MULTIFUNCTIONALITY:
HOW TO KEEP RURAL AREAS
ALIVE?
prof. Ewa Rembiałkowska, SGGW
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences
Chair of Organic Foodstuffs
e-mail: [email protected]
phone: +48 22 593 70 38
PLAN OF THE LECTURE
1. Characteristic of rural area problems in
Europe on Polish example
2. Multifuctionality of rural areas as an
opportunity for further development
3. Significance of human capital
4. Landscape and biodiversity as important
factors of rural area development
5. Role of organic farming for rural area
development
Share of urban and rural areas in Poland
(Central Statistical Office 2007)
Total
Areas
Urban
in
million
ha
per 1
inhabit.
in ha
31,27
0,82
per 1
in
urban
million
inhabit.
ha
in ha
2,14
0,09
Rural
total
(%)
in
million
ha
per 1
rural
inhabit.
in ha
total (%)
6,8
29,13
1,97
93,2
Number of urban and rural inhabitants
in Poland
(Central Statistical Office 2007)
Population (million)
Total
38,13
urban
23,38
rural
14,75
(38,7%)
Level of education in the rural
areas
• Rural population is still less educated in
comparison to urban population.
• Urban inhabitants characterize much greater
percentage of people with higher education
(73% in cities compared to 56% in the
countryside) and more than 3-times lower
percentage of people without education (1,5%
in cities versus 5,0% in countryside).
Source: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata 2007-2013,
MRiRW, 2005
Unemployment in the rural areas
• Rural unemployment (registred and hidden)
estimated on about 1,6 mln people and limited
posibbilites of employment in the country are the
most important and most difficult problems to
overcome. Fight against unemployment in the
rural areas through facilitating access to labour
market and creating non-agricultural work places
on the rural areas is one of the most important
challanges for economic policy.
Source: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata 2007-2013,
MRiRW, 2005
Causes of unemployment in the
rural areas
In the first years of system transformation
negative phenomena were cumulated in
agriculture and related services which had an
adverse effect upon employment of rural
population:
a) agrarian overpopulation in the countryside
and excessive employment in agriculture
b) liquidation of state and cooperative ownership
in agriculture and its surroundings
c) employment reduction in industrial-service
sectors of national economy
Source: Zarębski 2002, Bariery i moŜliwości wielofunkcyjnego rozwoju
obszarów wiejskich
Progress in rural economy is
determined by many factors, but the
primary is increase of non-agricultural
employment among population living
on rural areas.
Rural Area Development Programme
adopted by Poland envisaged creation
of great number of non-agricultural work
places in the countryside.
Most frequent forms of non-agricultural
work places:
a) production or services based on work of the
family members (e.g. agricultural product
processing)
b) casual work (often not registered)
c) temporary departure for paid work in various
places in of land or abroad
d) lodgings rental for tourists and other related
services
e) running agri-tourist farms
f) craft, handicraft
Source: Górz & Ustupski 1996
Currently development of nonagricultural economy spheres on rural
areas meet many different limitations:
difficult economic situation
local background connected with low
economic activity of rural inhabitants
poor condition of technical infrastructure
lack of funds
low income of rural inhabitants
Source: Górz, Uliszak 2002, Wielofunkcyjny rozwój na obszarach wiejskich
w południowej Polsce
Experience in scope of multifunctional
economy on rural areas allow to state
- agricultural
that creation of more non
economic entities depend mainly on:
local background connected with
entrepreneurship of inhabitants
experiences of running independent companies
local government initiative
natural, human and capital sources
local traditions
Source: Hryniewicz 1996, Przedsiębiorczość i jej lokalne uwarunkowania
Rural area development tendencies in
Poland in 2007-2013
One of the most serious barriers of multifunctional
rural area development is still poor development
of technical infrastructure.
It is assumed that support of infrastructure
investment connected with agriculture by regional
programmes will significantly improve standard of
living and work on the rural areas and increase
attractiveness of rural areas for the investors.
Source: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata 2007-2013,
MRiRW, 2005
Rural area development tendencies in
Poland in 2007-2013
In period 2007 – 2013 it may be assumed that income
of rural area inhabitants will increase. More over
growth in number of farms for which more than 50% of
income will come from non-agricultural activity is
expected, caused by drop in number of farms deriving
income from non-gainful sources (pensions).
It may be also expected gradual decrease in number
of farms maintaining in more than 50% from
agriculture activity.
