Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Review Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review Wei Peng, Rongxin Qin, Xiaoli Li, Hong Zhou n Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 31 December 2012 Received in revised form 3 May 2013 Accepted 3 May 2013 Ethnopharmacological relevance: Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. (Polygonum cuspidatum), also known as Reynoutria japonica Houtt and Huzhang in China, is a traditional and popular Chinese medicinal herb. Polygonum cuspidatum with a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects has been used for treatment of inflammation, favus, jaundice, scald, and hyperlipemia, etc. Aim of the review: The present paper reviews the traditional applications as well as advances in botany, phytochemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of this plant. Finally, the tendency and perspective for future investigation of this plant are discussed, too. Materials and methods: A systematic review of literature about Polygonum cuspidatum is carried out using resources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific databases including Pubmed, SciFinder, Scopus, the Web of Science and others. Results: Polygonum cuspidatum is widely distributed in the world and has been used as a traditional medicine for a long history in China. Over 67 compounds including quinones, stilbenes, flavonoids, counmarins and ligans have been isolated and identified from this plant. The root of this plant is used as the effective agent in pre-clinical and clinical practice for regulating lipids, anti-endotoxic shock, antiinfection and anti-inflammation, anti-cancer and other diseases in China and Japan. Conclusion: As an important traditional Chinese medicine, Polygonum cuspidatum has been used for treatment of hyperlipemia, inflammation, infection and cancer, etc. Because there is no enough systemic data about the chemical constituents and their pharmacological effects or toxicities, it is important to investigate the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of this plant based on modern realization of diseases’ pathophysiology. Drug target-guided and bioactivity-guided isolation and purification of the chemical constituents from this plant and subsequent evaluation of their pharmacologic effects will promote the development of new drug and make sure which chemical constituent or multiple ingredients contributes its pharmacological effects. Additionally, chemicals and their pharmacological effects of the other parts such as the aerial part of this plant should be exploited in order to avoid resource waste and find new chemical constituents. & 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. Traditional uses Botany Phytochemistry Pharmacology Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Traditional usages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Botany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phytochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1. Volatile compounds (essential oils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2. Quinones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3. Stilbenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 4 7 7 7 9 Abbreviations: ACAT, acyl-coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase; CCSP, Clara cell secretory protein; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; ERs, estrogen receptors; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; ip, intraperitoneal injection; iv, intravenous injection; IZ, inhibition zones; LC, liver coefficient; LDLC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAGI, transactivation in multinuclear activation of galactosidase indicator; MBC, minimal bactericidal concentration; MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration; NAG, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase; PCE, ethanol extract of Polygonum cuspidatum; po, per os; PV, parainfluenza virus; sc, subcutaneous injection; TC, total cholesterol; TC/HDLC, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; tid, ter in die; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus; VV, vaccinia virus. n Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 23 68771246. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Zhou). 0378-8741/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007 Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 2 4.4. Flavonoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.5. Coumarins and lignans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.6. Other compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. Pharmacodynamics and potential applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.1. Lipid regulating effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.2. Anti-shock effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.3. Anti-inflammatory effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.4. Hepatoprotective effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.5. Inhibition of melanogenesis effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.6. Estrogenic effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.7. Antioxidant effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.8. Anticancer effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.9. Antiviral effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.10. Antibacterial and antifungal effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.11. Other pharmacological effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.12. Summary of pharmacologic effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6. Pharmacokinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7. Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8. Future perspectives and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Acknowledgement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1. Introduction Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc., a traditional, popular Chinese medicinal herb, is widely distributed in southern China and Japan. The root of Polygonum cuspidatum has been used in treatment of inflammation, infection, jaundice, skin burns and hyperlipemia diseases, in China and Japan. Since 1977, Polygonum cuspidatum has been listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China; the root of this plant is used as the effective agent. Over 100 prescriptions containing this plant have been utilized to treat diseases (Editorial Committee of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 1977; State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999; Matsuda et al., 2001; Shi et al., 2012). Modern investigations demonstrate that has many pharmacological effects including lipid regulating effect, anti-shock effect, anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant effect, anticancer effect, hepatoprotective effect, antiviral effect, antibacterial effect, and antifungal effect, etc. (Jiangsu New Medical College, 1977; Arichi et al., 1980; Kim et al., 2005; Bralley et al., 2008; Shu et al., 2011). Now, extensive investigations related to phytochemistry have been done on the root of this plant. Currently, over 67 compounds from this plant have been isolated and identified; they are quinones, stilbenes, flavonoids, counmarins, ligans and others. At present, emodin and polydatin are used as the indicator compounds to characterize the quality of this plant in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Editorial Committee of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2010). Fig. 1. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc.(A) Whole Polygonum cuspidatum plant, and the arrow represented the stems of Polygonum cuspidatum (B) flowers and leaves (C) Materia medica of the roots of Polygonum cuspidatum. Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 3 Table 1 The traditional and clinical uses of Polygonum cuspidatum in China. Preparation name Appendicitis syrup Main compositions Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Herba Hedyotidis, Herba Taraxaci Mongolici, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei Palmati Bai Hu Shi Yin decoction Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Rhizoma Imperatae, Herba Salviae Chinensis, Herba Artemisiae Capillaris Dang Die Ling Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Rhizoma Coptidis, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Folium Pyrrosiae, Amber, Radix Astragali Mongolici, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Polyporus, Semen Plantaginis, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Pheretima Aspergillum Fu Fang Hu Zhang granule Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis Fu Fang Hu Zhang tablets Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Caulis Mahoniae, Folium Eriobotryae Japonicae Fu Fang Hu Zhang Zi Cao oil Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Sanguisorbae, Radix Lithospermi Hu Cha tincture Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Catechu, Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis, Borneolum Synthcticum Hu Yin decoction Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Herba Artemisiae Capillaris, Fructus Jujubae Hu Zhang Di Yu decoction Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Radix Sanguisorbae, Fructus Crataegi Pinnatifidae, Flos Lonicerae Hu Zhang Bi Xie decoction Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Plantaginis, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei Palmati, Radix Cyathulae, Rhzoma Atractylodis Lanceae, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Cortex Moutan Radicis, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Fructus Malvae Vertillatae, Rhizoma Alismatis, Fructus Gradeniae, Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis Chinensis Hu Zhang burn gels Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Galla Chinensis Hu Zhang Tang Shang liquid Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis, Rhizoma Coptidis, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Borneolum Synthcticum Hu Zhang Tong Fen granule Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Herba Artemisiae Capillaris, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Rhzoma Atractylodis Lanceae, Poria, Radix Cyathulae, Polyporus, Rhizoma Alismatis Hu Zhang Yu Zhuo decoction Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Folium Pyrrosiae, Rhizoma Chanxiong, Radix Angelicae Formosanae, Herba Lycopi Hirti, Radix Cyathulae Jia Wei Hu Zhang powders Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Olibanum, Herba Lysimachiae, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Herba Leonuri Japonici, Semen Vaccariae Segetalis, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Fructus Lycii, Herba Ecliptae Prostratae, Fructus Ligustri Lucidui Jin Dan tablets Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Radix Gentianae, Herba Lysimachiae, pig gal Qu Feng medical wine Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Rhizoma Chanxiong, Himalayan Teasel Root, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Radix Angelicae Biserratae, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii, Radix Aucklandiae, Radix Glycyrrhizae Re Yan Ning granule Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Herba Taraxaci Mongolici, Herba Patriniae Scabiosaefoliae, Herba Scutellariae Barbatae Sang Zhi Hu Zhang Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Ramulus Mori, Radix Caraganae decoction Sinicae, Root of Phoenix Tree, Radix Angelicae Sinensis Shao Shang Fu Kang liquid Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Radix Sanguisorbae, Rhizoma Bletillae Striatae, Caulis Lonicerae, Rhizoma Coptidis, Borneolum Synthcticum Shao Shang Ling tincture Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Borneolum Synthcticum Shu Feng Huo Luo pellets Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Semen Strychni, Herba Ephedrae Sinicae, Rhizoma Smilacis Chinae, Rumulus Ginnamomi, Fructus Chaenomelis Spceiosae, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae, Herba Taxilli Chinensis Su Dan tablets Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Radix Aucklandiae, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, Fructus Aurantii Submaturus, Radix Curcumae Wenyujin, Fructus Gradeniae, Herba Artemisiae Capillaris, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei Palmati, mirabilite Wei Xue Ning granule Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Radix Paeoniae Alba,Herba Agrimoniae, Radix Rehmanniae, Caulis Spatholobi, Herba Ecliptae, Radix Pseudostellariae Wu Wei Hu Zhang capsule Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Fructus Gradeniae, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis, Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis, Spica Prunellae Vulgaris, Fructus Ligustri Lucidui, Radix Paeoniae Rubra Traditional and clinical uses References Curing appendicitis Zhou (1985) Curing acute hepatitis Zhou (1985) Curing urinary tract infection "Zhong Yao Cheng Fang Zhi Ji" , vol. 12n Curing inflammation, piles, and proctitis Curing bronchitis Zhang et al. (2007a) Shi et al. (2012) Curing burn, inflammation and Wang and Liu (2011) infection Curing burn and infection Zhou (1985) Curing acute hepatitis Zhou (1985) Curing acute bacillary Xu (1985) dysentery Curing gout of dampness heat Ding (2012) accumulation Curing burn, inflammation, pain and infection Curing burn and infection Feng and Che (2010) Treating acute gouty arthritis Zhang et al. (2008) Treating chronic pelvic pain syndrome Chen et al. (2011) Curing prostatitis Zhou et al. (2011) Curing cholecystitis "Zhong Yao Cheng Fang Zhi Ji" , vol. 16n Curing arthralgia and myalgia "Zhong Yao Cheng Fang Zhi Ji" , vol. 2n Xiao et al. (2001) Curing inflammations or "Chinese Pharmacopoeia", vol.1nn Huang et al. (2003) bacterial infections Curing inflammation and pain Zhao et al. (2007) Curing burn and infection "Zhong Yao Cheng Fang Zhi Ji" , vol. 17n Curing burn and infection "Chinese Pharmacopoeia", vol.1nn Curing rheumatic arthritis "Zhong Yao Cheng Fang Zhi Ji" , vol. 5n Curing cholecystitis "Zhong Yao Cheng Fang Zhi Ji" , vol. 20n Curing atherosclerosis thrombocytopenia Chen and Zhang (2006); Hua and Wu (2006) Curing acute hepatitis and cirrhosis Ma (2010) Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 4 Table 1 (continued ) Preparation name Main compositions Traditional and clinical uses References Yang Yin Jiang Tang tablets Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Radix Astragali Mongolici, Radix Codonopsis, Radix Puerariae Lobatae, Fructus Lycii, Radix Scrophulariae, Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati, Radix Rehmanniae, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Cortex Moutan Radicis, Rhizoma Chanxiong, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Radix Polygoni Multiflori, Rhizoma Dryopteridis Crassirhizomatis, Cortex Cinnamomi Cassiae, Alumen, Pericarpium Punicae Granati, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Semen Astragail Complanati, Radix Ginseng, Herba Ephedrae Sinicae Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Radix Dactylicapni Scandentis, Caulis et Folium Clerodendri Bungei, Herba Hedyotidis, Spica Prunellae Vulgaris, Herba Lobeliae Chinensis, Herba Houttyniae Cordatae, Radix Gentianae, Radix Rubiae Cordifoliae, Rhizoma Imperatae Curing diabetes "Chinese Pharmacopoeia", vol.1nn Curing hepatitis B Jin and Jin (2007) Curing thanatophidia bite and hyperlipidemia "Zhong Yao Cheng Fang Zhi Ji" , vol. 19n Yi Gan Fu Zheng capsule Yun Nan She Yao n Cited from "Zhong Yao Cheng Fang Zhi Ji". Cited from "Chinese Pharmacopoeia". nn In the present review, the advancements in investigation of traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology (pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics) and toxicology of Polygonum cuspidatum are reviewed, which will be significant for the exploitation for new drug and full utilization of this plant. The possible tendency and perspective for future investigation of this plant are discussed, too. 2. Traditional usages With a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological effects, Polygonum cuspidatum has been used as a traditional medicine for a long history in China. This plant has been often used for normalizing gallbladders and to cure jaundice in the traditional systems of medicine (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999). The root of this plant is used as the effective agent after commonly processed by insolation, wine or salt (Jiangsu New Medical College, 1977; State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999) (Fig. 1C). Dating back over 1800 years according to traditional Chinese medicine records (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999), the medicine application of this plant was firstly listed in Mingyi Bielu (a famous monograph of traditional Chinese medicine written in China during the Han dynasty). In this