driver licensing programs
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Task 1.2 User interests
Survey among User Forum members
• About 150 persons received the questionnaire
• 72 persons responded
•18 countries
•different types of organisations
• government
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10
• industry
6
• research
31
• other
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User survey:
General areas of interest
”Which of the following areas would you consider to be interesting to
investigate with the use of a large-scale European naturalistic driving
experiment?”
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Research topics: user‘s preferences
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Matrix – examples of research
topics/questions
SITUATION
Driver background,
trip characteristics
BEHAVIOUR
Road system/
environment,
ambient condtions
etc.
Distraction and
inattention
Young drivers and
engagement in distractive
activities
Distraction under different
environmental conditions
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Fatigue,
sleepiness,
other impairment
How often and under what
circumstances do drivers
drive while fatigued?
Is falling asleep while driving
more likely on monotonous
roads?
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Decision making,
driving errors/
style/performance
What is the role of
inattention in intersection
errors/conflicts?
Are drivers less likely to pass
with centreline rumble
strips?
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-------
etc.
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The Need for WP2:
technological & methodological issues
• Naturalistic Driving studies in general are a relatively new
concept within the EU
• It would not make sense to start data collection - even at a Pilot
Study level – without being aware of experiences and lessons
learnt from other studies
• Technology is evolving rapidly – especially Data Acquisition
systems; PROLOGUE needs to have knowledge on the state-ofthe-art.
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FOT-Net 4th Stakeholders meeting, PROLOGUE
Tasks and Objectives of WP2
• Describe the current technical possibilities for data
collection and data analysis in relation to the
theoretical requirements for the research areas.
• Define the methodological and organisational
requirements in the identified research areas.
• Provide background knowledge that will assist with
the development of a protocol for a large scale ND
study in Europe.
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Methodology (1)
• Review of previous studies to collate all relevant information
• International research studies and activities relating to
Naturalistic Driving and Field Operational Tests (FOTs) have
been reviewed.
• Review of public reports and papers, in particular
– 100 car study (VTTI USA)
– Naturalistic lane changes (VTTI, USA)
– Road Departure Crash Warning System FOT (UMTRI, USA)
– Test Site Sweden FOT (Safer, Sweden)
– TAC SafeCar Project (Monash, Australia)
– FESTA
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FOT-Net 4th Stakeholders meeting, PROLOGUE
Methodology (2)
• PROLOGUE partners visit to Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI)
– VTTI initiated the 100 car study (first study of ND)
• 2,000,000 vehicle miles
• 42,300 hours of driving
• Vehicle-based and video data
• A series of presentations and practical workshops were held covering
– -Methodologies and protocols
– Instrumentation and data aquisition
– Data storage and retreval
– Analytical and statistical techniques
• ALL extremely valuable knowledge to PROLOGUE
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Outcomes of WP2 - Reports
1. Methodological and organizational issues and requirements for ND studies
• Research design and set up
• Protocols
- procedures for selection of vehicles and participants
- experimental procedures
• Metrics to measure
• Statistical analysis methods
• Organizational , Legal and ethical issues
2. Data collection, analysis methods and equipment for ND studies including
Inventory of;
• Data acquisition equipment
• Data storage and management methods
• Data analysis tools
02/12/2010
FOT-Net 4th Stakeholders meeting, PROLOGUE
WP3: Small scale field trials
• Focus on feasibility and demonstration of
potential (rather than on representative
samples)
• Lessons Learned
• Address naturalistic research questions
– Near crashes
– Distraction & inattention
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WP3: Small scale field trials
Israeli FT:
4 studies on young drivers
behaviour
Dutch FT:
Combination of Site based and Invehicle observation
Austrian FT: Effect of video feedback during
driver training period
Spanish FT: Identification and description of
incidents
Greek FT:
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Effect of distraction
FOT-Net 4th Stakeholders meeting, PROLOGUE
The Israeli Field Trial
IL1
IL2
new experienced drivers
IL3
02/12/2010
IL4
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The Dutch Field Trial
Combination of site based observation (TNO) and invehicle observation (SWOV)
Focus on behavior at intersections
-interactions with vulnerable road users
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Austrain Field Trial
Video feedback during driver training
Risk indicators 2 months after getting licence
Data logging in own car
(p-drive)
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Spanish Field Trial
ARGOS instrumented car
Study of incidents and near incidents based on video
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Greek Field Trial
• Effects of distraction (phone, radio, singing etc.)
• HIT instrumented vehicle
• 3 camera’s for studying driver activity
20/09/10
02/12/2010
PROLOGUEWP3 Meeting,
Valencia, Spain
FOT-Net 4th
Stakeholders
meeting,
PROLOGUE
Sheet 29
Sharing information
Completed Deliverables with:
- lessons learned
- recommendations for large scale field trials
publicly available soon…..
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How to proceed?
•
More focus on integral approach:
– Environmental issues
– Traffic management
– Vulnerable road users (site based, naturalistic cycling?)
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Morie user’s opinions (please, fill in questionnaire)
Convince and get support from national contact points, EUCAR, ERTRAC,
…..
Integrated Project in FP7 Call 2011?
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