Source: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata 2007-2013,
MRiRW, 2005
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND
MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF RURAL AREAS
Multifunctionality of agriculture
and rural areas
means consideration of
non-production aspects of farming
Importance of agriculture for
environmental protection
• Agriculture – except for basic function of food
production – performs important role in scope of
environmental and landscape protection,
maintaining of soil fertility, habitat richness
and biodiversity.
• Multifunctional agriculture concept indicates
possibility of combining those functions by
forming agriculture production in accordance
with environmental requirements and landscape
maintenance, as well as undertaking additional
activities by farmers (diversification of
agricultural activity).
Source: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata 2007-2013,
MRiRW, 2005
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND
MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE
• It is desirable to relate integrated development
of the countryside with organic farming
(environment, high quality regional products,
biodiversity) in the way that will result in social,
cultural and economic development of rural
areas.
• Contemporary farmers should pay many
functions – not only be the producers of food,
but also take care of the environment and
promote regional development and local culture.
• In addition to those functions organic
farmers through their actions have an impact
on health of rural and urban community.
Share of organic farms in total number of
farms and arable land area in Poland
Source: Central Statistical Office, 2007
TOTAL
ORGANIC % ORGANIC
with certificate +
in total
in-conversion
Number of
farms >1ha
1806400
9187
0,5%
Arable land
area
(thousand
ha)
15957,3
228,04
1,4%
Number of organic and in-conversion farms in
Poland in 1990-2007 period Source: IJHARS 2007
10135
9194
7183
3760
2286
1787 1977
1419
27
49
94
180
246
263
238
324
417
555
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Organic agriculture area in Poland
in 2003-2006 [ha] Source: IJHARS 2006
228 038
167 740
82 730
49 928
2003
2004
2005
2006
Area structure of organic crops in
Poland
(by GIJHARS 2004)
4%
1%
51%
44%
grassland
arable crops
berries & orchards
vegetables
Opportunities for the development
of organic farming in Poland
• Making use of specific
„backwardness” of Polish agriculture
to build competitiveness of Polish
organic farms require increase of
farmer’s knowledge and capital
investment as well as marketing
actions.
• An advantage for Polish agriculture is
relatively favourable age structure
of rural population. In Poland 16%
of farm managers is up to 34 years of
age, whereas in EU-15 only 8%.
During adaptation to new conditions
(membership in EU) young farmers
are more willing to take risk and
challenges coming from new situation
than older farmers.
Source: Strategia rozwoju
obszarów wiejskich i
rolnictwa na lata 2007-2013,
MRiRW, 2005
Opportunities for the development
of organic farming in Poland
• Poland has an advantage towards UE market in
the sectors & directions that require high
expenses of work and land and are relatively
difficult to mechanize.
• Regarding traditional methods of production and
low usage of chemicals, Poland may successfully
produce high quality food, for which demand will
be growing among Polish and EU consumers.
Źródło: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata 2007-2013,
MRiRW, 2005
Opportunities for the development
of organic farming in Poland
• High biodiversity of many agricultural areas gives
Poland special position in the European Union.
Environmental richness of Poland composed of several
semi-natural, unique habitats disappearing in the
European landscape is the reason why many consumers
in EU perceive Poland not only as high quality food
producer, but also as the region in which supporting
environmental friendly agriculture would enable to save
many disappearing species and habitats.
Źródło: Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa na lata 2007-2013,
MRiRW, 2005
HIGH QUALITY FOOD
ORGANIC
FARMING
FAIR
TRADE
SLOW
FOOD
TRADITIONAL
PRODUCTS
REGIONAL PRODUCTS
Regional products are the products
manufactured only in selected regions of
European Union, whose name and manufacture
technology are legally protected.
‘Protected Geographical Indication’ and
‘Protected Designation of Origin’ are used for
individualization of products, showing the origin
of famous regional products.
REGIONAL PRODUCTS
Protected Designation of
Origin
Protected Geographical
Indication
Those geographical indications are defined in EU
law to protect the names of regional foods.
The legislation came into force in 1992.
The law ensures that only products genuinely
originating in that region are allowed in commerce as
such.
The purpose of the law is to protect the reputation of
the regional foods and eliminate the unfair competition
and misleading of consumers by non-genuine products,
which may be of inferior quality or of different flavor.
The origin of the product is only one of the criteria
for use of the protected terms: the product must
also meet various quality criteria.
TRADITIONAL
PRODUCTS
Traditional products are characterized by the
label ‘Traditional Speciality Guaranteed’,
where specific character of product must
resulting from tradition and must have the
features that distinguish it from other products.
