1. hobbies and interests
2. arts and crafts
3. pottery

TO
HOW
(Analyze
PRACTICAL
Clay
METHODS
FOR
PRACTICAL
MEN
\
HOLDEN
"v
ZJV
Late
Professor
of
Organic
M.
Chemistry,
ASHBY
Harvard
Medical
CHICAGO
Windsor
"
Kenfield
Publishing
I90I
Company
College
1897,
Copyright,
HOIvDEN
M.
ASHBY
by
92436
JAM
]S06
.-J
"AS3
INTRODUCTION.
The
clay
of
purpose
that
so
sufficient
a
this
little
work
clayworker
all
the
describe
to
make
may
for
accuracy
is
his
practical
of
analysis
the
with
analyses
own
of
purposes
day
every
work.
The
methods
absolute
a
o;
give
greater
given.
with
beginner,
better
where
experience,
give
combined
very
far
a
therefore,
been
chemist
experienced
whom
results;
have
cases
an
generally
accuracy
accuracy
In
which
as
a
second
as
may
and
more
in
almost
the
utility
and
hands
would
method
accurate
practical
far
determination
the
results
poor
less
with
uses
chemical
possible.
be
accurate
improved
with
upon
method
is
also
HOW
Our
intention
ordinary
will
be
routine
of
sufficient
must
be
has
mastered
borne
of
For
at
of
is
of
research
chemistry
by
begimiing
arts
the
to
move
German
the
to
up
right
the
ago
years
was
to
in
few
a
the
and
direction.
in
a
askance
with
little
a
than
ceramics
scientists
in
this
just
looked
and
that
exemplified
thanks
however,
both
adage
the
and
;
his
which
is
ft
have
chemistry
word
of
chemistry
the
Now,
state.
the
to
the
better
clay
craft,
irtvestigat'iifffs
clayworkers
is
thing
dangerous
a
of
Nowhere
reasons.
of
us
mention
it
in
his
and
with
Then
worker
niake,
to
it
needed.
most
practical
years
very
chemist
a
is
that
many
the
to
occur
never
do
of
learn
to
to
of
mak'^
to
that
results.
chemistry
him
lead
not
as
able
be
technical
a
anybody
man
useful
when
that
of
intelligent
and
simplest
will
knowledge
would
that
analysis
analysis
difficult
practically
the
even
technical
kind
mind
in
idea
an
in
it.
use
the
for
clay
a
to
analysis,
obtain
to
accuracy
make
brickmakefr
the
a
possible
single
tell
at
such
is
one
to
laugh
making
it
to
how
and
probably
trained,
is
how
accurate,
will
CLAY.
article
English
nevertheless
the
ANALYZE
this
moderately
specially
clay,
in
everyday
Chemists
it
TO
very
the
best
knowledge
application*
edge
knowlour
.elementary
example
magnificent
manufacturers,
Ceramic
set
we
chemistry
are
8
now
has
been
now
worker
will
will
realize
Until
the
that
for,
hard
but
in
has
to
in
done
seek
of
the
not
from
Now
would
us
well
where
before
and
to
book
is
that
almost
exclusively
with
quite
meet
in
in
French
which
they
the
Carnegie
and
such
All
these
Steel
concerns
have
they
ceived
re-
finei-
a
is
works,
information
foreign
These
for
American
the
leading
a
For
those
information
some
is
of
portions
and
but
part,,
condition.
articles
magazine
isolated
taking
not
publications
ware.
accessible
foreign
the
china
it
as
does
our
German
re-edited
and
very
of
part
the
namely
glazes,
and
on
There
dealing
that,
it
perhaps
American,
an
and
main
"Brick"
in
not
from
the
fited
bene-
be
can
information.
by
enamels
translated
study
gained
in
in
further,
our
Pottery,"
the
on
work
are
cannot
be
have
not
business
industry
get
to
entirely
almost
gradually
are
who
rely
few
yet
as
does
help
any
written
For
wants.
our
to
public,
often
chemistry
stepped
a
the
going
where
state
does
works
for
ceramic
the
of
a
hoped
will
what
has
etc.
but
"Chemistry
with
with
be
%
7
One
Company,
dividends
just
see
as
have
sufficiently
can
to
just
this.
Company,
Langenbeck's
we
that
2
helped
Packing
such
solitary
one
all
chemistry
otherwise
Alkali
chemistry,
be
in
do
cents.
science.
let
by
is
he
themselves
from
that
where
Armour
pay
of
can
or
is
and
in
were
living
waste
chemists,
dollars
trouble
clay-
the
fortunes.
United
the
could
instances
create
at
Works,
bare
and
products
to
as
Look
to
And
cases
for
waste
way
decline
previous
a
other
far
utilized
brickmakers
a
ceramic
actual
1893,
when
now,
the
of
saving
a
circumstances.
easy
is
means
from
if
that
extent
an
advice
to
times
stoppage
a
mean
a
it
CLAY.
such
to
listen
only
chemistry,
ANALYZE
developed
circumstances
easy
to
TO
to
text
books.
As
of
most
of
discussion
making,
of
side
a
what
he
what
it
of
the
least
the
exact
to
that
treat
possible
if
or,
outlay
proportion
in
make
the
to
brick
and
article
present
he
clay
and
which
wants
in
waste.
the
of
analysis
an
his
is, what
finally
know
to
make,
will
to
out
starts
man
wants
it, how
in
ourselves
confine
applied
as
in
interested
especially
to
the
tile
that
question.
the
When
be
clay
of
chemistry
the
shall
we
will
readers
our
to
order
He
make
to
is
clay
attain
brick
good
certain
one
does
diflferent
a
his
end
care
to
not
elements
are
clay,
for,
thmpr
with
know
pres-
HOW
because
ent,
of
silica, alumina,
reliable
make
he
does
it
make
To
able
be
of
obtain
best
make
a
pretty
information
is
absolute
us
brick
next
sifting
any
the
clay
will
sand
brick,
add
to
first
step
is
useless.
piece
good
guess
of
from
first
The
the
to
chemical
it
we
varied
is
our
give
to
have
to
is
can
analysis,
and
then
the
brick,
although
accurate
step
tion
propor-
unless
and
burned
because
the
sufficiently
yet
of
clay,
the
step,
one
color
the
as
know
must
only
find
this
of
small
a
will
of
elements
of
clay
likely
the
clay
the
do
never
always
of
the
clay,
its
sand,
behave
in
data
idea
good
a
speak
proportion
real
obtain
get
average
from
the
cannot
we
such
we
bodies
these
turn
results
mean
a
cerning
con-
of
composition,
the
which
of
proportion
mere
to
have
then
and
of
is
we
When
proportion
if
can
we
not
of
and
from
could
do
will
we
this
what
see
produce.
we
the
of
but
object
do
to
composed
to
so
final
our
by
hereafter,
analysis,
and
Each
burned
clay
is
either
information
more
for, and
used
be
but
which
into
clay
done
useful
of
above
analysis
rock.
the
we
course
the
analysis,
other
behavior
be
be
chemical
the
can
present,
when
way
of
the
up
can
amount
stated
previous
composition
certain
As
what
out
undecomposed
and
large
is
divide
this
method,
clay
parts
the
fineness;
first.
the
find
component
the
of
valuable
this
records
to
mechanically
A
by
most
what
first
to
slumming.
the
out
is
degrees
with
deal
of
he
true,
is
small
not
gained
far
of
give
building
of
proportion
what
that
data
step
or
be
maj'
of
rough
but
results.
various
the
to
good,
not
burned.
The
by
a
this, it is
the
a
whether
age
percent-
brick.
do
such
burn
to
or
does
etc.,
know
to
the
expert
water,
want
know
fire
taken
lime,
brick,
elements,
are
To
does
to
to
the
others
he
want
good
a
iron,
paving
good
a
arid
but
data,
ceramic
cleverest
the
to
even
9
CLAY.
ANALYZIi
TO
its
elements.
Now
is
to
found
in
state
before
clay
substance
rock
is
is
subjected
rock
certain
definite
two
to
is
are
and
and
and
between
that
the
is
We
alumina
the
undissolved
know
there
with
real
undecomposed
and
the
minerals
treated
all
hours
12
sand
analysis.
feldspath
proportion
the
separated
chemical
clay
a
for
of
proportion
When
acid
dissolved,
The
the
how
details.
sulphuric
is
left.
words
into
going
concentrated
warm
few
a
is
that
in
and
tion
por-
the
decomposed
un-
feldspath
silica,
a
so
10
now
take
we
silica
enough
out
all
the
combine
to
silica
the
of
rest
CLAY.
ANALYZi:
TO
with
free
as
ANALYSIS
porting
re-
sand.
CLAY.
OF
Total
alumina,
the
Consui-
uents.
Silica
61.30
Alumina
18.87
Iron
6.66
Oxide
Lime
0.85
..,..,.
Magnesia^
i .20
,
...
Alkalies
3.30
Water
7.82
The
3.51,
if
so
silica
the
as
multiply
we
in
silica, leaves
composition
this
3.51
The
feldspath,
so
total
35.94
of
rest
8.77
get
we
from
subtracted
sand.
was
feldspath
the
by
is
feldspath
in
silica
alumina
or
clay
the
and
of
2.5
quartz
as
of
of
the
feldspath;
the
27.165
portion
alumina
between
proportion
60.13
39.87
100.00
solved
undis-
the
have
we
as
the
:
Silica
8.77%
Alumina
Oxide
Iron
and
%
2.2
Magnesia
20
Alkalies
1.23
Total
12.40
,
Our
quartz
substance
clay
thus
We
sand
or
is .100
be
to
(27.165+
"
following
the
have
find
we
therefore
27.165%,
actual
our
i2.405)=6o.43%.
results:
Sand
27.165%
,
Feldspath
Rock
and
12.405%
Clay
To
the
60.43
find
the
composition
acid
sulphuric
whole
the
(the
clay
of
actual
and
that
portion
clay)
then
we
may
subtract
the
which
%
dissolved
analyze
analysis
it
of
or
the
in
alyze
an-
dissolved
un-
portion.
Thus
with
know
just
it is
to
easy
find
what
to
the
chemical
two
turn
clay
our
to
properties
a
analyses
is, and
table
of
of
the
and
once
figures,
clay.
a
the
which
little
calculation
analysis
will
be
is
we
obtained
given
later,
HOW
Now
few
a
words
TO
Che
to
as
ANALYZE
H
CLAV.
be
to
apparatus
used.
The
outfit
.
which
will
would
think
some
accuracy
want
is
at
of
scribed
work
enough
but
one,
as
it
will
the
outfit
easily
will
be
add
to
likely
to
be
enable
man
will
for
extremely
useful.
only
difference
between
of
original
difficult
given
by
quantity,
slock
work.
any
The
supply
room,
but
obtain
useful
the
some
time
while
to
As
it
he
should
get
and
go
prices
quoted
house,
when
on
we
results
a
more
he
pensive
ex-
balance,
of
rest
the
high-priced
so
a
to
more
are
dc'
that
old
a
quality,
not
what
find
the
to
and
balance
the
having
regret
chemist
convenience
purchase
be
the
to
us
it worth
never
of
and
may
make
consulting
a
amount
working
question
a
and
to
he
always
apparatus,
after
as
price
to
A
and
large
a
will
expense.
such
not
sacrificed
that
below,
do
for
getting,
is
least
is
described
something
the
can
be
man
the
ordering
can
plicated
com-
lowest
in
this
quantity.
The
balance
cheapest
efficiency
is
one
which
of
the
will
good
do
pulp
the
or
ore
work
with
balances,
erate
mod-
prefer-
12
HOW
ANALYZE
TO
CLAY.
"
ably
full
its
of
above
(Fig.
all
Such
I.)
a
weights
The
The
crucible,
expensive,
with
but
carelessness
for
metal
the
should
be
30
The
good
a
the
in
20
all
will
cost
is
lamp
has
the
probably
such
These
will
and
glass
described
be
for
vessels
should
one
a
be
of
sufficient,
be
about
3
of
set
be
three
of
breakage,
8
and
funnels,
glass
to
5
oz.
two
of
2
(Fig.
in
which
have
2),
and
a
lip
will
dish
inside,
glazed
There
3).
(Fig.
and
diameter
in.
thin
are
capacity,
form,
capacity
small
are
evaporating
flat
it
but
oz.
20
Griffin's,
porcelain
One
diameter
in.
called
form
the
from
four,
rest
liquids
boiling
of
is
lamp
which
beakers,
getting
it.
worth
the
expense,
be
ont
in.
wash
The
rubber
fitted
Of
purpose
barring
4J/2
should
briefly.
pouring.
facilitating
for
the
have
should
these
of
of
$11.50,
well
is
it
will
blast
about
costs
that
items
principal
the
are
this
blast
a
there
chance
no
where
and
gasoline
Hoskins
article
useful
generally
a
is
fuse
to
but
again
Then
there
sufficient
work
not
there
serviceable;
most
is
some
and
on,
carbonate),
gas.
the
such
capacity,
presents
laid
is
gas
will
where
places
for
all, and
at
gas
of
number
It
gold.
as
used
be
to
sodium
the
weight
its
centimeters
burner
this
with
used
is
Bunsen
pressure
worth
valuable
the
by
$15.
cost
(with
ing
alloy-
by
happen
always
cubic
natural
large
only
as
30
burner
crucible
be
to
of
where
a
is
it
indispensable,
spoiled
not
will
nearly
will
what
places
the
which
form^
to
indifferent
there
and
from
These
is
platinum
is
This
pressure,
clay
large
usual
as
In
the
which
grams.
question
difficulty!
of
$17.
gram),
a
absolutely
is
ignorance,
or
the
which
metal,
alone,
of
weighing
if
other
some
grossest
is
aluminum.
of
use,
drafts.
the
about
of
(i-ioooth
being
in
analytical,
quality
milligram
off
for
purchased
be
can
movable
not
keep
to
sandth
thou-
one
with
when
to
case
second
be
gram
platinum
very
a
that
as
one
one
glass
a
beam
the
of
fitted
be
loaded
$2.60.
about
is
one
to
under
weights
have
should
down
grams
is
should
should
resting
for
addition
the
show
It
gram.
attachment
an
and
a
easily
when
and
Troemner,
or
should
capacity
part
pans,
Becker
by
made
one
bottle
may
and
bent
stopper
up
the
(Fig.
measured
4).
The
flask
be
glass
made
tubes,
or
(Fig.
burette
should
from
be
a
may
5),
respectively
12
be
ready
bought
pipette
of
with
flask
oz.
25
(Fig.
cm.
6),
(di-
HOW
in
vided
i/io
cu.
flask
measured
flask,
bottle
with,
TO
cm.),
I5
should
ANALYZE
cu.
and
cm.,
of
be
the
graduation
the
13
CLAY.
500
cu.
shape
same
on
the
capacity.
cm.
the
as
neck.
One
The
wash
wedge-
cc
"'
r-
1-
/
^
Z
=-3
*
r-
=-J
Fig.
6
7
5-6
//
"
\
=-'2
sec
r-/7
\
/9
L23
E-25
^/G.5
pestle
wood
for
all
One
of
steel
and
ordinary
iron
stand
4J/2
mortar,
and
purposes,
or
iforceps, about
support
6
in.
diameter,
in.
but
costs
with
long,
three
for
will
b";
sufficient
fifty cents.
movable
taking
hold
rings,
of
hot
a
pair
things.
14
HOW
and
and
centimeter
9
Some
which
suitable
made
be
not
will
be
odds
and
lamp
be
List
if
so
later
we
The
a
will
be
$1.50
of
margin
$44,
should
if
$55
or
cost
various
for
gasoline
the
used.
of
required:
apparatus
$17.00
Weights
2.60
Platinum
crucible
Bunsen
15.00
;
.
.
*.
burner
.
50
;
.
Beakers
60
Porcelain
dish
evaporating
.25
Forceps
25
Funnels
30
Filter
paper
30
Wash
bottle
25
Burette
70
Pipette
20
500
cu.
Ring
flask
cm.
and
45
stand
75
Mortar
50
Chemicals
3.00
Sundries
1.50
$44.15
Total
Before
thinking
take
particular
sample
present
To
sample
ploj'ed.
is
a
of
making
to
care
quantity
any
have
of
proportionately
represents
mas"
it
icals
chemnot
Balance
to
to
enough,
list.
the
have
that
good
they
but
on,
allow
total
the
ends,
in
those
be
in
bought
^
enumerated
$3,
will
bottles
those
as
be
solutions
dozen
include
to
necessary
than
more
medicine
ordinary
up,
half
the
but
ordinary
but
will
condition
liquid
a
of
list
needed,
from
needed,
be
7
paper
the
things
ingenuity
will
bottles
for
and
complete
other
little
a
in
are
bottles,
several
be
Filter
Swedish
2
respectively,
with
made
utensils.
chemicals
will
will
CLAY.
