TYPE 2 DIABETES
TYPE 2 DIABETES by : Nelia Ngo, B. S. Pharm, CDE, Member – Health Committee, St. Michael’s Parish Diabetes is an insidious disease with symptoms often overlooked by many, until it is too late. Recognizing the early signs of diabetes can help you reduce the chance of the disease developing into its more serious form. Frequently, a simple matter of adjusting a person’s diet and exercise regimen often prevents the disease from occurring, or at the least, worsening. Some common symptoms of Type 2 diabetes Frequent urge to urinate Excessive thirst Excessive feeling of hunger Blurred vision Nu mbness or tingling of extremities Ex cessive tiredness & paleness Aside from these symptoms, you must also consider factors that predispose a person to Type II Diabetes 40 years of age or older First degree relative with Type II Diabetes Member of high risk population (people of Aboriginal, Hispanic, South Asian or African descent) Women who developed gestational diabetes Presence of complications associated with diabetes History of pre-diabetes (e.g., hypertension, high cholesterol, overweight, abdominal obesity) If you suspect you have diabetes, based on the symptoms and factors above, consider asking your doctor to screen you for diabetes. Typically, this consists of testing a sample of your blood while fasting. How to treat mild to moderate hypoglycemia: Take 15g of fast acting glucose, such as : 3-4 (15g) glucose tablets, or ¾ cup (17 mL) of juice or regular soft drink, or 6 Life Savers, or 3 teaspoons or 3 packets of table sugar dissolved in water Test blood glucose after 15 minutes. Treat again if blood glucose remains less than 4.0 mmol/L. Have your usual meal, or extra snack if your meal is more than 1 hour away Recommended targets for blood glucose control A1C test shows your average glucose over the past 2-3 months Targets A1C BEFORE MEAL 2 HOURS AFTER MEAL For most patients with diabetes Less than 7.0% 4.0 – 7.0 mmol/L (5.0 – 8.0 if A1C targets are not being met) 5.0 – 10.0 mmol/L Note : Targeted levels should be personalized to an individual to prevent extreme lows and highs in blood sugar levels (less than 4.0 mmol/L and greater than 14.0 mmol/L, respectively) PLANNING YOUR MEALS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES # of Servings Fruits and Vegetable s 7 to 10 servings Breakfast Choices ½ cup unsweetened fruit juice ½ cup blueberries ½ piece grapefruit ½ cup hash browns 1 tbsp jam Lunch Choice 1 small banana 1 cup leafy greens (salad) ½ cup carrots, cucumber, tomato 1 slice rye, white or whole wheat bread Grains 5 to 8 servings Milk or Alternativ es 2 to 3 servings Meat or Alternativ es 2 to 3 servings ½ small muffin ¼ inch pancake ¼ cup unsweetened cold cereal ½ cup cooked cereal ½ 6” pita 1 6” tortilla ½ small bagel or English muffin Dinner Choices ½ cup mashed potatoes ½ cup beans, lentils, corn or peas ½ cup sweet potato 6 spears asparagus 17 small grapes Snack Choices 1 small apple or orange 3 pieces graham cracker squares 2 small cookies ½ cup cooked pasta or rice ½ cup cooked couscous ½ cup cooked quinoa ½ naan 1 small brownie 2 large rice cakes ¾ oz pretzels or chips 1 cup 1% or skim milk, sweetened soy milk 2/3 cup unsweetened or artificially sweetened fatfree yogurt 1.5 oz of lower-fat cheese 2 tbsp peanut butter 2 eggs 2 tbsp peanut butter ½ cup ice cream or frozen yogurt 3 cups popcorn ¾ cup tofu ¾ cup cooked legumes ½ cup ice cream or frozen yogurt ¼ cup sherbet 2.5 oz cooked or canned fish, shellfish; poultry, lean meat; deli meat – low-fat & low salt ¼ cup shelled nuts & seeds Sources : Canadian Diabetes Association, Joslin Clinic, “Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide” Counting the Calories Burned during Daily Activities Walking (moderate pace) , ½ hour Pushing the lawn mower, ½ hour Grocery shopping – pushing a cart, ½ hour Stretch Yoga , ½ hour Mopping the floor, ½ hour Car washing, ½ hour House painting , ½ hour Raking leaves, ½ hour Running 5 kilometers in ½ hour Moving furniture, ½ hour Stair machine, ½ hour 70 80 100 115 125 140 150 150 165 170 225 250 300 MEDICATION Dusting, ½ hour The CORNERSTONES of GOOD BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Folding Laundry, ½ hour Approx. Calories DIET or NUTRITION Activity GOOD BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL can reduce the risk of complications such as : Eye disease (retinopathy) Kidney disease (nephropathy) Nerve disease (neuropathy) Heart disease (cardiopathy)
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