This is a similar protected term which does not
impose any restrictions on the geographical
origin of the product, however only products
which meet the various quality criteria may
use the protected indication.
Awarding those labels increase
competitiveness of products and may be
serious factor attracting potential
consumers. Product which origin is
guaranteed by EU, create a positive image
of the area and encourage to visit ones
region (stimulating development of
tourism).
Consumer having access to high quality product
become familiarized with its producer, natural
and cultural environment in which the product
was manufactured. Through relation with region,
purchase become a beginning of the contact
with unique culture, tradition, history, community
and nature of ones region.
Fair Trade
• Organized social movement which promotes
standards for international labour,
environmentalism, and social policy
• Focuses on exports from developing countries to
developed countries
• Work with marginalized producers and workers
• Help them move from vulnerability to security and
economic self-sufficiency
• Empower them to become stakeholders in their
own organizations and actively play a wider role in
the global arena to achieve greater equity in
international trade
FAIR TRADE &
ORGANIC FARMING
Common points:
• Sustainable development
• Consumers
• Protection of small producers
What is Slow Food?
Main objectives…
Organization founded in 1986 in Italy by Carlo
Petrini as the opposition to growing popularity of
“fast food”
Currantly there are 85.000 members in 132
countries
The "culinary wing" of the anti – globalization
movement
Movement for good, clean and fair food
Created to combat fast food and to preserve the
cultural cuisine and the associated food plants and
seeds, domestic animals, and farming within an
ecoregion
Aims and objectives of
the movement
Organizing seed banks to preserve native
plant cultivars
Programme „Ark of Taste" enhancing
biodiversity by preserving native plant
cultivars, breeds and foods
Preserving and promoting local and
traditional food and cusine
Taste Education
Educating consumers about the hidden risks
of fast food
Lobbying for changes in agricultural policy
to support organic farms
Aims and objectives of
the movement
• Lobbying against the use of pesticides
• Lobbying against genetic modification of
foodstuffs
• Organizing small-scale processing
• Educating citizens about the hidden risks of
agribusiness and factory farms
• Educating citizens about the risks of
monoculture and reliance on too few
genomes or varieties
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND
MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE RURAL AREAS
BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE MEANS:
• Local processing of food (household
production of cheese, meat, pasta, fruit and
vegetable processed
products)
• Farm gate sales
• Local, small restaurants
and guest houses
offering organic food
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND
MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE RURAL AREAS
BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
• Local ecological
events: harvest home
festivals, open days,
apple tree days
• Restitution of regional
culture:
paintings, sculpture,
ceramics, textiles,
blacksmiths, other
crafts, performance
on musical
instruments, dance,
song
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND
MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE RURAL AREAS
BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
• Groups of
producers
• Local markets
and organic fairs
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND
MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE
BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
MEANS:
• Local ecological
events:
harvest
home festivals, open
days, apple tree days
• Restitution of regional
culture:
paintings, sculpture,
ceramics, textiles,
blacksmiths, other
crafts, performance
on musical
instruments, dance,
song.
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND
MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE
BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
• Attractive
agricultural
landscape
based on
small and
medium
organic
farms
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF
THE RURAL AREAS BASED ON
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
• Regional foot
• Biodiversity of plants
through the restitution of old
trees and fruit shrub cultivars
• Biodiversity of animals
through the restitution of old
animal breeds (cows, horses,
pigs, geese, ducks, hens)
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND
MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE RURAL AREAS
BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
• Open,
demonstration
farms
• Agri-tourist
farms
Importance of the human
resources
• Education of the citizens (secondary and
high schools)
• Ecological education
• Enterprise development
• Networking = creation of the groups,
associations, cooperation networks,
companies, producer groups, etc.
• Role of local leaders and their creation
Networking
Role of local community in the promotion
of multifunctional development
Promotion of territorial development by involving all the
local inhabitants in order to provide understanding about
the identity of their own area, to inform them of the
advantages and opportunities deriving from integrated
strategies for development and promotion of the area.
Role of information activities
Spreading of information and knowledge of common
interest to all the local operators is an key element in
starting up new processes of local development and
improvement of those which already exist.