No.
diameter,
be
can
kitchen
be
Munktell's
There
apparatus.
they
of
packets
two
ANALYZE
TO
A
at
a
small
the
time
quantity
quantity
an
of
substance
all
the
analysis
an
sample,
average
the
to
be
and
an
age
aver-
which
analyzed,
ingredients
various
has
one
of
the
sampling.
of
of
kind
various
clay
may
be
taken
methods
from
may
each
be
stratum
em-
in
the
clay
presents
If
the
the
from
The
it
lumps
should
is
obtained;
the
small
a
be
large
taken
at
is
fine
the
use,
as
It
finger
quantity
it
will
is
easy
put
can
to
the
and
and
then
tell
never
take
sample
a
small
in,
is
out
to
tables
impurities
last,
but
not
may
of
about
there
is
rubbed
tween
be-
grind
to
a
should
be
ground,
when
labelled
beginner
on
fall
may
box,
put
for
ready
analysis.
the
and
paper
hard
and
our
warn
is
This,
bottled
for
sample,
portions
out.
all
rest
until
rather
lb.
sample
pinch
small
emptied
shelves
bottle,
and
it
be
the
mortar
small
mortar,
a
well
what
the
a
As
weigh
as
in
^
then
and
rough
the
oil
mortar,
a
saved;
level
a
on
about
in
the
are
thoroughly
representative
call
when
there
until
grinding,
a
small
taken
be
and
placed
now
flat
pile,
the
we
is
mixed
thoroughly
now
should
the
arpund
the
large
into
out
the
ground
in
be
perhaps
the
until
should
by
thumb.
we
parts
all
from
lb.,
whole
labelled,
feeling
and
what
in
have
crumble
spread
mixed
which
once
sample,
things
One
at
it
crushed
or
over
have
we
and
time,
a
all
up,
gritty
will
it
quantities
broken
taken,
any
the
then
being
this,
be
longer
no
and
corked
From
must
5.gr.
and
from
as
dug
weathering
to
of
10
the
bean,
be
away
clay.
our
ground
should
bottle,
thrown
be
small
knife,.
lumps
small
until
a
and
5
dried
times,
this
all
be
different
not
or
clay
the
both.
than
a
dust,
or
is
from
however,
if
or
may
and
taken
between
this
of
end
time
be
taken,
dry,
quantities
some
may
then
From
broad
up
lumps
air
several
surface.
in
be
larger
together
dug
weighing
may
It
pieces.
mixed.
from
equally
sample,
where
no
finer
the
but
small
and
being
care
when
together
quantities
heap;
lumps,
been
has
small
yard,
sample
mixed
places
clay
the
these
15
CLAY.
ANALYZE
appearance,
different
in
TO
uniform
a
our
of
and
pit
HOW
or
least,
even
label
ing
leav-
against
pieces
of
in,
and
tin
can
it.
paper.
it
for
is
so
clay,
CHAPTER
After
sampling,
le?rn
weigh
to
of
system
decimal
and
be
may
A
the
is
is
of
litre,
C.
0".
at
often
is
gram
grains
The
for
the
The
air
warm
the
apparent
knocked
sec
that
is
of
the
scale
if
no
jar
has
been
stands
a
short
given
or
replace
edges
Always
time
elapses
16
Troy.
is
brass
that
balance,
the
between
this
also,
using
in
it
while
rise
and
necessary.
15.432
grains
noted
to
level
the
the
measures,
apparatus
carefully
blunted.
to
the
milli^
equals
of
not
decagram,
called
0.015432
knife
the
and
place
only
remove
because
rest,
at
out
balanced;
and
Never
pan
do
weights
two
anything
the
causes
weight.
beam
the
arising
be
weigh
Never
balance:
the
should
water
milligrams.
the
for
weight
we
are
list
the
in
a
one
pure
the
gram
equals
to
aluminum
things
following
chemical
referred
and
grams
One
milligram
of
of
smaller
practically
of
equal
unit
which
parts,
the
i-iooth
use
For
grs.
have
we
contained
cm.
not
In
amount
laboratory
db
so
grs.,
inches.
The
the
metre
milli-
the
and
or
cu.
the
feet,
centimetres
one
In
1,000
one
weights
of
of
milligram.
and
all
and
the
quart.
one
many
into
the
Troy
set
so
is
cubic
to
200
weight
and
gram
weight,
centimetre
centimetre
one
pressure.
of
for
of
that
0.003937
cubic
cm.,
weight
the
than
divided
so
grams,
cu.
or
equal
is
speak
but
etc.,
about
more
use
the
thousand
normal
and
ical
chem-
English
inches,
equals
use
measuring
which
gram,
only
3.2809
is
and
centimetre
is
or
and
connected
0.03937
or
metre
a
One
this
length,
cnat,
we
ways.
and
the
of
vessel
all
metre
of
volume
cubic
measures
intimately
so
of
i-iooth
cubic
The
The
the
metric
the
scientific
in
used
with,
begin
yet
to
once.
standard
i-ioooth
measures
are
To
people,
some
known.
usea
at
balance.
always
simpk^
explained
centimetre
a
is
volume
metre,
litre.
the
fine
a
is
thing
important
most
bother
which
is
the
on
may
system,
length
is
correctly
weights
work,
by
probably
IL
is
hot,
unless
anything
likely
before
pans
as
decreases
and
are
a
be
to
weighing
are
each
precaution
equally
weighing
is
not
HOW
The
actual
the
balance
put
down
little
is
operation
is
the
knob.
few
jar
divisions
back
the
balance
is
be
be
of
the
the
large
pointer
and
then
Having
by
adding
by
sampled
have
we
them
adding
clay
take
the
learned
about
2
side
each
be
fully
care-
in
spaces
the
replaced.
are
the
ginning
be-
smaller,
the
how
of
gr.
side.
other,
should
they
as
and
the
vacant
the
'weighed
distance
weights
the
be
to
same
from
up
the
to
the
of
sum
down
of
that
to
in
the
then
from
put
a
pointer
end
object
working
the
one
weight
weights
over
center,
at
not
scale, and
If
the
the
marks
swing
marked
screw
take
motion
given,
is
side.
the
turning
jerk
the
of
dust,
swinging
will
other
littte
and
the
checked
now
of
then
more
Now
first
center
balanced,
ones
once
center.
pointer
or
and
pan
the
noted,
box,
one
the
from
by
no
that
seeing
free
slight
side
add
evenly
beam
the
the
not
the
very
each
to
are
in
with
until
if
turned
pans
put
the
distance
correct,
a
divisions
few
a
if
of
and
steadily,
very
edges,
side
clean
raise
but
knife
one
pans
done
After
thus:
out
and
17
CLAY.
carried
the
beam,
same
the
must
is
the
to
must
When
door
again
swings
beam
glass
the
to
to
then
and
this
ANALYZE
is
level,
If
imparted
enough
TO
weigh
to
prepared
curately,
ac-
sample
.
and
it
place
This
must
212"
Fahr.)
be
for
rising
not
is
to
and
use
the
put
of
dish
with
course
that
this
should
The
dessicator
be
can
glass
to
is
sulphuric
small
support
being
dried
We
clear
have
now
analysis,
of
an
but
and
the
substance
average
might
some
for
to
in
have
days
to
absorb
keep
the
the
bottom.
finely
sample,
been
may
of
dried
in, and
a
piece
or
trated
concen-
articles
of
A
that
are
^"^
ground,
intervene
the
cool.
moisture.
to
the
hour
an
to
with
pan.
off
things
chloride
fire
keep
dessicator
calcium
plan
inner
drive
end
crock
perature
tem-
good
will
drying
butter
bottom
the
the
flame
the
the
to
the
an
even
a
This
enough
in
some
of
At
intended
arranged
as
hot
(or
simplest
over
one.
C.
Bunsen
the
bottom
outer
be
enough
the
or
but
or
insure
to
saucepan
is
jar
in
should
dried;
whole
acid
C,
placed
and
top,
in
combined.
small
a
the
which
vessel
a
the
cover
C,
out
from
made
in
chemically
taken
in
oven
the
crystal.
100"
at
gas
put
boiler
or
over
100"
clay
only
99"
not
be
above
the
water
is
is
double
with
about
temperature
water
much
ordinary
an
placed
can
watch
heated
ordinary
thermometer
a
dish
and
oven
An
tin
or
butter
an
hour.
one
if
used
into
put
saucepan
be
smooth
small,
a
now
ordinary
may
in
and
suffice
between
oughly
thorfor
the
the
18
HOW
weighings,
will
it is
absorb
Of
accurately
one
the
for
two.
heated.
The
The
start
one
crucible
each
gram
may
lot
the
this,
so
of
be
in
clay
time,
as
dessicator
we
instead
the
that
of
method
the
is placed
weighed
first
weigh
out
the
total
of
treating
of
and
the
the
analysis
explanation
in
clay
the
air-tight
perfectly
a
determination
because
case,
each
kept
the
on
with
acid,
in
same
in
grams
start
fresh
a
unless
and
gram
sulphuric
nearly
the
two
We
with
dry
to
CLAY.
ANALYZE
moisture
the
constitfcnts.
first
better
some
vessel.
TO
will
crucible
then
tile
clay
is
do
and
clay
20
now
blown
ill
from
the
great
ease
tior
the
crucible,
the
metals
silicate
by
lower
the
of
acids,
e'.tirely
the
and
is
entire
clay;
the
with
the
will
water
directed
and
completed
has
change
acids
aluminum
unaffected
be
can
of
jet
a
to
be
driven
point
any
with
8).
fusion
where
CLAY,
tiibe
which
one,
an
ANALYZE
glass
upper
(Fig.
When
the
at
TO
have
acid,
carbonate,
by
we
the
taken
had
ordinary
so
place
in
wilh
the
both
aluminum
acids.
that
of
from
separated
mass
combined
carbonic
before
the
we
which
and
sodium
have
are
sodium
affected
silicate,* which
is
If
this
all
be
former
dioxide
off
saving
The
of
and
is
there
evaporated
then
of
escaping.
been
should
be
in.
put
the
of
some
of
the
be
taken
of
rubber
beaker
off;
the
will
be
may
be
moved
end,
and
dish,
off, all
dish
and
fills the
and
great
down,
be
taken
as
any
and
transfer
to
loss
adhere
may
hard
rather
by
then
the
means
a
clay.
the
silica
of
too
must
of
till
by
come
first, evaporated
the
to
caused
orated,
evap-
little
evaporating
is
care
they
they
on
Great
grains
and
in
ingredients
transparent
the
to
put
is
to
the
has
by
4
chlorides.
volume
the
beaker
the
into
converted
washing
little
ceases
gas
fresh
a
about
enough
which
but
purpose
and
in
until
added
When
transferred
be
from
Small
acid
the
have
used
boiled
effervescence,
any
If
portion
everything
gently
be
for
should
been
has
ing
treat-
long,
failure
beaker
the
more
dryness.
rest
in
of
somewhat
utter
mean
thing
every-
method
deviation
any
to
is
carbon
and
treatment
The
acid
as
hydrochloric
now
to
the
loss
should
have
must
a
it, if
gas
tarbonates
dish,
is
longer
no
These
which
then
dioxide
carbon
sure
the
the
dioxide,
insoluble,
sand.
or
hydrochloric
with
it
after
silica
pretty
mass
etc.,
Thus
exactly,
is
water
crucible,
the
with
silica
sodium
obtain
we
carbon
and
water,
gas.
the
but
time
silica,
in
a
followed
be
start.
as
acid
hydrochloric
soluble
21
CLAY.
ANALYZE
chloride,
mixture
must
oz.
with
dissolved
the
of
treated
being
going
is
it
TO
aluminum
chloride,
two
HOW
a
to
see,
glass
rod
out
with
washed
the
to
sides
but
must
with
a
piece
stream
of
should
be
a
all
water.
When
placed
A
is
intended
iron
of
kept
be
which
it
about
particles
to
tin
inside
is
drive
in
on
and
by
with
outside
full
of
boiling
the
over
will
boiling
rest
It
so
should
Any
water.
flame
liquid,
9).
boiling
will
do.
be
(Fig.
about
dish
a
water..
can
fit.
at
boiling
the
water
will
the
part
all
which
dish
which
it
off
temperature
vessel
matters
out
to
vessel
the
three-quarters
sputter
the
evaporating
the
or
hastening
at
metal
a
dish
to
heated
keeping
for
Any
part
and
merely
into
and
point.
that
is
bath
boiled,
transferred
water-bath,
a
on
water
It
is
everything
and
will
tempt
atcause
spoil
the
analysis.
When
2
oz.
a
of
pure
evaporated,
contact
with
stage
of
complete
the
should
acid
hydrochloric
care
dryness
being
taken
acid.
This
that
must
all
be
has
been
be
poured
the
once
reached,
substance
more
on
and
comes
evaporated
about
again
in
to
HOW
\
TO
ANALYZE
CLAY.
\ ^^\v:\;
4i
HOW
ccmplete
When
hydrochloric
again
it
with
should
and
4
of
warmed
be
the
oz.
and
on
has
poured
evaporation
10%
a
all
the
for
about
onto
containing
water
warm
about
poured
this
bath,
again
dry
be
23
CLAY.
added
When
water
washed
is
it.
ANALYZE
acid
should
into
the
on
it
acid
stirred
and
and
dryness,
repeated.
TO
solid
of
ter
mat-
utes
min-
15
filter
a
little
a
sol.
paper
hydrochloric
acid.
The
operation
but
will
of
apparatus
is
folded
into
cf
the
of
a
the
remain
Some
any
ma^ke
liquid
and
a
pores
of
the
this
a
large
loss
is
the
to
differently,
is
more
of
the
should
allowed
ready
beaker
The
funnel
to
for
use,
dry
and
just
the
should
touches
opening
filtrate
solid
to
thickness
one
if filled
or
with
will
a
pass
precipitate
or
be
the
of
is
wasted
Secondly,
the
paper,
when
poured
on
be
catch
always
side,
in
the
filtrate.
be
placed
in
such
so
a
manner
opened
the
being
the
sure
pres-
applied
filter
fit
wash
is
paper
obtained,
bottle
filter
The
for
between
space
and
stand
ring
that
out
the
top,
of
(Fig.
little
a
experiment
perfect
off.
badly
a
folded,
by
the
upper
quicker
to
when
funnel
from
pbced
the
be
fit at
a
poured
not
tlie
If, owing
on
cone
fits, the
instead
water,
above,
paper
least
it
found
quite
not
the
at
or
often
very
stated
place,
angle
be
must
does
should
the
first
loss.
that
quantitative
as
fit, it should
not
first, and
at
for
and,
closer
of
this
glass.
to
the
so
through,
underneath
beaker
together
kept
beginners
funnel,
likelihood
does
of
run
out
be
that
where
the
glass
column
should
water
some
paper
opened
In
filtering
material,
In
paper
the
be
list
funnel.
the
and
the
filter
from
liquid
in
their
60";
the
pores
both
the
quarters,
falling
and
paper
solid,
because,
paper
than
If
the
through
the
less
or
the
such
analysis
the
less
in
not
cone
accuracy.
and
funnel.
each
of
into
the
a
in
and
again,
formed
being
tion
explana-
one
circular
a
should
paper,
of
should,
funnel,
into
necessary
stage
exactly
operation,
made
are
portion
cii cumference
half
in
so
filter.
a
fatal
fit
should
is
the
if
nation,
expla-
some
mentioned
and
thicknesses
will
on
as
exactly
This
precautions
work,
fit
side
case,
funnels
then
other
requires
every
60",
of
the
paper.
in
and
three
side,
through
lose
should
which
one
glass
angle
half,
is
same
The
an
paper,
mixture
the
all.
in
it
cone
one
will
for
have
folded
form
almost
just
a
the
is
do
filtering
of
and
is
then
with
a
10).
the
that
end
the
of
the
liquid
24
HOW
will
to
drop,
not
avoid
the
through
it is
to
to
the
have
top
of
better
pass
CLAY.
sides
the
down
end
to
of
the
through
in
as
of
the
in
beaker,
funnel
it.
This
by
where
cases
of
a
from
glass
rubber
gives
than
higher
filtering
piece
a
funnel
the
In
paper.
attach
the
in
liquid
slowly,
very
the
slide
but
ANALYZE
order
splashing.
