1. sports
2. skating
3. ice skating

THE
How
CROP
ICE
to Harvest,Store,Shipand Use Ice
A COMPLETE
PRACTICAL
TREATISE
FOR
ICE
DAIRYMEN,
FARMERS,
PACKERS,
COLD
AND
STORERS,
COLD
HOUSES,
OR
PRODUCE
DEALERS,
ALL
STORAGE
USE
AND
ICE
OF
IN
SHIPPERS,
INTERESTED
THE
ANY
IN
MEA1
ICE
HANDLING
WAY
INCLUDING
Many Recipesfor
BY
Iced Dishes and
THE^O^T
L.
NEW
ORANGE
MILES
YORK
JUDD
1893
COMPANY
Beverages
COPYRIGHT,
BY
ORANGE
1892,
JUDD
COMPANY
PREFACE.
and
convenience
has
years
by
No
made
which
of
the
people.
of
the
ice
industry
of
of
this
are
are,
book.
will
interested
of
in
ILL.,
WINTER,
256250
5
ords
rec-
character,
practical
it
this
few
forty
gauged.
with
meet
the
health,
last
but
however,
But
the
the
during
a
of
some
it affects
as
THERON
CHICAGO,
record
to
accurately
those
than
collected
who
there
be
can
other
behalf
those
;
progress
here
information
approval
its
pretentious,
in
Ice
regarding
phenomenal
been
volume,
this
industry
development
The
in
made,
features
prominent
more
are
is
attempt
An
is
that
hoped
the
favor
commodity.
L.
HILES.
the
and
OF
TABLE
CONTENTS.
Page.
2
Frontispiece*
3
Page
Title
5
Preface
I,
Chapter
II,
Chapter
III,
Cutting
Chapter
IV,
Construction
Chapter
V,
Chapter
VI,
and
Legal
Sanitary
and
The
Use
for
Quantities
Small
with
the
Artificial
Chapter
VII,
Chapter
VIII,
Chapter
IX,
Ice
in
Use
for
in
11-14
Ice
\4-22
and
Ice
of
Methods
Ice
Houses
Marketing
of
Commercial
Handling
House
Ice
Storing
of
Care,
The
7-11
Sketch
Historical
An
Chapter
Refrigeration
in
Ice
Crop
Ice
and
Use,
Family
and
Ice
56-62
tor
Refrigera-
Cutting
Farming,
Farm
"
42-55
Ice
in
eration
Co-op62-83
Air
Cold
84-91
Machines
91-96
Transportation
Retarding
ous
Miscellane-
Ice
Without
Houses
"
96-101
Hints
Chapter
of
List
X,
for
Recipes
Iced
and
Food
Beverages
115-116
Illustrations
..117-122
Index..
*
The
Chicago.
101-114
Frontispiece
is
from
the
ice
harvest
of
the
Knickerbocker
Ice
Co.
of
THE
CROP.
ICE
I.
CHAPTER
HISTORICAL
AN
the
of
Origin
The
Ice
of
Prior
ice,
in
secured
Ice
to
this
at
Picture
Pen
In
the
the
a
Modern
winter
and
the
West
States"
Its
in
Manifold
and
Ice
regularly
no
Mass.,
to
of
was
country.
Boston,
United
the
Commercially
1805, there
despatched
was
of
the
Harvest.
conducted
1805-6,
in
traffic
supply
a
following
summer
where
yellow
Indies,
derful
Won-
a
was
cargo
fever
was
raging.
then
DOMESTIC
growth,
in
and,
thousand
world.
Cargoes
West
and
the
and
Australia.
THE
the
Rio
Indies
TRADE
of
fame
of
London,
its
Mass.,
1806, and
who
whose
7
United
less
the
ice
Boston
Calcutta,
height
States
than
fifty
the
sumption
con-
of
enterprise
all
around
the
to
slow
very
following,
years
Janerio,
reached
Boston,
in
to
of
the
rapidly, and
more
de
in
probably
was
thirty
consigned
Indies,
Tudor,
West
the
were
EXPORT
Frederick
the
both
were
consumed
ports
increased
carried
shippers
ice
foreign
During
ice
TRADE
1825, the
to
tons.
of
the
EXPORT
AND
exported
and
to
A
"
in
Business
Development
Uses
SKETCH.
East
China,
about
shipped
enterprise
this
the
the
Indies,
Japan,
time.
first cargo
had
carried
8
TFE
titled the
was
ships to "0i the ports Ta.eaJio.Tied,
his
Not
many
began
supply the demand
to
is
tons
in
date, 1855,
dollars
MANY
NEW
on
the demand
of
the
the
during
the
Meat
succeeding
Government
their
the
for ice
growing
stimulated
a
a
taste
the
town
support
in
the
During
brewers, who
in
on
earlier
of the
continuously,with
ice
war
large purchaser,
a
The
influence
mer,
sum-
the
aid
agent for immensely
an
the fisheries consumed
many
and
creams
for
luxuries,in
retailingof
representativeof
in the
South
drinks, together
cities and
our
ice until, at this
village,where
or
cooled
ice
the
which
time, there is
privilegesexist,that does
ice trade, and
are
towns,
there
are
few
not
furnished
say
that,at this time, the
with
one
or
artificial ice factories.
more
THE
USE
OF
ICE."