Environmental focus
Organic agriculture means:
Sustainable environmental practices such as careful land use and
management
Sustainable use of natural resources
Non-degradative environmental practices such as reducing
pollution caused by chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other
hazardous substances
Reducing the environmental cost of transporting food over long
distances
Biodiversity maintenance
Sustainability of biotic populations
Environmental focus
Biodiversity resulting from spatial
complication of landscape in organic
farming performs 3 functions:
1. Ecological function involving
maintenance of biodiversity and
homeostasis
2. Productive function involving prevention from pests,
weeds and plant diseases. Realising this function is
possible thanks to biological balance and landscape
homeostasis
3. Estetic - health function. Human being is an integral
part of nature. Contact with natural environment
determines mental health, which is the base of physical
health.
Biodiversity on the Earth
• The existence of every species is an immanent value, ethical value as
such according to many religions, in that Christianity and Buddhism
• Contemporary civilization through its quick technical development
endangers biodiversity
• Danger of extinction: 12 % of the world's nearly 10,000 bird species;
24 % of the world's 4,763 mammal species; and an estimated 30 % of
all 25,000 fish species *
• Intensive agriculture is one of the most aggresive factor diminishing
the species’ richness
• Organic farming enhances biodiversity.
==========================================================
* Species Survival Commission, 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK:
World Conservation Union-IUCN, 2000).
Environment
mental status
physical status
•
The environment is a significant determinant of human health
• Without clean air, water and food, esthetic landscape, maintaining good
health is impossible
• Lack of the contact with nature causes the mental disorders
• Initial findings indicate that nature plays a vital role in human health and
well-being, and that parks and nature reserves play a significant role by
providing access to nature for individuals*
• People with mental disorders, especially mood problems like clinical
depression and bipolar disorder, have a high risk of developing certain
cancers at younger ages, including brain and lung cancer **
• Organic farms, relatively small and diversed, provide pleasant esthetic
feelings perceived by all senses.
===========================================================================
*Maller C., Townsend M., Pryor A., Brown P., and St Leger L.Health Promotion International 2006 21(1):45-54
**Carney, C. Psychosomatic Medicine, vol 66. Diane Thompson, MD, director of psychiatric oncology, Winship Cancer Institute,
Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. © 2004 WebMD, Inc. All rights reserved.
OLD ANIMAL BREEDS
Benefits from restitution of old animal breeds
• Native breeds are perfectly adopted to local,
even difficult environmental conditions of
country and region of origin.
• Animals of old breeds live longer, are
immune to diseases and had high fertility
and proliferacy.
• Livestock of old breeds adopt to lower
quality of fodder and use them well.
Benefits from restitution of old animal breeds
• Native animal husbandry allow to obtain better
quality products or more desirable taste value that
result in higher sale prices of meet.
• Old animal breeds are the part of cultural heritage of
the region that fulfil landscape, ethnographical, and
socio-cultural functions, increase tourist
attractiveness and in consequence constitute
important element of economic development of the
region.
• Native breeds play significant role in preserving
biodiversity of rural areas having high natural
values (protected areas).
OLD CATTLE BREEDS
POLSKA
CZERWONA
Masa ciała byka - 600 kg, krowy - 500 kg.
Przeciętna wydajność mleczna krowy:
3500 – 4000 litrów o zawartości tłuszczu
4,2% i 3,4% białka. Ich mleko jest bardzo
dobrym surowcem do produkcji serów.
Liczba czystorasowych krów w Polsce wynosi 470 sztuk. Bydło rasy
polskiej czerwonej hodowane było na naszych ziemiach od najdawniejszych
czasów. Zasięg dzisiejszej populacji, która stanowi zaledwie 3% całego
pogłowia ogranicza się do Małopolski i Mazur. Zwierzęta tej rasy łatwo
dostosowują się do warunków panujących w górach. Nie są wymagające,
jeśli chodzi o dawkę pokarmową - do utrzymania dobrej kondycji wystarczy
im łąka górska i siano.
RASA
BIAŁOGRZBIETA
Jest to bydło od wieków bytujące w Polsce, doskonale
wykorzystujące pasze i wytrzymałe na miejscowe warunki.
Dotychczas zlokalizowano ponad 100 sztuk bydła tej rasy w
rejonie nadbuŜańskim, nadbiebrzańskim i na Polesiu. Bydło tej
rasy uŜytkuje się w kierunku mlecznym i mięsnym.
OLD SWINE BREEDS
ŚWINIA
PUŁAWSKA
Jej populacja stanowi dzisiaj około 1% pogłowia świń w kraju.