Never
of
TO
about
longer
and
in.
passes
hydroxide,
a
allow
column
J4
filtrate
aluminum
tubing
tube
a
the
within
foot
the
of
long
filtrate
water,
a
HOW
greater
filter
fits
paper
the
on
from
water
In
the
filter
in
of
which
has
moved
in
the
with
with
the
of
When
they
be
has
be
should
"Filtrate
be
We
water.
from
the
have
now
of
rest
2
the
of
oz.
but
in
filter, the
taining
con-
labeled
should
paper
acidulated
warm,
silicon
dioxide
to
yet
pass
This
and
the
the
to
filtrate.
the
on
cipitate
pre-
water
warm
over,
have
we
filter
washed
allowed
of
of
or
and
all
the
be
the
covered
silica,
in
loosen
onto
being
oz.
small
a
filter.
rest
6
may
thing
every-
put
to
should
precipitate
about
be
rod,
to
liquid
the
clay,
rest
etc.,
filter,
washed
the
side,
the
the
glass
paper
about
with
with
washed
the
filtrate,
the
or
should
be
of
the
and
the
and
the
to
transferred
one
Silica,"
thoroughly
then
with
on
of
fill
apparently
when
the
with
been
beaker
set
from
cause
to
magnesia,
square,
with
burned
acid,
the
then
be
to
on
silica,
dish
the
piece
washed
hydrochloric
into
of
stream
precipitate
paper,
is
this,
can
The
the
oxide,
J/2 in.
silica;
everything
through
iron
surface
will
of
the
poured
which
from
about
water.
should
the
through.
insure
to
be
top
alumina,
whole
and
rest
the
precipitate,
paper,
jet of
a
cipitate
pre-
a
violent
from
filtering
filters
order
the
particles
that
sufficiently
not
unless
washing
In
taken
be
greater
useless
absolutely
is
should
transferred
filter
over
of
the
the
been
of
piece
is
mixture
in.
of
and
correspondingly
a
accurately.
namely,
liquid
contains
lost,
be
%
either
None,
this
bottle
the
the
as
and
should
care
case,
within
poured
paper,
25
CLAY.
splash.
present
to
the
funnel
the
wash
to
silica, enough
ANALYZE
course;
filter,
the
particles
the
Of
filtering.
in
speed
the
through
pressure
TO
separate
it
prepare
for
weighing.
first
The
of
the
funnel,
taking
it
is
the
drying
it in
drying
the
impurities
no
is
direction
platinum
take
to
oven,
in,
get
crucible
or
should
filter
the
and
it thoroughly,
dry
loss
no
be
out
paper
While
occurs.
cleaned
dried
out,
weighed.
and
On
of
account
as
to
of
the
the
invariably
better
of
for
the
of
use
salts
crucible,
be
place
that
care
this
in
step
if
silver,
they
to
use
of
crucible
the
amalgamate
only
value
lead,
be
the
be
may
or
reduced
with
platinum
the
crucible
mercury
to
the
platinum
when
in
directions
some
ware,
should
metallic
and
directed,
None
here.
order
be
put
they
state
spoil
in
in
it.
this
It
the
will
will
scheme.
26
HOW
for
and
harm
other
any
Hydrochloric
fact
acid
any
single
will
dissolve
the
two
if
boiling
are
is
obtained
the
dirt
that
sure
no
silica
and
little
a
the
the
in,
clay
line
crystal-
dirt,
sand,
sea
analysis,
j
boiled
and
fused,
fine
that
crucible,
the
cleaning
put
mixed
be
taken
be
remove
in
or
the
or
be
may
j
used
with.
is
washed
red
heat
dessicator
the
to
be
fails,
nitric,
should
In
should
will
hydrochloric
care
fail
from
dull
a
and
together.
acid
this
If
to
in
our
quite
neither
it,
great
so
the
crucible
the
placed
is
user
nitric
if
di-sulphate
away
heated
but
and
water.
When
be
the
affect
not
present
never
which
rub
to
will
platinum,
water
with
silica
CLAY.
ii
only
acid,
potassium
out
work
ANALYZE
result.
can
they
TO
dried
then
the
it
towel
a
for
few
a
should
minutes,
We
weighed.
and
dried,
paper
on
flame
the
and
cool,
to
filter
and
in
have
now
d
crucible
platinum
,
weighed,
crucible
from
it
put
all
and
in
remains
that
the
filter
without
fold
any,
whole
the
silica
the
empty
to
spilling
place
and
crucible,
the
is
the
up
thing
into
over
the
paper,
Bunsen
a
flame.
placing
When
black,
into
the
a
angle
little
of
matter,
anything
of
it
is
better
well-glazed
falls
it
to
form
per-
ably
prefer-
paper,
back
brushed
be
niay
and
weight
have
the
leaving
is
to
in
the
determined
total
is
better
silica.
cool
tilt
gone,
and
then
to
at
an
the
consume
crucible
the
silica
crucible
the
of
carbon
white
the
enter
may
has
black
the
only
to
oxygen
black
the
dessicator
the
we
It
that
so
all
When
in
ash.
30",
until
heated
be
to
disappeared,
grey
about
in
Thus
all
has
carbon.
placed
if
has
precipitate
paper
and
crucible
the
piece
a
that
so
in
over
crucible.
the
The
silica
the
operation
the
be
may
weighed.
The
ference
dif-
silica.
the
combined
water
and
organic
28
HOW
according
vary
the
wash
should
which
thirds
full.
If
thirds
it
should
this
small
a
ammonia
the
all
been
been
in
wire
and
there
is
boiling
longer
no
be
may
tube
When
all
the
is
water
whole
the
to
set
fresh
through
the
about
into
2
oz.
The
which
that
contains
all
and
portions,
iron
by
we
weight
the
now
the
in
the
had
of
amount
at
our
half
one
in
and
By
the
the
the
funnel,
acid
is
various
to
the
a
poured
and
run
with
to
run
this
solution,
two
exactly
into
iron
umina."
al-
and
washed
divide
other
subtracting
oxide
all
to
aluminum,
determine
to
aluminum
disposal
is
ing
boil-
and
allowed
being
us
a
filtrate, the
iron
be
confronts
This
of
oz.
dissolved
precipitate.
and
6
the
then
washings
the
elsewhere.
the
has
a
adding
by
hydrochloric
should
on
hot.
from
under
precipitate
ble
solu-
liquid,
while
of
rest
"Filtrate
and
oxides,
as
the
to
When
the
about
through,
placed
iron
placed
mentioned
as
be
the
be
hastened
be
dissolved
volumetrically.
alone
former,
If
with
and
sure
ammonia.
filtered
can
latter
water,
warm
problem
together
The
has
iron
slightly
above
whole
labeled
the
the
ammonia
into
water
all
off
drive
filtered
now
half
paper.
of
beaker
the
equal
of
filter, until
the
onto
should
acid
the
is
should
beaker
funnel,
side, and
beaker
however,
hydroxide
but
through
litmus
h}'droxides.
the
the
has
liquid
one
mixture
warm
of
poured
on
of
ring
stir-
the
pretty
odor
will
on
as
is
slowly,
end
soon
the
to
the
ammonia
the
and
boiled
until
change
water,
the
and
As
little,
by
disappears
cloud
aluminum
stopped
This
ammonia
water,
any
rather
proceed
glass
gently
and
color,
to
ammonia,
dropped
blue
the
as
Into
rod,
where
liquid.
limits.
little
glass
a
particles
no
permanent
ammonia
and
of
gauze
and
two-
be
stirring.
the
the
converted
added,
excess
of
by
of
excess
have
A
distinct
a
chlorides
Some
will
portions
than
added,
appearing
but
more
handy
with
after
cloud
liquid,
neutralized
aluminum
blue
two-
should
paper
stirred
than
that
within
the
as
more
not
so
hydroxide)
stays
the
is
handled
long
as
beaker
largest
litmus
brown
a
acid
shows
paper
and
strikes
the
up
red
matter
qz.,
again
has
operator
slowly,
is
constantly
by
first
water
the
(ammonium
preceded
be
volume
of
blue,
15
or
evaporated
the
being
turns
12
a
the
much
not
fills
be
water
paper
be
piece
whole
does
bulk
the
until
out,
it
CLAY.
which
in
way
but
bottle,
beaker,
jump
the
to
ANALYZE
TO
and
aluminum
determine
latter
from
the
the
known.
kinds
of
measuring
HOW
29
CLAY.
ANALYZE
TO
\
vessels,
there
would
but
procedure,
as
invention
will
a
neck,
narrow
left
is
into
the
into
this
filled
from
is
th$
in
both
from
should
also
be
half
either
One
of
other
portion
It
will
iron
be
as
beaker
one
which
the
and
then
the
contents
the
bottle
the
be
exercised
to
be
saved
clean
tion,
opera-
in
ferring
trans-
It
any.
from
obtained
correct.
"Half
labeled
and
of
beaker
this
spilling
be
two
of
ium
alumin-
and
results
any
a
thoroughly
in
without
or
with
and
iron
determination
a
here
state
to
for
ready
the
and
iron,"
is
with
emptying
that
in
quantitative
poured
should
another
one
to
flask
the
mination
deter-
aluminum.
well
material
other
into
and
to
the
for
emptied
of
is
solution
aluminum
and
iron
the
by
emptied
cm.
cu.
thoroughly
that
multiplied
then
liquid
mark
be
other
mind
in
be
must
the
the
bottle
is
some
the
of
taining
con-
have
to
half
mixture
to
borne
portion
total
vessel
one
500
now
must
the
up
the
filled
exact
care
stirring
bottle
vessel,
If
an
Great
as
the
more
up.
mixture,
obtained.
such
larger
stirred
thoroughly
fill it;
this
with
liquid
and
Into
little
vessel
the
chlorides,
once
the
hold
will
this
some
glass
or
of
part
flask
cm.
bottle,
better.
vessel,
first
the
cu.
which
to
bottle
the
clean
the
added
glass
emptied
water,
less
water
beaker,
A
aluminium
and
clean
some
large
iron
500
one
found,
.be
must
and
have
required.
over,
poured,
difficulty about
no
oMy
we
be
the
Space
be
little
a
the
work,
always
to
water,
from
beaker
rinsed
be
from
liquid
any
intc
out
being
nothing
ensure
lost.
We
now
did
we
in
saved,
(if the
about
a
should
When
the
filter
put
into
has
and
all
over
be
result
the
iron
filtrate
need
and
the
the
and
weighed,
multiplied
placed
the
by
in
the
weight
two,
dessicator
of
which
the
the
be
black
to
crucible
will
it
dry
should
until
flame
Bunsen
drained
has
which
crucible,
washed
When
dry.
to
oven
has
liquid
be
it
after
be
washed),
the
should
precipitate
water,
in
all
as
be
not
properly
was
free
the
should
present
soon
platinum
disappeared,
it should
the
As
the
first, ignited
cool
balance.
warm
oflf
as
litmus*
red
boiling
constituents
other
of
placed
the
case
precisely
of
piece
a
water,
this
paper,
of
oz.
putting
precipitate
our
minutes,
be
weighed
carbon
on
4
few
In
chlorides
in
ammonia
of
first
aluminum
and
place,
with
amount
through
with
iron
filtering.
indicated
be
for
first
the
as
small
run
the
and
ammonia,
to
the
neutralizing
paper,
too
treat
give
cool.
tracted,
subthe
a^
now
of
iit
e
iron
oxide
of
gram
TO
the
Crucible
ANALYZE
CLAY.
and
(FejOj)
aluminum
oxide
(AijOi)
clay.
aud
oxides
i5"J3S
Crucible
gr.
15370
Oxides
0.265
"530
Percentage
We
stated
triied
AljOj+Fc.O:=5,i-0-
of
above
llial
hydroxides
as
left
are
iron
and
and
Fe(OH),
heated,
are
ihe
however,
aluminum
When
A1{0H),.
they
give
precipi-
were
and
water,
up
the
droxides
hy-
the
ides
ox-
follows:
as
2Fe(OH)==Fe,0.+3H.O,
We
have
from
order
weighing
this,
do
to
determine
result,
above
the
'n
to
now
which
have
we
and
method,
the
iron
will
give
from
the
to
and
the
us
depart
to
turn
oxide
subtract
that
aluminum
the
oxide.
gravimetric
volumetric
or
volume
or
method.
Inasmuch
it
would
as
will
If
a
the
help
a
small
of
is
to
spend
do
not
of
this
work,
make
to
match
is
the
air
is
yet
air
words
as
of
chemistry,
in
explaining
to
volumetric
the
ciples
prin-
analysis
clearer.
and
the
consumed,
book
text
time
much
few
a
lighted
complete
a
too
things
of
amount
not
placed
match
and
-
will
there
a
go
will
bottle
out
be
containing
when
all
wood
(or
the
only
gen
oxy-
carbon)
HOW
left,
which
lighted
has
will
Now
is
be
let
proportion
in
without
also
if
tell
This
find
the
something
which
iron
elements
another
only
learn
must
Before
of
"standard
of
solution
of
certain
a
contain
to
certain
a
measured
by
ric.
example,
For
10
gr.
thousandth
It
of
is
indicator
show
to
had
litmus
been
The
added
burette
solution
in
first
any
measured
be
rinsed
at
5)
required
such
any
a
one
proportions
have
volumetric
the
of,
solution
In
of
known
is
weight
volumet*
name
chloride
iron
\
usir.g
is
the
that
the
is
perhaps,
quantity
so
learn
to
tains
con-
contains
centimetre
one
chloride.
make
standard
a
by
water,
for
of
quantity
standardized
be
may
solution
by
solution.
which
is
is
for
added
far
gone
when
showing
solution
the
to
The
enough.
enough
ammonia
indicator.
an
(Fig.
in
instrument,
be
was
that
with
required.
that
iron
action
used
how
fact
the
use
reagent
strength
chemical
of
see
volumetric
measured
a
reagent
paper
made
reagent,
to
standard
some
the
when
of
piece
is
of
of
then
which
solution
gr.
we
so
presence
combine
appliances
cubic
We
iron.
itself,
on
liquid, hence
the
unknown
some
can
we
results.
out,
standard
into
and
we
the
the
necessary
of
with
of
of
o.oi
or
carbon
wood,
the
however,
measured
of
reagent
solution
comparison
An
that,
the
a
is
a
based
standard
litre, each
th6
always
not
weighing
often
in
A
weight
if
is
frequently
volume
the
this
our
and
strength
quantity
of
by
in
proportions,
results,
solution.'*
known
the
therefore,
of
it
of
calculate
to
most
know
we
amount
elements
of
methods
term
in
it
method
any
carbon
with
takes
definite
at
amount
weigh
and
groups
order
the
The
analysis.
it, if
in
arriving
something
it
certain
the
the
react
This
or
in
iron
will
is.
of
determine
to
much
there
tell
can
the
match.
the
how
see
the
use
we
we
left.
be
combine,
carbon
proportion
of
weight
separate
chemical
2l
the
easily
much
that
know
we
aluminum,
match
it,
a
air, the
separating
of
means
and
of
will
oxygen
if
hand,
plenty
measuring
and
oxygen
the
some
have
we
other
the
containing
and
gases
which
principle
cannot
we
other
weighing
it, and
in
consumed
that
the
On
vessel
a
31
CLAY.
burned.
in
assume
from
oxygen
placed
entirely
us
ANALYZE
been
not
match
wood
TO
way
time.
thoroughly
is
quantity,
that
In
with
dealing
for
used
within
the
water,
the
of
amount
the
preparing
then
out
the
standard
of
capacity
liquid
burette
again
used
it
with
the
can
should
a
little
32
of
the
up
to
In
the
liquid
than
higher
be
can
the
together
taken
which
is
more
capillary
of
sides
the
all
work
of
bottom
or
be
and
the
refilling
pressing
has
scale, the
being
rests
curve
by
enough
the
on
again
the
it
mark,
zero
vessel
when
off
read
without
the
to
receiving
or
bottom,
the
out
run
middle
adjusted
beaker
can
with
practical
in
the
cause
mark.
or
the
filled
then
will
curve,
a
so
this
accurately
at
attraction
of
ii),
with
the
amount
form
(Fig.
line
clamps
now
the
and
water,
solution.
the
is
bottom
the
the
vessel
into
the
out
of
standard
the
out
run
rid
get
assume
liquid
the
CLAY.
the
taken
on
ANALYZE
with
middle
are
resting
When
to
to
the
nieasurements
curve
order
narrow
a
the
TO
mark
zero
such
of
top
in
solution,
HOW
been
line
on
taken.