monograph, this plant was described to be used to treat abdominal masses since it had good diuretic property (Tao, 1986; Cui, 1998). In Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu), another famous monograph of traditional Chinese medicine, this plant was described to be used for treatment of stranguria, urethritis and postpartum blood stasis (Li, 1979). In other monographs of materia medica such as Dian-nan Bencao, Rihuazi Bencao, Sichuan Zhoanyaozhi and others (Lan, 1959; State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999), this plant was also described to be used for treatment of suppuration, sore throat, toothache, ulcer, hemorrhoids, chronic bronchitis and other ailments. Currently, in China, this well-known traditional herb is used as the main composition in the forms of powders, decoctions or infusions for treatment of inflammatory diseases (including hepatitis and suppurative dermatitis) as well as favus, jaundice, skin burns, scald and hyperlipemia (Jiangsu New Medical College, 1977; State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999) (Table 1). In Japan, this plant is also popular in the traditional Japanese herbal medicine system; its root is commonly used for treatment of inflammation (Nonomura et al., 1963; Arichi et al., 1980). Polygonum cuspidatum is rich with resveratrol and polydatin (Yu et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2013). The average content of resveratrol is about 1–3 mg/g (Zhang et al., 2006; Benova et al., 2008; Liang and Zou, 2011). Therefore, this plant becomes the main resource of resveratrol, replacing grape byproducts (Hao et al., 2012). The average content of polydatin is about 3–8 mg/g. Therefore, this plant becomes the most important concentrated source of polydatin (Benova et al., 2008; Liang and Zou, 2011). Besides its therapeutic applications, Polygonum cuspidatum has been commonly used in daily food in China and Japan. The tender stem of this plant is a delicious foodstuff with a little sour taste, and the juice of roots can be used to dye rice flour (Su, 2010; Kirino et al., 2012). In India and Southeast Asia, its dry leaves are used as a kind of tobacco (Kirino et al., 2012). 3. Botany Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc [synonyms: Reynoutria japonica Houtt; Huzhang ( in Chinese), Yinyanglian ( in Chinese), Itadori-kon (in Japanese), Kojo-kon (in Japanese), Japanese knotweed and Mexican bamboo; Polygonaceae (Fig. 1)] is a large herbaceous perennial plant, and approximately 2 m high. The stems of this plant are numerous, erect, and hollow with distinct raised nodes, often with red or purple spots. The leaves are deciduous; the petioles are 1–2 cm long and papillate. The leaf blades are ovate or broadly elliptic, 5–12 4–9 cm in size, and subleathery. Both leaf surfaces are glabrous, and the leaves are papillate along the veins, with broadly cuneate bases, are rounded or truncate in form, and have entire margins. The apex is acute or shortly acuminate and is not ciliate. Inflorescences are axillary, paniculate, and approximately 3–8 cm in length; the bracts are funnel-shaped, approximately 1–2 mm in length, and oblique. Each inflorescence contains two to four flowers. The pedicels are 3–4 mm in length, slender, and articulate below the middle. The perianths are white or greenish and five-parted. The male flowers have eight stamens, which are longer than the perianth, while the female flowers have three outer, accresent tepals that are winged on the abaxial surface, three styles, and fimbriate stigmas. The fruits are black–brown, shiny, ovoid–ellipsoid, 4– 5 mm achenes with persistent perianths (Arichi et al., 1980; Editorial Board of Flora of China, 2003). This plant is native in eastern Asia such as China, Japan and Korea. It is widely cultivated in many provinces of China including Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 5 Table 2 Chemical compounds isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum. Classification nO. Chemical component Part of plant Reference Quinones 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Root Root Root Root Root, rhizome Root, rhizome Root Root Root Root Root Root Root Root, rhizome Root Tsukida and Yoneshige (1954) Tsukida and Yoneshige (1954) Kimura et al. (1983) Kimura et al. (1983) Murakami et al. (1968) Murakami et al. (1968) Tsukida and Yoneshige (1954) Kimura et al. (1983) Kimura et al. (1983) Tsukida and Yoneshige (1954) Zhang et al. (2012) Zhang et al. (2012) Kimura et al. (1983) Jin and Jin, 2007 Zhu et al. (1985) 16 Physcion Emodin Fallacinol Questin Anthraglycoside A Anthraglycoside B Chrysophanol Citreorosein Questinol Rhein Polyganin A Polyganin B 2-Methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone Cuspidatumin A 7-Acetyl-2-methoxy-6-methyl-8-hydroxyl,4-naphthoquinone Phylloquinone B Leave 17 Phylloquinone C Leave State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999 State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999 18 19 20 21 Resveratrol Polydatin Resveratrol-4′-O-glucoside Resveratrol 4-O-D-(2′-galloyl)glucopyranoside Resveratrol 4-O-D-(6′-galloyl)glucopyranoside Sodium and potassium trans-resveratrol-3O-β-D-glucopyranoside-6″-sulfate Sodium and potassium trans-resveratrol-3O-β-D-glucopyranoside-4″-sulfate Sodium and potassium trans-resveratrol-3O-β-D-glucopyranoside-2″-sulfate Sodium and potassium trans-resveratrol-3O-β-D-glucopyranoside-4′-sulfate Sodium and potassium trans-resveratrol-3O-β-D-glucopyranoside-5-sulfate Sodium and potassium cis-resveratrol-3-O-βD-glucopyranoside-6″-sulfate Sodium and potassium cis-resveratrol-3-O-βD-glucopyranoside-4″-sulfate Sodium and potassium cis-resveratrol-3-O-βD-glucopyranoside-3″-sulfate Sodium and potassium cis-resveratrol-3-O-βD-glucopyranoside-2″-sulfate Sodium and potassium cis-resveratrol-3-O-βD-glucopyranoside-5-sulfate Root Root Root Root Nonomura et al. (1963) Nonomura et al. (1963) Gamini et al. (1993) Hegde et al. (2004) Root Hegde et al. (2004) Root Xiao et al. (2000) Root Xiao et al., (2000) Root Xiao et al. (2000) Root Xiao et al. (2000) Root Xiao et al. (2000) Root Xiao et al. (2000) Root Xiao et al. (2000) Root Xiao et al. (2000) Root Xiao et al. (2000) Root Xiao et al. (2000) 33 Rutin Leave 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Quercetin Querectin-3-O-arabinoside Quercitrin Hyperoside Isoquercitrin Luteolin-7-O-glucoside Apigenin Reynoutrin Root Root Root Root Root Root Root Leave 42 43 (+)-Catechin (+)-Catechin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside Root Root State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (1999) Kuznetsova (1979) Kuznetsova (1979) Kuznetsova (1979) Kuznetsova (1979) Kuznetsova (1979) Kuznetsova (1979) Kuznetsova (1979)) State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (1999) Jayatilake et al. (1993) Xiao et al. (2002) Coumarins and lignans 44 45 46 47 Coumarin 7-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-methylcoumarin Sodium (−)-lyoniresinol-2a-sulfate Sodium (+)-isolaricireinol-2a-sulfate Root, rhizome Root Root Root Jin and Jin, 2007 Kimura et al. (1983) Xiao et al. (2002) Xiao et al. (2002) Other compounds 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Protocatechuic acid 2,5-Dimethyl-7-hydroxy chromone Torachrysone-8-O-d-glucoside 5,7-Dihydroxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone Ambrettolide β-Sitosterol Oleanolic acid Gallic acid Tryptophan Root Root Root Root Root, rhizome Root, rhizome Root, rhizome Root Root Kimura et al. (1983) Kimura et al. (1983) Kimura et al. (1983) Liu et al. (2003) Jin and Jin (2007 Jin and Jin (2007 Jin and Jin (2007 Xiao et al. (2002) Xiao et al. (2002) Stilbenes 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Flavonoids Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 6 Table 2 (continued ) Classification nO. Chemical component Part of plant Reference 57 58 Root Root Xiao et al. (2002) Xiao et al. (2002) Root Root Xiao et al. (2002) Xiao et al. (2002) Root Xiao et al. (2002) 62 63 2,6-Dihydroxy-bezoic acid 1-(3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethanone Tachioside 1-(3′,5′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(4″hydroxyphenyl)-ethane-1,2-diol. Sodium 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester-4-sulfate Isotachioside Citric acid Root Stem, leave 64 Tartaric acid Stem, leave 65 Hydroxysuccinic acid Stem, leave 66 67 Chlorogenic acid Polyflavanostilbene A Root Rhizome Xiao et al. (2003) State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (1999) State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (1999) State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (1999) Lin et al., (2010) Li et al. (2013) 59 60 61 Fig. 2. Chemical structures of quinones. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, etc., and other countries such as Japan, Korea, Russia and North America. It is propagated by seeds and root during March to April, and its root is harvested in the next spring or autumn and sun dried. Polygonum cuspidatum flowers from June to September, and sets fruit from July to October (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999). As widely used as traditional Chinese medicines, there are some adulterants of this plant, such as roots of Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. (Papaveraceae), Sanguisorba offinalis L. (Rosaceae), Rumex obtusifolius L. (Polygonaceae), Rumex japonicus Houtt. (Polygonaceae), and Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae), etc. Till now, several methods have been developed to identify and distinguish them; these methods are experiential identification, Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 7 Fig. 3. Chemical structures of stilbenes. indicator compounds to characterize the quality of this plant with a minimum contents of 0.6% and 0.15%, respectively, in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Editorial Committee of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2010). 4. Phytochemistry Since the early 1950s, a lot of chemical compounds have been isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum in China, Japan, Korean and other countries. Most investigations just focused on the chemical constituents of the roots of this plant because the root has traditionally been used in herbal medicine. In this part, we describe the main chemical constituents of this plant, their structures and their isolation parts of this plant (Table 2) (Figs. 2–6). 4.1. Volatile compounds (essential oils) Fig. 4. Chemical structures of flavonoids. morphological identification, differential thermal analysis, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, TLC method, HPLC method and the ITS2 sequence of rDNA, etc. (Li et al., 1995; Zhuang et al., 2004; Sun et al., 2008; Zhang and Peng, 2011; Li et al., 2012). Among these methods mentioned above, HPLC method is regarded as the most suitable method to evaluate the quality and authenticity of Polygonum cuspidatum (Editorial Committee of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2010). Although there are many main constituents including emodin, polydatin, resveratrol, physcion, and anthraglycoside B, etc. (Zhang et al., 2007b; Zhang and Peng, 2011), emodin and polydatin are used as the Limited work had been performed on the volatile components of Polygonum cuspidatum. In one study, the essential oils in the leaves of Polygonum cuspidatum were isolated by steam distillation and solvent extraction, and then analyzed by GC/MS, 18 peaks were identified (Kim et al., 2005). Among these peaks, the major volatile compounds were 2-hexenal (73.36%), 3-hexen-1-ol (6.97%), n-hexanal (2.81%), 1-penten-3-ol (2.55%), 2-penten-1-ol (2.21%), and ethy vinyl ketone (1.13%). 4.2. Quinones Since the first study of Polygonum cuspidatum in the 1950s, quinones and their derivatives have been isolated and identified. Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i 8 W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ Fig. 5. Chemical structures of coumarins and lignans. Fig. 6. Chemical structures of other compounds. These structurally unique quinones are classified into anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, and phylloquinones (Tsukida and Yoneshige, 1954; Nonomura et al., 1963; Murakami et al., 1968; Kimura et al., 1983; Zhu et al., 1985; Jin and Jin, 2007; Zhang et al., 2012). Most of them belong to anthraquinones. The predominant anthraquinone is emodin-type anthraquinone including physcion (1), emodin (2), fallacinol (3), questin (4), anthraglycoside A–B (5–6), chrysophanol (7), citreorosein (8), questinol (9), rhein (10), anthraquinones polyganin A (11) and B (12) (Fig. 2). Three naphthoquinones, 2-methoxy-6-acetyl7-methyljuglone (13), cuspidatumin A (14) and 7-acetyl-2methoxy-6-methyl-8-hydroxyl-, 4-naphthoquinone (15) were isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum. What is more, Phylloquinone B (16) and C (17) were also isolated from the leaves of Polygonum cuspidatum (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999). Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 4.3. Stilbenes Plant stilbenes produced via the general phenylpropanoid pathway are discovered in only a few higher degrees of plant species (Chong et al., 2009). Stilbenes are other characteristic components of this plant. Resveratrol (18) and polydatin (19) were isolated and identified from this plant in 1963 (Nonomura et al., 1963). Two stilbenes, identified as resveratrol 4-O-D-(2′-galloyl)glucopyranoside (21) and resveratrol 4-O-D-(6′-galloyl)-glucopyranoside (22), were isolated from a 70% aqueous methanolic extract of the plant (Hegde et al., 2004). In addition, 10 additional stilbenoid sulfates were subsequently isolated from an aqueous acetone extract of the plant (Xiao et al. 2000), including sodium and potassium trans-resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-6″ -sulfate (23), sodium and potassium trans-resveratrol-3-O-β-Dglucopyranoside-4″-sulfate (24), sodium and potassium transresveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-2″-sulfate (25), sodium and potassium trans-resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-4′-sulfate (26), sodium and potassium trans-resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-5-sulfate (27), sodium and potassium cis-resveratrol-3O-β-D-glucopyranoside-6″-sulfate (28), sodium and potassium cis-resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-4″-sulfate (29), sodium and potassium cis-resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-3″-sulfate (30), sodium and potassium cis-resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-2″-sulfate (31), sodium and potassium cis-resveratrol-3-O-βD-glucopyranoside-5-sulfate (32) (Fig. 3). 4.4. Flavonoids Flavonols existing in numerous plants were detected in the roots and leaves of Polygonum cuspidatum. These flavonols included quercetin (34), quercetin derivatives or glycosides (35–41), catechin (42) and its glycoside (43), and rutin (33) (Kuznetsova, 1979; Jayatilake et al., 1993; State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999; Xiao et al., 2002) (Fig. 4). 4.5. Coumarins and lignans So far, two coumarins and two lignans were isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum. In 1983, 7-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-methylcoumarin (45) was isolated from acetone extracts of Polygonum cuspidatum (Kimura et al., 1983). Later, another coumarins compound named as coumarin (44) was isolated from this plant (Jin and Jin, 2007). Additionally, two lignan sulfates were isolated from an aqueous extract of this plant, including sodium (−)-lyoniresinol-2a-sulfate (46) and sodium (+)-isolaricireinol-2a-sulfate (47) (Xiao et al., 2002) (Fig. 5). 4.6. Other compounds An identified compound, 2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxy chromone (49), along with two known compounds [protocatechuic acid (48) and torachrysone-8-O-d-glucoside (50)], were isolated from this plant (Kimura et al., 1983). Gallic acid (55), tryptophan (56), 2,6-dihydroxy-bezoic acid (57), 1-(3-O-β- D -glucopyranosyl-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanon (58), tachioside (59), 1-(3′,5′-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(4″-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane1,2-diol (60), and sodium 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester-4-sulfate (61) were also isolated from an aqueous extract of this plant (Xiao et al., 2002). 5,7-dihydroxy1(3H)-isobenzofuranon (51) (Liu et al., 2003) and isotachioside (62) (Xiao et al., 2003) were isolated from this plant. Furthermore, ambrettolide (52), β-sitosterol (53) and oleanolic acid (54) were isolated (Jin and Jin, 2007). Additionally, citric acid (63), tartaric acid (64), hydroxysuccinic acid (65) (State 9 Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999), and chlorogenic acid (66) were isolated from the roots, stems and leaves of this plant (Lin et al., 2010a, 2010b) (Fig. 6). Recently, a new flavanol-fused stilbene glycoside [polyflavanostilbene A (67)], possessing a novel rearranged flavanol skeleton fused stilbene, was isolated from the rhizome of this plant (Li et al., 2013). 