Świnia ta dobrze przystosowuje się do warunków środowiska i
trudnych warunków utrzymania, jest odporna i niewybredna w
stosunku do paszy. Dobrze wykorzystuje pastwisko. Charakteryzuje
ją wczesność dojrzewania rozpłodowego, długowieczność oraz
wysoka odporność na specyficzne patogeny. Lochy są mleczne i
troskliwe, wykazują wysoką płodność i plenność. Maciora tej rasy
osiąga masę 200-280 kg, a knur 250-350 kg.
ZŁOTNICKA
PSTRA
Pogłowie tych świń jest bardzo małe. Charakteryzują się dobrej
jakości mięsem i słoniną. Wadą tej rasy jest duŜe otłuszczenie
podskórne i słaba uŜytkowość rozpłodowa. Liczbę zwierząt
szacuje się na około 300 sztuk. Dorosła maciora osiąga masę 200300 kg, a knur 300-350 kg. Są to świnie w typie mięsno –
słoninowym w kierunku mięsnym, późno dojrzewające.
ZŁOTNICKA
BIAŁA
Świnie te selekcjonowane były w kierunku zwiększenia
mięsności tuszy. Liczba zwierząt tej rasy wynosi 300 sztuk.
Dorosła maciora osiąga masę 200-250 kg, a knur 250-300
kg. Są to świnie w typie mięsnym, późno dojrzewające, o
średnio-szybkim tempie wzrostu.
OLD SHEEP BREEDS
OWCA
OLKUSKA
Jest rodzimą odmianą owcy długowełnistej. Przyzwyczajona
jest do tradycyjnego chowu w małych gospodarstwach i w
niewielkich stadach. W programach ochronnych tych
zwierząt w 2002 roku uczestniczyło 105 matek
utrzymywanych w 7 stadach.
OWCA
WRZOSÓWKA
Jest jedną z najstarszych rodzimych ras owiec. JuŜ od XVII
wieku występowała w rejonie północno - wschodniej Polski.
Jest doskonale przystosowana do chowu w trudnych
warunkach klimatyczno–środowiskowych oraz mało
wymagająca, jeśli chodzi o paszę.
OWCA
ŚWINIARKA
Jest najbardziej prymitywną z utrzymywanych w kraju ras
owiec. Niska liczebność populacji powoduje, Ŝe rasa ta ciągle
zagroŜona jest wyginięciem. W 2002 roku w programie
ochronnym uczestniczyło 250 matek utrzymywanych w trzech
stadach. Dzięki temu, Ŝe owce te nie wymagają opieki człowieka
dobrze nadają się do wypasu na nieuŜytkach oraz pielęgnacji
krajobrazu na terenach cennych przyrodniczo.
OLD POULTRY
BREEDS
ZIELONONÓśKA
KUROPATWIANA
Kura rasy ogólnouŜytkowej. Masa ciała koguta – 2,5 kg, kury –
2,0 kg. Jest dobrze przystosowana do naszego klimatu i
ekstensywnych warunków chowu. Warunkiem koniecznym przy
hodowli tej rasy jest zapewnienie jej obszernego wybiegu.
ZielononóŜkę kuropatwianą charakteryzuje długowieczność i
silnie rozwinięty instynkt kwoczenia. Do chowu przydatna jest w
stadach do 200 sztuk. NieduŜa uŜytkowość nieśna kur tej rasy
(około 180 – 190) jaj spowodowała jej wyparcie przez bardziej
wydajne rasy. Mięso zielononóŜki kuropatwianej ma znakomity
smak, a jaja odznaczają się obniŜoną zawartością cholesterolu.
RASA
RHODE ISLAND
Inaczej karmazyn, została wyhodowana w stanie o tej samej
nazwie w USA, importowana do Polski w latach 60-tych. Kury
tej rasy charakteryzują się dobrą zdrowotnością. Ich nieśność
wynosi około 210 - 230 jaj. Masa koguta wynosi 2,5 kg, a kury
1,9 kg.
PEKIN
KRAJOWY
Kaczki tej rasy wykazują duŜą odporność na niekorzystne
warunki środowiskowe i Ŝywieniowe. Pozyskiwane z nich
mięso odznacza się duŜą wartością dietetyczną, a tuszka
małą zawartością tłuszczu. Z kaczek tej rasy otrzymuje się
pierze dobrej jakości. Nadają się bardzo dobrze do chowu
przydomowego. Masa ciała dorosłych samic osiąga 3 kg,
a samców 3,5 kg. Kaczki znoszą do 160 jaj. Jest to typ
ogólnouŜytkowy.
