1. science
2. geography
3. topography

How to Read
"
A
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HOW
WORKSHOP
A
WHILE
1
has
picture
other
looking
pulley,
a
figures
the
would
drawing.
But
when
apparently,
one,
besides
of
matter
time
to
to
one
the
left ; and
it is
only
two
figures
by drawing
ascertained.
left-hand
he
appear
Who
figure,
it
knew
than
its
that
it is
oval,
and
figure represents
pulley
true
shape
could
that
?
True,
so
pulley
it
circles
might
something
261242
It
be
than
in
shown.
as
and
size
can
examining
a
less
the
the
be
the
is circular, except
might
when
As
important,
more
tell, by
the
beforehand
high.
the
drawn
takes
right
the
to
and
?
therefore
is much
what
the
suffice, but
only
not
figures
two
at
sent
repre-
be
understandable
more
the
workshop
a
figures
it is easier, and
fact
draw
the
be
in
two
would
they
as
fact, however,
a
appear
should
why
would
is
It
it
looking
that
in
left
the
on
recognising
recognise
would
pulley
a
in
figure
everybody
not
thing.
same
how
the
at
difficulty
any
of
two
is
DRAWING
one
no
Fig.
it
READ
TO
be
viewed
guessed
circular.
Yet
narrower
sideway
that
an
the
oval
also
oval, only
appears
that
thought
This
examined.
is
pulley
seen,
rim
the
and
but
there
the
nave
this
Plainly, then,
as
is
it
Indeed,
is
of
neither
when
the
sides
the
light
the
and
not
are
arranged
are
all
as
that
again only
is added.
right
much
shape
of
can
this
be
in
seen
part
pulley
But
taken
be
learned
pulley.
this
from
the
For
a
this
the
middle
from
the
is
given,
with
the
about
the
not
front,
for
pulley is
real
if
even
is
true
information,
These
figure,
front.
for
diameters
quired
re-
only
figure
the
and
Here
information
the
but
does
surface.
the
of
pulley
given,
This
seen.
the
shape
front,
the
of
all
it is round.
that
that
gives
arms.
the
is
tinctly
disthat
give
shows
that
bound
be
this
width
can
shown
small
about
from
which
can
a
at
shade
and
lines
fact
the
looked
when
round
seen
as
mistaking
no
the
its width
;
thought
pulley
the
represent
there
be
may
from
the
discovering
of
means
no
show
not
figure
front
the
from
viewed
there
middle
The
pulley.
the
out
to
understand
to
it has
be
can
nave
does
figure
the
represents
nothing
stand
required
information
is
by
right
Apparently
and
arms,
the
to
"
is
mistake,
no
furthest
side.
the
rim,
The
width.
no
from
seen
as
be
elevation
"
it
when
represented
can
figure
the
when
however,
is
body
side-
seen
guess
a
There
figure.
when
so,
only
circular
a
left-hand
the
is
it
Therefore
way.
more
to
size
of
the
the
and
the
rim
inside
both
in
hole
the
the
be
nor
the
the
object
be
the
on
the
the
other
idea
better
the
hand,
two
on
of
however,
the
the
object,
at
least
The
meaning
this
book
object in
the
is
of
a
"a
question
true
taining
ob-
made
sizes
actual
left.
the
on
on
of
On
of
left
the
object
taken
shape
and
of
it
as
made
looked
gives
the
when
view"
when
of
Side
that
even
drawing
arms
Pulley.
views
two
the
information
the
general form
right,
ascertain
To
A
rim
the
means
more
elevation
1."
if
Drawings
single figure
Fig.
of
The
and
shape
of
and
later.
of
measured
thickness
right supply
and
nave,
be
arms
nave.
shown
true
the
than
the
to
the
the
not
the
will
two
concerning
an
of
length
these
of
but
of
there
are
widths
obtained,
can
like
nave
The
required.
outside,
and
be
used
of
of
an
shown.
throughout
the
at
than
together.
size
must
a
from
particular
such
a
position
be
but
thickness
of
two
At
so
as
from
in
Elevation,"
side
from
front
view
"
is
downwards,
required
from
"
a
that
and
;
E
in
Fig.
The
plan,
the
breadth
of
of
drawn
as
and
thickness
but
gives
dimensions
side
is not
lines
which
the
solid
at
from.
a
little
first where
The
body
the
is very
ordinary
from
seen
length
breadth.
side
The
breadth
tions
direc-
three
The
extends.
lowest
four
line,
and
view
each
explanation,
the
this
length with
Thus
of
two
is
view
a
its
thickness.
length.
in
looking
the
the
S, gives the
from
every
as
not
P, gives
the
requires
apparent
come
as
not
elevation
from
"End
this
shows
but
key,
from
or
an
is drawn
It
not
drawn
in
represents
Front
then
but
;
arrow.
the
elevation,
the
2
If
"
wards.
down-
seen
upwards,
Below
front,
"
above,
"Plan."
elevation
direction
thickness
from
looking
from
the
Elevation,"
seen
looked
the
that
;
below,
The
and
"
the
Plan
be
looking
called
called
rarely required.
taper key.
is
any
three
are
from
above,
Side
"
the
showing
can
namely,
and
ness
thick-
and
There
Elevation
"
the
or
is called
Elevation
is called
and
side,
the
length
body
the
view,
a
its
or
view.
a
which
obtain
to
The
the
called
be
may
drawing
a
can
breadth
its breadth
or
rate,
any
ways
also,
seen,
is
these
principal
at
be
may
only.
and
length
its thickness
not
dimensions
of its three
two
its
Thus
seen.
seen,
only
that
for
horizontal
of
course,
it
the
top of
key,
third
The
the
the
second
the
key.
the
top
And,
of
the
indication
that
the
bottom
two
;
fourth
head.
this
In
third
the
so
between
line
view
of
represents
is
there
no
lines
from
the
other
behind
be
only
can
where
sloping top
fourth
and
distance
some
it is
the
lastly, the
are
that
is
head.
line
distance
the
lines
third
and
the
is the
one
the
next
from
remote
that
so
The
key.
bottom
the
commences,
the
the
end
the
at
from
head
of
bottom
represents
look-
by
gathered
Plan
Fig.
ing
the
at
hard
to
realises
from
only
view,
views
two
is
repeated
twice.
elevation
are
and
-hat
is
the
the
quickly
breadth
is
of
Notice
drawn,
can
the
the
be
required,
each
one
ing
combinalso
that,
dimension
is
plan
and
front
length,
the
ness,
thick-
ascertained,
the
is
obtained
be
mentally
together,
if
This
when
can
learnt.
Thus,
alone
all that
dimensions
practice
views
all three
first, but
at
two
elevation.
front
the
or
understand
that
any
taking
plan
2.
side
and
elevation
as
is
8
useless, and
that
suppose
front
side
be
only
views
circumstances,, it is
Of
the
front"
"the
difficult
to
Fig.
2
example,
then, keeping
as
the
the
elevation
and
the
elevation
front
view
being
either
below
called
"the
elevations
but
plan
said
front
the
to
is
Notice
place
is to
say,
to
the
it
And
upon
in
rule
plan
view
below
of
either
England
the
the
front
two
are
the
has
the
front
just given
below
"
view
other
which
as
rule
another
if there
looked
In
has
(this
that
fusion
con-
the
which
be
placed
front
concerning
as
then
elevation.
the
view
the
shown
now
Thus
rule
plan,
that
be
is
taken
plan").
may
no
above
or
tion,
eleva-
front
places.
be
may
its end,
on
its side, the
on
be
there
is that
no
greater length
elevation.
it
change
if
This, then,
them!
which
is that
plan
arise
may
taper key in
the
as
is
This
it is turned
view
same
called
be
side"?
"the
if
some
all three.
is to
which
Or, turning
plan.
under
have
to
for, taking the
say,
side elevation
the
general rule,
a
as
supply
elevation
front
the
the
will
together
So,
which
and
an
plan
necessary
very
as
Again,
and
elevations,
two
the
and
required,although,
are
from
length, breadth,
taken
with.
dispensed
Or
out.
then
:
obtained.
be
dimensions,
two
drawn
the
elevation
same
may
is not
plan
all
can
the
these
the
left
conveniently
side elevations
and
thickness
and
be
may
the
above
or
it is customary
elevation
"
that
top is put underneath
view
the
of
the
right-hand
side
left
view
of
the
hand
side
This
is
this
is
elevation
as
in
be
to
placed
view
and
left of
also
the
to
find
elevations
the
on
be
transposed
is
only
the
has
eye
points.
not
the
across
to
in
covered
with
side
view
the
on
useful
drawing.
The
the
when
and
this
lines, the
side
for
same
from
rapid
may
and
lines
elevation
elevation, it
views
is
accurate
be
said
it is
large
of
arrangement
and
is
advantage
elevation
which
that
corresponding
the
front
this
the
the
case
from
between
side
find
to
traverse
mains
re-
across
front
the
ful
help-
travel
points
between
space
Although
great, yet,
left of
the
is
elevation
to
if the
While,
tion.
eleva-
again referring
space
corresponding
would
front
elevation
front
this
If
seen.
has
eye
side
front
the
elevation
is
plan
the
of
side
intervening
to
the
the
For,
the
the
views.
two
side
if the
that
seen
right.
elevation
left of
the
it is, then
extreme
side
drawing.
the
it is
it is
the
the
to
if
side
same
view
the
to
be
view.
the
sometimes
which
position for
where
the
the
on
here
placed
it should
Fig. 2,
reading
Fig. 2,
is
S
from
that
This
to
from
left-
the
front
the
for
Fig. 2,
elevation, yet
placed
done
in
in
of
of
the
to
put
that
right
the
to
is where
front
elevation
have
be
be
front, and
the
looking
the
were
of
of the
view
the
should
object
the
illustrated
Although
below
of
should
when
seen
Similarly,
front.
tinctly
is dis-
seen
reading
about
the
the
of
a
plan.
id
For
here
the
the
views
these
with
would
seem
time
place
which
advantage
instead
in
This
America
and
views
The
(1)
side
be
the
at
same
side
from
adopted
in
extent
these
above
plan
method
less
a
can
the
that
on
be
can
So, then, it
it, and
is the
to
So, then, there
of the
place
to
between
space
plan.
elevation
it is viewed.
largely
the
from
elevation
the
below
of
side
the
the
then
in
points
an
elevation
the
and
elevation
the
cross
points in
before
connected
to
bottom,
the
to
top
has
eye
land.