If
the
first
burette,
ryrl^
I
\
xxl
JO
Fic.lZ.
reading
be
subtracted
gr
support
must
from
the
second
the
give
to
amount
UF.cd.
The
a
holder
pen-knife
(Fig.
12).
projects
with
on
string
pieces
two
holes
for
Needless
that
quantity
vessel.
to
be
pieces
each
piece
form
to
the
burette
of
In
taken,
is
which
(Fig.
liquid,
using
the
at
it
6)
is
the
mouth
be
of
the
should
operator
be
together
clasp
DD
to
such
measuring
a
the
are
shelfv
the
in
a
way
13).
always
is
point
a
burette.
(Fig.
band
that
to
up
with
made
rubber
band
put
for
be
tied
be
holder
the
instrument
point
so
the
must
quantity
which
cut
may
over
perpendicular
an
a
rubber
a
fasten
holder
the
C
and
be
they
is
B
hinge.
quite
should
where
A,
easily
can
firewood
of
together
that
burette
wood
at
screws
state
pipette
of
a
tightly
the
sticks
two
The
to
the
The
from
for
marked
in
inserted
placed
over
definite
on
the
the
the
liquid
other
TO
HOW
end,
and
the
the
above
liquid
mark
quickly
taken
will
obvious
be
than
the
is lost.
(Fig.
14).
till
can
with
trying
plain
the
to
the
by
case
that
neutralization
We
the
its
slightly
by
rests
curve
higher
finger
the
on
It
place.
point
a
lowered
mouth
the
some
ing
raismark
poisonous
any
or
objectionable
13.
the
pipette,
had
beginner
proceed
of
far
from
which
alkali
no
must
to
or
be
determine
would
of
cream
volumetric
the
simplest
the
which
by
it
perhaps,
one
in
iron
of
so,
matter
know
the
to
with
mouth
slowly
of
bottom
raised
was
be
in
put
little
a
practice
better
water.
complicated,
a
finger
the
measure
determination
principle
liquid
to
instrument,
the
first
breath,
the
in
'
with
The
of
now
Fig.
hquid
neck
replacing
in
liquid
finger,
Before
the
why
for
drawing
the
and
away
The
the
the
33
CLAY.
by
raised
on
mark,
ANALYZE
it
the
tartar
is
to
cream
amount
is
be
present,
of
of
illustrate
Let
mixed
easily
acid
the
well
determinations.
cannot
other
with
be
is
method
tartar
cream
with
us
other
separated.
therefore
as
of
the
tartar
rather
the
pose
supganic
or-
We
any
acid.
by
34
HOW
it with
neutralizing
solution
the
in
Five
of
the
continual
the
little
a
and
the
blue
water,
until
bi-tartrate
has
according
188
Therefore,
of
of
tartar.
cream
H*
56=
gr.
of
tartar,
to
with
nent
perma-
a
tartar
sium
potas-
or
potassium
to
trate,
tar-
caustic
or
gr.
took
21
18
+
combine
potash
one
O
O.+H2
226
of
56
cream
ded,
ad-
burette
changes
of
solved
dis-
out,
solution
the
neutralized
C*
+
from
grs.
equation:
0.+KOH=Ka
H*
gr.
been
caustic
0.056
litmus
red
just
acid
of
grs.
is weighed
in
litmus
The
now
this
to
of
drops
the
56
cm.
This
potash.
contains
mixture
dropped
color.
purple
caustic
or
cu.
every
few
a
of
wefght,
tartar
solution
potash
or
KHC*
solution
of
cream
stirring,
CLAY.
molecular
litre, therefore,
grams
in
ANALYZE
standard
a
contains
potash,
TO
of
with
potash
188
with
exactly
3.357
cream
gr.
\
Let
equals
21X0056
tartar
added
of
part
CI2),
(Fe
color,
an
however,
is
indicator
for
always
until
solution
the
the
results
iodine
thiosulphate
reduce
ferric
by
The
ferric
chloride
is
used,
chloride
and
experiment,
this
in
relied
be
upon
of
iodine
acted
this
of
phate
thiosul-
of
not
by
on
happened
has
owing
starch
paste,
The
relative
the
latter
from
remainder
is
present.
therefore
the
solution
equal
subtracted
thiosulphate
the
way.
thiosulphate
the
and
of
used.
the
at
amount
solution
loss
This
solution
When
gives
chloride
excess
an
with
iron
be
to
iodine.
solution
the
color
blue
a
arrived
are
iodine
therefore
free
of
presence
The
give
simple,
so
the
to
standard
iodine.
by
on
so
not
lost.
is
thiosulphate
the
Thus
gr.
ferrous
noticeable
a
of
cream
thiosulphate
to
color
then
of
part
sodium
reduced
results,
and
is
solution,
in
yellow
accurate
acted
will
is
sufficiently
not
that
been
CI3)
and
bright,
added^
all
has
(Fe
If
That
78.9.
above,
lines.
the
3.9478
or
was
stated
as
same
chlorine,
the
chlorine
of
its
and
potash,
tartar
solution.
potash
3357X^-^7^
iron,
chloride
of
cm.
of
of
cream
the
and
is
added
much
cu.
gr.
was
gr.
of
ferric
to
up
5
real
determination
on
1.176
or
the
of
follows
yet
the
in
percentage
The
we
gr.
present
the
as
that
suppose
us
the
The
amount
amount
of
amount
of
required
has
iron
been
to
the
between
relation
of
known,
the
amount
solutions
is
total
to
the
strength
mined
deteris
present
known.
The
standard
solutions
take
some
time
to
make,
but
once
36
HOW
rv.
Also
in
1
3
of
gr.
too.
about
4
has
to
IODINE
and
be
SOLUTION.
dilute
to
ascertained
in
iodide
pntassium
of
gr.
iodine
pure
sohiiion
CLAY,
SULPHOCYANATE.
POTASSIUM
V.
Dissolve
ANALYZE
TO
500
cu.
by
or
this
thiosul-
the
with
comparison
2,5
of
strength
The
cm-
add
water,
phate.
VI.
The
A
of
standardizing
THIN
VERY
the
STARCH
solutions
-PASTE.
is
done
follows:
as
Ten
1=^
cu.
of
cm.
with
the
and
pipette
iodine
but
then
us
10
This
compare
is
of
cm.
measured
concentrated
beaker,
a
in
run
blue
cu.
solution.
To
into
color
ihal
suppose
gives
iron
into
few
a
is
of
drops
from
slowly
the
off
measured
starch-paste
added,
until
burette
faint
a
appears.
13.5
cu.
the
us
and
the
hydrochloric
of
cm.
iodine
solution
thiosulphate
the
solution
thiosulphate
solution
permanent
Let
the
equals
relation
with
acid,
13.5
between
thiosulphate,
beaker
solution
100
10
the
cm.
cu.
pipette,
a
or
150
cu.
used,
was
cu.
iodine
em-
two
of
then
cm-
solutions.
iron
2
cu.
of
tion
solucm.
water.
HOW
3
cu.
of
cm.
cyanate
are
guessed
at
rinsed
added.
with
loses
iodine
solution,
and
to
Thus,
be
if
the
and
the
iodine
2.22
cu.
cm.,
total
3
of
cm.,
leaving
i3.5:io::3:2.22.
Therefore,
solution=io
=0.97
cu.
The
and
the
of
amount
of
thiosulphate
solution
this
the
cm.
cu.
cm.
would
be
being
proportion
supposed
of
12.5
were
subtracted
10.28
case,
iron
cu.
solution,
cm.
i
or
cu.
cm.
figures
obtained,
once
for
ready
with
in
thiosulphate
be
to
cm.,
cu.
the
total
thiosulphate
cu.
in
filled
solution.
amount
10.25
etc.,
solution
appears.
to
of
the
mixture
the
the
amount
the
and
color
from
is
chloride,
amount
equivalent
out,
This
washed
to
only
are
washed
now
of
blue
chloric
they
iron
added
the
the
iron
of
cm.
until
amount
cu.
thiosulphate
the
be
must
solution.
emptied,
subtracted
of
is
of
and
is
is
cm.
pipette,
cm.
burette
thiosulphate
remainder
cu.
cu.
work,
and
solutions
our
we
can
all
are
proceed
now
standardized zed
actual
the
to
termination.
solution
The
in
put
of
crystals
off
solution,
and
to
the
should
appearance
of
conducted
been
the
iron
present
two
iron
to
We
real
found,
the
in
give
have
aluminum
subtracted,
equivalent
sample.
the
amount
previously
oxides,
the
In
number
the
amount
aluminum
present
in
if
the
is
cubic
of
one
iron
also
gram
sum
oxide
known.
used
and
centimeters
of
must
ardizing
stand-
finished.
thiosulphate
amount
this
the
determined
oxide
is
in
iodine
thiosulphate
of
the
case
our
therefore,
the
determination
the
operation
as
of
of
amount
gives
This
0.01428.
the
to
manner
same
sulphate
thioiodine
and
fact, the
In
copper
before,
starch
few
boiled,
gently
as
was
a
water,
same
then
clay
taken,
now
acid,
equivalent
the
multiply
results
solution
factor
the
of
the
the
solution
the
color.
precisely
the
subtracted,
equivalent
blue
in
is
the
disappears,
When
solutions.
This
added,
a
iron
hydrochloric
color
in
total
added,
chlorine,
till the
be
figure
chlorate
in
the
Saved.
and
sulphocyanate
the
has
or
the
run
till
beaker
potassium
drive
half
containing
bottle
a
.
sulpho-
quantities
cm.
cu.
mixture
color,
in
run
must
10
5
potassium
of
cm.
i
starch-paste
some
of
the
the
burette
iodine
added,
cu.
thiosulphate
its
The
amount
equal
the
with
to
latter
noted.
used;
of
i
and
2
37
CLAY.
The
filled
added
iodine
3,
help
added
the
The
and
measurements.
cautiously
beaker,
The
the
and
until
solution,
copper
approximate
ANALYZE
TO
be
of
of
oxide
used,
of
multiplied
the
clay.
the
iron
just
found
its
To
of
by
iron
by
and
be
I
IV.
CHAPTER
"When
the
the
from
iron
calcium
hydroxide."
of
sodium
this
will
in
and
the
isolate
to
the
determining
of
difficulty,
some
the
in
is
step
question
present
contains
solution
next
our
several
solution
but
be
used
filtrate
the
will
be
not
to
free
dissolved
This
reprecipitated
and
impurities,
also
and
in
iron
each
order
in
all
get
from
the
noted
be
to
where
free
to
precipitation
the
to
aluminum,
and
these
precipitate
hydroxides
the
clay,
the
particularly
of
ride
chlo-
precipitate
the
is
precipitation
the
of
only
fact
the
to
potassium
therefore
washed,
more
and
ingredients
fusion,
nientioned.
of
case
still
but
bodies
foreign
the
thoroughly
very
the
in
sodium
actual
the
given
be
must
of
grams
besides
been
having
attention
especial
have
in
from
potassium
The
magnesium.
point
we
we
and
"Filtrate
later.
At
must
before,
first
the
labelled
and
stated
as*
hydroxides,
potassium
discussed
that
side
one
This,
and
and
and
on
for
precipitated
were
sodium
chlorides
calcium
in
put
was
magnesium
form
of
aluminum
and
filtrate
time,
the
iron
of
calcium
may
be
them
and
magnesium.
In
if
the
careful
be
to
is
paid
shall
we
into
determined
reprecipitation
the
to
is
insoluble
is
soluble
into
converted
is
method
placed
heated
the'
convert
the
constituent
form,
to
in
a
boiling
chloride
chloride
as
of
point,
added,
solution.
such
the
it
best
oxalate,
salts^
carbonate
to
that
way
form
calcium
or
suited
tion
igni-
on
quick-lime.
filtrate
from
the
iron
should
"
large
and
or
enough
about
the
Ammonium
38
is
which
and
is
CALCIUM.
OF
The
a
calcium
calcium
either
follows:
beaker
in
The
of
that
DETERMINATION
be
directions
and
present.
calcium
least
the
practically
Th'e
avoided
washing,
to
substance
for
purpose
endeavor
an
insoluble
only
our
latter,
tv"ro
followed.
before,
the
the
attention
implicitly
As
of
case
to
on"
contain
of
gram
equivalent
twice
crystals
of
amount
hydroxide
its
must
bulk,
of
monium
am-
nium
ammo-
now
be
HOW
added
till
liquid
after
oxalate
faint
a
again;
100
water)
cm.
cu.
oxalate
20
should
cm.
cu.
determined
(lo
for
enough
ing
add-
then
and
io%
nesium
mag-
by
occurs,
be
be
the
be
solution
ammonium
of
convert
precipitate
the
above
and
may
more
the
if
solution
calcium
amount
no
noticeable
is
enough
the
The
until
or,
then
all
39
CLAY.
ammonia
and
oxalate.
solution
the
of
precipitate
into
much
odor
stirring,
to
ANALYZE
TO
as
in
salt
gr.
common
any
clay.
the
rod,
latter
precipitate
the
done,
filter
a
filtered
the
the
in
and
again
The
filter
this
slowly
poured
transfer
to
has
with
the
wash
bottle.
Up
to
glass
this
point
calcium,"
from
calcium
The
oxalate
of
hot
water,
in
the
oven
In
but
oxalate,
the
and
all
has
now
which
it
the
few
up
small
a
on
be
to
should
everything
being
grains
of
that
filter
paper
the
of
filter
beaker
with
collected
and
washed
be
When
with
allowed
to
the
in
labelled
away.
6
another
drain
the
trate
"Fil-
thrown
washings
subsequent
and
now
be
side
one
some
object
the
all
however,
precipitate
surface
into
same
through,
piece
the
should
put
the
crystalline
rinsed
calcium
our
only
calcium
The
here.
be
poured
stirred
time,
the
filter.
over
filtrate
should
it,
with
through
with
the
the
then
the
can
and
oz.
put
dry.
to
weighing
methods,
and
after
and
that
this
poured
paper,
to
moved
is
up
beaker,
the
and
rod,
which
beaker,
one
in
dropped
be'
may
of
liquid
filter
except
^ides
the
to
taken
oz.)
3
filtrate, this
stirred
the
fluid
going
and
poured
the
precipitate
transferred
be
the
be
onto
the
all
been
adhere
all
should
water
of
-rest
clear
liquid
more
(about
water
is
before.
again
When
drop.
hot
more
the
no
that
this
being
care
precipitate,
as
should
into
last
the
to
the
.to' settle
fluid
hot
order
the
precipitate
the
stopped,
containing
allowed
paper
of
allowed
When
and
When
up.
some
should.be
bottom.
beaker,
stirred
not
in
glass
a.
and
time,
prepared,
be
with
up
covered
some
the
to
clean
a
without
clear
beaker,
for
settle
into
beaker
the
the
should
is
operation
into
all
through
poured
in
undisturbed
paper
precipitate
be
left
may
stirred
thoroughly
be
being
perfectly
stand
to
should
mixture
The
which
organic
the
two
the
on
is
acid
a
suitable
most
filter
aid.
will
is
paper
combination
oxalic
choice
the
have
we
of
Like
in
the
the
mineral
most
several
of
be
discussed
form
of
base
organic
cium
callime
sub"
40
HOW
oxalic
Stances
the
temperature
gas
entirely
driven
has
heat
simpler
in
and
the
lamp
or
platinum
FIRST
Take
it
the
over
paper
anything,
the
crucible,
This
of
the
precipitate
brush.
The
white
or
and
red
It
better
flame
the
there
few
and
does
into
added,
the
be
the
caustic
the
crucible
the
crucible,
into
the
and
if
clean
camel's
ash
an
set
any
should
be
hair
it turns
until
into
pin
crucible.
paper,
this
stage
forth
crucible
the
in
lime
on
not
hand
turn
brown,
present
a
small
asbestos
after
slip of
and
lump
of
mat
order
the
If
precipitate,
by
detected
it has
and
adding
weighed,
been
paper.
is
be
if
vight;
rinsed
it
off
ca-bonate
dryness
applying
the
weighed.
ammonium
to
heat
minutes
15
must
pure
and
moving
that
the
turmeric
paper
evaporated
shows
keep
to
everything
the
and
minutes,
ten
crucible
the
and
be
may
precipitate
about
of
end
heating
in
a
is
in
dessicator
with
precipitate
an
operator
off, this
the
solution
the
the
triangle
a
minutes.