It is safe to
users
of
entire
population of the United
ice, directlyor
DEVELOPMENT
methods
and
and
in
the
growth
now
indirectly,
conveniences
the construction
of
the
for
of
tools and
may
demand.
gathered
all of
The
under
which
product.
one
are
of
made
progress
the
in the
securing the natural
Now,
a
one
modern
manufacture
comprise vessels,cars,
upward
nearly
ice crop,
storage houses, has kept pace with
and saws
Originally,axes
prised
com-
appliances,whose
houses, where
include
States.
METHODS."
OF
the dealers' outfit.
this
million
seven
marked
a
years.
was
avocation
packers found
demand
large towns
and
at this
tons.
The
not
or
the
million
Two
ice stored
six
exerted
hospital service.
pursued
thousand
hardly
of
States, with
augmenting their product, while
has
ceased.
soon
suspended operations during the heat
now
with
tropicalclimes, and
amount
for ice have
USES
of the
days, had
the
King."
capital.
Rebellion,
ice.
United
the
invested
of
account
of
liberal estimate
a
product
Ice
"
refrigerator machines
for ice in
natural
the
and
this, ice
after
years
importations of
of
CHOP.
ICE
is
wagons,
hundred
plant is repletewith
a
distinct
immense
thousand
tons
roof, also city supply depots and
equipped
with
special regard
to
calling,
storage
of ice
are
wharfs,
handling
AK
EXTENT
OF
of natural
and
this the
HISTOKICAL
ICE
THE
the
used,
of
tons
The
in the
each
temporary, is afforded
and
It is
been
of
use
which
travelers
This
ice.
to
Fish,
of
are
has
been
Many
upon
eminent
the
of
a
in
within
been
extinct
has
and
and
is
sea
as
a
among
their
for ages,
the
and
native
kept during
and
for
mutton
established
of
many
custom.
ice,and, shipped
the
purposes
human
family.
approval
ation
agent, and also for the alleviSo
highly did they
of
hospitalshad
patients. The
the
in
ice,
private stores of
directors
credited
sylvania
of the Penn-
being
pioneer ice dealers of that city,as in the early years
of the
may
be
trade
esteem
with
hospitalat Philadelphia
the
of
us
large blocks
commercial
to
of
use
an
and
doctors
managers
accounts
given
laid the seal of their
the sick.
sufferingamong
the
appearance.
benefit
remedial
long
best illustration
of
some
beef
of cakes
general introduction
ice for
is
supplies of flesh for food.
handsome
physicians have
and
annual
ICE have
have
frozen
frozen
now
very
OF
is found
it that,prior to the
many
world's
The
of these
incalculable
an
and
constant
decay.
of ice for domestic
of ice
use
from
in the center
present
of
the
POWERS
preserved that
land
over
frozen
property
less
this country, which
transportation of fresh
Fresh
This
is not
ninety thousand
Europe and Asia
use
are
eggs
of miles
in this way,
of
in
huge mammoths
thousands
fish
half
ANTISEPTIC
they been
the
and
months,
they
horses.
species of animal
and
to about
consumed
keep food
occasionally make
meat
by
twenty million
this business
on
in this direction
perfectlyhave
tribes
in which
Employment,
than
in Northern
the discoveries
so
OR
its powers
of
performed
to
industry.
PRESERVING
made
work
to exceed
carrying
more
procured and
of this
home
THE
of
in
twenty-five thousand
is
great. By adding
industries
by the ice trade
probable that
supply
the
various
consumption
year.
capitalinvested
persons
annual
ice,of the
twenty-eight million dollars.
than
ice
of
total is estimated
grand
ice used
The
ice is very
tons
refrigeratormachines,
are
INDUSTRY."
manufactured
equivalent, in
9
SKETCH.
10
CEOP.
ICE
THE
century they disposed of their surplus stores of ice by sale in
community.
that
localities which
Many
ice trade
at
are
in the
medical
fraternityfor ice for hygienic purposes.
PICTURE
PEN
OF
Viewed
"
engaging
eminence
an
brilliant
leaves.
The
broad
stretches
away
to the
The
deserted.
quiet and
attack
brink
the
Stepping
to
scene
breaks
upon
huge
ice house, its shore
entire front, with
top of the
the
is discovered
out
and
closer
with
which
and
into the
out
becomes
strange
is
All
loads of
open
around
snow
seen
an
on
the
with
denotes
the
shore, a
hill stands
to the
seen
distant
teams
a
galleriesalong the
the water
or
to
runway
and
at
the foot
dark
line, which
scene,
little distance
of the incline
clear white
the
a
of
branches
surface.
men
A
armed
great vigor, fields of ice,
surface, and
on
which
water, already stripped of its frozen
are
new
Alongside of the incline
animated
main
a
display of treasure.
tool-room,
attacking,with
from
a
the foot of the
a
still,
plain ; its
connecting bridge
a
large blot
a
and
nature
extending from
ways
emerald
against the horizon.
near
dwellings. From
lake
weapons
they detach
the
hill
side serried
inspection reveals
navigate
At
power-house and
a
large barns
leading
the view.
house, and
and
view, presents
aspect of
by
man
the
of
inclined
joyous spring
bold of outline, but
and
gallery and the incline.
each
between
field
in the
of
and
trees
unbroken
lost to
clear cut
out
Nothing
the
invites
activityor
until
away
by shore stands
near
with
when
level and
outline of forest and
delicatelytraced
farmhouse
snug
a
lake, ice-locked
a
the
draperiesof spotlesswhite
beauty
or
distance,
dwindling
shore
farther
stream
in
sunlight flooding the
fragrant blossoms
boughs with
pretty and
a
house
ice
an
there
downy
pearls,their vernal
their
clothed
has
soft
shore,
surrounded
hills, and
the
shrubs, rivaling,in their
and
and
here
quiet landscape discloses
among
at
clear
The
country, during the harvest.
sheltered
the
on
presented
is often
scene
piece,)
(See Frontis-
HARVEST.