Eng-
arrangements
:"
above
plan
elevation
the
placed
side from
the
on
elevation
front
and
the
it is
which
seen.
(2) The
side
the
elevation
(3) The
side
plan
elevation
Carefully
of
parts
that
in
be
It has
been
to
Fig.
views
8
a
is
method
to
pointed
out
all
the
how
observation
the
seen.
the
(2), while
widely used,
confound
it with
that
views
two
dimensions
essential
at
the
of
it is to
same
is
plan
corresponding position
not
illustrates
under
has
taken
to
It combines
it is in
as
and
it is
Thus
position
This
give
which
methods.
same
(1).
must
care
side from
first two
the
elevation
front
this last method.
side elevation
the
the
that
notice
opposite side
the
on
seen.
below
on
the
in
placed
it is
elevation, with
front
the
placed
which
from
that
below
plan
an
and
(2).
are
quired
re-
object-
keep
time.
to
these
Here
11
links
of
totally different
similar
elevations.
boss
each
are
on
seen
in
one
plan
end.
top,
bosses
the
elevation
side, standing
by
are
lines
seen
the
has
of
rest
these
of
these
of the
\
__+
-t"_
bosses
link
the
is
circles,
In
rectangles,one
rest
single
a
bottom.
the
have
to
seen
joining
on
as
from
out
the
other
the
are
first, (a),
The
elevation
the
on
The
circles,while
as
shown
forms
the
at each
link.
The
c-
3Pic,
next,
each
which
(6), although it
end, yet in
side
(a).
In
also,
the
that
that
and
case
one
side
one
shows
plan, however,
other
elevation
the
the
on
are
bosses
has
thus
of
end
sides
only those
be
can
there
are
The
seen.
bosses
forked
plan
and
shows
the
at
bosses
on
distinguishes it
(c), the
is
both
on
the.
from
tinctly
disother
similar
from
the
of
front,
that
as
that
to
of
both
pin
of
and
is illustrated.
is
One
a
elevations
it.
through
nothing
have
Here
the
other.
It
both
plans of
respective
given
to
interpret
In
kinds
of
the
"
of
in
hole
a
the
And
be
may
are
one
is
other
elevations.
show
that
that
their
the
and
a
mentioned
the
view
out
front
side
tions
eleva-
circle
inner
etetitdions.
cylinder
that
shape
has
a
cylinder
a
here
same
Enough
one
the
their
although
case
exactly
4
shown
are
Front
represents
same
cylinder projecting
show
to
Fig.
In
entirely dissimilar,
are
the
exactly
(b).
cylinder, while
hole
a
and
(a)
washer.
another
with
is
is viewed
it
when
elevation
the
principle
same
(6), yet
be
there
are
the
their
as
been
now
must
in
used
to
another.
Workshop
line
and
alphabet
Drawings
certain
which,
"
combinations
when
used,
certain
of
it
has
letters
been
13
they signify certain
agreed
that
only.
These
common
will
ones
Ls.
Babbit
Bs.
Brass.
(B)
be
now
Bz.
"c.
Cast
iron.
C.S.
Cast
steel.
Mild
F.B.
Polished.
the
is indicated
by
F-
Jf.
for
such
some
inch
means
of metal
It is
thus
metal
the
iron.
Wrought
be
to
of
metal.
machined."
"
has
depth
1-1 6th
=
White
W.I.
which
Sometimes
Tee-irons.
Wh.M.
used
steel.
Tapping-hole.
Ts.
dimen-
Gauge
line
the
or
M.S.
T.
C.I.
is sometimes
on
finish.
turned.
sion.
/
some
Machined
F.
metal.
Bronze.
G,2'75".
and
Grinding
(r.F.
Bright, nuts,
.
those
given.
irons.
Angle
Bbt.
"conventions,"
called
are
and
things,
to
put
with.
dealt
be removed
to
as
the
be
removed.
following :
3-16th
=
"
jr
JJ
J^
_
5
"
"
for
Then
hexagonal
means
the
and
nuts
11
11
11
;
sq.
11
of
heads
means
square
bolts
ro.
;
Hex,
:
means
round
.
We
in
next
Fig.
a
be
dotted
with
full
line
the
conventional
line shown
5.
(a) The
can
deal
seen,
line
while
as
is used
for
those
(6) is used.
for
outlines
parts
that
are
such
as
hidden
Frequently hidden
14
omitted
portions are
add
always
chain
(c) A
a
short
the
to
is used
these
however,
in
are
red, and
and
long
a
not
then
Sometimes,
lines.
for center
do
drawing.
of the
clearness
line, consisting of
dash
lines
dotted
because
they
then
full
are
lines.
chain
A
(d)
short
is
sometimes
moving
such
part,
used
When
inches, feet,
just above
between
the
a
means
that
feet
feet.
beside
2
means
a
numeral
so
means
French
292
in
dashes
feet
2"
usually given in millimetres
centimetres,
etc.
placed as
The
shown
dimension
in
2;
it
means
position
inches, while
that
measurement,
right-
the
same
And,
This
space
just above
2
means
millimetres.
of
and
or
measures
on
the
means
millimetres.
the
Thus
inches.
2
figure
many
system
dash
case
line
the
arrowheads
single
sion
dimenthe
as
that
means
figure
Thus
arrowheads
in
gap
a
lever.
a
(e),also the
indicated.
are
Double
a
the
numeral
signify inches.
2"
A
given.
amount
side of
are
in
It
of
path
or
millimetres,
or
points of
the
hand
2;
in
This, then,
it.
the
lines it has
shown
as
lines.
crank-pin
a
as
be, is placed either
may
show
to
dimension
for
its extremities,
in
2
also
used
then
and
long
a
for dimension
dashes, is used
two
at
line, consisting of
lastly,m/m
the
presents
figure re-
Thus
292
is the
and
m/m
metric
or
dimensions
only
lines
(/) (Fig.5),
and
are
that
not
times
some-
is,on
1(5
found
are
If, then,
out, but
do
it
for
of
having
a
part
cut
which
show
to
This
through.
cut
usual
left
views.
shape
draw
to
of
a
the
view
convention
solid
the
are
the
Another
away.
been
it has
see
it is
where
remaining
to
object, it is
an
found
that
the
on
another.
on
some
be
cannot
it is necessary
inside
and
conclude
not
search
When
been
view
one
dimension
a
expected,
used
on
some
is
portions having
consists
of
drawing
a
Concrete
6.
Fig.
series
the
some
of
given
to
of
which
particularhatching
use.
These
committed
a
are
to
comparison
for
given
memory.
is made
lines
is taken
the
parts
is
hatching."
"
of this
are
made
Fig. 6,
This
of
portions, and
the
is not
show
to
In
the
by using
in
material
each
in
materials.
these
across
the
advantage
cases
for
hatchings
sloping lines
name
materials
Conventional
"
and
a
common
should
be
difficult when
hatchings
used
for
17
materials
which
iron
cast
lines of
is
Thus
family groups.
represented by a series of parallel
to
width,
and
uniform
by
and
belong
thin, while
lines.
lines
the
steel
Next, brass
and
another,
alike.
Thus
full and
of
that
dotted
brass
repeated, together with
this is followed
that
.suggests
some
for
species of
across
it,though
alike
the
concrete
lines of
sloping
for wood,
unequal
also
actual
And
be
with
which
bears
thing.
taken
The
for
a
earth, which
comes
a
the
in.
quite
for
in
is all alone.
they should
cannot
hatching
is brass
Brickwork
Next
why
of copper
might
shorthand.
somewhat
Blocking
the
to
of
alternate
hatching
concrete
hatching
horizontal
"
one
of
metal
material.
is the
Lastly,
6A.
the
by
resemblance
hatching
consists
to
something
are
full lines
White
Fig.
related
are
that
fine-dotted
of
hatchings
lines,while
opposite direction.
series
a
copper
their
so
being alternately thick
has
and
is distinguishe
iron
wrought
horizontal
be
be
liquid
thus
lines
shown
understood.
consists
lengths drawn
of
across
B
18
the
used
always
be
to
when
When
only
been
is very
cut
shown
as
at
said
to be
that
a
sides
of
in
seen
riveted
lines
line
about
then
however,
is
show
it
lines
shine
to
left, and
those
the
without
left in
is
they
parts
The
the
the
of
the
a
light,but
web
is
that
at
white
line
the
inside
are
from
angle
are
them,
on
the
the
light
the
it shines
shade
flange
are
to
the
along it,for
light is
supposed
Now,
putting
an
of the
white
no
lap
over-
there
line
in
are
outside
is without, because
top
the
riveted
metal.
which
on
white
which
is that
are
single-
a
are
for
view
the
on
(a), Fig. 6A, has
fully in
flange
Thus
of
this
of
no
plates
reason
parts which
other
it.
the
The
distinguishedby having
while
of
were
distinctlyseen
where
just
section
is
left-
the
advantage
block
one
riveted.
supposed
the
be
and
tops
there
of
parts
has
Notice
hatched.
the
a
is
This
GA.
plates, which
the
as
can
plates
white
the
Fig.
not
if
For
of
each
is
is
usually represented
The
parts.