15
his
the
of
for
At
in
to
does
the
for
on
for
bottom
thus
carelessness
water
flame
the
with
placed
is
on
till
driven
crucible,
and
to
into
hat
it
dropped
Bunsen
the
cobled
the
paper
cover
kept
any
of
drops
If
be
distributed.
been
testing
small
a
spilling
steel
draft,
no
the
detach
possible
as
fall
is
place
without
over
to
reduced
not
and
carbon-di-oxide
the
ash
onto
not
the
and
may
has
is
raised
at
equally
crucible
with
with
color,
back
be
may
much
and
Then
long
or
it
there
crucible
with
heat
faint
is
is
a
condition.
the
then
the
falls
should
gently
very
allow
paper
weight
black.
wire
hold
ash
and
grey,
crucible
heated
a
filter
burned
The
a
the
the
attaining
the
precipitate
the
where
or
if
method
oxalate
calcium
paper,
burnt'
done
note
platinum
a
filter
be
into
half
run
when
must
brushed
a
of
empty
it, and
to
much
and
the
through
fire
the
as
of
followed.
perfectly
paper;
containing
empty
our
Therefore
be
must
and
result,
second
if
acid
carbonic
means
the
crucible,
of
piece
"without
But
the
such.
it
so
METHOD.
platinum
shiny
a
filter
the
clean
perature
tem-
gas,
paper
the
other
first
the
filter
is
as
crucible,
if not,
quicker,
acid
and
lime
any
high
a
carbon-di-oxide.
its
weighed
to
caibonic
the
up
caustic
be
blast
a
into
sufficiently,
off,
easily
can
operator
raised
raised
burn
giving
carbonate
precipitate
when
to
care
is
CLAY.
chiefly
considerable
calcium
ANALYZE
destroyed
converted
the
white
is
acid
and
requires
TO
by
a
very
placing
gentle
HOW
heat.
The
of
the
must
clay
minutes
of
again.
The
the
ammonium
acid
carbonate
being
Each
calcium
gr.
give
to
carbonate
oxide,
calcium
the
the
so
is
burnt,
paper
containing
of
10
allowed
in
When
its
to
minutes
over
two
weights
be
When
the
final
to
;
phosphate
H2O
port
sup-
raised
to
for
up
a
about
crucible
the
off, and
placed
then
by
if it has,
it
this
NH*
is
heat,
Mg
given
ammonia
weigh
we
gr.
of
than
the
lost
OF
MAGNESIUM.
when
and
gas
(Mgj
Each
it.
is
determination
is
as
placed
this
The
"
in
cloth,
the
prolonged
lime.
the
to
and
magnesium
this
It
C.
100"
to
is
raised
off,
and
is
in
to
a
nesium
mag-
this
precipitate
the
form
contains
magnesia.
or
follows:
by
given
left.
is
of
gram
amount
dry
ammonium
are
O7)
oxide
magnesium
determination
P-
clean
temperature
water
results.
This
lime.
heating
the
heating
subtracted,
be
must
added
as
On
determination
weight
weight
be
H,0.
PO4+6
weighed
and
first, the
in
a
must
magnesium
once
percentage.
with
out
not
the
quick
or
give
to
has
off, and
the
crucible
oxide
amount
the
same,
loss
the
wiped
be
that
see
found
100
should
cooled
further
heated
then
lamp,
the
is less
no
is
pyrophosphate
The
cible
cru-
the
on
kept
weighed,
are
calcium
being
precipitate
We
0.36036
the
The
appearance,
blast
DETERMINATION
that
0.56
by
and
slowly
turned
be
second
weight
crucible
weighed,
red
placed
be
ordinary
the
until
multiplied
be
ignition
if the
but
difference,
The
6
is
should
should
it
continued
the
must
down
method.
ash
flame
the
first
temperature
This
five
complete,
the
heat.
then
and
the
cool
If
again.
must
and
the
in
as
quite
for
is
contains
dessicator.
the
more
lamp
cool
to
low
very
crucible
weighed
the
precipitate
the
minutes,
15
or
in
placed
glowing
bright
very
a
METHOD.
precisely
blast
the
at
multiplied
be
the
and
carbonate
must
of
purpose
oxide.
precipitate
filter
off
driven
result
the
15
weighed
ammonia
the
calcium
SECOND
The
for
added
gas,
of
gram
After
and
cooled
be
heated
be
carefully.
may
is
sputtering
any
should
more
it
heat
cause
latter
only
carbonate
lost
temperature.
0.56
red
ammonia
supplying
unused
faint
very
to
the
dry
before,
as
41
CLAY.
sufficient
be
When
triangle
a
ANALYZE
not
precipitate.
the
on
heat
TO
a
filtrate
sufficiently
from
large
the
cium
cal-
beaker,
42
HOW
ammonia
"ome
"o!ution
be
sodium
obtained
The
such
of
the
beaker,
wherever
of
the
rod
magnesium
precipitate
be
set
on
and
thaf
there
is
is
the
filtrate
need
When
and
The
reason
instead
of
in
the
with
water.
To
washed
a
of
residue
There
is
of
length
this
Care
is not
water
to
filter
be
paper
to
close
taken
the
with
is
the
that
weighed
in
thoroughly
caught
platinum
long
As
flnding
operator
fllled
with
connecting
by
and
the
the
containing
and
it
able
consider-
cause
mouthpiece,
the
monia
am-
from
withdrawing
oven
the
on
flame.
.and
completely
the
distilled
of
withdrawn
avoided
containing
washed
it, mix
continued.
bottle
flask
it
ble
solu-
slightly
prepare
the
be
before
it
dried
in
the
rod,
hydroxide
be
back
be
to
that
with
then
is
rush
tubing
to
as
precipitate
drain,
will
glass
been
should
suddenly
be
the
is
has
wash
filter
the
parts
inexperienced
the
clear.
ammonium
three
must
an
mouth
This
confused
the
After
the
also
must
washing
the
hydroxide,
To
heated
As
clay,
to
precipitate
with
sion
suspen-
solution.
former.
and
gas
of
filtrate
of
the
rubber
assumed
of
and
latter
precipitate
handling
if
so
ammonium
the
the
crucible
inconveiliencc.
short
in
of
ammonia
of
stream
of
the
the
possibility
for
quite
filtered.
quite
paper
hydroxide
in
must
in
portion
filter
this
that
left, the
is
no
still
be
transferred
solution
a
not
drops
a
water,
a
is
whether
difficulty
some
water,
platinum
any
as
'
the
of
with
with
ammonium
few
been
solution
wash
see
is
it
be
must
through
all
washed
latter, but
be
beaker
all, either
this
runs
piece
a
prepared
we
of
part
has
of
help
the
will
it may
at
fluid
with
if it
saved
thoroughly
be
must
one
be
specially
a
the
bottom,
precipitate
with
precipitate
any
determination
not
the
paper,
lid
last
amount
present.
is
the
if
bottom,
the
at
the
the
so
then,
and
crystallize
to
there
slowly,
hours
settled
there
at
considerable
sides
the
Unless
glass.
stirred
touch
not
tendency
a
the
very
some
has
has
quite
it forms
as
be
must
carefully
be
does
rod
on
magnesium
no
settled
or
is
for
nothing
If, however,
this
rubbed
side
one
clear
has
first,
at
should
beaker
precipitate
present
cannot
water.
the
as
but
10%
a
salt
this
used,
be
of
cm.
cu.
If
may
stirring
the
50
phosphate.
the
in
that
way
about
ammonia
strong
some
a
then
orthophosphate
precipitation
in
CLAY.
and
ammonium
sodium
with
ANALYZE
added
water
of
mixed
TO
a
pressing
com-
mouth.
distilled
ammonia.
it
should
be
from
transferred
crucible,
and
lowed
al-
the
filter
44
TO
ANALYZE
attempting
this
HOW
before
filter, etc.,
directions
general
First
of
stage
.any
the
boiling
When
vessel
it
be
and
either
by
down
rinsing
not
which
etc.,
precipitate
it
is
needed)
and
rod
it
laying
the
beakers,
foreign
substance
out
tering,
fil-
In
the
(when
glass
the
out
by
or
of
none
the
keep
to
afterwards.
filtrate
the
taking
table,
dirty
a
leave
to
of
liquid
jump
to
cover,
at
result.
the
and
crucible
the
loss
allowed
gently
glass,
taken
or
ing
follow-
any
in
be
must
very
into
none
splashing,
on
of
off
be
lose
to
boil
as
error
aji
nothing
piece
a
should
care
means
to
rinsed
always
behind
better
with
covered
must
is
the
so
lost,
be
must
procedure
evaporating
or
that
so
over,
nothing
foremost,
and
determination,
sufficient:
be
will
CLAY.
etc.,
etc.
The
tho
point
material,
as
pxecipitate,
through
to
mistakes
as
be
may
loss
or
a
method
the
of
gram
analysis,
may
the
first
time,
little
gain,
in,
a
etc.
determination
right
notwithstanding
such
that
so
mistakes
exactly
as
idea
general
a
first
the
and
about
It
I
from
cu.
to
5
lo
will
have
the
avoided
bath
is
used,
have
Bunsen
a
high
temperature
of
oxalate,
It
been
the
which
warmed
added
addition
to
of
little
of
be
allowed
to
gently
bring
the
the
for
a
volume
reagents.
up
This
the
on
acid
and
water
into
and
be
which
cool,
washed
a
begin
into
a
ammonia
ammonium
some
mixture,
at
acid
with
about
placed
heated
sulphuric
Enough
to
tity
quan-
down.
neutralized
time.
never
placed
should
then
then
the
so
hole
a
water,
and
home-made
a
asbestos
added,
of
must
vessel,
way
fumes
is
acid
If
white
excess
This
crucible
of
water,
added,
half
off, the
of
acid
with
cut
slip about
then
plenty
a
be
piece
drops
is
platinum
the
hydrofluoric
of
oflF.
must
a
on
fumes
come
come
should
with
and
tin
till dense
beaker
water,
to
will
flame
off.
large
of
fumes
more
over
come
ceased
crucible
no
the
until
in
crucible
general
the
few
glass
any
The
guessed.
piece
a
platinum
When
be
acid.
"with
contact
heated
fluoride
silicon
in
come
a
sulphuric
hydrofluoric
of
cm.
and
with
concentrated
for
placed
and
out
moistened
of
to
prepared
weighed
then
cu.
to
bath
is
cm.
allowed
water
clay,
the
accurately
is
crucible.
have
little
the
fall
make
containing
funnel
or
to
time.
One
to
dust
to
for
end
of
that
so
any
beaker,
a
advisable
be
a
adding
leaving
by
the
had
second
the*
avoid
to
uncovered,
also
will
It
be
is
next
water
400
when
cu.
should
cm.
cool,
ter
afis
TO
HOW
the
the
into
poured
filled
latter
whole
leaving
bottom,
As
of
much
with
contains
This
stoppered.
sulphates,
as
hydrofluoric
the
filtrate,
and
as
of
clear
clean
running
is
into
the
the
into
the
solid
of
the
residue
cent
sol.)
with
the
add
ammonia
the
crucible.
This
filtrate
possible,
evaporation
alkalies
be
must
of
ammonia
and
the
filtrate
it
enough
50
and
dissolved
and
before
should
in
a
and
once
placed
weighed.
it has
less
with
in
When
and
already
less
Needas
all
ensure
the
the
sufficient.
be
dryness
to
a
fully
care-
will
time
few
drops
distilled
evaporated
the
per
platinum
the
water,
more
10
a
filter, wash
probably
little
cm.)
cu.
of
evaporated
are
filtered, washed
is
15
solution,
to
the
into
out
weighed.
used
-will
washings
liquid
dried
be
cm.
washings
the
be
cu.
the
used,
must
again
added,
water
But
time,
filtrate
liquid
all
solve
off, dis-
cm.
as
the
vessel.
performed
be
run
all
rinse
in
be
not
over
off
Then
and
cm.
is
last
come
more
magnesium,
cu.
next
(about
once
should
dissolved;
the
washings
25
dryness
carbonate
washing
Yet
filling it and
fumes
cu.
takes.
mis-
rinsing
platinum
hours.
24
amount,
first
drive
(20
ammonium
less
of
to
water
need
the
as
case
possible,
as
precipitate
the
take.
being
When
they
the
in
at
the
white
for
the
out
that
state
as
and
takes
determined,
to
the
and
in
solution
stand
to
enough
that
so
ammonia
carbonate
have
the
flame
water
to
to
evaporated
more
little
little
a
is
that
Each
over.
the
in
by
evaporated
Bunsen
no
as
allow
and
evaporate
been
is
times
collected
the
over
ammonium
some
is
cm.
off
by
of
all
liquid, then
evaporated,
When
beaker,
small
and
heated
however,
and
lot
this
obtain
minum
alu-
off
driven
alkalies
the
sium
potas-
iron,
the
to
and
and
been
all
measured
four
cm.
to
bottle
dry
contained
the
of
one
cu.
ammonia.
is
crucible
and
100
this
the
either
oflF
taken
determinations,
3
some
cu.
When
in
is then
salts
25
settled
sodium
necessary
find
or
with
all
clean,
a
is better,
of
cm.
crucible
matter
This
2
platinum
bath.
water
for
exactly
not
It
has
be
having
cm.,
5.
burette
out
run
cu.
by
cu.
is
then
magnesium,
silicon
It
100
filtrate
hundred
the
out
take
multiply
the
One
acid.
we
then
the
and
must
precipitate
the
mark,
the
liquid.
into
put
the
and
calcium,
and
and
into
precipitalt
clear
flask,
rinsed
cm.
possible
as
pipette
or
cu.
the
perfectly
liquid
beaker
500
until
a
this
syphon
a
stand
to
the
to
45
CLAY.
flask, the
cm.
cu.
exactly
allowed
the
a
500
ANALYZE
water,
to
ness.
dry-
crucible
this
last
the
evaporation
46
HOW
is
complete
for
lamp
in
lOO
of
The
has
little
dilute
laii
and
added
plotinic
then
is
with
the
the
for
cool.
when
chloride
in
find
amount
100
it into
cu.
in
sulphate.
sulphate,
sodium
and
of
This
has
been
mixture,
weighed
it
clean
and
place)
from
by
Subtract
this
from
by
to
0.357
the
of
amount
and
of
platini-
this
then
dry
that
potassium
of
Multiply
the
lute
absosodium
and
clay, and
and
tion
solu-
the
fold
a
weight
cent
parts
3
subtracted
is known.
gram
potassium
potassium
the
per
C.
100"
(in
be
weight
ment
judg-
ether
latter,
ipp"C.
solution
one
the
of
the
to
when
klcohol
at
chlorides
undissolved.
paper
oveii
platinic
amount
dissolve
salt
the
at
3
a
porce-
(acid
left
a
in
small
a
of
to
filter
prepare
this
cm.
mixture
the
precipitate
plus
paper
in
oven
If
a
with
To
the
in
cases.
a
dissolved
The
of
cm.
and
sodium.
platinic
be
potassium
to
minutes
into
added
is
the
paper.
minutes
filter
in
amount
the
acid
most
dry
washed
30
filter
the
ether
transferred
dried
weigh
part
carefully
then
30
almost
leaving
prepared,
into
must
cu.
for
is
chloride,
specially
for
i
lo
enough
be
and
is
dryness.
to
about
but
residue
alcohol
crucible
added
be
to
give
to
alkalies
nearly
acid
operator,
the
two
washed
the
cyonvert
evaporated
pfobably
When
found
separately
hydro-chlor-platinic
to
hydro-chlor-platinic
will
the
acid
Enough
the
the
hydrochloric
whole
of
the
gives
determined
of
in
is
the
sum
residue
this
crucible.
chloride)
the
the
do
to
five
by
be
to
now
from
subtracted
order
multiplied
ence
differ-
clay.
potassium
then
and
when
The
sulphates
potassium
and
blast
the
over
weighed.
then
and
sodium
strongly
heated
cooled
the
and
cm.
gram
In
is
CLAY.
be
must
minutes,
weight
cu.
one
few
a
in
crucible
the
ANALYZE
TO
to
5
vert
con-
of
sum
phate
sul-
sodium
is found.
These
oxides,
give
give
potassa
the
As
the
weighing
the
fact
immediately
potassium
K2O,
or
soda
therefore
method
paper
that
the
after
is
sulphate
the
These
be
must
and
paper
drying,
given.
is
the
absorb
another
as
0.54091
to
sulphate
by
0.43694
to
found
by
filter
is
but
by
are
multiplied
sulphates,
as
multiplied
sodium
precipitate
may
not
amounts
weighing
of
the
however,
and
NazO.
or
salt
reported,
potassium
that
so
clay,
the
be
must
in
to
100
to
error
unless
moisture
method
give
first
paper
liable
one
of
of
gram
the
and
centage.
per-
then
to
owing
weighed
weighing
the
HOW
When
potassium
the
alcohol
ether
dried
being
it
washed
with
into
run
To
zinc,
pure
(about
acid
is
a
that
black
the
precipitate
this
weighed.