ICE
MODERN
A
from
one
the
dependent upon
time
centers
were
important
now
and
horses
shores, plows and
drawing
markers,
they
tals.
crys-
huge
cross-
LEGAL
ing and
AND
SANITARY
recrossing the cleared
surface, and
blocks, which
are
being floated
incline,where
the
puffing engine imparts
gliding,endless
whisk
them
as
chains, which
away
though they
travelingof
the
up
their
catch
and
endowed
with
Ice sold
New
for any
is
crop
to
and
uses
sanitary condition
the
of
obtained.
are
water, must,
in
injure ice
or
prohibition of ice
boards
some
In
of
enactment
destroy
to
ice
canal
has led to the
cooling purposes.
protected by
misdemeanor
itary
San-
the
from
cut
and
Fields.
supplies of natural
in this direction
than
other
were
and
specifiedpolluted waters, by
cutting on
and
labeled.
so
Agitation
life-motion
Artificial Ice Ponds
"
of Ice Ponds
whence
for domestic
York, be
waiting cakes and
MATTERS.
being given
now
from
sources
swiftly
II.
Points
Care
the
to
into the ice house, looking
SANITARY
AND
Privilegesand Legal
is
the
to
volition.
own
LEGAL
Attention
channels
motion
the
up
CHAPTER
Ice
long lines of ice
along the
incline
were
11
MATTERS.
several
laws
in the
of
health,
States the ice
which
make
field where
it
a
it is to
be cut.
No
and
doubt
lakes
the
will
receive
becomes
knowledge
LAKES
FED
risen
preservation of
BY
in
very
of oxygen,
for
value
the
motion
office.
Foreign substances
process
of
freezing,and
streams
our
future, as
having clean
SPRINGS, and
ice
with
of
are
streams
cutting
a
rapidly. Exposure
and
of
sanitary
widely diffused.
more
streams, especially those
waters
purity
in the
care
more
the
to
beds, have
urally
nat-
Running
purposes.
rapid current, purify their
light and
air, the influence
the water, all assist in this
expelled from
the
good
ice in the
of this character, not
polluted
12
ICE
THE
packing houses,
rights
ice cutting
way,
navigable waters
divided
are
the
in
this
limited
are
secured
by pre-emption, the
entitled
to cut
fields,where
the
front
held
Ice
given
abutting
On
all
and
claims
is
being
boundaries
over
the
denote
to
ice is free
out
on
ment.
govern-
high tides.
to stake
one
of
ice dealer whose
ice
erty
prop-
preference.
navigable streams
under
to extend
the
the water
ownership
to
above
commerce,
navigation and
precedence.
The
rights to this ice
The
to water
front
line and
all the
WHERE
submerged
property should
DAMS
line is raised
land
rightsthat
thus
are
tide water
guarded
are
the
above
channel,
it.
take
contract
sold,and all deeds
forth
and
Public
however,
the
boundary
reserved.
streams
across
of
subjectto
also be
may
clearlyset
BUILT
ARE
center
ice formed
for
sale.
the
of the
convenience
and
classes.
public. The boundary line of abuttingproperty is
includes
and
general
a
of the
owners
line at
first
is
Rivers, small lakes and
termed
legal rights
instance, being used
issue is in doubt, the
the
the
of contention
authority of the national
In contentions
ice.
the water
forms
are
into two
the water
to
bone
a
of
waters, navigation being closed, the
such
factories,
expensive litigation.In
proprietaryrights of
water, the
property
has been
knowledge
a
is under
"Navigable,"
tide
FIELDS
saved
have
would
involved
ICE
OF
instances, where
in many
products from
works, etc., produce ice of great purity.
gas
OWNERSHIP
THE
waste
of sewerage,
by the presence
CROP.
and
the
water
property beyond the limits of that held by the
of the dam, consent
owner
must
be obtained from the holders
of property thus affected.
There
are
excellent
ice
weeds.
in
forms
In
such
be
seen
the
of
some
at
water
best
our
lands
bed
brooks which
in the
for ice
or
expense.
vicinityof
ponds,
fed
as
such
by
make
tage
Advanstreams.
it is free
from
lakes,occurringin districts abounding
is pure
and
sweet
great depths. Springs are
localities.
are
spring lakes,which
little labor
very
of low
and
in
source
with
fields,
gravel, the
can
their
be taken
may
creeks
numerous
have
springs, or
Gravel
on
and
the
gravelly bed
usuallynumerous
in
LEGAL
The
in
situations.
the current
proportions
quantity of
water
largest amount
If the soil is
dig
a
in
side drive
a
rammed
down
and
stones
covered
The
with
Behind
this
formed
of
the
with
is
gravel
the
near
the
on
The
sloping
clay
bolted
pond side, should
on
is filled with
crib
is banked
front
face,
sur-
pond
and
logs notched
plank
flood.
of
fill in with
paling
sub-paling. This
is
the dam
provided with
with
up
earth
sluiceway large
a
off flood waters, and, at the bottom,
in
bedded
gives
cement
carries off sediment.
which
the
season
a
bottom, and
hard
a
and
rip-rap.
of
to carry
well
seam
the
boards, breaking jointsand
sand.
or
a
faced
or
of
rear
center
enough
crib
A
clay
to
dam.
lined
the
at
or
of stout
down.
set
box
of
the
together,and
and
light loam,
row
toward
them
during
fixing
Also
pond
the
likelyto be received
trench
a
into
usually running
in
dams.
of
construction
and
force of
the
and
into account
to be taken
are
employed
be
can
pond
the
depth of
of the stream
the
upon
preparing dams
of
The
13
MATTERS.