(6), which
would
two
all
and
along
runs
lap joint.
together,
"
which
portion
in
(b)
in
blocked
white
hand
is
"
it is
iron
for cast
shown
If the
and
(a)
drawing
the
style of hatching
one
narrow,
is
object
an
when
for all materials, that
nearly always adopted.
is
hatching
of
portion
cut
a
represented, except
is coloured.
used
specialhatchings
These
universally used, although
not
are
it.
containing
vessel
of
the
upon
to be
in
it
same
it here.
the
full
19
light,for
screen
part
a
does
its whole
light,and
line.
bounded
by
totally in
that
section
are
any
part
the
lower
from
flange
part of
this
(5),:Fig.6A.
For
of the
other, and
them,
which
has
been
not
there.
white
to
one
to
in
With
same
left
the
shine
on
the
the
the
these
of
a
plate, and
plate were
concerning
and
right of
part
a
the
plates.
rivet, but
the
the
the
the
light is
hole, while
shade.
left hand
case
said
in
seen
line between
plates, for
the
screened
up
upper
to the
belongs
on
covers
lower
rivet
the
be
white
the
be
the
putting
is also
the
to
can
suppositionthat
The
plate
a
of
would
This
is
it.
shade, otherwise
the
though
between
its left is in the
from
one
right is
the
supposed
here
as
The
line to
The
web.
about
parts of
power
flange
belongs
shown
lines
in
the
line
other
no
flange
therefore, is
such
the
the
the
outside, being
the
no
yet there
line
of
light, and,
have
to
it and
inside
the
again,
light by
the
has
out
and, therefore, with-
this
of
along
shade,
shade, has
assumed
line
side, however,
line, while
here,
it
that
between
the
white
the
Notice
in
assumed
white
a
reality
metal
Then
is
a
has
under
the
is in the
right
the
to
of
so
white
a
The
length.
thickness
web
the
so
in
would
flange
web, yet it is
of the
not, and
the
the
although
thin
upper
the
light shines
corner
a
is sometimes
ordinary plans
line is used
on
to
view
used
and
elevations.
show
where
the
20
light is falling,while
parts in
shade.
tell at
can
outside
is illustrated
and
again
shank
and
of
pin
the
they
does
the
both
the
circle
is thicker
upper
part in (6).
is
a
The
cylinder
and
shade
while
here
of the
in
the
and
is
lightshines
hole, leaving the
thickened
in
in
both
in the
(a), Fig. 7,
are
both
on
while
the
plan
in
and
part.
same
parts
left-hand
can
be
same
the
is in
it ;
show
lower
part
in
outside
to
side
top
the
thickened
at
seen
the
that
a
be
the
of
that
a
both
glance
that
the
of
a
thickened
circles,
the
of
up.
of
therefore
Thus
(b),Fig. 7, is
(a) there
part
upper
are
its
on
cylinder and
a
another, because
the
and
to
the
4
inner
part
right-hand
represent
cases
cylinderstanding on
through
the
Fig.
7 the
lower
7
of the
part of
this is also
reason
circles
outer
cylinder
plan
on
Fig.
In
and
thickened
hole
a
of its
and
in
is that
upper
is therefore
(6) there
Fig.
right-hand
the
thus
shade, for which
The
left-hand
the
on
4
(5).
another,
on
the
part
part in (a)
reason
cylinder standing
lightshines
the
its lower
on
far
so
elevations
in
but
here
Thus
Fig.
of (a) and
same,
lining,
other,
any
side
the
the
that
any
throw
Compare
one
on
shade
Notice
7.
not
plans
that
concerned.
are
compare
with
are
is called
Fig.
shade.
together, and
former
in
shade
the
into
head
This
the
shows
question is
part is independent of
each
light
as
line in
if the
inside.
the
line
this advantage,
has
glance
a
or
It
thicker
a
a
hollow
21
22
cylinder because
circle is
opposite to
(c), Fig. 7, is
Fig. 7,
in
the
this
cut
It
is
will
come
explained.
of
showing
left is
thin,
it ; the
of
reason
thickness
the
third
the
light;
the
light because
from
the
the
thus
it and
an
object
and
opposite holds
hollow
the
lines
(c),the
which
have
are
top
thick.
with
a
rectangular
be
the
fourth
outside
of
of
in
hole
Of
thin,
it
out
a
away
hole
or
all those
them
or
of
horizontal
and
of
the
source
a
the
pointed
in
of
case
of
section
from
further
case
are
remote
between
the
are
good.
be
metal
the
in
cylinder
the
nearer
the
the
being
while
between
It may
it and
left is thin
which
metal
(c), Fig. 7, would
between
full
shade, by
hole
that
ones
solid
metal
lines
in
that
furthest
in the
that
those
Thus
the
the
the
lines.
the
light is shining
thickness
the
thin, while
thick,
light
being
to
side of
light;
been
has
as
being
the
light. Notice
of
light are
are
of
having
the
outside
from
it is the
source
is thick
left
and
the
of
tional
conven-
first,that
the
is thick
that
drawn
thin
lines
because
next
be
and
more
is the
it is cut,
is to
vertical
but
however
which
that
thick
the
the
Notice
;
portion
front
section,
a
At
representing (b),
the
later.
Attention
examining
upon
called
hatched
disposition of
the
and
are
parts
method
to
half,
circle.
outer
view
a
inner
of the
part
of the
that
shown
cut
removed.
about
thickened
the
a
and
the
here
that
cylinder
rectangular
ends
all
are
of
spoken
as
a
when
correct
equal.
and
to
from
come
left
upper
In
(g)
there
hole
the
other
two
Thus
it
is
In
this
plan,
they
drawings,
The
reading
the
for
the
the
called
and
takes
the
be
view
one
section
of
them
the
;
same
in
help
The
is
to
nor
the
be
must
the
it
;
be
can
cut
is
be
to
then
seen.
taken
time.
the
can
if
is
in
them
put
this
This
drawn.
object
siderably
con-
that
that
so
the
reason
elevations
obtained,
the
reasons.
often
used
a
outer
those
drawing.
removed
the
the
appreciably longer
an
interior
if
is
left-hand
on
as
the
lines
a
shape
there
and
lines
for
of
plan
inside
other
a
but
thick, while
draughtsman
by supposing
the
the
(b)
actual
top
universally
not
obtained
at
of
of
that
because
are
shade
another
and
supposed
are
direction
positions
and
required
parts
The
the
shade
same
(/),
neither
of
rectangle
that
are
work
shape
thin.
to
of metal,
mass
seen
in
From
the
while
are
is similar
that
in the
are
rectangle
all
that
before.
as
thin.
are
outer
tedious
are
thickened,
the
shows
inner
the
rectangle
why
only
figures
seen
light
plan
the
through
of
is
,
different.
sides
of
in
corner
be
sides
source
sometimes
end
are
rays
elevation
the
again
is very
sides
the
a
hand
of the
upper
that
is
expression
(/), it will
to
and
being
reason
sides
lower
left-hand
this
but
the
Keturning
This
angles.
square,
all
right-hand
the
right
cut
on
in
is
is
two
looking
This
downwards
is
is called
view
the
it is called
across
section
the
it
essential
of
does
only
object, but
an
interpret
to
if taken
;
Not
plan.
interior
the
is
elevation
sectional
a
show
sometimes
sectional
a
the
other
side
tions
eleva-
views.
Fig.
In
of
are
which
the
front
out
of
the
inmost
the
outside
this
the
in
Neither
where
information
on
side
clearly conveyed
is not
quite
the
ends
the
lower
of
clear
the
views.
or
of
elevation,
the
but
sections
when
the
All
give
circle
of
is
these
nothing
is
located.
required
the
piston
is
inside
the
spider
all
covers
required.
given
by
At
rim
first
lines
are
more
sight
it
joining
shown
it is remembered
The
dotted
it is much
horizontal
of
ing
Follow-
there
section.
the
why
Yet
the
been
have
by
but
elevation
sectional
might
the
rim
the
rim.
as
Next
another
yet
elevation
side
for
a
web
the
the
information,
Thus,
elevation,
hole
seen
circle.
while
the
tions
eleva-
elevation.
representing
of
each
the
is
passes
is another
outside
front
does
front
piston,
in
front
the
of
belong,
Thus
the
circle
a
the
the
show
lines
is
there
each
to
parts
same.
rod
boss
beneath
might
that
piston
in
of the
the
appear
the
circle
represents
the
else.
corresponding
all
of
to
the
found
rim
of
side
which
through
elevations
and
are
while
elevations,
it wrill be
them
and
piston,
sectional
three
and
front
the
engine
steam
tracing
section,
shown
are
a
these
for
8
on
that
26
views
of
these
are
there
still remains
part which
lines
a
piston
cut
in
a
part of
the
piston behind
cut, it will be
been
has
the
represent
inside, however,
the
in
shown
lines
left
were
sections
be
side
the
piston is round,
sectional
and
of
not
of
sectional
not
views
these
plans, for
If
seen
then
as
would
they
As
elevations.
are
on
horizontal
these
may
latter
the
these
outside,
the
views,
the
rim,
the
the
that
seen
on
elevation.
out
and
half
back
that
and
half,
equally
be
exactly
the
a
called
same
shape.