2,461
should
gives
chloric
hydro-
it
tested
be
leaves
of
pieces
concentrated
should
if
be
burned
figured
be
the
of
weight
of
weight
as
before.
the
reduce
first
by
residue
black
no
water,
black
dried,
weighed
porcelain
metallic
platinum
potassium
hydrogen
platinic
gen-
salt
platinum
so
When
precipitated.
the
added,
warm
in
generated)
is
platinum
with
The
being
will
acid
should
washed
the
of
act
and
water
filter,
and
the
metallic
ceases,
a
zinc
and
small
some
enough
and
The
acid,
the
zinc
the
by
action
onto
(in
nascent
crated
it.
in
piece
all)
nearly
evaporated
and
added
be
washings
enough.
pure
The
in
gr.
dissolve
to
dissolving
it
5
should
boiling
little
and
be
to
a
filtrate
crucible
with
need
not
in
the
same,
porcelain
this
does
dissolved
be
washed
been
has
which
paper,
the
47
CLAY.
chloride
should
small
a
dryness.
to
filter
weighed,
and
ANALYZE
platinic
the
on
and
water
TO
residue
poured
the
and
all
paper
crucible,
and
multiplied
chloride,
by
which
V.
CHAPTER
A
earlier
will
well
be
to
of
up
is
these
relative
find
that
is
generally
kaolinite,
or
qualities
that
if
of
of
the
should
we
each
burned
resistance,
ness,
hard-
know
+
Si
2
O2
their
Alumina
AI2
Silica
Si
(Fe2
oxide
of
sodium
roughly
or
clay,
Seger),
to
:
40%
469S
"
0
14%
be
may
0")
and
alumina,
(Na2
very
hydrated
is
O3
formula
iron
O,
be
(according
O2
H2
Water
H2
2
formula
the
it
elements,
would
real
or
minerals
these
same
separation
Kaolinite,
having
+
the
much
absolute
an
of
components
very
impossible.
silicate,
O3
This
that
not
aluminium
the
contains
each
evident
difficult,
consider
to
come
we
becomes
AI2
essential
is
clay
fire
it
value.
proportion
porosity,
an
proportions.
When
and
it
the
in
shrinkage,
the
as
therefore
etc.,
factor
determining
such
product,
real
in
subject
clay
relative
The
the
real
common
minerals,
sand.
or
given
on
its
to
as
as
separate
quartz
a
into
known
three
detail
words
more
been
has
analysis
going
few
mass
and
fcldspath,
rational
before
a
say
composite
made
the
but
chapter,
The
of
of
outline
rough
varied
of
O),
oxides
the
magnesium
(Mg
of
oxide
for
manganese,
of
potassium
calcium
and
O)
of
of
oxide
occasionally
and
substitution
the
by
the
(Ka
(Ca
O),
for
O)
water.
Feldspath
is
Seger,
alumina
only
in
The
quartz
that
is
The
form.
the
about
its
sand
is
two
third
Seger
of
which
being
has
now
extremely
us
made
present
in
up
the
method
48
is
make
silica
being
to
the
practically
can
we
silica
of.
use
(Si
O2)
else.
confronts
the
this
that
anything
of
proportion
and
acter.
char-
varying
more
a
simple,
are
devised
i,
composition
with
that
has
the
to
3.51
as
combined
problem
minerals,
and
fact
and
estimates
mineral
or
not
simple,
however,
this
definite
less
much
is
to
of
the
other
of
these
separate
constituents
same
two
treating
three
in
the
a
combined
whole
clay
now
with
clay
is
and
according
the
latter.
sense
results
in
separated
into
far
its
is
the
effect
not
also
is
method
of
in
the
that
in
and
determination
is
is dried
platinum
the
in
clay
of
one
the
difficulty
too
much
the
small
the
as
Of
the
the
course
the
cr-ucible
it should
the
such
does
fume
not
be
has
as
fixed
for
10
sand-bath
solder
in
iron
can
fine
sand,
the
article
it, about
be
bent
placed
to
be
3
up
on
or
4
the
heated
lain.
porce-
dish,
support
on
to
lid
crucible
the
that
such
When
contrivance
some
keep
it
dust,
the
out
left
be
may
latter.
of
a
diameter,
edges.
This
over
the
it.
of
cm.
fairly high.
then
and
the
any
in
the
be
cu.
the
be
adjusted,
inverted,
inches
and
the
to
15
should
crucible
the
of
put
the
transferred
added,
must
yet
preferably
around
if
latter
platinum
about
water,
properly
made
in
this.
carefully
carefully
funnel
be
can
the
on
larger
a
finds
required
use
action
in
performed
operator
acid
to
prohibit
with
above
hours,
12
or
The
placed
be
may
better
temperature
been
glass
large
a
kaolinite
gram
of
buy
to
been
boil, and
little
a
has
The
or
th?
.
acid
sand-bath.
of
fact.
if the
slight
cases
moistened
be
temperature
alone
A
the
on
should
clay
far
a
is
many
sulphuric
concentrated
placed
in
weighed
has
thing
one
amount
it is
acid
best
will
expense
When
acid
sulphuric
the
some
proven
operation
the
but
and
crucibles
handling
vessel,
C,
whole
porcelain
in
platinum
possible
but
Berlin
fine
leaves
follows:
as
ioo"
at
The
crucible.
arated
sep-
ANALYSIS.
before
as
is
acid
both
a
relative
determined.
of
not
gives
clay
dissolves
and
any
and
analysis
sulphuric
the
constitution
assumption
an
the
in
in
the
when
that
undissolved,
RATIONAL
The
understand
approximately
be
is
this
chemical
other
any
silica
offered,
yet
This
feldspath
and
that
best
kaolinite
and
quartz
alumina
flint, and
accurate,
kaolinite
and
of
can
feldspath.
prove
it is the
and
and
of
clayworkers
spar
the
into
to
advance
Most
these
feldspath
actual
but
in
clay,
method
feldspath,
attempt
method,
of
of
will
one
dissolves
quartz
proportion
assumed
value.
importance
and
and
are
practical
some
analyzed,
No
v^hich
The
the
accurate
an
which
acid
behind
the
to
49
CLAY.
leaving
proper,
weighed
ANALYZE
sulphuric
concentrated
or
TO
(Fig.
tin
or
is
a
piece
filled
Bunsen
14.)
has
that
can
of
with
flame,
It
ensures
no
sheet
some
and
a
50
HOW
fairly equable
if any
in
is
water
there
is
At
the
of
into
sand,
first
the
strongly
quite
it may
ever,
how-
time,
burst
that
so
while
out
spoil.
to
should
flame
the
crucible
This
cool,
When
liquid
so
canted
de-
not
as
all
nearly
and
out
the
done
be
must
portion.
turned
be
quite
are
beaker.
undissolved
the
up
bath
the
glass
a
the
for
heated
be
in
hours
12
contents
off
shake
of
end
the
on
using
should
bath
imprisoned
nothing
the
when
the
CLAY.
Before
temperature.
sand
the
ANALYZE
TO
lo
liquid
the
Ftq.lb.
is poured
out,
stirred
up,
should
be
of
allowed
in
the
becomes
first
liquid
in
in
the
the
the
to
first
very
is
same
settle,
to
twice
done
water
acid
is carefully
water
true
hot
when
when
the
Some
and
to
the
decanted
and
be
water
into
the
is added
and
decantation
water
more
care
being
is
may
is
now
taken
the
crucible,
beaker.
The
acid.
carefully
made
second
filtered,
in
mass
sulphuric
from
must
case
beaker.
beaker
free
added.
This
addition
the
as
strong
out;
sputter
added
to
added
that
to
any
the
the
solid
52
HOW
with
silica
is
separated
The
weighed.
the
and
given
be
not
they
find
and
added
The
residue.
multiplied
This
by
quantity
and
of
residue,
the
and
silica
magnesia
and
the
of
silica
is
the
alumina
of
the
been
It
as
the
total
quartz
be
must
and
magnesia
of
weight
found
in
as
feldspath
and
silica
from
reported
rest
lime
iron
of
amount
subtracted
the
and
and
water,
before,
as
original
the
few
aluminum
exactly
from
a
accurately.
and
alumina,
aluminum
give
to
3.51
silica, iron,
subtracted
amount
insoluble
If
the
in
feldspath.
the
determined
are
nesia,
mag-
have
method
iron
the
of
ammonia
followed
figuring
in
the
of
be
separate
magnesia
together
should
,filtered,
dissolved
with
be
should
water
alumina
details
it
determination
the
reprecipitated
one
as
for
and
iron
dried,
ammonia
the
When
analysis.
and
with
The
to
alkalies
the
of
first
washed
side
one
they
and
necessary
lime
the
in
as
acid,
considered
are
The
on
weighed.
and
previously,
will
are
put
precipitate
dried
washed,
CLAY.
is neutralized
hydrochloric
of
drops
filtrate
just
filtration,
by
filtrate
the
washed,
to
acid
hydrochloric
ANALYZE
TO
the
added
be
must
feldspath.
siKca
or
the
in
sand.
the
To
lime,
the
alkalies.
analysis
of
the
insoluble
residue,
for
example,
were:
Silica
35.94
Alumina
iron
and
oxide
2.50
Magnesia
0.20
Lime..
Alkalies
1.23
,
Total
The
39.87
the
and
of
2.50
alumina
composition
multiplied
of
the
by
feldspath
3.51
be
would
as
give
follows
silica,
8.77
:
Silica
8.77
Alumina
and
iron
oxide
2.50
;
Magnesia
20
Alkalies
,
Total
And
follows
1.23
12.70
the
rational
analysis
of
the
clay
would
be
reported
as
:
Kaolinite
or
real
clay
60.68
Quartz
26.17
Feldspath
,
12.70
HOW
Before
"ew
Both
the
describing
words
in
be
may
the
TO
in
ANALYZE
second
order
as
determination
hydrofluoric
acid
of
has
the
to
acid
hydrofluoric
or
of
disposal
alkalies
and
in
evaporated,
be
to
S3
CLAY.
noxious
the
and
method,
a
fumes.
present
case,
frequently
very
/"
acid
h)'drochloric
lowed
and
so
to
The
into
escape
lo
and
will
danger
some
bad,
has
hydrofluoric
but
contrivance
draft
closet.
wide,
V/i
ft.
(Fid.
16)
wil)
for
A
deep
do
be
fill the
carrying
well-made,
and
very
result.
really
I'/i U.
well.
If
fumes
these
considerable
room,
inevitably
is
off.
driven
a
ii
acid
Hydrochloric
is
not
dangerous.
off
the
fumes
close-joinled
high,
The
fitted
front
is
is
called
a
about
box,
with
better
hood
a
sliding
if
or
2
ft.
front
it slides
up
54
HOW
down
and
in
for
the
hole
a
in
If
room.
is
after
must
made
much
the
closed
hole
to
be
may
by
oil
any
bored
in
insolnble
The
added
of
s
of
of
side
of
and
a
small
the
the
inside
and
hood
and
If
box
pipe
stove-
crevices
and
the
there
outside
is
gas
for
is
used
rubber
the
lor
the
placed
of
should
en
the
is noticeable
be
water
crucible
platinum
of
drops
about
use
Residue.)
the
few
a
then
alkalies
ammonia
in
water,
precautions
1
odor
residue
with
cm.)
All
varnish.
or
that
fumes,
of
the
METHOD.
(Analysis
cu.
the
of
through.
pass
moistened
painting
the
found
I?).
over,
fastened
be
part
paper
paint
SECOND
The
(Fig-
pasting
by
with
stove-pipe
small
a
lower
Ihe
draft
permanent
more
in
is
the
away
without
chimney
the
it
made,
carry
placed
be
with
is
to
should
let
glass
inside
on
pipe
connected
create
to
be
and
of
pane
a
going
stove
connection
should
is
of
piece
draft
have
what
see
top
the
order
holes
pipe
the
lamp
in
of
A
sufficient
not
keiosene
a
front.
should
and
tp
CLAY.
ANALYZE
window,
a
operator
the
raising
ever
like
TO
10
sulphuric
cii.
this
acid
noted
bath
above
of
cm.
;,nd
it.
acid
The
heated
in
the
crucible
till
be
(about
hydrofluoric
mentioned
here.
should
no
acid.
deterwith
further
i
HOW
When
all
placed
on
fumes
of
cooled,
sulphuric
the
have
insoluble
of
the
The
the
filtrate
precipitate
The
lime
and
alumina
and
the
iron
and
of
the
diluting
whole
of
dryness.
the
the
or
as
of
multiplied
should
To
0.476
by
five,
with
the
be
found
does
The
not
be
in
for
give
residue,
acid
as
O.
Mg
that
the
of
feldspath
as
is used
without
kinds
other
insoluble
and
but
cases,
the
it
of
iron
and
is
cm.,
to
monium
am-
either
blast
lamp,
ness.
red-
gentle
determination
the
is
amount
results
the
have
to
it
tiplied
mul-
be
taken.
was
exactly
quartz
the
a
constituents
not
of
culating
cal-
which
will
it
as
rock.
undecomposed
acid,
way
accurate
so
the
is made
analysis
uses
alumina
cu.
with
a
the
not
and
its
sulphuric
in
to
sometimes
finding
instead
the
over
when
as
that
weighed,
and
does
filtrate
the
Seger
many
total
alkalies
separated
calculating
In
of
evaporated
carbonate,
a
IV.,
sia.
magne-
100
and
in
as
iron
the
and
taking
heated
good
with
Chapter
except
dried
being
determined
the
is
washed
from
alkalies
is taken
ignition
hold
be
in
then
washed,
after
results
feldspath
and
a
filtered.
and
filtrate
IV.,
lime
water,
determination
the
strong
carbonate.
allow
nesium
mag-
reprecipitated
of
magnesium
calculation
useful
hydrofluoric
the
whole
the
as
sodium
the
is
mind
in
of
method
bases
the
determinations,
mentioned
cm.
cu.
after
to
the
express
same
500
from
O),
first
Chapter
of
the
salt
the
borne
back
should
other
the
the
in
as
precautions
be
washed
sulphate,
It
determination
carbonate
by
again
and
acid,
methods
it should
same
If
in
the
to
when
magnesium
lime.
weighed.
part
filtrate
(Mg
The
and
exactly
filtrate
for
saved
the
latter
carbonate
magnesia
any
crucible,
minutes,
alumina.
and
hydrochloric
for
found
Also
as
is
ammonia
few
a
in
of
saved
are
in
after
If
contains
with
for
determined
either
by
mentioned
silica
there
aluminum
as
off,
the
acid.
the
latter
neutralized
washings
be
may
These
All
acids,
the
such
oxide
dissolved
filtrate
in
gently
filtered, dried
ammonia,
the
be
boiled
is
precipitate
well, the
solution
should
added,
excess
sulphuric
white
it is taken
water
in
is
etc.
solution
Httle
in
back
put
until
beaker.
a
crucible
be
sulphates,
as
Then
hydro-fluo-silicic
the
and
The
sulphate,
into
crucible
heated
and
off.
come
as
should
hydrofluoric
beaker.