5. Pharmacodynamics and potential applications 5.1. Lipid regulating effect The lipid regulating effect of stilbene compounds including resveratrol and polydatin from Polygonum cuspidatum were investigated in rats and mice models in 1980 (Arichi et al., 1980). Polydatin (1.71 mmol/L) inhibited the vasoconstriction induced by norepinephrine in a noncompetitive manner in rabbits (Luo et al., 1992). If polydatin (100 mg/kg) was intragastricly administered to rats fed with a corn oil–cholesterol–cholic acid mixture, the triglyceride level was reduced by 40% compared with the control group (Arichi et al., 1980). Additionally, polydatin prevented platelet deformation and inhibited the platelet release reaction of rabbits in a dose-dependent manner (6.7, 26.8, and 107.2 μmol/L) (Liu et al., 1998). Moreover, in a highfat/cholesterol rabbit model (Syrian golden hamster or Japanese giant ear rabbit), polydatin (25–100 mg/kg/day, po, for 15–21 days) obviously decreased the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC); the ratio of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/ HDLC) and the liver coefficient (LC) were reduced, too (Du et al., 2009; Xing et al., 2009). If resveratrol (50 mg/kg) was intragastricly administered to mice, lipogenesis from 14C-palmitate in the livers of the mice was reduced to 47% of control levels (Arichi et al., 1980). In vitro, the water extract of Polygonum cuspidatum on acyl-coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) effect were investigated using isolated rat microsomes as an enzyme source. This result showed the water extract significantly inhibited ACAT activity in a dose-dependent manner, and 40 μg/mL of this extract could significantly inhibit ACAT activity by 50% compared with the control group. Meanwhile, resveratrol also could decrease ACAT activity in a dose-dependent manner (10−7–10−3 mol/L) (Park et al., 2004). 5.2. Anti-shock effect In vitro, polydatin (0.5%) decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) in the supernatant of macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS/ endotoxin) (Zhang et al., 1995a, 1997; Wu and Huang, 1996). In vivo, polydatin, at a minimal concentration of 1 mg/kg, was found to treat endotoxic shock in rats challenged with LPS (Zhang et al., 1995a, 1995b, 1997; Wu and Huang, 1996; Jin et al., 1997; Shu et al., 2004). It significantly decreased multiple organ injury of endotoxic shock rats when administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg/ time (iv, for two times) (Zhang et al., 1995b). After investigation the effect of polydatin on activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in the lung of endotoxic shock rats, polydatin (1 mg/kg, ip) was found to have prophylactic and therapeutic effects on acutely injured lung (the former was more distinct than the latter), suggesting polydatin might be a PLA2 inhibitor (Shu et al., 2004). Furthermore, polydatin (1, 5, 10, and 30 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited the decrease of Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) mRNA and protein expressions in lung of rats challenged with LPS Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i 10 W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ (Shu et al., 2011), which might be one of important mechanism of polydatin to decrease LPS-induced lung injury. 5.3. Anti-inflammatory effect Pretreatment with extracts of Polygonum cuspidatum could inhibit LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression (at doses of 10, 30, and 60 μg/mL) and NO production (IC50 was 25.2 73.2 μg/mL). The extracts (20 and 60 μmol/L) in combination with NOS inhibitor significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) mRNA expression (Kim et al., 2007). The inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Polygonum cuspidatum (PCE) on ear inflammation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was investigated in mice. The results showed PCE significantly reduced the ear edema in a dosedependent manner (0.075, 0.15, 0.3, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/ear). 0.15, 0.3, 1.25, or 2.5 mg/ear of PCE was as effective as 0.5 mg/ear of indomethacin, and 2.5 mg/ear of PCE displayed the outstanding inhibitory rate of 80%. Additionally, pretreatment of 2.5 mg/kg PCE could significantly decrease the myeloperoxidase activity in 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-treated mice, suggesting PCE could inhibit edema and neutrophil infiltration of mice ears (Bralley et al., 2008). After treatment with the extract of Polygonum cuspidatum (containing 20% resveratrol) at a dose of 200 mg/day for 6 weeks, the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and C-reactive protein and activation of their regulator NF-κB significant decreased (Ghanim et al., 2010). In complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced adjuvant arthritis model, 200 mg/kg of ethyl acetate extract of Polygonum cuspidatum (EAPC) significantly suppressed FCA-induced joint swelling within 3 days, and EAPC also effectively inhibited positive responses of C-reactive protein and rheumatoid factor compared to untreated control (Han et al., 2011). 5.4. Hepatoprotective effect The results from morphological examination of rats subjected to liver ischemic injury showed that water extracts of Polygonum cuspidatum (400 mg/rat/day, po., for 7 days) improved microcirculation of injured liver tissue and inhibited the adhesion of white blood cells, blood plaque, and liver endothelial cell. Therefore, this plant was considered to promote hepatocyte regeneration and restored liver function (Hong et al., 2000). In addition, the water extract of this plant (400 mg/rat/day, p.o. for 7 days) could protect liver function in rats suffering from hepatic portal blockage (Gao et al., 1998). Additionally, polydatin could protect hepatocytes from oxidative injury induced by H2O2, too (Mo and Shao, 2000). Recently, polydatin (50, 100 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 5 days) was found to play the significant hepatoprotective effect on acute liver injury in mice induced by CCl4, and the mechanisms might be related to its antioxidant stress and anti-inflammatory effects (Zhang et al., 2012). 5.5. Inhibition of melanogenesis effect Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in the metabolism of melanin in melanocytes. Therefore, inhibitor of the enzyme was important for hyperpigmentation treatment (Kubo et al., 1995; Li et al., 2004). In a study in 2008, four anthraqunones (physcion, emodin, citreorosein and anthraglycoside B) and two stilbenes (resveratrol and polydatin) were isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum, and then the antityrosinase effects of these compounds were evaluated. An amount of 10 μmol/L of anthraquinones had the best inhibitory effect against tyrosinase with physcion (approximately 70%), but stilbenes did not (Leu et al., 2008). However, another experiment found polydatin (10, 20, and 50 μg/mL) inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin production of melanocytes in a dosedependent manner; the inhibition rates were 20, 60, and 70%, respectively. To explore the effects of polydatin on melanogenesis, polydatin (20 and 50 μg/mL) on several key cellular enzymes and transcriptional factors related to melanogenesis were investigated, the results suggested polydatin might be used as a safe and new skin-lightening agent (Jeong et al., 2010). 5.6. Estrogenic effect Through bioassay-guided separation and analysis of estrogenic activity, emodin and emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the methanol extract of Polygonum cuspidatum, and the results showed emodin and emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside could enhance proliferation of MCF-7 cell, an estrogen-sensitive cell line; the emodin inhibited 17 β-estradiol to bind to human estrogen receptors (ERs) with Ki values of 0.77 and 1.5 μM for ERα and ERβ, respectively (Matsuda et al., 2001). Furthermore, the estrogenic activity of Polygonum cuspidatum and its fractions were investigated by a recombinant yeast screening assay; the results showed the ethyl acetate fractions (Hzs1 and Hzs6) of ethyl acetate extracts of this plant exhibited strong estrogenic activity (EC50 were 10−4 and 10−3 g/L, respectively). HPLC analysis for the active components suggested that there was no unknown bioactive compound existed in the extraction (Zhang et al., 2006). 