In
Fig.
9
and
also
be
found
exterior
width
of
of
a
From
coupling.
can
all
of
means
be
number
ascertaining
shafts,
in
the
flanges, so
either
in
view
plan
this
or
so
which
the
that, it
shafts
are
exposes
fixed
shaft
section,
elevation
also) has
through
to
no
ments
require-
sectional
passes
of
to be
are
the
plan
are
the
A
drawn.
the
bolts,
are
of
things
sectional
it
the
flanges
length
be
The
that
chosen
bolts, and, besides
keys by
the
the
length
there
elevation, fulfils
a
and
and
But
the
must
be
elevations
position of
how
view.
(it might
shown
diameter
that, if these
another
of
been
nor
shaft
a
diameter
The
indeed
the
tions
eleva-
required concerning
these.
on
of
front
and
and
found
to
known,
is
flanges, the
the
to
are
side
the
side
and
elevation
sectional
coupling.
the
front
the
all that
bosses, the
the
shown
are
view
fixed to the
two
the
flanges,
Fig.
8.
Elevations
and
sections
of
pistons,
28
Although
they
be
said
about
solids when
all
hatched,
it will
none
seen
on
bolt-heads
and
in both
same
this?
section,
should
close
section
and
value
of
?
hidden
a
by being inside
bolt
these
or
which
in
cut
half
be
the
top
that
being
at
while
of
it,
other
This
recess.
and
shown
is to
in the
wavy
line round
is the
only part
only
a
local
and
"
such
not
all the
rest
shaft
the
keys
being
right-hand
part of
detail
shafts
the
"
object
an
Fig. 9.
it,which
in section.
detail, which
in
This
on
one
is recessed
projection fitting in
a
keep
about
therefore
when
flange
one
is
inside,
all
elevation
the
on
Also,
has
Occasionally,a
as
that
the
So, then,
even
left-hand
the
on
its middle.
the
understood
this sectional
In
seen,
;
left in elevation, while
are
is in section.
can
be
can
ventional
con-
what
elevation.
outside
shafts, spindles, rods,
nuts,
things
show
nothing
Truly
the
is hidden
What
the
moment
a
to
the
in
in
for
the
elevation.
are
shown
it not
?
?
in
shown
are
bolts,
shaft
a
these
all
this,
exactly
front
the
be
that
shown
be
not
Is
Besides
are.
Consider
section.
a
if
can
to
examination
are
manner
same
convention
by
nuts
they
the
bolts,
it is remembered
these
Why,
and
when
are
of
the
the
is
Why
cut
which
be
section,
shafts,
the
the
through
passes
in
shown
not
are
that
section
the
this
line.
is in section,
This
is to show
is done
it is desired
has
part
that
when
to
a
this
it is
show.
29
Sectional
delation.
Fig.
y.
A
sliaft of
coupling-.
30
Thus,
in
about
the
sunk
into
this
Notice
end
of
hatching
a
At
an
it
along
draw
shaft
crank
and
together by
pair
partialsection
shape
in
held
pins
a
shows
placed
sectional
This
needless.
a
section
shape.
Another
Fig. 10,
which
hook.
The
held
and
cotters,
And
here
show
to
a
the
also how
section
a
plan
or
is illustrated
elevation
the
the
on
they
place.
Frequently by drawing
elevation
pins
and
of
then
is needed
of these
put
are
shown.
that
use
parts
two
be
parts
as
of the
into
can
two
doing
By
elevation
front
a
it
the
side
is all
size
and
of
each
on
is
these
means
it.
would
side elevation.
a
that
so
there
on
It is divided
A,
with
show
to
illustration
This
sheave.
line A
the
done
square,
rectangle
sections.
that
seen
irregular oval,
were
to
is
that
in section.
not
is often
(a), Fig 10, is another
eccentric
are
If
is all
it will be
an
This
unnecessary
partial
one
is
hatched
narrow
this, it is
of
it.
across
key is
detail
shaft
the
this
it is
much
is left in elevation.
the
smaller
it is round.
that
be
the
round
away
how
as
shaft
here
even
is cut
shows
and
;
of the
rest
at
thus
shaft
that
Looking
one
the
the
needed,
and
key,
shaft
the
case
of
of
a
is the
sections
front
show
part
is rendered
bracket.
part
of this
elevation
very
its
on
(6),Fig 10, which
in
wall
illustration
a
elevation
inclined
the
of
is
it is
On
to
in
seen
of
its
show
a
(c),
crane
clearly its varying
section
that
into
these
but
have
placed
which
they
will
be
sectional
elevation
lines
are
lines
it
below
position, which
work
for
if
in the
of
space
and
above
this
of
view
And
it, then
being
is
front
led
To
the
elevation
noteworthy
that
drawn
line
is
the
of
this
the
were
not
much
these
compound
is shown.
clutch
view
the
repeated.
of
one
if the
if
while
be
often
line,
centre
by
this
is
that
there
;
This
labour
also
right
of
were
centre
astray
much
information
repeated,
it would
as
drawing
means
the
and
length
obtained.
the
grasped,
once
views.
the
it
is
be
below
shown
compound
below
it would
elevation
this,
as
extended
above
chance
such
have
the
the
economising
were
When
upon
be
view
which
twice
(c), all
at
view
that
elevation
each
zontal
hori-
each
in
spent
the
and
them
would
two
A
extended;
means
clutch, it
in
line
views
adopted.
section
of
to
tions
eleva-
about
say
centre
been
shown
as
means
part
be has
half
only
combined
given
simply
need
as
the
elevation
is to
corresponding
of
parts
friction
a
side
the
are,
convenience.
symmetrical
that
above
the
shows
of
the
are
lines,
centre
there
both
they
where
of
which
elevations
that
seen
be
to
for
Fig. 11,
sectional
and
sections
elevations,
sectional
not
the
clearly understood
elevation
the
the
examining
On
be
right
no
on
are
and
dividing
line
the
on
It must
sections,
they
are
section
a
halves.
are
that
and
is
Each
form.
is
the
front
33
Fig.
11.
A
friction
clutch.
34
elevation
and
of
not
with
for
should
both
plans
the
that
plan
elevation
plan
is
and
elevations
which
first
at
sections
examined
have
necessary,
be
taken
anywhere
to
write
beneath
such
position of
all
on
the
the
a
which
of
composed
further
which
section
course
of
forward
apply
is made
than
or
the
sections
is to say
If
section
paid
on
the
to
is made
it.
understanding
been
this
to
that
a
the
also.
line
straight
sectional
or,
made
one
sections,
other,
been
section
is not
more
a
have
the
the
line could
be
happens
that
means
two
in
of
is
it is usual
is
view
which
it
it
in half.
case
the
with
section
This
now
section
If attention
be met
Occasionally,however,
the
the
or
the
not
any
cut
else, in which
on
and
to
;
plan
shape
be
however,
line
sections
line, that
to
line.
a
good
drawn.
as
up
assumed
remarks
the
concerning
which
whole
center
a
it that
difficultywill
For
is the
real
which
been
has
object
and
with
the
of it.
been
have
thus
confusing, yet
rather
made
been
have
were
given
represented
For
is
this holds
section
of the
right-
upper
required, irrespective of
is
All
no
to be
body
reasonable.
object
such
elevation
the
or
shown
circle
a
And
there.
view
the
of
quarter
be
elevation
or
quite
it
(a
actually is,
other
then
were,
it
as
of the
not
of the
perhaps
the
if it
For
quadrant,
named)
clutch
elevation
front
a
it.
hand
friction
the
as
one
one
view
on
;
is
being
it is said, in
35
different
it is examined
before
section,
the
is
horizontal
that
words
for
the
of
it must
understood
be
piston,by
connecting-rod, forces
the
the
right and
left,while
the
crank-shaft
rotation
wear
of
is
true,
run
may
is forced.
shaft
the
for this
compensate
This
the
step in four parts, instead
the
more
sides
the
at
so
usual
thus
take
up
in
by
forced
noticed
equal parts,
than
those
dividing is
surfaces
pieces
bolts
so
for
come
which
be
can
the
but
the
done
them
top
that
to
and
side
the
wedges,
pass
through
parts
and
are
they
are
It will
into
are
and
four
smaller
that
the
flat horizontal
Behind
held
in
cap,
are
They
12.
on.
the
parts
inward,
Fig
have
is
place
which
bottom,
they
slide
The
divided
not
are
which
parts.
in
seen
to
by making
two,
forced
be
to
against
adopted
takes
by
the
that
of
wedges
steps
be
is done
these
on
of
this
at
can
wear
means
that
wear
This
crank-shaft
bearings.
the
they
the
All
backed.
be
where
that
arranged
with
way
the
must
wear.
time
bearing
parts
That
means
some
to
now
all the
the
those
at
of
means
bearing.
causes
especially
large
a
crank-shaft
in this
rotating
crank-shaft
the
away,
which
the
to
explaining
Firstly,then,
the
now
But
given concerning
for.
the
on
of
12.
crank-shaft
the
acting
steam
be
may
And
engine.