GĘŚ
POMORSKA
Najstarsza polska rasa gęsi. WyróŜnia ją
duŜa zdrowotność i odporność na
niekorzystne warunki środowiska. Ma
wysokie wskaźniki reprodukcyjne.
Nadaje się zarówno do chowu w duŜych, jak i w małych stadach.
MoŜe odegrać duŜą rolę w zachowaniu środowiska przyrodniczego i
tradycyjnej kultury na Pomorzu. Masa ciała dorosłych gęsi wynosi
3,5 – 5 kg, gąsiorów 4 – 6 kg. Nieśność wynosi od 15 do 40 jaj.
Niektóre z pozostałych ras gęsi objętych programem ochrony starych
ras to: gęś zatorska, biłgorajska, lubelska, kielecka, suwalska.
OLD PLANT
CULTIVARS
APPLE TREES
Fight for biodiversity…
* According to Convention on Biological Diversity, all
countries are obliged to implement programmes of plant
protection and fruit trees.
* One of the most common ways of preserving cultivated
fruit-tree cultivars is collection in the form of orchard.
* Keeping old, historical cultivars
in the places that they were
originally cultivated
(„in situ”) is of great importance.
In Europe such works are
being conducted by nearly 30
years
Brugia 1975
In 1975 in Fruit-growing Plant Protection Station
in Brugia a collection of more than 1450 old apple,
pear and plum cultivars were created. Gathered
material included original, forgotten Belgian
cultivars found only in amateur cultivation. The
breeding material was taken from many old
cultivated collections and private farms.
It turned out that consumers were satisfied with old
apple cultivars, therefore producers started to
introduce old cultivars to modern orchards.
(Populer 1983)
Bordeaux 1979
In 1979 in Bordeaux an Eco-museum was created,
collecting 150 local apple cultivars, 50 pear cultivars and
several other fruits typical for selected parts of France.
Problems with tree protection against diseases and
pests require permanent observation of trees and further
intensive studies on preserving old cultivars.
(Leterme 1983)
Powsin 1987
In Poland studies on preserving old apple cultivars are
conducted in several scientific centres, amongst the
others in Botanical Garden of Polish Academy of
Science in Powsin. Since 1987 old, already forgotten
apple cultivars (about 250) were collected there. Half of
the cultivars came from Fruit-growing Institute in
Skierniewice, Drezden – Pilitz Centre in Germany and
Ujfeherte Centre in Hungary. Remaining part of the
material came from private orchards from the whole
country. Entire collection possesses more than 0.7 ha
and every cultivar is represented by two trees. Every
year an intensive observation of trees took place:
beginning of vegetation, fruiting, blossoming.
OLD FRUIT TREE CULTIVARS – WHY IT IS
WORTH TO MAINTAIN A TRADITION?
• Traditional orchard provides fruits with
the outstanding and diversed tastes
• Old cultivars are well adapted, resistant to
frost and relatively resistant to diseases
• High home gardens with old fruit trees
give a beautiful view to the farmyard and
whole village, creating the specific cultural
landscape
OLD FRUIT TREE CULTIVARS – WHY IT IS
WORTH TO MAINTAIN A TRADITION?
• Old fruit tress cultivars are connected with a
traditional processing methods
• Cultivation of the existing old trees and planting
of the new trees is the only way to keep the gene
resources of the old cultuivars
• Traditional extensive orchard is „full of life”,
creating the refuges for many plant and animal
species (biodiversity)
• Liquidation of the orchard means the extinction
of the organisms settling this ecosystem
OLD FRUIT TREE CULTIVARS – WHY IT IS
WORTH TO MAINTAIN A TRADITION?
Numerous diseases occuring in
market orchards, especially apple
powdery mildew (Podospharea
lucotricha) oraz apple scab
(Venturia inequalis) has pushed the
breeders to look for the genetic
resistance, because the further
intensification of the chemical
protection is dangerous for
humans and environment
Old fruit tree cultivars can be
valuable source of the gene
resistance to these diseases.
OLD FRUIT TREE CULTIVARS – WHY IT IS
WORTH TO MAINTAIN A TRADITION?
•
Old apple cultivars have high sensory and nutritive values in
comparison to new market cultiuvars
•
In Great Britain the higher content of dry matter and selected
mineral compounds (Mg, Fe, Cu, Na, K, P) in old apple cultivars has
been confirmed in comparison to the new cultivars (Mayer 1997)
•
Old apple cultivars contain high level of the antioxidative
compounds such as phenols, anthocyanins, vitamin C; they
contain also a lot of total and reducing sugars
•
Sensory evaluation has indicated also higher scores for the old
apple cultivars compared to the new market varieties (Bignami i in.