The
of
this
feldspath
the
off
contents
with
treated
into
driven
residue,
plate
washed
contents
the
to
oflf, the
driven
been
asbestos
begin
55
CLAY.
has
or
acid
been
dissolving
acid
sand-bath
the
and
should
volatile
the
ANALYZE
TO
is
treated
determined
with
as
56
HOW
already
described,
multiplied
from
by
the
is, of
tlien
this
insoluble
remainder
the
quicker
than
the
Before
analysis
the
calcium
the
total
alumina
This
is
being
quartz.
other
subtracted
This
but
methods,
temperature
or
into
the
lime,
thus
was
analysis
with
is
not
the
calcium
both
while
of
our
which
how
the
being
driven
of
with
be
may
is
probably
bined
com-
was
much
Inas-
acid.
it
should
on
be
termined
de-
different
several
the
at
influence
in
done
The
looking
carbonic
afterwards,
and
verted
con-
off.
lime
the
any
been
on
considerable
has
following
and
matter,
much
burning
This
have
much
carbonate
separately.
ways,
how
tell
and
gas
organic
as
not
silica
acid
high
a
matter,
would
present
carbonic
could
the
clay,
carbonate
at
organic
culated
cal-
and
heated
was
and
water
tion
determina-
made
been
clay
of
carbonate
The
has
the
the
considered
the
as
off
the
one
calcium
When
O).
calcium
determined.
be
of
drive
to
limestone
latter
(Ca
finished,
considered
should
amount
lime
as
be
can
limestone
or
of
suitable
for
is
oughly
thor-
exactly
into
most
purpose:
DETERMINATION
About
20
cu.
equal
two
with
exactly
the
of
25
object
about
and
all
the
little
while
marble,
off
the
has
for
dried
weight
marble
While
that
for
subtracted
this
the
is
being
5
acid
of
the
is
C,
the
clay
and
beaker
finely
every
the
When
have
rinsed,
out,
This
the
can
all
come
weighed.
gives
one
until
with
contact
taken
C,
in
acid
bubbles
weight
in
100"
at
beaker.
the
more
original
gr.
in
come
remove
stirred
be
of
size
placed
now
should
100"
to
hour
an
marble
at
the
hydrochloric
in
no
the
the
on
left
when
hour
one
to
quantities
brushed
is
the
liquid
acid
the
hydrochloric
going
by
The
is
from
for
marble
dissolved
equal
about
and
oven
beakers,
separate
marble
dusted
the
minutes,
ten
oven
that
rod
white
weighed
up.
all
stirring
last
the
be
used
ceased,
the
in
If the
allow
to
in
two
of
portions
two
perfectly
two
get
selected,
dried
into
put
hard
of
be
it will
is
to
piece
weighed.
latter
action
A
should
beakers,
the
of course,
particles,
loose
be
may
difficult
be
to
acid
divided
and
water
found
is
each
cm.
walnut
cooled
of
cu.
hydrochloric
of
cm.
cu.
this
cm.
being,
25
small
all
cu.
LIMESTONE.
concentrated
50
If
parts.
OF
of
cm.
mixed
of
and
iron
complete.
so
a
of
feldspath.
residue,
much
CLAY.
amount
give 'the
to
5.41
course,
ANALYZE
and
TO
amount
dissolve.
powdered
and
HOW
dried
100"
at
up
occasionally.
of
niarble,
should
and
the
of
gr.
the
to
weighed,
weighed
when
of
amount
this
one
clay,
tween
befirst
the
and
the
in
limestone
5
Analysis.
residue
Dissolve
with
fusion
4
twice
Naz
gr.
H2
in
with
100"
C,
i
K2
in
heat
platinum
Matter.
Organic
and
at
weigh.
blast-lamp,
over
treat
the
Analyses.
dried
clay,
of
gram
Loss=Water
bath,
piece,
difference
marble
or
piece
a
same
with
The
of
piece
of
General
Mix
the
or
over.
carbonate
calcium
Synopsis
crucible
is
ceased
beaker
the
stirred
and
taken.
clay
Take
in
action
of
has
before,
placed
weight
of
loss
action
all
used
all
beaker
other
the
after
one
57
CLAY.
in
put
time
dried,
the
equals
be
Some
similar
be
dried
should
C,
ANALYZE
TO
O
CO3
H
+
+
COs
in
fuse.
and
solution
CI, evaporate
CI, dissolve
H
gr.
dilute
H
water
on
filter.
CI,
Precipitate=Silica.
To
in
filtrate
dilute
Iron
silica
from
H
CI, divide
alumina
and
add
in
NH4
two
parts
;
in
precipitate
determine.
one
with
precipitation
by
filter, dissolve
OH,
H4
N.
OH;
in
the
other
determine.
Iron
To
Ca
or
volumetric
by
filtrate
O2
(amm.
Ca
CO3.
Calculate
To
NH4
from
iron
oxal.)
;
H
and
Calculate
Subtract
calcium
PO..
Allow
weigh
as
NH4
OH
and
(NH*)^
+
weigh
as
Ca
O
stand
P2
CI
NH*
+
hours,
12
OH
NH4
filter, ignite,
+
cipitate
pre-
O7.
Magnesia.
total
from
percentages
INTO
water-bath,
decant
off
with
Na
OH
water
clear
and
H
and
liquid,
H2
treat
Alkalies.
remainders
100
AND
QUARTZ
KAOLINITE,
add
dilute
add
precipitate
add
to
Mg.8
as
gram,
one
alumina
filter, ignite
from
SEPARATION
Take
and
Lime.
as
filtrate
Na
method.
SO*,
heat
residue
CI, filter, wash
and
FELDSPATH.
for
12
twice
weigh.
hours
on
alternately
58
HOW
Residue"
Quartz
Moisten
"with
acid,
NH4
CI
Precipitates
by
add
i
cu.
Iron
5
follaws
as
fluoric
hydro-
cm.
cu,
residue
dissolve
:
in
OH.
Alumina.
and
or
and
sand-bath,
on
NH*
+
SO4
Ha
cm.
heat
scheme
previous
to
evaporate,
add
water,
according
water,
CLAY.
Feldspath.
and
residue
Analyze
ANALYZE
TO
Multiply
iron
alumina
and
5.41.
Result=Feldspath.
Subtract
from
feldspath
-f
quartz.
Result=Quartz.
To
C2
complete
O4,
Weigh
filter,
small
the
precipitate
calcium
(NH")a
with
ignite.
Calcium
as
Evaporate
in
analysis,
the
Oxide
filtrate
from
of
quantity
water,
Lime.
or
calcium
and
dryness,
to
NH4
OH
+
dissolve
ignite,
COa,.
(NH4)
filter,
a
precipitate,
dry.
Weigh
Determine
as
ignite
Mg
alkalies
O
and
Mg
or
in
CO..
filtrate
by
evaporation
with
Ha
Pt
Cl".
60
HOW
is
the
into
its
time,
natural
and
divided
into
ij left
v/ill
of
sized
is
then
equal
first, and
of
finally
and
consists
sand
reaches
clears.
mark
the
possibilities
and
The
is
that
before
If
fall
grain
a
the
to
shape,
fell, the
the
that
If
to
reach
top
each
the
and
results
do
water
simplicity,
its
the
the
ever,
fa'ulty, how-
very
of
may
as
never
are
than
harm
more
of
is
that
as
the
made
in
of
of
error,
extremely
are
still
water,
according
stream
a
grain
water
;
is
but
of
sand
as
soon
yond
be-
increased
carried
its
to
in
the
water
be
perfected
ascend
the
ciple
prin-
The
perfectly
to
will
sand
used,
which
at
stream
of
grain
sources
varying
suspended
ascending
chief
in
speed
a
water
remain
the
point,
at
Schoene
and
placed
is
soils.
of
but
ways,
obtained
sand
the
analysis
the
chemists
ceramic
among
with
speed
will
speed
several
bottom
same
latter
the
away
of
etc.
the
for
if properly
results,
exactly
as
the
is
that
adopted
in
did
and
the
weight,
of
when
layer
parative,
com-
of
time
because
analysis
Schoene
by
apparatus
will
purely
determinations,
great
so
generally
used
reliable.
it
are
unreliable
an
devised
was
so
error
apparatus
that
the
of
is
the
method
adopted
method
The
all.
at
none
be
never
grains
when
the
other
The
way.
the
for
with
that
time
and
noted
last.
is
liquid
and
largest
these
of
the
mark
each
times
in
should
reliable,
noting
and
long
a
which
solid
of
smallest
amounts
compared
utilized
and
in
The
then
are
results
relative
for
vessel
glass
heaviest
and
separated
be
to
water
mixture
the
time,
lightest
the
the
the
If
some
with
boiling
cylindrical
a
lengths.
first
has
clay
by
into
for
determining
layer
grains
put
undisturbed
settle
The
cylinder.
graduated
CLAV.
ANALYZE
TO
and
upwards
away.
Let
us
suitable
vessel
after
stream
of
lowest
velocity
be
out,
to
at
carry
In
the
divisions
by
vary
it
has
last
off
and
that
a
the
natural
between
speed
has
largest
grains
of
conditions
the
found
of
different
degrees
necessary
the
At
the
particles
of
clay
stream'
is
the
larger
become
been
attained
a
very
will
increased,
larger,
and
by
a
the
water
sand.
clay
sizes,
on
from
the
to
and
vessel.
the
of
in
placed
disintegrated,
finest
out
sufficient
imperceptible
been
velocity
washed
are
the
is
analyzed
be
through
only
the
as
to
thoroughly
upwards
speed,
or
clay
the
being
sent
particles
until
so
water
washed
the
that
suppose
fix
there
will
the
contrary,
finest
certain
to
be
sharp
no
they
the
arbitrary
will
coarsest,
limits.
HOW
The
this
way
large
a
this
oft
all
number
by
and
thus
by
away
five
velocity
msde
in
sizes
for
to
After
the
the
of.
known
Before
it
set
h'
be
is
to
it
they
of
the
the
have
one
who
and
in
for
use,
the
with
intelligent
Its
a
i8
slumming
shows
takes
passing
being
its
in
for
and
water,
difficult,
accurately
and
obtained
should
be
may
is
the
had
as
the
A
in
then
and
would
difficult
figur-
for
much
any
time,
obtained
be
ready
description
The
however,
is
process
parts
of
work
save
out.
apparatus
glass
the
is
to
that
so
carried
of
an
out.
"
the
which
of
stream
bend
in
Schoene
by
the
The
could
the
how
follows:
vessel
place.
round
of
cause
be-
unaccustomed
after
read,
be
can
use
purposes
constants
figured
all
form
made.
apparatus
er
prop-
expensive,
arranging
It
are
apparatus
men
even
and
mechanic
they
present
and
it
individual
for
most
make
quite
agricultural
For
if the
is
made
together
velocities
the
idea
that
but
mathematician.
money,
are
whole
velocities
construction
Fig.
after
not
end
mechanical
skilled
very
The
clays.
and
a
useless.
is
very
various
is
these
how
be
properly
the
out
by
velocities
of
to
unless
soils
of
puttirig
the
been
posed
com-
done
with
and
employed
for
would
described
it
was
Seger
by
work,
such
incf
It
investigation
utilized
form
properly,
Germany,
so
only
that
say
quite
are
duty,
country.
not
but
are
stream
how
and
apparatus,
parts
from
imported
for
well
glass
the
is
chemical
been
out
are
water.
these
and
washing
or
for
it
particles,
has
This
washed
slumming.
as
made
this
elutriating
the
up,
grains
the
ured,
meas-
himself,
of
of
line
and
done
grains
what
this
in
standard.
describing
make
can
called
is
sizes
stream
as
stream
determine
of
considered
the
five
work
measurements
generally
is also
the
to
principal
whose
analysis
into
employed
The
of
the
analyses
mechanical
the
In
washed
be
determinations,
velocity
separation
of
been
has
measure
measure
be
could
that
most
to
could
collected
This
these
analyst
been
grains
and
with
measure
"-.nalysis has
are
grains,
every
the
determined.
conformance
necessary
Seger,
of
the
particles
and
velocity
Then
of
stream
microscope.
the
that
grains
point,
largest
the
that
about
merely
another
to
this
by
of
help
largest
found.
was
off
the
slow
very
a
washed
with
the
take
61
'
CLAY.
to
grains
of
velocity
that
ANALYZE
was
them
size
increased
was
the
of
the
way
done
was
collect
water,
TO
C,
actual
water
discharges
elutriation
enters
directly
at
D,
into
or
and
the
02
HOW
of
ijiiddle
Ic
is
this
in
According
This
tube
well
as
B,
A
carried
are
is
arranged
be
may
There
this
to
off
of
part
which
points
certain
the
upright
the
does
all
grains
tube
have
to
work.
of
a
tain
cer-
tube
gage
the
C
be
observed
chamber
(Fig.
they
E.
at
pressure
of
A
unless
and
apparatus,
of
B.
A
its
delivery
the
velocity
the
cylinder
water
capacity
the
that
so
of
out
in
act
on
the
stream,
and
tube,
read
are
the
the
into
that
upwards
delivery
as
thence
and
of
velocity
the
CLAY.
chamber
cylindrical
to
size
portion
conical
the
ANALYZE
TO
19).
in
ing
mak-
observed
are
.
the
great
The
away.
the
on
the
order
that
exactly
4
m.
the
but
m.,
(Fig.
18)
lower
be
of
portion
The
the
cylindrical
diameter
of
is
that
for
enough
Fig.
the
to
19
4
height
take
shows
a
5
and
should
be
of
reaches
steady
stream,
if
and
D,
at
C.
stream
and
in
the
B.
the
all
it is
neck
other,
then
should
be
some
these
as
of
an
10
cm.
of
internal
B
have
perfect
a
the
A
part
length
a
and
cm.
The
and
enough.
stopper,
preferable.
that
the
the
50
cm.
for
cm.
combination
than
C
or
portion
even
of
D
plumb.
that
near
rubber
the
5
is
evenly,
an
18)
tube
length
so
and
side
millimeters
5
m.
true,
the
(Fig.
the
whole
center
upright,
this
are
of
of
strongly
side
cu.
cm.,
and
the
C
conical
in
should
essential
between
to,
cm.
5
absolutely
not
be
and
about
of
one
C
to
and
that
so
at
m.
The
blowing
is out
should
important
C.
alike,
disturbing
be
the
same
always
bend
5
m..
chamber
by
on
B
perfectly
very
m.
gradually
out
more
from
B
jiiatneter at
bend
tested
apparatus
length
the
out
passes
if it strikes
right;
the
cylindrical
air
of
be
spread
may
stream
4
essary
nec-
off.
no
should
perfectl;, central
of
This
in
so
to
part
than
must
be
must
is able
stream.
the
is, it
especially
water
tb"*
less
are
diameter
This
through.
always
is
central,
the
internal
the
and
read
quite
having
by
and
never
it
and
of
ensured
all
same
Whatever
tube
is
that
manner
behave
there
and
working
water
same,
be
may
and
thrown
arrangement
easily
water
is
a
the
some
can
forward
straight
of
such
always
uninterrupted
be
in
Also
of
stream
semicircle,
exact
an
is
velocity
the
This
currents.
it
others
stream
a
clay,
thing.
same
the
must
is
of
all
over
have
to
particles
the
which
direction
is
form
conditions
by
flow
this
object
same
exactly
In
the
main
suspended
under
does
of
advantage
internal
It
cylinder,
diameter,
The
shown
outflow
should
neck
in
and
the
tube
9
is
but
be
measurements
the
be
must
it
hered
ad-
and
be
large
illustration.
and
11
pressure
HOW
TO
ANALYZE
63
CLAY.
"2"C\
Fie. Id
^"'^^^
Fig
O-Jif*
19
64
HOW
-which
gage,
is
internal
tht
3
m.
b:*
8
or
about
the
nmst
be
is
in
The
15
length
by
scale
at
tank
is
back.
the
glass
be
made
gallons
of
water.
(B)
with
upright
is
for
the
in
water
the
air
in
always
The
the
of
and
which
should
This
outlet
by
either
also
be
a
be
receive
on
are
testing
may
a
should
the
glass
of
both
fastened
with
the
discharged
ring
attached
a
water
to
the
the
line.
The
clip
fixed
top
to
This
that
of
the
offered
to
F
the
top
the
rubber
D,
possible.
F,
stopcock
in
an
is
turn
vessel
by
iron
a
port
sup-
the
and
gage
the
of
pipe
as
a
the
is
full.
discharge
of
it
water
be
should
clay
G.
tank.
above
to
an
that
so
stopcock
This
is
stopcock
pressure
and
C
tank
fixed
be
stand
can
elutriating
the
vertical.
plumb
a
ing
open-
the
with
the
and
should
parts
the
connected
tube,
perfectly
with
bottom
of
two
pressure
the
It
closed
through
passes
C.
an
quite
or
little
a
with
end
that
way
be
be
glass
or
The
vessel
by
D
half
is
water
be
the
at
a
with
the
the
paper
about
end
of
a
D.
resistance
the
level
a
be
hold
replace
to
that
which
the
near
as
tank
end
on
side
pressure
should
exactly
with
such
conical
phccd
be
rubber
hose.
in
To
lower
connected
rubber
gage
the
the
by
the
the
C
tube
pipe
a
that
so
lower
way
a
may
stopper.
the
air
neutralized
the
should
stopper
into
the
which
rubber
at
let
such
whether
same
top
tank
is
entering,
the
bent
which
A.
airtight
water,
large
supplying
in
tank
the
or
stopper
works
the
in
of
pasting
to
in
This
20,
zinc,
ing
open-
meter
i
over
but
smooth.
obtained
Fig.
in
perfectly
be
circular
by
or
B
diameter
quite
satisfactorily
shown
tube
of
acid
at
difficult
very
millimeters.
may
and
A
at
centimeters
preferably
cap
glass
purpose
and
is
must
screw
of
all
pouring
rubber
a
out
runs
for
be
into
it
Z-shape
a
a
little
into
metal,
It
a
piece
fit in
of
top
on
tightly
will
This
necessary.
should
off
are
is
be
a
every
possible
as
internal
the
edges
hydrofluoric
parts
bends
melted
should
divided
with
the
A.