5.7. Antioxidant effect Polydatin (3.2, 6.4, 12.8, and 25.6 μmol/L) inhibited the early stage (1–6 min) of the respiratory burst of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, polydatin had a strong ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals [IC50 were 14.6, 29.6, and 13.0 μmol/L for superoxide radicals (O2−), hydroxyl radicals (OH−), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), respectively] (Jin et al., 1993). After rats were treated with polydatin, the water and malondialdehyde contents of brain decreased; the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus increased; the optimal dose of polydatin to reduce free radicals was 12 mg/kg (i.v.) (Leung and Mo, 1996). In addition, the extract of this plant exhibited good scavenging activity against DPPH radicals; 100 μg/mL of this extract possessed the most significantly scavenging activity over 90% (Meng and Hang, 2000; Pan et al., 2007; Lin et al., 2010a). What is more, 200 mg/day of Polygonum cuspidatum extract (containing 20% resveratrol) could significantly reduce the reactive oxygen species generation of mononuclear cells (Ghanim et al., 2010). 5.8. Anticancer effect The compounds and extracts of Polygonum cuspidatum also possessed anticancer/antitumor effect. The main effective substances were thought to be resveratrol and emodin (Zhou et al., 1989; Tseng et al., 2004; Feng et al., 2006). The water extracts of this plant (20 g/kg/day, crude herb medicine equivalent, 10 days) inhibited the growth of Ehrlich's carcinoma and prolonged the life span of tumor-bearing Kunming mice (Zhou et al.1989). The ethanol extract of this plant (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg/mL) exhibited an antiproliferative effect against human lung cancer cells of A549 and H1650 cells in a dosedependent manner (Lin et al., 2010a). Resveratrol (2.5 and 10 mg/kg, ip., for 5 days) significantly reduced Lewis lung tumor volume (42%) and tumor weight (44%), and prevented tumor growth and metastasis in lungs (56%) by inhibiting DNA synthesis of tumor cells, as well as Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 11 Table 3 Pharmacological effects of Polygonum cuspidatum. Pharmacological effects Detail Extracts/compounds Minimal active concentration/dose In vitro/in vivo Reference Lipid regulating effect Inhibits the vasoconstrictive effect Polydatin 1.71 mmol/L In vitro Luo et al. (1992) Reduce triglyceride level Reduce lipogenesis of rats Inhibit the activity of ACAT Resveratrol Polydatin Water extracts/ resveratrol Polydatin 100 mg/kg, po 50 mg/kg, po 40 μg/ml/10−7 mol/L In vivo In vivo In vitro Arichi et al., (1980) Arichi et al., (1980) Park et al., (2004) In vivo Du et al. (2009), Xing et al. (2009) Liu et al. (1998) Anti-shock activity Antiinflammatory activity Hepatoprotective activity Inhibition of melanogenesis effect Estrogenic activity Antioxidant activity Decreases levels of TC, triglyceride, LDLC, TC/ HDLC, and LC Prevents platelet deformation, and inhibits the platelet release reaction Anti-endotoxic shock Polydatin 25–100 mg/kg/day, po, 15–21 days, 6.7 μmol/L Polydatin 1 mg/kg In vivo Protect against multiple organ injury Polydatin In vivo Prophylactic and therapeutic effects on acute lung injure Decreases levels of TNF and NAG Polydatin 10 mg/kg/time, iv, for 2 times 1 mg/kg, ip Zhang et al., (1995a, 1995b), (1997), Wu and Huang (1996); Jin et al. (1997); Shu et al. (2004), (2011) Zhang et al. (1995b) In vivo Shu et al. (2004) Polydatin 0.5% In vitro Inhibits iNOS, NO production, and COX-2 Water extracts In vitro Reduced ear edema induced by TPA Ethanol extracts 10 μg/mL iNOS; IC50 of NO production was 25.2 73.2 μg/mL; 20 mol/L for COX-2 0.075 mg/ear Zhang et al. (1995a), Wu and Huang (1996), Zhang et al. (1997) Kim et al. (2007) In vivo Bralley et al. (2008) Reduces myeloperoxidase activity Reduce TNF-α and IL-6 expression Ethanol extracts Extracts (containing 20% resveratrol) Ethyl-acetate extracts 2.5 mg/ear In vivo 200 mg/day, for 6weeks In vivo Bralley et al. (2008) Ghanim et al. (2010) 200 mg/kg, po In vivo Han et al. (2011) Water extracts In vivo Hong et al. (2000) In vivo Gao et al. (1998) Polydatin 400 mg/rat/day, po, for 7 days 400 mg/rat/day, po, for 7 days 0.05 mmol/L In vitro Mo and Shao (2000) Polydatin 50 mg/kg In vivo Zhang et al. (2012) Physcion 10 μmol/L In vitro Leu et al. (2008) 10 μmol/L 10 μmol/L 10 μmol/L 20 μg/mL 1 μmol/L 1 μmol/L In In In In In In Leu et al. (2008) Leu et al. (2008) Leu et al. (2008) Jeong et al. (2010) Matsuda et al. (2001) Matsuda et al. (2001) EC50 ¼ 10−4 g/L and 10−3 g/L In vitro Zhang et al., (2006) 3.2 μmol/L In vitro Jin et al. (1993) In vitro Jin et al. (1993) Polydatin IC50 ¼14.6, 29.6, and 13.0 μmol/L for O2−, OH−, and H2O2. 12 mg/kg, iv In vivo Leung and Mo (1996) Ethanol extracts 0.2 mg/mL In vitro Extract (containing 20% resveratrol) Water extracts 200 mg/day, for 6 weeks In vivo Meng and Hang (2000), Pan et al. (2007), Lin et al. (2010a) Ghanim et al. (2010) Inhibit the swelling inflammatory response induced by serotonin Protective effect on liver ischemic injury in rats Protect liver function in rats suffering from hepatic portal blockage Protect hepatocytes from oxidative injury induced by H2O2 in mice Protective effects against CCl4-induced liver injury in mice Inhibit melanogenesis Emodin, Citreorosein, Anthraglycoside B Polydatin Enhanced MCF-7 proliferation Emodin Emodin-8-O-β-D – glucopyranoside Estrogenic activity Subfractions of ethyl acetate extracts (Hzs 1 and Hzs 6) Inhibit the early stage of the respiratory burst of Polydatin polymorphonuclear leucocytes and scavenges oxygen free radicals Scavenging superoxide radicals Polydatin Decrease the content of brain water and malondialdehyde; increase the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus Scavenging activity against DPPH radicals Anticancer activity Water extracts Reduce reactive oxygen species generation by mononuclear cells Inhibit the growth of Ehrlich's carcinoma and prolong the life span of tumor-bearing mice Reduce Lewis lung tumor volume and weight in Resveratrol mice, and prevent tumor growth and metastasis Aantitumor effects on s.c. gliomas Resveratrol In vitro vitro vitro vitro vitro vitro vitro 20 g/kg/day, crude herb In vivo medicine equivalent, for 10 days 2.5 mg/kg, ip, for 5 days In vivo Zhou et al. (1989) 40 mg/kg, ip, over a period of 150 days Tseng et al. (2004) In vivo Kimura and Okuda (2001) Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 12 Table 3 (continued ) Pharmacological effects Antiviral activity Detail Extracts/compounds Minimal active concentration/dose In vitro/in vivo Reference Cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 and adriamycinresistant MCF-7 cells Anti-lung cancer Anti-uveal melanoma tumors Resveratrol In vitro Feng et al. (2006) Ethanol extracts Resveratrol In vitro In vivo Lin et al. (2010a) van Ginkel et al., (2008) Anti-human neuroblastomas Anti-human neuroblastomas Resveratrol Resveratrol In vivo In vivo Van Ginkel et al. (2008) Van Ginkel et al., (2007) Anti-ovarian cancer Resveratrol In vivo Guo et al. (2010) Anti-lymph cancer Anti-atypical teratoid tumors Anti-hepatic cancer Resveratrol Resveratrol Resveratrol IC50 ¼58.4 and 56.7 μg/ ml 0.2 mg/mL 20 mg/tumor/times, peritumor injection, three times 5 mg/tumor/times, 5 mg/tumor/times, peritumor injection, 5 times 50 mg/kg/week, ip, once a week for 4 weeks 100 μmol/L 150 μmol/L 12.5 μmol/L In vitro In vitro In vitro Anti-glioma cells Anti-human chronic myelocytic leukemia K562 cells Anti-human prostate cancer cells Anti-HIV using AIDS-infected murine model Emodin Emodin 100 μmol/L 25 μmol/L In vitro In vitro Yan et al. (2010) Kao et al. (2009) Hsu et al. (2010), Liao et al., (2010), Siddiqui et al. (2010), Xu et al. (2010) Kuo et al. (2009) Chun-Guang et al. (2010) Emodin Water extract 10 μmol/L 50 mg/mouse/day, po, for 4 weeks 10 μmol/L In vitro In vivo Yu et al. (2008) Jiang et al. (1998) In vitro Zhang et al. (2009) Attenuate Tat-induced HIV-1 transactivation in MAGI cells Anti- HIV-1 Anti- HIV-1 Anti- HIV-1 Anti- HIV-1 Activities against VSV, HSV-1 and 2, PV, and VV Anti-HSV-1 Antibacterial and antifungal activities Resveratrol Resveratrol 5,7Dimethoxyphthalide Catechin Emodin-8-O-β-Dglucopyranoside Hypericin EC50 ¼ 4.37 7 1.96 μg/mL In vitro 19.97 7 5.09 μg/mL In vitro Lin et al., (2010b) Lin et al., (2010b) 14.4 71.34 μg/mL 