SANITARY
following methods
some
be
AND
gases,
which, arisingfrom
the
ice.
Some
should
always
in
bottom
air
air bubbles
in
the
over
pass
a
taking off
form
bottom,
the
the
on
It is also useful
and
water
current
a
pipe or
a
upper
sluiceway.
Dams
Their
and
stone.
with
increased
of
dams
space
and
bolt
be
may
from
a
formed
stringersalong the top edges
their
height,
current
has to
by
driving
and
dam,
clay. Break
withTammed
of earth
less than
pressure
line of the
the
across
embankment
an
be
not
where
thickness
plank
inclosed
should
base
Shallow
be resisted.
rows
entirelyof
be formed
may
two
fillingin the
jointsin the planking,
to bind
them
firmly
together.
IN
THE
COURSE
the old
one,
CHANGING
deeper
than
Straightening or
Food
a
welcome
fish,which
addition
the
can
a
farm
cut
STREAMS,
to insure
changing
improve the topography of
OF
the current
of
course
and
the
a
nel
chan-
following it.
stream
drain wet
new
or
will
marsh
often
land.
readilybe raised in these ponds, forms
to the
family larder.
14
PURITY
THE
should
on
be
Stables
which
caught by
in the
will accumulate
with
removed
and
screens
Harvest
Their
Remedy
to
Thickness
of Ice
Closing it
"
and
up
of Snow
be
they
or
ICE.
Sudden
"
and
Tools
"
of Ice Tools
Care
"
time,
to
Preparing the
Damage
litter,
current, should
time
STORING
AND
Rid
Getting
"
be situated
not
III.
of Ice Formation"
Science
The
or
injure it.
CHAPTER
CUTTING
ponds
into them
dumped
the
from
and
pond
fish
Vegetable refuse and
down
brought
be
may
be
ice and
cesspools should
and
they will drain into them.
where
feed
filth should
No
preserved.
banks.
their
which
BROOKS
OF
CROP.
ICE
THE
Ice Field
Thaws
for the
and
Used
Implements
Fillingthe Ice
"
Caring for It
Ice
Shipping
"
How
"
House
from
the
Field.
the advent
With
plant
this time,
determines
the
and
lot of
the water,
whistle
over
surface
into waves,
the
a
is
all
ice
The
As
dealer.
water
is cooled,
it is
place being taken
beneath.
is
change
reaches
the
at
39|" F.
by expansion than
as
the
cold
now
breezes
mass
Below
as
it grows
water
ing
rapidly transform-
Gradually the heat
fast
as
sinks
to
the
and
warmer
expands
longer sinks
the
As
air.
condensed, and
by the
31" F., water
no
into
Gradually the entire
density,
weather
stirringit into ripples,and breaking its
wonderful
is radiated
water
distant
no
preliminariesrelatingto the
complex features.
the
at
to
given attention
been
has
water
is directed
hoped for
liquidpearls into flintydiamonds.
in the
water
harvest
together with
in its various
its
a
of
purification
The
before
sharp freeze, attention
a
which
the ice field,from
day.
of
lighter
reaches
this
the
the
bottom, its
water
Now
Upon
until
it
the surface
colder, being rendered
beneath.
from
mum
point of maxi-
temperature,
it is cooled.
surface
lighter
reaching 32",
CUTTING
convection,
the
form.
CARE
OF
the
ice
the
of
care
ICE FIELD.
THE
in the
care.
If the
ice is
higher
levels
ice hinder
was
an
ice field,and
the travel
over
in the
air is
along the roadway than
lakes
inclosed
water
Agitation of the
from
ice
ponds and
Too
weather.
usually clearer
beneficial
it is
and
more
to the landlocked
during ice-making
will
retard
the entire field
over
cloudy.
growth,
produces the
results.
best
growth should
The
attention
and
other
based
the
ice is
air ; hence
of the
current, however,
a
induced
materially. The
outlet afforded
An
is often
diffused
gentle motion
a
is
lake ice.
rapid
opened
current
this is done, the
streams
lakes
been
has
during freezing,if opportunity
assists the escape
or
sufficiently
places on the field.
ice
the
to
cial.
jarring, is benefi-
gentle
a
the keen
considerable,the ice
at other
growth of
Unless
water
pond
the ice is
it
and
is necessary
roadway
ponds,
water
running
brilliant than
and
the
from
for it to do" so.
is found
that
the
promotes
expelled
mill
or
with
Sticks
damage
other
or
a
thicker
On
surface,
that where
been
studies
possiblepollution
in the water
found
It has
to
develop special
and
ice,and, when
the
heavy, traveling over
energies
of the field.
the work
Motion
of the
promote the growth
across
the surface
cutting tools.
of the
the
is
carefullyguarded against, and also
be
from
in the
bedded
edges
will
his
alert dealer
the
assumes
until the crop
devotes
running stream,
a
removed
all rubbish
stones
on
surface
Special situations
requirements, which
and
the
this time
From
ice dealer
ice field.