Fig.
purpose
it is used
what
bearing
a
in
is shown
for the
few
a
it is, and
what
it
This
planes.
these
side
place by long
and
these
have
36
nuts
wedges
inward
metal
are
it
plan
for
be
can
right
is held
cap
This
is
of the
one
the
center
and
then
of
bends
into
horizontal,
vertical
to the
line
there
part
about
one
of
remainder
horizontal
bearing
line
which
it is, and
as
for
that
other
of
when
in
seen
the
is
the
again
step
center
the
Thus,
elevation.
section
a
of
the
a
part
of
the
along
the
of
next
last
cut
the
the
across
at B.
in
Each
plan.
particular plane
all.
cap
Thus
bolts
up
bends
again
the
and
step,
sufficient
just
any
sections
bolts, the
shows
through
ends
and
A,
it
wedge
the
right
passes
on,
cap
horizontal
the
cap
center
plan,
bends
it
Then
of the
the
side.
section
the
then
left,is
and
an
the
one
the
the
the
wedge
the
holding
to
furthest
one
at
distinct
three
are
The
of
then
It starts
plan.
line.
next
their
to
the
in
seen
and
it reaches
it
which
along
the
either
on
passing through
center
until
downwards
large
across
downwards,
suddenly
the
bolts
half-way
when
and
side,passing through
left-hand
of the
one
the
to
up
making
is
line, as
the
on
commences
two
in
similar
very
for
reasons
This
zig-zag.
line
steps
a
bolts,
four
by
on
pads
rest, it is very
ordinary bearing, only, being
wedges
and
on,
side
the
the
the
the
across
for the
As
flanges.
both
nuts, the
close
thus
slide
to
that
seen
extend
wedges
them
these
Behind
required.
as
pads
down
and
upwards
drawn
are
pieces
screwing
By
them.
on
a
in
section
would
be
Fig.
12.
Sections
in
more
than
one
plane.
38
the
exactly
same
if extended
moreover,
does, would
same
one
that
have
to
is
the
be
repeated
it.
This
is
is shown
hatched
that
seen
the
there
are
two
holes
surrounded
elevation
And
these
solid
piece
of
On
close
examination
tubes
metal,
it will be
and
right
up
bounded
then
to
open
towards
and
the
the
the
wedge
pad.
were
bolts
cap
solid
metal,
be
it is
Next
for the
be
in
the
found
by
right,that
horizontal
of
the
to
which
nature
joined together by
can
As
on
is hollow.
two
seen
plan
that
peculiar shape, being semi-circular
left
and
interpreting
left.
to
are
as
in
the
by
shows
on
bolt and
the
pedestal
plan by
extreme
tubes.
in these
the
the
section
a
elevation,
assist
to
that
it is
through
to
sectional
a
section
parts
through,
pass
would
readily understood.
be
plan
seen
in
left, which
plan,
can
so
to the
Firstly,it
would
line in the
center
sectional
the
the
on
line
center
elevation
the
half-sectional
now
vertical
the
if it be
labour.
line alone, and
using
of
useless
for the
Returning
of
The
purpose.
line, then
center
right in
the
horizontal
that
the
left
it
sections, for taking
other
horizontal
on
certainly be
As
of the
the
to
useful
any
right than
the
to
which,
and
shown,
one
further
serve
said
the
on
extended
all
not
be
can
the
the
as
two
a
is to
removed,
by
the
plan.
of
the
holes
they
are
towards
horizontal
matter
of
say,
there
a
of
a
the
lines
fact, it is
if the
would
pad
be
40
between
that
shows
it
hatched
larger
than
hole
between
This
is
of
than
in
is not
on
somewhat
of
line
change
this
in
metal,
which
And
which
hole.
In
This
thin
it.
Coming
remembered
of
the
pad
The
piece of metal,
right
extending
been
has
section
the
the
bolt
usual, the
as
wedge, while
the
the
the
the
might
does.
it
be
be
of
plan.
than
pad.
the
the
tional
sec-
the
across
next
that
to
the
the
plane
suddenly alters, and, strictlyspeaking,
section
pad
for
the
bolt-head
elevation.
pedestal.
down
of
and
the
tional
sec-
across
seen
the
that,
As
28.
shows
should
there
in
the
at
is
hole
the
looking
of
notice
must
section
of
comparatively
a
the
It
wedge.
of
bottom
longer
plan
that
circle
this
around
nothing peculiar about
be
to
inside
the
p.
is
there
seen
sides
circle
hatched
a
line will be
section, but
explained
Still
hatched
elevation
it is confirmed
bolt, and
again
bolt, that
the
is
here
This
part.
And
the
the
at
seen
sectional
pad,
vertical
the
one
be
of
bolt.
the
a
for
showing
space,
plan,
can
plan,
section
the
white
a
larger
as
the
is
hole
the
sectional
the
showing
is
and
is,in fact, a clearing hole.
by
is
latter
the
the
section
of
this
where
misleading
it is left
out,
shows
simply
extends
now,
showing
place.
wedge
This,
wedge,
cal
verti-
a
takes
plane
be
elevation
sectional
the
across
of course,
leaving
is
the
seen
cap
a
so
the
to be
the
piece
pedestal as
in
But
of
the
sectional
dealt
with
41
later, the
and
wedge
referringto
in the
recess
at the
this
section,
them.
lower
the
of the
in
the
middle
the
recesses
be
inner
and
end
casing
on
arcs
side
of
the
bottoms
of
the
by
on
cap
other, while
are
vertical
in
center
the
the
the
the
lower
as
lastly, the
in the
That
these
that
hand
other
realityon
cap
recesses,
one
side
to
upper
the
fact
the
right up
the
recesses,
steps respectively.
of
top
the
casing
And,
are
the
where
12.
the
which
are
(5), Fig.
in the
and
arcs,
the
outer
bottom
the
of the
the
the
case
show
and
in
and
upper
back
with
all three
course,
surround
casing, and
is confirmed
continue
to
Thus
sets,
thus
at the
the
lower
arcs
outer
of
at
steps
casing containing
next
the
step
lower
the
one
three
cap,
is away
exist
recesses
the
the
are
arcs
upper
the
upper
seen
in the
a
line
section
circle) are
a
be
to
Looking
seen
and
The
steps, and
This
can
part of
of
of
the
one.
a
ones
lower
touches
also
other.
the
and
both
the
seen
the
recessed.
are
cap
is
steps
which,
recesses.
are
cap
the
space,
plan,
that
the
in the
recess
casing
and
is
white
upper
lines
and
arc
Between
these
the
three
steps, etc.,
(an
of
show
steps
arcs
of
one
These
line.
step, for
of the
parts
and
a
is
Here
at.
wedge
sectional
back
next
step is
the
through
passes
the
center
side
the
arrived
is
of
vertical
the
to
up
on
remainder
the
shown
section
next
two
steps.
the
and
sets
Of
right-hand
line also ; but
this
sec-
tion
ends
later, the
seen
recesses
machining
those
only
the
on
of
and
require machining.
side
the
the
of
liner
metal
lined.
it will
recessed
great
that
the
well,
and
into
the
section
the
possible
it
sectional
is
step
has
being
been
in
recesses
in
the
that
if
this
the
section
side
as
so
this
of
did
pass
cast-iron.
it must
end
not
should
this
to
be
center
liner
on
vented
preThe
can
one
be
remembered
the
repeated
line.
fits
is
through
This
be
as
liner
sideways.
out
Again,
plan.
line, all
right-hand
forced
taken
the
case
shows
plan
crosswise
recessed
this
In
recesses.
the
friction
the
white-metal
that, again, the
is
and
with
if
do
are
the
case
round
might
The
steps
this
are
tion,
eleva-
recesses,
turning
from
cast-iron
seen
center
the
white-
sectional
in
that
into
fits
enough.
from
of
also, but
liner
was
the
the
steps
cast-iron
that
seen
of
cast-iron
the
reduced.
the
be
it is
as
of
for
Thus
arcs
the
prevented
shaft,
section
which
other
wedges.
inner
for
cap
said
be
materially
two
the
the
the
on
closely examining
there
white-metal
the
showr
with
On
thus
with
next
which
steps,
the
is
minimise
touch
can
touch
large bearing
a
Dealing
same
be
the
steps, etc.,
casing
The
show
to
the
on
the
steps, which
cost
made
will
as
not
steps which
the
hand
does
are
required
parts
one
section
next
These
recesses.
the
particular line, and,
that
at
The
vertical
on
the
third
43
section, commencing,
vertical
line
center
horizontal
of
with
Starting,then,
inner
the
of
the
section
the
line,
second
this
and
sides
the
vertical
of the
section
of
and
recessed,
in
than
horizontal
the
through
corresponding
passing along
In
there
the
exist
the
are
to
plan
step
and
namely,
line
cuts
is seen,
horizontal
center
the
on
is
thinner
the
the
the
is
latter
section
by following
plan
to
the
be
can
left
found
section
line
be noticed
that
right.
in the
is
no
as
points
is
where
of
there
out
were
that
thickest.
at the
on
they
In
between
shown
Looking
this
the
sectional
corresponding point,
the
out
outside
liner
space
wedge.
point
it will
liner
the
picking
left
where
this
the
by
cut
the
that
in
points
all
through
the
Thus,
one.
looking
and
made,
now
side ; which
and
right
line, shows
elevation
where
arc
it does,
as
the
plan
the
section, also, there
side
this
line in the
recesses
left-hand
only
of
those
to
sectional
no
reason
is
sectional
the
so
On
center
center
is not
left.
preceding
the
left
the
on
hence
the
on
on
liner
the
that
seen
of that
passing,
corresponding points
be
parts.
next
now
line
two
the
the
plan
cuts
that
one
being
into
the
and
plan,
liner, it will
the
continuation
a
sectional
the
for
the
as
the
bearing
line, but
center
far out
at
is
arc
in
the
the
at
elevation, follows
the
line
center
remainder
the
in
said,
been
has
as
the
the
horizontal
step, it
will
center
be
seen
44
that
is
there
the
there
is
shows,
of
single arc
of
the
lower
wedges,
that
But
a
the
and
in
to
has
there
the
a
through
the
in the
elevation
;
comes
bolt, and
here
elevation
so
again,
and
of
the
the
nuts.