2003)**.
*Badanie przeprowadzono na podstawie „Tabel chemicznego składu Ŝywności” wydanych w 1940 – dla starych
odmian oraz w roku 1991 dla odmian nowych.
** W swoich badaniach Bignami i in (2003) odnaleźli silną pozytywną korelację pomiędzy smakiem i soczystością
oraz negatywną pomiędzy świeŜością oraz mączystością wśród 36 starych i 4 nowych odmian włoskich jabłoni. W
zestawieniu preferencji nowych i starych odmian okazało się, Ŝe niektóre stare odmiany lokalne (Zuchcerina i Iaccia)
były oceniane na o wiele wyŜej niŜ nowe odmiany takie jak Golden Delicious czy Red Delicious.
PROJECT SIMOCA IN POLAND
• Restitution of old
apple tree
cultivars in the
area of Brodnicki
Landscape Park
Fot. Apple tree old
orchard in Balówki
(P. Defański)
PROJECT SIMOCA IN POLAND
• Conducting the
research on taste
and nutritional
value of the fruits
of old apple tree
cultivars
Orange koksa (foto by P. Defański)
Comparison of the nutritional properties of the old and new apple cultivars
140,0
125,03
200,0
120,0
189,08
180,0
94,97
100,0
55,13
60,0
45,66
Vitamin C
150,01
160,0
80,0
140,0
120,0
97,50
100,0
80,0
40,0
44,16
10,75
43,04
26,52
30,91
40,0
19,98
old cultivars
4,14
new cultivars
old cultivars
new cultivars
118,71
120,00
Anthocyanins
100,00
79,50
75,10
80,00
63,29
50,19
50,32
49,59
40,44
40,00
31,24
26,48
old cultivars
new cultivars
LSD /0,05/ for
cultivar
mean
Lobo
Cortland
Idared
mean
Grafsztynek
Prawdziwy
Malinowa
Oberlandzka
KsiąŜe Albrecht
Pruski
0,00
Jonagold
20,00
Szara Reneta
mg*100 g.d.m.
68,09
60,00
LSD /0,05/
for cultivar
Cortland
Lobo
m ean
Szara Reneta
Grafsztynek
Prawdziwy
Malinowa
Oberlandzka
KsiąŜe
Albrecht
Pruski
0,0
LSD /0,05/ for
cultivar
mean
Lobo
Idared
Cortland
Jonagold
mean
Szara Reneta
KsiąŜe Albrecht
Pruski
Grafsztynek
Prawdziwy
20,0
0,0
26,87
14,73
m ean
20,0
60,0
20,07
Jonagold
13,38
Idared
22,79
21,39
Malinowa
Oberlandzka
mg * 100 g.d.m
Total flavons
92,90
m g*100 g.d.m .
96,45
Sensory properties of the old and new apple cultivars
Malinowa Oberlandzka
10,00
9,00
Taste
8,00
6,47
7,00
5,83
5,80
6,00
5,10
5,11
4,43
5,00
5,04
4,67
4,37
3,90
4,00
3,00
2,00
old cultivars
mean
Cortland
Lobo
Idared
Jonagold
mean
Boiken
Złota Reneta
0,00
Kosztela
1,00
Koksa
Pomarańczowa
Koksa Pomarańczowa
new cultivars
10,00
Total paratability
9,00
8,00
7,00
5,80
6,00
6,03
5,63
5,28
5,07
5,17
4,86
4,63
5,00
4,13
4,10
4,00
3,00
2,00
old cultivars
ne w cultivars
mean
Cortland
Lobo
Idared
Jonagold
mean
Boiken
Złota Reneta
0,00
Koksa
Pomarańczowa
1,00
Kosztela
KsiąŜe Albrecht Pruski
CONCLUSIONS
1.
The old apple cultivars had better nutritional value and contained
more total flavonoids, vitamin C and anthocyanins in comparison
to new ones.
2.
In sensory analysis old apple cultivars were evaluated higher,
especially in terms of the total acceptance in comparison to new
apple cultivars.
Cesarz Wilhelm
Boiken
Złota Reneta
DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED
CULTIVARS
MALINOWA
OBERLANDZKA
(popularna malinówka)
Odmiana ze zwisającymi pędami. Owocuje corocznie,
dość obficie. Odmiana średnio wraŜliwa na mróz, dość
odporna na choroby. Owoce są średnie i duŜe. Mają
wydłuŜony, Ŝebrowany kształt, purpurową, błyszczącą
skórkę i przebarwiony na róŜowo miąŜsz o malinowym
smaku. Dojrzałość zbiorczą owoce osiągają w końcu
września, spoŜywczą w końcu października. DuŜe owoce
moŜna przechowywać najwyŜej przez listopad, średniej
wielkości do stycznia.