15
ICE.
place, and
"
the
house,
duties
of its
STORING
freezing,takes
or
solid
stored
AND
general effects,and
lower, temperature
radiate
The
heat
through
the
growth
the
at
the
ice,if it
water.
is
the
the
The
different
of
the
at
the
at
first made
same,
sides
of
heat
rays
of the
water
motion,
applied. As
and
clear, into the
ditions,
con-
atmospheric influences
localitywhere
which
bottom
under
regulation
is slower
that
than
earth
into
to
results at the
ice thickens, its
rapidly.
carefully noted
being given
ascertained
on
be
the
or
even
a
ice very
ice field
sun
below, with
pass
very
16
in
It shuts
growth.
conditions,
these
heat, is, under
ice,being
The
the ice itself.
little effect upon
of
CROP.
ICE
THE
the
the
On
running
passing
In
the
shallows
over
remains
water
its
points in
thin
rapidly, a
very
the air at such
and
the
turning
produce clear and
gases,
is found
than
and
exposed
still
on
to the
in
view
crop
earliest
at the
sun,
aid
and
snow.
the
the
The
ice
ice
ice is
white, being
from
the
depth
of
At
soon
as
quality
snow
the
on
top
oped
anything envel-
water,
of
the
the
endeavors
rain, and
well
cold
ice harvester
as
air, and
to
remove
has
to
great
a
as
It is essential
of the ice.
the
very
of
the
of
is
snow
the
of
event
rain
a
and
snow
as
in
of
water
action
direct
or
the
is
known,
ice field is
from
heat
by protecting
force
vicinity,
same
always
his
secure
practicable moment.
however,
to
erate
gen-
ness
greater thick-
of
it is well
as
an
on
practicable,as
as
possible thaw
a
Snow,
an
early
as
snow
from
which
sources
of frost into
snow
the
greatly retards the growth
this
Snow,
"
of
escape
ice from
the
protecting
grows
free
are
in the
lakes
or
inroads
to the
to the
impediment
ponds
covering of
A
by it.
other
or
sparkling ice
SNOW.
OF
great impediment
bling
tum-
temperature.
same
USEFULNESS
THE
a
vegetable mold,
of
accumulations
The
current
beds
this character, whose
of
Streams
gentle.
perceptible in
the
where
points below
ice at
of
growth
heat
rapid shoals materially assists
at
of the water
these
At
rapid radiation.
to the
places, owing
swift,
air and
being often
mist
or
vapor
air.
the
to
its accumulated
parts with,
it
is
the current
exposed
and
modified.
much
are
rapids,where
or
open
course
conditions
these
streams,
cooler
the
heat.
and
air
of
escape
own
by passing breezes, and
air, prevents agitation of its surface
retards
its
to
with
contact
from
water
obstacle
an
conductor
poor
a
it from
the
weather
the
crop,
snow
top
turns
and
the
of
warm
weather,
direct
heat
the
cold
in
the
ice freezes into
This
air, and
the
it merges
snow
detracts
depending
of water, and
ice, where
of
is
melting the
again.
filled with
its thickness
field,amount
this
or
largely expended
on
porous
soft
on
the
ture.
temperainto
the
18
THE
SNOW
ICE
CROP.
FIG
2.
FIG.
3.
FIG.
4.
SCOOP
SCRAPERS.
CUTTING
windrows
These
made
the
snow
shore,
or
sink
the
dump
to
selected
points are
will
from
main
the
keeps
the
will assist in
are
constructed
with
great
deep,
will
A
soon
deep groove
loosening the dump,
scrapers
scoop
nicely adapted
the
to
of the ice harvester.
needs
SUDDEN
A
forming, is
during the winter, while
THAW
an
the
from
water
washed
If
only
weather
inch
of water
two
or
cold, it
will
left
be
can
and, if accompanied
and
dirty and
top of the field
on
an
turns
it
ice, making
standing
Water
Sand
hills.
is
ice crop
the
by being flooded with
suffer
often
surrounding
to the
on
ice dealer,
the
to
annoyance
by rain, the field will
ice.
and
care,
the ice
snow
cracks
of these
Some
carry
weight of the
The
body of ice.
off the field.
water
the
points, and
scrapers
where
from
the field.
being
and
windrows
the
large, and
ice at these
the
field,not
point. Scoop
distance
a
on
plowed alongside of the dump
and
the
over
up
field is very
If the
cut.
dumping
loosen
gather
off to the
is to be
snow
which
19
ICE.
to sink the ice at any
employed,
now
distributed
are
large enough
are
STOKING
AND
earth
be
may
injuring its quality.
soon
comb
is
the field and
on
freeze
to
and
rot the
and
the
then
be
planed off.
it is
If
the water,
ice, if
being heavier
it has
top,
ice, but yet
by splittingout
chance
will show
for escape
a
white
axe
and
should
Tapping
It forms
raise
have
without
of
a
the
delay.
good quality
layer which
is
solidlya part of it,and
barring off.
the
Ice
expels
bottom, and
as
the
it has
streak.
the water
wanted, the
sink
places ;
through the ice beneath, the top layer
tapping the field the
If
of
number
ice is not
the
is not
in
a
removed
water
freezing principallytoward
air while
used.
on
doing.
so
the
freezes
to the old
gives trouble
For
of
in
ice, will
the
part of the ice below.
is not
attached
no
opportunity
if the water
and
readily handled, by cutting holes
than
attention, and
prompt
Even
be
can
ice, or tapping the ice field
the
through
deep it
will
is
auger
accumulating
be
found
the
and
the
tapping
rapidly and
more
axe
are
despatch
rapid-working
is
tool.
"0
THE
The
in better
shape
THE
often
"
OUTFIT
FOR
HARVESTING."
any
of
handling ice in
with
field
the
on
the reader
as
partialor
FIG.