pad,
which
Next
is
as
not
ing
show-
right
the
right
has
the
cap
it must
be
usual, the
line
shown
bolt
section,
The
same
following
exactly
ing
Look-
section
the
in
across.
it.
upon
that
the
the
that
through
check-nut
on
right
the
seen
on
passes
seen
bear
latter, thus
wedge
be, strictly speaking.
should
said
it is
slope
same
on
section
of this
these
it should
they
be
the
same
and
nut
plan
outside
as
it,which
passes
in
the
part
upper
fixed
bolt
shape
same
it is of
that
wedge
left, it will
the
on
is the
former
the
the
and
of
the
where
the
former
cap
wedge
parts
Comparing
latter.
with
those
this
of
the
both
side steps have
the
at
the
the
Also,
side
in
as
one
continuation
a
that
far
as
only
that
left-hand
touches
either
side.
seen
is
side
examining
that
is
there
be
shows
step
Before
the
the
thus
casing,
the
noticed
as
and
in
other
it will
the
elevation
recesses
the
on
on
upper
one
extend.
be
one
line ;
section
as
none
so
This
for
steps,
right-hand
the
on
no
are
the
three,
middle
the
center
there
and
them,
fore
there-
and
wedge,
elevation.
examination
careful
on
the
between
sectional
casing, or
instead
touches
space
also, that
cap,
arc
no
in the
seen
the
step
as
can
the
same
is
it
be
wedge
shape
45
as
in the
for
further
any
this
shows
Next
that
thickening
bearing
smooth
of
for
This
section
solid
metal
which
the
in
the
is
here
be
of
are
seen
it ; and
be
and
therefore
At
the
the
this,
until, with
the
is
outer
bolt
no
a
it.
for
;
Thus'
bolt which
a
tee-headed
than
of
the
the
of
bolt
tubes
is
cap
line and
be
this
seen
the
on
tube
can
through
passes
bolt
seen
the
is
one,
the
correct
can
the
head
itself. After
bearing
slopes gradually
sweep
the
section
end
of
hatched
here
one
on.
no
horizontal
the
lower
is
of
one
fits
through
this
of
the
clearly
perfectly
the
casing
sudden
is
when
wider
is seen,
as
of
plan
of
of the
head
the
as
this
side
elevation
in this view
and
(this can
that
from
line.
center
this
pass
right
to
part
tubes
the
elevation
either
on
that
rest
thereby
cap
up
sectional
the
the
is in
the
the
applies
where
form
to
machined,
same
seen.
machined
be
joins
To
and
;
outside
in
easilybe
can
The
plan),
outside
distance
some
increased
explained, is
be
casing
the
bolts
cap
seen
section.
the
more
need
casing
the
which
by
bolts
alone
visible.
shown
be
of
the
can
pad, which
half-sectional
section
here
that
out
of uniform
and
been
expense.
some
part
upper
point
to
call
not
by this projecting beyond
casing it
saving
pad
has
as
the
and
;
the
can
the
does
so
except
casing,
behind
and
pad also is
the
the
thickness
a
remarks,
comes
This
elevation,
left-hand
is reached,
downwards
round, it becomes
hori-
46
Notice
zontal.
in
the
is
is
latter
of
This
elevation.
the
screw
this
After
and
as
down
into
inside, forms
This,
on.
wide
a
of
casing.
the
Not,
either
bearing puts
be
outside
lines
passing
round
in
flange
is
being
shown
by
has
across
yet
been
the
seen
the
two
bottom
said
about
the
the
such
surface
plan
sectional
the
while
;
a
were
flange
can
two
the
elevations,
horizontal
bearing.
hatched
it
which
parallel and
of the
itself
concrete,
outer
the
round
of
or
bearing
The
rest
which
plan, being represented by
inside
lines
load
to
way
on
brick
the
on
bearing
the
the
extensive.
in the
seen
that
it if the
upon
somewhat
not
all the
here
of the
flange
bearing
the
of
stand
not
outside
foundation
the
stands, being made
again, and
the
extends
vertical
becomes
on
for
obtained.
be
can
another
however,
but
probably
with
base
course,
requires this,
would
surface
horizontal
casing, which, together
a
convenient
upon
flange
a
On
sectional
casing suddenly
out
nuts
the
in
a
the
bolt-hole
the
seen
that
suddenly
as
broadens
is done
the
then
be
the
tightly.
very
round
The
around
is needful, for often
can
nut
this bolt
casing.
the
down
seen
of the
one
Around
considerably
casing
the
be
can
part
with
one
screwed
are
is formed,
boss
to
this
bolts
outside
the
in
cast
And
these
on
horizontal
strengthened
bolt-hole.
this
of
is situated.
bolts
tube
short
a
this
In
plan.
holding-down
nothing
that
Nothing
part in
the
48
remembered
be
that
but
plane changes,
of
it
takes
change
serves
the
ends
vertical
the
at
pointed
with
symmetrical
it
certainly is not,
behind
for
that
it
Passing
shown.
now
being
hole
through
place
as
the
On
other
noticed
the
cap
that
by
to
this
there
a
which
;
the
inner
is
a
boss,
a
for
steps, and
plan
is the
the
"
in
side of
there
as
exactly
was
the
fits
same
It will be
space
prevent
function
on
the
over
the
here
and
cap
this
portion ; again
thus
as
wedge
each
between
This
so
section
the
the
on
casing.
ever,
how-
clearing hole,
a
again
cap
space
space.
indeed, this
again
is
drawn
"
spaces
and
enlarged
white
grip the
moving;
top is
of the
is
were
look
right
holding
white
the
bolt-hole,
top. of this
shown
This
the
enlarged part
is not
it
would
line in the
bolt
the
be
section
of
it is often
the
horizontal
seen.
After
reason.
towards
on
by
seen
bolt.
correctly, it
which
is
should
section
plane
preference
the
on
passes
be
can
the
for
odd, that
very
the
it
and
though
as
in
recess
oil well
the
be
right-hand portion, If,
the
drawn
were
of
out
even
the
It
right-hand
for
where
might
shows
is drawn
the
show
part
pointed
line.
section
It
correctly shown.
other
explained,
center
the
that
out
the
been
and
been
already
section
the
to
has
section
next
has
as
cap,
As
purpose,
The
misleading.
in
as
is drawn
place.
useful
no
here,
line
bearing, no
the
this
that
this
after
soon
permits
them
of
the
is
the
from
cap,
49
and,
as
the
press
bottom
down
step
top
of the
in
groove
the
others
cap
rested
on
the
the
enlarged portion
of
Beside
the
boss
the
is
seen
another
is
an
of
top
outside
back
than
boss
boss
and
on
nut
this
in
in
cap
usual
to
words
other
so
a
section
is
beneath,
through
a
section
A
in
line
the
line
be
must
be
can
be
through
a
it is
the
center
drawing of this kind saves
the
drawing office, for
other
section
a
that
If, however,
that
and
or
this
line, so
assumed
plan,
such
When
such
a
It is
AB,"
any
is
that,
first,yet,
without
elevation
of
one
sections
for this
line of the
center
for
plain.
be.
may
made
the
than
through
understood.
shown
of
case
plan
seen
at
such
section
the
as
be
becomes
beneath
"A
it may
sectional
center
written
search
section
the
by bit, it
these:
as
some
is
find
bit
at the
boss
completed the examination
composed of part sections, it can
however
seem
complicated it may
analysed
further
place. Having at
of this drawing
last
when
there
otherwise
back
in section, for it is the
the
;
glance
certainlyfurther
holding
casing.
be
must
A
the
however,
one,
section
the
on
wedge-bolt
thus
shown
not
if
inner
the
;
be in section.
it is
shown
bolts
the
nuts
boss
the
that
shows
and
elevation, and
it,too, would
it could
readily understood,
be
can
line
much
two
writing
a
section
view.
Thus
through
sectional
of
an
plan
the
is
a
elevation.
valuable
other
a
time
complete
p
50
views
would
given by
Another
13.
a
a
these
grip
the
of
tion
informa-
the
convey
time
saving
while
shown,
are
is shown
elevations
back
and
front
clutch
to
two.
method
Here
of
required
be
composite view, consisting of
of
in
Fig.
a
part
is
below
there
the
front,
the
left of the
half
and
r
Front
Elevation
Back
Elevation
E
Side
e/e
-ration
Fig.
half
the
vertical
to
those
of
this
back
line
in
front
centre
with
can
be
be
drawn
elevations.
center
the
line
on
lines
elevation,
be
can
those
the
Thus
shown
are
quite understood
when
13-
in
such
is
on
the
back
that
object
while
seen
the
corresponding
the
lines
elevation.
views
can
symmetrical
right
sponding
corre-
It
only
about
51
the
center
on
the
left
back
is to
line,that
of
the
elevation
line
center
making
has
of the
view.
half
with
drawn
in
view.
composite
the
each
same
as
Thus
not
be
half
bottom,
and
half
and
if the
plan
Thus
if
of
is
the other
this
unsymmetrical
side
about
If
of
been
thus
has
a
view
number
of
object
the
with
positions,and
proper
showing
the
each
the
of
the
would
is shown,
to
the
it would
be
drawn.
views,
two
the
that
it must
one
be
object
is symmetrical
that
view
the
time.