11.297 6.26 μg/mL In vitro In vitro Lin et al. (2010b) Lin et al. (2010b) 1 μg/mL In vitro Andersen et al. (1991) Emodin 4 mg/mL, once a day applied on the skin, for 7 days 10 μg/mL 13.8 μmol/L 1 g/mL, crude herb medicine equivalent; IZ ¼1.122 cm MIC¼ 312.5 μg/mL 1 g/mL, crude herb medicine equivalent; IZ ¼1.113 cm 1 g/mL, crude herb medicine equivalent; IZ ¼0.903 cm 1 g/mL, crude herb medicine equivalent; IZ ¼0.800 cm MIC¼ 0.5–4 mg/mL In vivo Wang et al. (2003) In vitro In vitro In vitro Chang et al. (2005) Yiu et al. (2010) Wang et al. (2006) In vitro In vitro Shan et al. (2008) Wang et al. (2006) In vitro Wang et al. (2006) In vitro Wang et al. (2006) In vitro Song et al. (2006), (2007) MIC¼ 0.25 mg/mL MIC¼ 0.125 mg/mL MIC¼ 0.5 mg/mL MIC¼ 0.5 mg/mL MIC¼ 1 mg/mL MIC¼ 0.5 mg/mL MIC¼ 1 mg/mL MIC¼ 0.5 mg/mL 10% (v/v) In In In In In In In In In Ban et al. 2010 Ban et al. (2010) Ban et al. (2010) Ban et al. (2010) Ban et al. (2010) Ban et al. (2010) Ban et al. 2010 Ban et al. (2010) Kim et al. (2005) MIC¼ 312.5 μg/mL MIC¼ 312.5 μg/mL 1 g/mL, crude herb medicine equivalent; IZ ¼1.112 cm 1 g/mL, crude herb medicine equivalent; IZ ¼1.127 cm 1 g/mL, crude herb medicine equivalent; IZ ¼0.929 cm 10% (v/v) In vitro In vitro In vitro Shan et al. (2008) Shan et al. (2008) Wang et al. (2006) In vitro Wang et al. (2006) In vitro Wang et al. 2006 In vitro Kim et al. (2005) In vitro Zhang et al. (2000) HBV EBV Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Ethanol extracts Resveratrol Water extracts Anti-Staphylococcus albus Crude extract Water extracts Anti-alpha Streptococcus Water extracts Anti-beta Streptococcus Water extracts Anti-Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus Anti-Streptococcus cricetus KCTC 3292 Anti-Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3298 Anti-Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3300 Anti-Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3306 Anti-Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3289 Anti-Streptococcus sobrinus KCTC 3307 Anti-Streptococcus sobrinus KCTC 3308 Anti-Streptococcus sobrinus KCTC 3288 Anti-Bacillus cereus Methanol extracts Anti-Listeria monocytogenes Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa Methanol extract Methanol extract Methanol extract Methanol extract Methanol extract Methanol extract Methanol extract Methanol extract Volatile-substances from leaves Crude extract Crude extract Water extracts Anti-Escherichia coli Water extracts Anti-Bacterium typhosum Water extracts Anti-Vibrio parahaemolyticus Volatile substances from leaves Water extracts vitro vitro vitro vitro vitro vitro vitro vitro vitro Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 13 Table 3 (continued ) Pharmacological effects Detail Extracts/compounds Antifungal activity (Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Candida albican) Others Resveratrol 4-O – Inhibitive activities on the bacterial DNA primase enzyme D-(2′-galloyl)- Wound healing activity glucopyranoside Resveratrol 4-O – D-(6′-galloyl)glucopyranoside Ethanol extract Protect dopaminergic neurons in rats with Parkinson's disease Analgesic effect by using hot plate and tail-flicking tests Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase Minimal active concentration/dose In vitro/in vivo Reference MICs were 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/mL, respectively, crude herb medicine equivalent IC50 ¼4 μmol/L In vitro Hegde et al. (2004) IC50 ¼5 μmol/L In vitro Hegde et al. (2004) Ethyl acetate extracts 10% (w/w), applied on In vivo the skin, once a day, for 7 days 20 mg/kg/day, po, for 14 In vivo day 200 mg/kg, po In vivo Polyflavano-stilbene A IC50 ¼17.7 μmol/L Resveratrol tumor-induced neovascularization in mice bearing highly metastatic Lewis lung tumors (Kimura and Okuda, 2001). In another experiment of rats with the s.c or intracerebral gliomas, resveratrol (40 mg/kg/day, ip, over a period of 150 days) possessed significantly antitumor effects such as slower tumor growth rate, longer animal survival time and higher animal survival rate. The mechanisms were thought to be related to its cytotoxic effect, increased apoptosis and inhibited angiogenesis (Tseng et al., 2004). Resveratrol also played its cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 cells and adriamycin-resistant MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 58.4 and 56.7 μg/mL, respectively (Feng et al., 2006). Resveratrol also exhibited anticancer effects against ovarian cancer (Guo et al., 2010), lymph cancer (Yan et al., 2010), atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (Kao et al., 2009), hepatic cancer (Hsu et al., 2010; Liao et al., 2010; Siddiqui et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2010), uveal melanoma tumors and human neuroblastomas (van Ginkel et al., 2007, 2008), etc. Emodin also exhibited cytotoxic effects against glioma cells (Kuo et al., 2009), human chronic myelocytic leukemia K562 cells (Chun-Guang et al., 2010) and human prostate cancer cell LNCaP (Yu et al., 2008). 5.9. Antiviral effect Several studies demonstrated that the extracts or active compounds isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum were somewhat beneficial for therapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Jiang et al., 1994, 1998; James, 2006; Zhang et al., 2009; Lin et al., 2010b). The water extract (50 mg/mouse/day, po, for 4 weeks) had an antiviral effect in an HIV-infected murine model (Jiang et al., 1998). Resveratrol pretreatment dose-dependently increased intracellular NAD+ level and Sirtuins 1 protein expression after Tat plasmid transfection, and attenuated Tat-induced HIV-1 transactivation in MAGI cells, suggesting resveratrol was considered as a potential candidate for novel anti-HIV therapeutics (Zhang et al., 2009). 5,7-dimethoxyphthalide, catechin and emodin 8-O-β-Dglucopyranoside and resveratrol exhibited fairly strong antiviral effect against HIV-1; EC50 values were 19.977 5.09, 14.4 71.34, 11.29 76.26, and 4.37 71.96 μg/mL, respectively (Lin et al., 2010b). Additionally, the extract and resveratrol isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum were employed against hepatitis B virus (HBV) (Chang et al., 2005) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) (Yiu et al., 2010). Less than 1 μg/mL of hypericin and emodin were possible potential candidates of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), types 1 and 2 herpes In vitro Wu et al. (2012) Wang et al. (2011) Han et al. (2011) Li et al. (2013) simplex virus (HSV), parainfluenza virus (PV) and vaccinia virus (VV) after determined by a direct pre-infection incubation assay (Andersen et al., 1991; Wang et al., 2003). 5.10. Antibacterial and antifungal effects Antibacterial effect, an important effect of Polygonum cuspidatum, had been comprehensively investigated. The water extract of this plant (1 g/mL, crude herb medicine equivalent) possessed a broad range of antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacterium typhosum, alpha Streptococcus and beta Streptococcus; the inhibition zones were 1.122, 1.113, 1.112, 1.127, 0.903, 0.800, and 0.929 cm, respectively (Wang et al., 2006). The methanol extracts also possessed antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.5–4 mg/mL], suggesting methanol extract might be useful for controlling dental plaque formation and the subsequent formation of dental caries (Song et al., 2006, 2007). Additionally, the crude extract of this plant exhibited antibacterial effect against three of the five common foodborne bacteria including Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC were 312.5, 156.3, and 312.5 μg/mL, respectively; minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 625, 312.2, and 1250 μg/mL, respectively), but the MIC and MBC values against Escherichia coli and Salmonella anatum were more than 2500 μg/mL. The major antibacterial compounds were identified as stilbenes (polydatin, resveratroloside and resveratrol) and hydroxyanthraquinones (emodin, emodin-1-O-glucoside, and physcion) by LCESI-MS (Shan et al., 2008). In 2010, the antibacterial effects of the methanol extract and its subsequent fractions of this plant were evaluated on the development of dental caries. The results showed the ethyl acetate fraction, composed of polydatin, resveratrol, anthraglycoside B and emodin, had a significant antibacterial effect against Streptococcus cricetus KCTC 