6.
5.
ICE
credit
the
entire
is
to
machinery
imposed
on
The
the
is
than
has
from
sufficient to meet
to the far north
devel-
of
AXE.
at the
command
warm
weather
placed
advent
of
ing
dur-
celerity in all departments,
utmost
and
energy
No
when
who
Enterprise pays
the
in
snow
is
be warranted
ice crop
is
the
in
succeeds
beneficent
this,as in
the
strain
extra
and
any
field is
partial
the
burden
securing supplies
his customers,
and
a
with
practically familiar
requirements of
for this most
Having removed
home
the
not
one,
ice dealer
the
to
managerial abilityof the ice
readily understand
the
as
of the ice
TAPPING
generally supposed
seasons
failure.
can
fecting
per-
handled,
of duties
7.
FIG.
splendid
business,
nature.
devoted
ket.
mar-
is secured.
harvester, during
or
for the
AUGER.
demands
harvest
More
to
been
the round
MEASURE.
if the crop
due
through
gone
the ice crop
which
follows
in
Delays during harvesting
study have
enterprisingice dealer.
the
operations
some
opment of tools and
the
great value
emergencies the crop is only saved
complete loss by the despatch which modern
In
harvester.
FIG.
is of
getting ice prepared
of
paraphernalia by
appear
Time
house.
much
and
care
the
will
the
in
or
field
the
leaves
desideratum.
the various
the cost
greatly increase
Great
important
an
and
work,
neater
makes
however,
auger,
CEOP.
ICE
useful
by going
product of
business.
carefullyinspected,
CUTTING
and
quality and
The
field is bored
thickness
the thickness.
ice noted
the
with
The
If the
fills the hole.
methods
Two
ice is too
this
doing
into
chips with
the
It
with
the
ice and
the elevator
ice cakes
chain
8.
FIELD
is not
elevator
the
depth
of
planer
follows
snow
THICKNESS
an
or
the
OF
plowed
ICE.
be
ice, as it
the
exigencies of the
be
of
fourteen
The
In
or
and
the
; this
the
the
by the
to
the
ice
snow
ice.
refuse
ice is desired
being
practice, the
shipped from
season
the
ice
chain
plowed
removed.
inches
ice hollse.
removed
cutting off
grooves,
incline, on
the
and
the
as
endless
the
endless
Generally speaking,
"
is stored
the
ient
conven-
of
thickness
water, varies with
average
thickness
formed
locality^
at the
latitude
In the
is often
; in
in
inch,
Wisconsin,
the
through
At
thickness.
a
any
found
pages
of
block
of Lake
a
Chicago
in
in
Ohio
six-inch
ice
and
Omaha,
ten
Minnesota, twenty
and
cut
where
stored
ice forms
this
Chicago
country.
newspaper
on
Lake
rior,
Supe-
in
purity
equal
The
has
inch.
ordinary
been
easily
Superior ice twenty-nine inches
Winnipeg,
Manitoba,
Such
ice
thick
of
and
thick, has been
Northern
Southern
and
Maine, sixteen
printingon
thick.
Central
vicinity
brilliancy to
read
of
stored; in the
Ice, thirty inches
and
the
it is to
to
subsequent handling.
for
inch
ice
sap
thickness
average
into
by
away
planer
up
left
be
can
elevator
field is first laid out
ice
planer, the
field
When
employed.
pass
way
wherever
use
wards
after-
scrapers
cut
ice
ice
their
is in
first method
The
at
PLANER.
it
or
;
the
on
chips being
scoops
on
be cut
can
planer
cleared
and
water
be removed.
ice
field,the
FIG.
and
bottom
snow
of
appearance
available.
are
parts.
indicates
measure
it must
heavy
all
in
the
the
reaches
auger
the
and
is withdrawn
snow
for
broken
loose and
and
the ice auger,
the
21
ICE.
the ice ascertained
of
auger
before
STOKING
AND
ice
keeps the
is cut
year
forty inches
through.
in
FIG.
9.
MARKER,
FIG.
FIG.
11.
CHOP.
ICE
THE
10.
SWING
WITH
SWING
FIELD
PLOW.
GUIDE
GUIDE.
PLOWS.
CUTTING
LAYING
and
OUT
mapped
places where
surface,
are
Thin
rocks
marked
for
holes at such
ice, formed
of
Like
sand
or
where
in
venturing
this
has
been
and
not
and
line must
is
The
strong, in calculating
best
ice in the
the
of
his
favor
his
strategy is
where
the
house.
The
on
streams
where
always be secured
the
of
the
shore
as
not
it will
lay
support for the
for
field will
house,
the
out
lay
in
are
of the
note
so
can
ice is needed
refuse
be overlooked,
not
If he
the
impede the ice floating toward
shore
ting,
cut-
during
takes
prevailing winds
for
Room
reward.
in them.
give warning
ice harvester
assist to float the ice toward
without
is
it.
upon
the current
method
removed
to
physical advantages of his position.
field that
to the
near
convenient
A
manner,
good general, the
a
approach
plant pieces of brush
ice
the
inspected
places,air holes, or
bars
avoidance.
places,and
is also marked
danger
the ice field is
As
FIELD."
23
ICE.
plowing, all unsound
for
shallow
to bore
ICE
THE
out
STORING
AND
rent
cur-
ice.
prime
a
consideration.