save
and
view
the
then
is
unsymmetrical,
line, and
parts, a
14
were
really
reality
to
top, as
object,then
its center
drawn
Fig
plan
be ascertained
can
is
the
of
that
elevation
is
object is complicated
an
showing
called
it
the
or
view
which
seen
in
that
understood
in
it to the
views
from
either
plan
composite
the
and
from
not
if the
middle
elevations
and
each
be
the
through
front
the
half
case,
elevation, which
with
with
view
a
the
side
the
this
elevation
case,
in
apart, instead
actually
composite
or
right
these
In
not
side
The
these
view
actual
and
front
the
distance
it would
completed,
were
either
on
of them.
line where
center
a
view
be
view
one
appearing
Sometimes
corresponding positions.
views
drawn
a
are
slight
of
in
also
appear
lines
that
say,
also
is
usually
various
sets
part separately.
general arrangement,
composed
drawn
parts in their
of
The
while
other
views
first view
the
is
others
details.
called
are
usually
but
not
sometimes
side
help
few
a
of
sometimes
a
the
or
general
in
Figs.
quickly
of
be
explanation
rod
end,
part
be
can
which
which
link
in
describes
a
motion
is
of both
(see
"
How
series).
it must
To
have
very
the
a
And
enable
a
hole
that
amination
ex-
brief
a
connecting-
a
connecting-rod,
is
part,
a
pin
for the
and
of each
shape
the
to
of
is the
crank-
backwards
and
the
latter
connecting-rod,
partaking
circular
Works,"
ends, the
as
it
motions,
5 in this
No
connecting-rod
both
be
can
the
line, while
as
are
A
moves
Engine
at
latter
the
complicated,
the
of
for
straight line
Steam
indeed
shapes
of
crosshead
straight
circle.
only
of parts,
the
their
end
of these
a
With
use
reason
the
has
details
needful
understood.
former
forwards
does
of the
joins
The
pin.
given
is
connecting-rod
the
from
got
commencing
it
the
if
fully
are
it, and
with
that
so
these,
that
so
;
is added
be
can
on
A.
Before
grasped.
elevation
general arrangement
14
and
are
arrangement
A
perspective views,
also
its
14
details
latter
sizes
connecting-rod end, together
is shown
with
and
dimensions
all.
at
none
given
section
a
all the
leading
the
The
These
that
so
while
them,
elevation
sectional,
or
is
plan
matters.
dimensioned,
front
elevation
both
is
arrangement
frequently.
in
a
will
side
or
very
shown
usually
it
plan
a
general
either
elevation,
an
sometimes
it,
The
to
one
do
this
fitting
53
Fig.
14.
Perspective
of
pares
or
oouneutmg-rod
end.
54
the
on
crosshead
pin.
Often
pins
is such
the
in
the
convenient
the
being
in two
of the
so
facilitates
parts
will
(a a]
is but
and
all the
the
connecting-rod.
rest
short
distance
The
hole, then,
to
flanges, one
be
latter
dimension
is
center
a
very
namely
they
of
that
common
all from
and
14A,
fixed
are
them
solid up
as
view.
This
between
3f
from
flange ;
dimension
of the
can
high.
dimension
the
two
are
brasses,
inch
a
is 4
that
perspective
f
to
separate.
there
the
or
of
the
metal
difference
outside
method
one
end
drawn
radius,
in
and
the
they
of
of
also
bottom
the
14
are
these
(see plan), the
line to
the
at
fixing
brasses
line
inches
;
hole
center
2f
wear
contain
(see elevation), the
the
to
for
inches
to
Figs.
inches
thick,
say,
they
side
and
plan,
\ inch
are
to
Beyond
either
on
in
seen
They
lines.
dotted
hole
in blocks
and
is to
is
This, then, is
is, a
means
2
it
examined,
These
is of
time
first be
to show
apart
diameter,
the
a
clamped
bigger by
this.
then
principal part,
the
inches
end
Returning
brasses
that
two
piece and
be
same
it gets
as
in
one
must
wear,
of these
made
in the
the
the
both
be
crank-
the
on
or
these
At
smaller
one
half
Then
up
other
must
to be
as
take
hole
rod.
being
this hole
connecting-rod
a
the
of
place.
to
make
what
situation
other.
in
together
the
that
piecesof metal,
half
pin, and
the
and
from
flange.
the
This
is
giving dimensions,
line, which
is
usually
a
56
line.
center
in
lines
These
is
which
the
at
with
and
the
plan
And
indeed
it is because
thickened
are
weaker
wide,
right through
the
is
each
leg
the
other
pierced
that
strap
They
are
the
legs
would
be
4J inches
in the
plan,
in
shown
as
in
elevation.
the
the
is shown
in
seen
rectangle
a
holes
otherwise
strap,
elevation,
be
as
of these
as
the
portion
in
brasses
the
can
elsewhere.
than
long by -J inch
pass
for
up,
here
in
lines
the
(b) thickened
metal
shown
dotted
by
of
to
which
rectangular hole,
a
next
thickened
dotted
bottom
seen
width,
Each
plan.
the
be
can
the
prevent
piece of
as
uniform
of
and
ends,
to
are
Coming
U-shaped
a
that
the
are
flanges
sideways.
moving
noticed
be
elevation
the
flanges.
up
It should
and
the
elevation.
Dealing
for
the
with
now
strap, firstly,it will
distance
between
distance
across
namely,
4J
inches
of
the
radius
the
(although only
is to
same
be
the
;
those
one
understood
that
The
width
distance
between
Because
of
the
of the
the
all these
brasses,
the
at
curves
the
cross-piece have
one
of
other
brasses
the
is the
yet it
is of
one
dimension
strap
the
as
same
of
the
that
is dimensioned,
another
.
the
the
on
corner
size, otherwise
given)
portion
with
given
seen
the
also, that
legs
as
be
is
legs
solid
the
junctions
same
dimensions
would
same
flanges, namely,
as
4
the
be
the
inches.
corresponding dimensions,
it
57
inferred
be
may
brasses, and,
the
in
be
seen
can
be
in
in
extend
of their
while
stub
inches
of
which
which
is also the
assumed
width
this
that
this
same
stub
end
size
through
as
the
lines in the
is in
way
its
has
stub
end,
place
the
in
the
both.
cotter
Into
(d) and
confirmed
practically
when
thickness
same
as
stub
end.
the
strap
is the
and
that
in it of
the
the
hole
by
strap
the
wide,
the
so
;
is shown
that
the
inches
that
So
(c) is
between
strap, and
as
elevation.
rod
strap, as
Notice, also,
rectangular
in the
the
be
fits into
those
through
guessed
a
search
a
it may
strap
shows.
general arrangement
sum
fit into
to
width
of the
also
So
it is 4
also
the
details, it is found
is the
strap, and
do
they
(2f + 2-f inches),
connecting
the
the
proper
that
part
other
of
end
deep,
the
the
brasses
their
long.
for yet another
made
it
Now
latter,for
inches
can
embrace
found
J inches
13
as
the
in
are
against
case,
they
of the
only 5J
strap is
the
legs
end
Examining
strap.
that
is
lengths
be
must
the
to
up
the
for
strap, it will be
the
fit
flanges prevent
brasses
the
When
strap.
the
the
over
arrangement.
sideways,
moving
place
the
latter
the
fact, is
general
how
seen
from
not
the
fits
strap
that
moreover,
cross-piece,which,
the
4J
that
when
there
this
it extends
the
stub
the
will
hole
dotted
be
a
end
clear
it may
be
gib (e) fit, which
it is found
width
that
of the
Examining
is
their
holes
in
first the
58
gib (e),it
piece
be
of metal
8 inches
be
having
slopes, so
than
it is
2
the
inches
8 inches
1 inch
the
at
Thus
which
is the
(for divide
each
This
is
There
is sometimes
often
written
of 1 in
of the
units
true
for feet, or
then, that
from
the
rate
the
higher
is
horizontal
is 1 inch
would
For
8x2
above.
thus
of
as
distance
sloping line
whatever
a
16
=
is
in
in).
1
=
in
1
"
32.
is
shown
will
all will be
lines
is
equally
seen,
starting
horizontal,
at
uniform
a
starting point.
horizontal
the
taper
16
reached
1x2
the
inches,
point
=
2, and
multiplied by,
1
a
This
If
then
a
At
line,
former.
1 in 8.
of
a
speak
It will be
two
above
and
ever,
clear, how-
we
which
on
were
have
8
of
higher
the
8 inches
spoken
in
inch
^x^
=
Here
of
and
from
marked
and
end
1-32
become
15.
one
"
sloping line
then
84-8
figure has
point
rises
show
"
millimetres.
upper
it recedes
as
distance
the
the
end
one
one
as
thus
It will
Fig.
even
same
other
same
inches, although
as
the
tapers J inch
for convenience
8, and
is
in understanding
difficulty
a
by examining
at
at
"taper
expression.
taper
it
by 8,
and
line, while
head
ins., and
Jv8=JXi=l-32
this latter
the
other.
length,
heads
dimensions
The
under
the
is thinner
gib
flat
a
high
center
other.
of
1 inch
between
the
the
it is.If inches
that
side
The
that
at
heads,
two
parallel with
other
it consists
that
seen
apart.
to
seen
will
the
the
2 inches
so
must
on;
be
59
multiplied by
is
the
Here
between
is
been
Fig.
quotient
is the
across
the
the
suppose
taper
same
inches,
difference
*
13-32
means
foot
which,
as
thirteen
with
1
the
a
the
as
horizontal
32.
the
dimensions
for
but
or
a
convenience
sloping
in
1
8
the
the
by
taper,
1 inch
dash
is, of
This
Thus,
and
in
"
"
the
is 32;
course,
is 13-32*
rule, is
at
the
is written
between.
and
sions
dimen-
the
length."