The
should
the
divided
be
etching
After
C.
into
This
there
with
be
should
A
in
important,
bent
that
tube,
same
nearly
not
be
so
the
as
is
increased.
At
should
ten
done
made
or
portion
be
figure.
the
barometer
exactly
should
in
diameter,
and
lowest
shown
necessary.
upright
is
should
tube
decreased
m.m.
selected
diameter
carefully
case
absolutely
The
m.m.
very
no
which
diameter
external
CLAY.
carefully
of
The
angles
ANALYZE
of
internal
m.
7
made
diameter
This
part.
TO
the
shelf
beaker
tained
ascer-
pressure
at
H
E.
is
now
TO
ANALYZE
65
CLAY.-
no.
Z 0
66
TO
HOW
When
determinations
of
with
water
from
portion
marked
it remains
After
making
water
is
the
from
in
time
the
is
should
and
addition
of
When
formerly.
distance
cylinder
should
water
there
is
or
below
or
caused
a
rise
half
times
if
Therefore
by
centimetres,
in
quotient
The
next
of
multiply
divide
and
will
this
thing
to
be
be
take
to
(or
the
the
X
We
the
height,
in
in
cubic
height
root
in
the
arate
sep-
this
22).
square
of
.true
diameter.
the
velocity
height
ing
Hav-
the
expressed
times
jected
re-
above
perfectly
to
expressed
is
the
the
equal
11
all
calling
and
3.1416
by
diameter
determined
corresponding
gage.
then
is
be
together
capacity
that
and
the
the
is
of
amount;
same
calculation.
find
easily
times
x,
it
the
cm.
cu.
bottom
our
into
of
should
adding
cylinder
a
the
cylinder
by
then
spared,
centimetres,
chamber
pressure
volume
14
found
can
of
out
the
each
the
or
and
part
apparatus
top
poured
were
We
we
of
be
diameter
the
left
portion
that
the
that
be
should
capacity
centimetres.
krow
the
than
rise
centimetres.
of
exactly
the
either
should
what
amounts
cubic
near
part
of
deviation
large
is
addition
the
by
marked
be
in
curve
shown
lowest
the
expressed
have
it
and
and
The
out
total
its
measured
h.
that
found
highest
the
and
at
to
greater
it should
reached
height
any
if
is
begin
a
of
measurements
is
occasioning
water
leaks.
centimetre
vessel
which
see
vessel,
the
and
the
ceases,
this
call
us
of
sides
to
quantity
cubic
a
;
be
stopcock
of
additions
form
point
between
accurately
Let
if
this
measured
the
time
measured
neck
the
of
should
water
the
a
then
top
some
case
the
These
of
cm.
in
stopper
and
the
the
for
right,
all
water
until
cu.
left
through
add.
of
eter
diam-
exact
away
above
just
apparatus
rubber
taken
level
and
is
cylindrical
the
one
the
to
continued
inwards
the
of
top
enough
be
this
burette
a
is
the
The
be
position,
same
that
sure
label
a
the
in
run
rise
on
it
The
i8.
Fig.
in
sticking
by
that
a
B
first
inary
prelim-
the
find
to
vessel.
the
until
before
is
do
should
several
arranged
made
to
of
part
tank
the
be
to
thing
gage
pressure
run
conical
first
cylindrical
the
the
have
The
used.
be
can
satisfactorily
is
everything
CLAY.
ANALYZE
of
pressed
ex-
the
centimetres.
the
water
cal
cylindriin
the
68
(.406)*
C
ANALYZE
TO
HOW
60
X
with
one
To
our
in
velocity
The
certain
a
find
observations,
of
the
always
C.
for
average
high
a
This
average
calculation.
follows:
of
m:
c.
(4.8)"
"
pairs
and
one,
the
as
in
several
for
for
find
1.18
=
low
a
adopt
we
1.6
X
=
this
do
(4.8)"
"
(.406)"
We
CLAY.
cylindrical
the
velocity
column
the
means
of
chamber
that
water
we
number
will
ceed
pro-
metres
milli-
of
point
one
pass
second.
a
14
V
Q
=
cubic
X
centimetres.
IID*
the
is
Q
of
of
if
0.50
cylinder,
the
value
any
h
Q,
is
in
case
one
V
then
all
other
:Vn=r
C:^
h
V
Q
h"
"
this
for
For
stance,
in-
out
to
Having
of
outflow
eter
diam-
work
m.m.
values
the
is.
h
would
3.227
the
find
what
V
of
measuring
of
instead
formula,
time
same
is
We
velocity.
diameter
find
we
the
D
second,
one
0.406,
is
Q
cylinder
a
is
the
at
and
in
out
V
and
noting
1.2
with
m.m.
V
flowing
amount
by
of
ing
follow-
the
each
tained
ob-
value
h.
"
V
'n"
r
hn
"
^^
c
hn
and
(Vn
=
Y
1- C
X
V2
V
where
be
1.
want
18
to
and
cm.
velocity
the
is
n
know
V
we
the
for
height
hn.
be
0.50
found
just
velocity
any
at
a
to
of
pressure
=
N=r
This
rat";
that
means
of
column
of
30
4.06
water
m.m.
"
if the
in
per
the
1.8
gage
X
r
indicates
cylinder
second.
1. 6
is
The
We
found
C
then
if
m.m.
30
4.06
to
we
if
cm.
mm.
1.8
"
a
height
passing
value
any
hn
can
of
30
c.
point
one
be
worked
m.
at
the
the
out
HOW
in
the
exactly
velocities
use.
Of
none
of
same
which
this
course,
figures
the
likely
are
we
this
When
way.
to
be
must
just
the
for
is
apparatus
each
the
'for
ready
they
used,
all
vessel
separate
actually
be
can
for
done
been
has
use,
done
given
69
CLAY.
ANALYZE
TO
and
only
are
examples.
The
of
velocities
the
15
calculating
different
20
or
heights
(the
points
ruled
in
This
a
draw
it for
Seger
used
had
coordinate
Any
will
better
for
readily
ask
paper)
the
points.
in
height
any
with
the
it is
dotie
it would
before
paper
all
how
see
responding
cor-
of
familiar
one
thing
a
and
through
velocity
the
and
gage
piece
a
for
be
too
mathematician
some
to
him.
following
the
gives
they
he
so
tell
used.
not
on
called
curves,
purposes
has
pressure
drawn
curve
have
such
explain,
to
off
any
Q
velocities
measured
to
one
we
operator
hard
and
for
curve
if the
and
enable
the
These
a
plotting
heights
the
of
us(^
and
outflow
the
case.
each
then
are
for
will
curve
between
in
connected,
squares
measuring
in
finding
without
out
heights
velocity
the
worked
be
actually
by
constants
about
also
may
the
are
usually
standards
of
dimensions
and
velocities
grains
accepted.
CLAY.
All
grains
of
stream
a
with
a
0.18
diameter
less
velocity
mm.
than
o.oi
washed
m.m.
by
out
second.
per
SILT.
All
by
oui
between
grains
of
stream
a
o.oi
0.7
and
m.m.
velocity
m.m.
DUST
All
between
grains
of
stream
1.5
0.025
between
grains
0.04
with
The
sand
sand
can
the
by
dust
diameter
sand
coarse
dust
found
a
and
m.m.
is
be
washed
washed
taking
sand
out
out
out
is
taken
got
a
0.33
diameter.
m.m.
SAND.
0.33
with
with
m.m.
sifting
by
out
a
any
everything
rid
with
diameter
m.m.
SAND.
above
is
0.04
second.
per
COARSE
All
washed
second.
per
and
m.m.
FINE
All
diameter
m.m.
SAND.
velocity
m.m.
0,025
of, and
velocity
higher
which
so
of
1.5
m.m.
velocity,
is left
weighing
after
that
it.
in
the
or
all
the
the
fine
may
be
it
vessel
after
70
HOW
The
of
of
method
clay,
dried
absolutely
with
cool
to
be
150
cm.
cu.
then
can
as
little
water
the
over
large
When
elutriating
everything
should
gage
velocity
the
o.i8
of
in
water
liquids
the
allowed
transferred
multiplied
by
is followed
merely
that
ccntents
with
out
by
of
the
-a
good
it is
taking
vessel
stream
of
as
give
idea
of
A,
is
B,
much
a
the
fTow
the
sand,
off
neck
This
water.
before.
The
mechanical
clay:
and
shorter.
fire
weighed.
This
clay.
is
method
same
1.5
in
the
of
instead
disconnect
and-
pour
the
washing
beaker,
following
is
then
and
left
allowed
by
m.m.
height
clear,
analysis
when
and
water,
a
clear.
residue
gage,
into
till
up
the
and
the
a
collected,
be
have
we
pressure
the
fat, plastic, refractory,
leaner
fine
shut
the
through
weighed
of
out
last
that
kept
and
is
pressure
perfectly
the
m.m.
neck.
so
clay,
gr.
water
At
to
5
the
on,
corresponding
the
the
simpler
and
properties
but
the
and
07
the
velocity.
evaporated
some
till
until
run
nothing
out,
apparatus
to
next
vessel
elutriating
washing
it
vessel,
Exactly
velocities
two
in
is
clear
emptied
placed
be
came
the
mixture
off, and
in
percentage.
of
should
dried
grains
that
most
should
poured
dish,
stopcock
the
the
to
the
beaker
turned
velocity
water
finest
other
the
allowing
on
the
gives
opening
passing
the
of
20
for
reached,
clear
evaporating
an
weight
the
this
at
over
a
collected,
cylinder
the
in
caught
be
the
This
gently
should
the
stopcock
of
part
passing
to
the
obtained.
upper
settle, the
to
gives
the
and
is
m.m.
into
washed
been
with
collected,
funnel
a
m.m.
be
settle,
of
0.33
should
the
rest
through
vessel
replaced
be
the
and
hour,
finger
the
sieve
to
another
through
washed
through
in
allowed
then
has
the
on
liquid
an
nearly
as
sieve
the
on
be
of
of
allowed
then
for
a
drops
sediment,
the
goes
in
supernatant
rubbing
mixture
should
the
be
that
few
is
with
placed,
time,
in, boiled
by
mixture
off, and
poured
a
mesh
aided
The
sieve
water,
should
everything
weighed.
the
the
sand
The
distilled
some
It
broken
is
clear
a
remains
weighed.
through
into
The
What
and
liquid
with
and
gauze
and
dried
sieve
be
not
clay
for
grains
5
mortar.
a
This
poured
possible,
as
beaker.
dried
a
obtained.
be
as
All
into
poured
in
disturbing
water
take
We
should
quite
without
distilled
of
ground
boiled
When
off
not
of
cm.
added,
poured
follows:
fingers.
cu.
settle.
as
clay
the
the
150
acid
and
should
than
about
hydrochloric
but
that
harder
beaker
C.
100"
essential
anything
is
analysis
at
CLAV.
ANALYZE
TO
to
settle,
examples
shows
the
HOW
C,
a
D,
with
clay
a
checks
fire
good
very
TO
ANALYZE
71
CLAY.
clay.
sharp
a
grained
shrinks
sand,
much
and
strongly.
'
A.
Per
Coarse
Fine
sand
Silt
HOW
The
following
which
clays,
that
so
10.64
3.52
13.84
9.C8
of
1.15%,
of
its
8.7%
melting
bent
point
composition
the
had
Its
form,
of
and
C,
at
they
of
given
are
analysis
the
to
as
2500"
for
began
its
a
quartz.
point
melting
i6qo"C
it
was
like
46.52%
"
This
of
55%,
began
silver,
niQltea
and
at
almost
among
2500"
at
of
piece
C,
glass.
21.6%,
and
refractoriness
low
1400"
had
whose
it
feldspath,
to
the
C,
lump
and
a
clay
tlay,
kaolin,
C,
extremely
of
clay
1400"
classed
1200"
it
74.08%
poorest
at
this
otherwise
at
have
on
At
cone-shaped
The
clay
composition:
of
the
patch
follows,
but
glaze
to
color,
formless
a
platinum.
of
shape
bear
to
containing
C
glaze
to
its
and
glazed,
shape.
feldspath
brought
began
its
but
as
refractory,
kaolin
at
96.55%,
clay
slightly
and
Finally,
47.48%
1000"
62.00
analyses
and
the
point
next
lost
to
following
the
from
quartz,
steel,
was
23.6%.
furnace,
temperature
was
The
down
and
heat
surface
almost
composition
1.84
2.14
rational
of
a
melting
the
clays,
melted
quartz
had
C,
would,
ordinary
U-S^
ANALYSIS.
composition,
highest
the
of
and
over
RATIONAL
extremely
17.21%
feldspath,
68.32
formed
was
unaltered.
appeared
37.10
in
following
2,500"
temperature
18
21.20
clay.
at
namely
10.88
examples
be
2.30%
unaltered
was
20.24
tested
may
the
quartz
16
few
cent.
0.18
0.34
THE
a
been
idea
some
kaolin
A
USE
are
have
lefractoriness
it,
TO
Per
28.46
82.
D.
cent.
3.00
II
Clay
Per
cent.
0.58
sand
Dust
Per
cent.
sand
C.
B.
6%
proper,
be
C
affected
it
had
boiling.
path,
felds-
by
lost
a
its
ATOMIC
WEIGHTS
FOR
Aluminum
CLAY
ANALYSIS.
Al
27
,
Barium
.
Ba
Bromine
137
Br
80
*
Calcium
Ca
Carbon
C
Chlorine
CI
Copper
Cu
Fluorine
F
Hydrogen
H
Iodine
I
40
12
35.4
63.3
19
Iron
i
Fe
127
56
'.
.
Magnesium
Mg
Manganese
Mn
Nitrogen
N
Oxygen
O
Phosphorus
P
Potassium
K
24
55
14
16
31
39
Silicon
Si
Sodium
Na
Sulphur
S
Zinc
Zn
28
23
32
65
CONTENTS.
OF
TABLE
PAGE.
List
Apparatus,
11,12,13,14
of
"
"
Alkalies,
37
of
Determination
Alumina,
44,
45,
46,
72
Weights
Atomic
Balance,
Use
Burette,
"
17
of
32
''
32
Holder
50
Sand
Bath,
"
47
.21
Water
Calcium,
Determination
Constant
of
of
39,
41
67, 68
Attraction
Capillary
40,
17
Dessicator
60
Closet
Draft
,
17
Oven
Drying
"
**
Silica
"
"
Iron
and
"
Calcium
"
"
Magnesium
"
"
Alkalies
"
"
*'
"(
19
20,
"
"
Matter
Organic
and
Water
of
Determination
Alumina
21,
23,
28-37
.'.
39,
44,
45,
40,
41
42,
43
46, 47
56,
Limestone
*'
Diameter
of
Elutriating
"
Constant
of
Capillary
((
Velocity
in
Elutriating
24
57
66
Cylinder
67, 68
Attraction
68,
Vessel
69
60-68
Elutriation
19
Fusion
.23
Filtering
44.
Acid
Hydrofluoric
49
60
for
Hood
Fumes
3i
Indicators
Determination
Iron*,
List
of
Apparatus
of
11,
12,
33.
37
13,
14
TABI.E
11
OF
CONENTS.
PAGE.
Limestone,
Determination
Magnesium,
of
"
56,
42,43
;.
Mechanical
Analysis
Oven
for
60,
Drying
Organic
Determination
Crucible,
Pipette,
Use
of
Use
19
of
25
of
32
Potassium,
Determination
Rational
of
Analysis
44,
9,
45,
46,
47
10,
47,
58
Sampling
Silica,
Determination
Standard
of
for
Sodium,
15
21,
23,
24
3i"
3S"
36
45,
46,
32
of
44,
Bath
Analyses
for
Standards
for
Types
"
of
of
57,
Clay
Analyses
Rational
"
Table
47
50
of
Synopses
Atomic
Platinum
69,
in
70
Weights
72
Crucible
25
31,
Vessel
Weighing
Bath
71
"
Elutriating
Determination
58
71
Analysis
Velocity
70,
Analyses
Mechanical
Volumetric
Water
14,
Burette
Determination
Sand
Water,
20,
Solutions
Support
Use
68
17
Matter,
Platinum
57
"
of
32,
33
68,
69
j
16,
17
|
19
21
|