Quality
these
of
days
from
not
be
close
impure
to
given
directlyor
or
first
the
always be of
ice
competition, pure
ice business.
in the
cut
should
Ice, for
contaminated
allied
Natural
ice from
much
care
cess
suc-
be
can
ice for all uses,
curing food
or
is
crystal water
pure
never
healthful
preserving
to
for
should
Too
water.
securing clean, pure,
remotely
is necessary
purpose,
any
in
importance, and,
of
one
ducts.
pro-
nature's
purest productions.
Having
operation,the first task
the
either end
of
The
them.
a
board
line
hand
marker
is
lay
are
line, and
a
plow
is
used
out
end
for
is unlatched
are
and
Stakes
are
drawn
laying
now
runs
out
for
the
the
first
hand
set in the hand
along
on
at
between
taut
ing
line, mak-
Sometimes
end.
to
which
planted
passed alongside the
now
plan of
lines from
base
the
heavy cord
cheap substitute
horse marker
the
determined
and
gauged.
ice from
the
a
is to
plowing
sights is
with
guide
the
in
score
teeth of the
the
and
marking
field
the
over
gone
a
long
line, and
plow.
plow
The
groove
top of the ice.
a
Care
;
24
THE
FIG.
FIG.
FIG.
ICE
CHOP.
12.
HAND
PLOW.
13.
PLOW
ROPE.
14.
LINE
MARKER.
26
posts at their
sides of the
the
ice, a
under
ears
ice, and
the
no
trouble
will
cross
strut
raising out of its place. The
ice to float beneath, and
the struts,with
and
secured
15.
the
will
FOR
They
float
in the sides
the cakes,
tried.
them
across
shown
in
is to
portion
When
groove
away
is
the
the
is
the
the
their
when
the
shows.
square
channel
CURRENT.
frames
may
be
where
the
ice
sides should
not
project
into
cracks
in
with
take
fill mortices
the
path of
in
and
the surface.
ice, and
ice have
the
long planks
on
firmly held,
inclined
extend
By boring
inserting wooden
and
the cracks
opposite directions
pins,
will
a
freeze
firm
hold
ice.
channel
plowed
with
are
the
flat
laying
the loosened
on
in
the ice.
strong support is
SWIFT
strong,
dealing
one
planks into
pins
very
of
Fig. 16.
of
good
a
WITH
so
into
braces, and
the following cut
channel, and
the cracks
is secured
the
posts, which
cut
as
placed
are
the
A
If the
the
to
recesses
the
CHANNEL
through the
up.
just allow
place
is not
methods
been
should
in
through freely ;
of
as
Various
current,
current
in
around
frozen
BRACES
the
employed.
projecting
given by the post
be
secured
planted
poured
posts are
Where
cake
be
against
FIG.
feet
their
should
braces
be well
the
bring
through
braces, joining the posts opposite the ends
require inclined
Water
post will
the
inserted
When
ends.
lower
of
turn
quarter
CHOP.
ICE
THE
at
has
either
pond
ice
been
located, if convenient,
side, and
saws.
the
remaining
Splitting chisels
a
deep
ice is cut
are
now
CUTTING
which
cakes,
the
through
in the
section
with
calked
is
and
selected,
the
the
to
calking
bar
requisition,and
is
sawed
are
into at several
16.
a
containing
float,and
with
the thickness
the favorite
made
on
the
are
Canals
field is
stowing
that the
the
ice cut
top, and
the first float cut
pinching or binding
The
they are
floats
are
floated
one
is
the sides
away.
a
are
ends
of
at the
groove
another
or
work.
this
to
the
first cuts
If the
away
A
thousand
one
or
for this work
size of
with
little wider
section
the
bar
the
on
floats.
being
saws
are
the bottom
parallel,it will facilitate getting
By sinking the float
at the sides is
splitinto
near
The
saws
the
at
tools used
and
ice
Ice
ning
run-
CURRENT.
for
The
water
often used, the two-prong
most
heavy ice.
on
back.
hundred
one
of the
is used.
grooves
SLOW
FOR
BRACE
prevent the
points with
^barring off tools provided
fork bars
than
the
to the
through
struck
now
a
cakes, is readily split off.
The
ice.
carefully double
grooves
plowing,
into
called
vary
the
for
of
into
split up
ice cakes
brought
the
more
under
supply
purpose
FIG.
out
a
is
The
this
back
so
to furnish
chips, from
section
of
channel
similarlyopened.
For
in.
the
in the
house.
A
now
are
27
ICE.
floated
and
field
plowed
in readiness
now
sunk
are
STORING
ice
the
play, and
into
brought
AND
rows
to the channel
a
little all
prevented.
of
single or
leadingto
double
cakes,
the incline.
as
As
THE
FIG.
17.
FIG.
FIG.
FIG.
BEST
18.
19.
ICE
CAST
STEEL
TWO-PRONG
THREE-PRONG
20.
FOUR-PRONG
FIG.
21.
FIG.
CROP.
22.
CALKING
BREAKING
ICE
FORK
FORK
FORK
BAR
BAR.
SAWS.
BAR.
EAR.
BAR.