(which
in
1 inch
object
1 foot
stated
inches
eight.
this
be
8
given
between
inch) by
thirty-seconds,
either
of
inches
13
between
in
given
difference
to
the
one
1 inch
taper is
quantity following
; the
1
as
in
'
ends
therefore, divide
the
'
length
1 in 32
of
Tapers
quantity following
the
of
figure.
Thus
the
one
of
the
them.
length
15.
lower
rule, "Having
the
the
of
end
taper
from
distance
a
therefore
and
the
start
in the
the
at
Hence
taper, divide
not
between
gained,
before.
with
and
inches
2
do
is shown
start
them,
there
as
lines
the
lines
This
point.
Also
quantity.
same
if the
same
common
has
the
the
ends
in
of
figures,
60
this
inches.
13
And
is
end
narrower
broader
the
Take
" inch
same
as
is
per
foot
each
as
1 in 96
cotter, it will be
the
parallelto
is stated
It
the
exactly
this, and
width
that
same
is 1
that
foot
end
and
dividing this by 32,
width
the
of
of the
that
the
other
The
only
other
cotter
is that
there
f inch
wide,
should
be
shows
there
small
set
bolt
screw
that
as
a
hole
shown
and
detail
on
is used
the
to
And
end, the
Thus
is 15
that
is
from
found.
inches,
is obtained, and
is 2
notice
inches, then
far
4 X
of
be
the
as
dealt
drawing.
the
drawing
f inches
only
a
long
this, it
About
deep.
to hold
this
about
in it 4 inches
groove
cotter, instead
last
be
to
out
be
which
32
inches.
inch
might
The
deep.
a
in
narrow
end
side
one
tapering.
gib.
the
"
and
pointed
the
through
is
has
other
the
1
"
examining
and
also
inches
thing
ca.se
stated.
as
the
^
and
8
32
is 2
end
inches,
by
can
narrow
is the
this
inches,
3
This
in
on
of
foot.
per
will
taper is
length
as
"
times
Some-
as
that
the
the
quantity
found
broad
the
across
at
a
line and
as
width
in 12
drawing,
dimension
the
inch
such
the
the
much
so
the
center
at
inches.
is obtained
to
now
width
example.
unity
(12x8)
Returning
the
at
an
by
first into
the
then
stated
96, for it is H
multiplying
the
inch =29-32
13-32
taper
in
1
convert
already \ inch,
is J+
one
if the
thus,
right
groove
with
is the
It is called
cotter
"
in
a
place.
61
To
this it is screwed
do
the
and
strap,
forces
it
set
"tight against
screw
the
been
having
screwed
is flattened
of the
the
is the
for
reason
and
groove,
brasses
and
cotter
this
this
given
and
that
Thus
the
and
these
dotted
flanges on
part
of both
stub
end
and
of
the
the
gib
strap.
latter.
The
the
are
the
used
gib
end.
that
the
of
center
are
it will
various
to
also
this.
show
are
how
a
hidden
the
fits close
be
parts
entirelyhide
and
cotter
Notice
the
gib
the
stub
and
the
by
the
cotter
that
Next
brasses
strap,
and
of
dimensions
the
lines.
up
that
strap embraces
at
of
center
against
first noticed
some
lines
bottom
arrangement,
strap
another
is covered
much
part
the
that
end
also
end,
be
one
off at the
bottom
the
both
it should
cross
that
stub
through
end
at the
general
found
the
and
inner
into
been
the
prevent
the
from
that
not
to
view
seen
does
after
hole
cotter, because
the
at
next
pass
hole,
in the
groove
the
latter, and
of its hole.
lines
center
the
out
already
the
burr
drawn
Coming
it has
that
hole
that
it is screwed
formed
thus
being
from
below
to
the
is
burr
the
then
is turned
when
it is apt
cotter
On
Also
So
tightly,that
so
thread
cotter
the
of the
out
reduced
thread.
of
passes.
down
out, the
its diameter
and
latter
back
withdrawn
be
can
the
the
on
in
hole
tapped
a
pressing
then
which
through
through
the
greater
by
former
against
the
fit
the
62
end
against
close
And
at
the
ends
the
in the
same
the
cotter
the
gib
it is
And
in
strap
the
gib
this
general arrangement
the
same
they
the
also
hole,
so
the
plan
be
and
the
of
all
the
the
who
hole
is
dimensions
details
had
shown
then
could
be
seen
even
details
the
the
length
;
but
of
the
together is, and
and
end
of the
together
the
length
4j- inches.
If
a
general arrangement,
on
from
this
for
these
the
width
views
two
although
for
connecting-rod
end
made;
a
part
the
namely
parts,
not
gib
this
beneath
jams
on
most
given
taken
added
the
end.
; and
required
is not
obtained,
placed
various
be
it
stab
the
Thus,
the
closes
the
details
the
gib
between
if these
for
them.
and
for
dimensions
The
those
the
practically solid
made
stub-end
cotter
space
that
just
push
in
is done
of
as
strap,
action
are
on
from
the
of the
width
of
not
in
hole
the
are
obtained
be
can
those
for
strap carries
the
end
connecting-rod.
as
it the
this
hole
to
hole
the
with
when
is
of the
end
of
This
hole
cotter,
it tends
latter, and
the
the
important,
end
the
and
the
downward
and
the
a
is very
against the
brass
the
when
and
brass.
outer
thereby
with
between
gib carries
together
inner
space
toward
it the
the
is
This
The
brasses
time, there
the
tight against
with
stub-end.
is driven
stub-end.
fits
cotter
the
end.
over
the
against
and
holes
between
stub
strap, while
gib
the
of the
also
and
in the
holes
of the
one
anythe
64
allows
transparent
but
where
the
acting
then
prepared
on
;
the
on
an
the
light,is
the
intense
made,
be
by
similar
but
washed,
thoroughly
sometimes
and
being
soaked
shrink
;
and
therefore,
drawing
and
tracing
scale, the
as
obtaining
the
Trust
concerned.
and
which
of
making
enquire
cannot
JOHN
TAYLOR,
of
then
be
been
drawn
24,
Gray's
Inn
Road,
Holborn,
the
to
as
far
given,
for
found.
Printer,
to
are
dimensions
authority
is
after
paper,
measurements
the
been
This
print spoilsall, in
to
has
process
dried.
is
print
carefully
have
correct
blue
a
dried, is apt
however
in
someone
on
turns
having
The
then
may
the
the
fire.
a
through
is
print
the
before
done
after
Lastly,
;
paper
but
white
a
ink
insoluble
water
complicated
more
through.
gone
the
lines
if
where
the
rendered
Also,
are
parts
from
the
frame
the
is, where
white
Thus
After
chemicals
those
light
the
of
the
that
"
the
on
soluble.
out
from
obtained.
are
a
ink
untouched
blue.
which
the
rest, having been
all the
them
light by
paper
tracing kept
the
renders
paper
Then
soluble
of the
the
remain
light
surface
parts of
is taken
paper
water.
of
and
them,
the
This
pass.
the
it,
through
pass
on
chemicals
still remain
ground
to
in
out
while
by
from
to
light can
no
in those
prepared
washed
they
chemicals
the
soaked
and
the
while
tracing paper
this
is
changes
protected
are
ink
paper
insoluble
light
the
W.C.
those
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front Cover.
inside
Leland.
C. G
28
Jewellery
29
China
30
The
31
Useful.
Other Adhesives.
and (Josrneti"s,home-made.
Perfumes
Gla^s Decorat;on and Repair.
De
Trinkets,
-orat
Decoration
33
35
Amateur
36
Gesso
37
Picture
38
Fitments
30
Bamboo
"\x-/
of Fabrics.
and
Pastes,and
Gums, Glues
34
Curating.
Work
Frame
and
for the
Restoring.
Home.
Work.
40
Paper
Flowers.
4L
Home
Bookbinding.
42
Bookshelves
43
Leather
Books.
and
Work.
41
Design-*Laying.
45
Rustic
46
of Ferns, Leaves, "c.
use
Miscellaneous
Minor
Arts, I.: Bones
Arts
Minor
Nature
:"
Ceresa,
Inlay
Arts, II.:
Minor
Miscellaneous
Imitation
and
the
48
Basket
Making.
49
Window
Ticket
50
Modelling
51
Sand-
in
and
;
tive
Decora-
Horns; Shells and
Ivory,"c.
Coral, Amber
Beads;
Mosaic;
Making
"
of Wood
Stone
Mosaic; Scagliola
Work; Bead
Scale
Tankards, "c.
Nail
and
Writing.
Clay
a
id Wax.
Blasting;Ktching and Coloring with Acid.
Grangerising,or Extra Illustrating.
52
6d.
each
net, post
PROFITABLE
BY
74
Gives
and
free
7d.
HOBBIES.
H.
SNOWDEN
PagesfullyIllustrated.
hints
advantages
hobbies
Printing; Natural Magic
"
47
^"
Repair.
Decorative
Paper-work.
32
and
on
y
home-made.
WARD.
6d. net, postfreeSd.
the
suggestions on the choice of a hobby; compares
the
rural
and
artistic,
scientific,
"collecting"
pursuits,
the handicrafts
Instruction on taking up an hobby, with the
and
of
pricesof the books and magazines most useful to the beginner.
Suggestionsfor maiketing the produce of a hobby.
The pursuitsinclude those suitable to both sexes, to the man
of ample
time is precious; with specialreference to some
leisure,and to him whose
titles and
little-known
crafts,and
to some
very
suitable for invalids.