BOIKEN
Niemiecka odmiana zimowa. Owoce średnio duŜe,
kulistostoŜkowate, o Ŝółtawozielonej, gładkiej i lekko
tłustej skórce, czasem z róŜowym rumieńcem. MiąŜsz
jest biały, zwięzły, dosyć kwaśny. Idealna odmiana na
przetwory. Owoce dojrzewają w drugiej połowie
października. Przechowują się do maja. W owocowanie
wchodzi wcześnie, owocuje obficie, nawet na lekkich
glebach. Odmiana średnio wytrzymała na mróz oraz
średnio wraŜliwa na parch i mączniak.
KSIĄśĘ
ALBRECHT PRUSKI
Odmiana niemiecka. Drzewo rośnie niezbyt silnie. Wcześnie
wchodzi w owocowanie. Owocuje obficie. Odmiana bardzo
odporna na choroby i dostatecznie wytrzymała na mróz.
Owoce duŜe lub średniej wielkości, wyrównane co do
kształtu i wielkości. Skórka gładka, zielonkawoŜółta, z
ciemnoczerwonym, rozmyto prąŜkowanym rumieńcem.
MiąŜsz zielonkawoŜółty, kwaskowaty, aromatyczny, kruchy,
smaczny. Owoce dojrzewają w połowie września. Do
spoŜycia nadają się od października do grudnia. Doskonała
odmiana amatorska, gdyŜ nie wymaga oprysków przeciw
parchowi.
KOKSA
POMARAŃCZOWA
Odmiana angielska, znana juŜ w XIX wieku. Drzewo
początkowo rośnie dość silnie, potem w miarę wzrastania
plonów jego wzrost maleje. Dość wcześnie wchodzi w
owocowanie. Owocuje umiarkowanie. Wymaga gleby
Ŝyznej, dostatecznie wilgotnej. Drzewa są wraŜliwe na
mróz, ale dość odporne na parch. Owoce są średniej
wielkości. Skórka gruba, sucha, matowa, zielona z
Ŝółtawym odcieniem, pokryta miedziano-pomarańczowym
rumieńcem, z licznymi paskami i smuŜkami. MiąŜsz wybitnie
smaczny, kremowo-zielony, kruchy, drobnoziarnisty,
soczysty, aromatyczny, z gruszkowym posmakiem. Owoce
dojrzewają w końcu września, do konsumpcji nadają się
miesiąc później.
KOSZTELA
Odmiana jesienna, polskiego pochodzenia. Jedno z
najbardziej lubianych jabłek deserowych ze względu na
specyficzny, bardzo słodki smak. Bardzo odporna na
mróz i choroby. Owoce są średniej wielkości. Ich skórka
jest mocna, zielona, w miarę dojrzewania staje się
słomkowoŜółta. Dojrzewają w połowie września. W
chłodni mogą przechować się do grudnia.
Importance of the wild
plum species for the
lanscape quality and
human nutrition
Wild plum species
czeremcha zwyczajna
ałycza Ŝółta
ałycza czerwona
tarnina
lubaszka
Importance of the wild plum
species for the lanscape quality
Landscape functions:
- protective (against wind, erosion, evaporation, water
outflow)
- technical (sound-absorbing and snow protective shields,
strengthening earthworks and mounds)
- esthetic (interesting exterior, fragrant flowers)
- biocenotic (hides and brooding places for birds and
mammals).
Importance of the wild plum
species for human nutrition
Wild plum species are important to keep the
quality of the agricultural landscape. Wild plum
fruits can be a valuable addition in our diet,
because they are richer in antioxidative
compounds than market plums (vit. C, flavonols,
anthocyanins, organic acids).
czeremcha zwyczajna
ałycza Ŝółta
ałycza czerwona
tarnina
lubaszka
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF
THE COUNTRY BASED ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE MEANS:
lively, active
agricultural region
preserving cultural
traditions of the region
preserving clean
environment and agricultural
landscape
high quality food
flow of native and
foreign tourists
diversified tourist offer
diversified and higher
income of people
living in rural areas
increased export
of goods and services
improvement of economics
in the region
Thanks for your attention!