3292, Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3298, Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3300, Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3306, Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3289, Streptococcus sobrinus KCTC 3307, Streptococcus sobrinus KCTC 3308 and Streptococcus sobrinus KCTC 3288 (MIC were 0.25, 0.125, 0.5, 0.5, 1, 0.5, 1, and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively; MBC were 0.5, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, and 2 mg/mL, respectively). This fraction also exhibited significant inhibition on glycolytic acid production and glucosyltransferase effect in Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus (Ban et al., 2010). The addition of 10% (v/v) of the volatile substances Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i 14 W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ extracted from the leaves of this plant could completely inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus for 72 h (Kim et al., 2005). Additionally, the extracts of this plant was also found to exhibit antifungal effect against four fungus such as Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum, Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Candida albican (MICs were 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL, respectively, crude herb medicine equivalent) (Zhang et al., 2000). What is more, resveratrol 4-O-D-(2′-galloyl)-glucopyranoside and resveratrol 4-O-D-(6′-galloyl)-glucopyranoside were identified as two bacterial DNA primase inhibitors (IC50 were 4 and 5 μmol/L, respectively) (Hegde et al., 2004). 5.11. Other pharmacological effects The effect of Polygonum cuspidatum extract on wound healing was investigated on the backs of model rats, the results showed the extract at a concentration of 10% possessed wound healing effect; the average times of decrustation and healing time were 7.05 71.23 and 15.10 72.37 days, respectively (Wu et al., 2012). Additionally, 200 mg/kg of the ethylacetate fraction had a significant analgesic effect determined by hot plate and tail-flicking tests, suggesting the extract might be used for rheumatoid arthritis (Han et al., 2011). Importantly, resveratrol (20 mg/kg/day 14 day, p.o.) could protect dopaminergic neurons in rats with Parkinson's disease for its radical scavenging ability and antioxidant properties (Wang et al., 2011). Recently, a flavanol-fused stilbene glycoside isolated from this plant, named as polyflavanostilbene A, showed strong inhibition on α-glucosidase (IC50 was 17.7 μmol/L) (Li et al., 2013). 5.12. Summary of pharmacologic effects Polygonum cuspidatum has a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects including lipid regulating effect, anti-shock effect, antiinflammatory effect, antioxidant effect, anticancer effect, hepatoprotective effect, antiviral effect, and antibacterial and antifungal effects, etc (Table 3). From these pharmacological effects, we can come to the indication of the extracts and the compounds from this plant should have a hopeful future for prevention or treatment of diseases (especially hyperlipemia disease, inflammation/ infection, and cancer). However, there is no enough systemic data of these chemical compounds and their pharmacological effects. Therefore, it is necessary and important to investigate the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of these chemical compounds based on modern realization of diseases’ pathophysiology in the future. In addition, isolation and purification of the chemical constituents from this plant under the guide of target or bioactivities and subsequent evaluation of their pharmacologic effects will promote the development of new drug and make sure which chemical constituent or multiple ingredients contributes its pharmacological effects. 6. Pharmacokinetics In one pharmacokinetics experiment of rats accepted Polygonum cuspidatum extract, after the tissues were extracted with methanol and the urinary and biliary samples were cleaned using solid-phase extraction, the metabolites were identified by LC/MS/ MS. Resveratrol, one of the main components of Polygonum cuspidatum, was found to be mainly distributed in the stomach, duodenum, liver and kidney, along with detectable metabolites including resveratrol monoglucuronide and resveratrol monosulfate; the majority of the resveratrol was excreted as a metabolite (Wang et al., 2008). In another pharmacokinetics experiment of rats, emodin, another active compound of this plant, was investigated using a rapid, sensitive and selective HPLC method. The results showed emodin could be absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream and distributed quickly into the liver (Peng et al., 2008). The recent results showed the sulfates/glucuronides of resveratrol and emodin were the major forms, determined by HPLC method, in circulation and organs after oral administration of Polygonum cuspidatum (Lin et al., 2012). 7. Toxicology Polygonum cuspidatum has been used for hundreds of years as an important traditional herb in China, but this plant is prohibited for pregnant women because it is generally considered to induce abortion according to the theory of traditional Chinese Medicine (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999). At present, the relative systematic toxicity and safety investigation of this plant were lacking; few evaluations of target-organ toxicity or side effects had been documented. But it was reported that the oral administration of anthraquinones (9 g/kg) did not cause death in mice in a maximal tolerance dose test, and the LD50 of emodin and polydatin were 249.5 734.3 and 1000 757.3 mg/kg, respectively (Analysis of Chinese medicine research laboratory, Shanghai institute of pharmaceutical industry, 1976). Under experimental condition, there were no hemolysis in vitro or agglutination reaction (0.39 mg/mL), systemic anaphylaxis or passive skin allergy (5.6 mg/kg) and stimulating effect in rabbit auricular vessels and muscles (5.6 mg/kg) (Xu et al., 2008). However, injection of polydatin could dose-dependently induce peritonitis in a subacute toxicity test (The 173rd unit of PLA, 1973) 8. Future perspectives and conclusion In traditional Chinese medicine, Polygonum cuspidatum has long been used for treatment of hyperlipemia, inflammation, infection and cancer, etc. Quinones and stilbenes are considered as the major constituents with pharmacologic effects. Many traditional applications have been studied by modern investigation. However, there is no enough systemic data about the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of this plant, especially targetorgan toxicity; therefore, more investigations should be done in the future. In traditional Chinese medicine, Polygonum cuspidatum is commonly used in composition with other herbs and not use alone. Although modern experiments validate this plant alone exhibits significantly pharmacological effects, it is interesting and important to investigate pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of Polygonum cuspidatum combined with other herbs based on modern concepts of diseases’ pathophysiology. Drug target-guided and bioactivity-guided isolation and purification of the chemical constituents and subsequent evaluation of the pharmacologic effects will promote the development of new drug and make sure which chemical constituent or multiple ingredients contributes its pharmacological effects. In traditional Chinese medicine, the root of Polygonum cuspidatum is used as the effective agent. However, the aerial part of this plant is commonly disposed in landfills without usage although this part weighs no less than 50% of the total mass of the plant. At present, there are very few investigations on this part, it is necessary to investigate the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of the aerial part, and then find new chemical constituents in order to reuse the aerial part as a value-added product of Polygonum cuspidatum in the future. Please cite this article as: Peng, W., et al., Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.007i W. Peng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ With an increasing interest of this plant in recent years, more and more phytochemical and pharmacological investigations will renew our knowledge of this plant. Detailed investigations on toxicity, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and molecular mechanism will help to develop its bioactive constituents as effective drugs. 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