CUTTING
the
a
long
rows
bridge
few
One
In
splittrue
and
splitmust
be
trimmed
duty is
in
are
No
closed
Cakes
not
they reach
the
ice to
be
can
smoothly
incline, and
the
broken
smaller ones
to the
around
hard
to deal
is
must
be
cleared
HOUSING
variations
into
up
single
wholly
less
either worth-
are
night
to
serve
it
prevent
delay incident
the
THE
in the
and
always needed
"
methods
ice,
new
the sides of the
ice and
be sunk
the
cakes
damaged
under
nets
scoop
or
is attended
The
channels
It eludes
field is
There
of
nels.
chan-
kept clear of the channel
is
sieve
with
are
filled with
net
little delay
room
on
for
of
out
as
A
fort
discom-
much
and
buried
the
shovels.
the
scoop
at all
ice, and
their
as
employed
the
cakes, making
soon
scraped with
ICE.
from
trimmed
the
on
connecting web
a
the floats and
The
with.
may
harvest
laborious.
and
slow
be
by
ice harvesters.
packs
field.
great irregularity. The
broken
must
the
during
snowstorm
they
hand
at
near
flooded, and
grooves
over
have
The
cakes.
removed
be
floats
the
position
into the house,
run
morning, and
and
up
larger pieces
The
in
cakes
is avoided.
wanted
not
are
requirements
being broken
labor and
ice in the
the
some
In this condition
much
supply of ice
a
of the
from
before
long
with
the
and
channel
secure
will be
full,with
in the channel
be
must
which
than
more
single cakes will
The
to
placing
early work, however,
Some
times.
in
left
it up
opening
which
the
cleave
instances.
be detached
up.
with
splitup
which
passed beneath
will
the
on
ting
split-
or
hard, it
danger of having the
single cakes
to
found
should
partiallyfrozen
being
needle
a
ice
with
is directed
the channel
leave
quitting time,
or
standing
man,
are
incline,in advance
ice house.
the
also
field
Ice floats left too
or
thrusts
before
the
on
whose
within
cakes,
they
as
grooves
in most
a
ice,strikes
frosty weather,
foot of the
at the
of those
at
channel,
dexterous
square,
work
The
and
plowed
29
ICE.
removed.
bunches
cakes
the
the
above
two
or
bottom.
the
the
STORING
into
inches
chisel into
his feet.
moved
are
a
AND
slush,
ress
prog-
is very
sight,and
practicable.
large latitude
the ice field.
The
for
situ-
30
ations
swift
On
done.
be
will
freeze
second
the
order
to
on
of
presence
point, as well
There
is often
and
the channel
slide
incline.
channel, and,
often
provide
as
the
it,
to
necessarilydone
and
bar
the
this
at
men
into the elevator,
cakes
The
tools
are
trated
illus-
by channel
near
the
of
means
in the
to
edges
from
heavily,and
of
protection
his
ducks
dip below
the
for
channel,
the
of the line and
the handle
of wear,
channel
will
at
lower
to
end,
and
The
the
to
at
the heel of the
the
surface
of
the
of
the
ting
eleva-
convenience, and
box
water
a
admit
the
or
cakes
enough
near
the
dodging under, when
jackman,
pull is felt,bears
grapple, and,
ice,make
Where
have
yet
ducking, or
rear.
the
of the
sides
the
to
incline,
foot
the
on
a
depth
a
the
men.
be found
the
up
at
from
Ice cakes
away.
force
avoiding delays,
the
far
their way
on
sources
soon
ice taken
refuse
ice not
great
some
prevent the cakes
pressed forward
out
to
of
grapples
grapples, it
of
means
the
other
to
passing freely on
taken
and
striking with
footing or walk
trough sunk
surface
taken
are
position for the grapple.
on
the
these, and
important
by
ice cakes
work
feeding
incline
thrown
down,
All
a
located.
are
through this channel, requires
accumulation
an
slipfrom
sometimes
water,
length, and
in
Pages 00-00.
on
and
harvester
directlyleading
The
are
in
at the foot of the
used
miles
trimmers
of
who
placing them
or
several
the
In
quality.
good
spots, the
wear.
floated
are
lodgment,
favored
which
at
ice in
broken
found
his storage houses
much
those
as
of
these
number
a
regular and
along the channel
they
as
has
incline
to
of
masses
floating ice
channel
a
the
subject
the cakes
the
it
of
the foot
ice is
is
to where
n
the water, and
from
the
to open
ice do\;
float the
no
ice from
the
obliged
At
points
freezing
secure
be
may
other
of settled weather,
return
a
confused
rough and
in
At
places.
and
by storms, and with
broken
may
be
to
ice,after first forming,
the
streams
running
is best
determining what
in
ingenuity,
and
judgment
to exercise
is called upon
dealer
the
different that
so
are
CROP.
ICE
THE
same
as
a
the
slack
firm
grip
time, bears
is
on
down
cake, engaged by the grapple,
23.
FIG.
24.
FIG.
FIG.
27.
FIG.
ICE
ELEVATOR
25.
FIG.
FIG.
STORING
AND
CUTTING
SIEVE
RING
HANDLE
28.
CHANNEL
FIG.
29.
HOOKS.
FORK.
FEEDING
CHAIN
26.
ICE.
SCOOP
NET.
SHOVEL.
CHISEL.
SPLITTING
HOOK
NEEDLE
CHISEL.
BAR.
31
32
under
the
jacks, if
ice
the
pike poles
is necessary
is
accidents
and
box
with
varies
it.
over
each
it is of
Usually
and
Order
year.
adapted
careless
The
and
be
disciplineis maintained,
and
CARE
ICE
OF
qualitiesof
of
out
one
employed
kind
will
money
TOOLS.
it.
of work
under
neglected,
importance,
from
or
incompetent
an
which
new,
cut
One
be
or
a
made.
it will
Ice
true
be
and
man
can
of
; one
of
the
cut
should
held
responsiblefor their work.
short, or
the
saws
are
to
be
jeopardized.
inferior
An
the
on
tool, or
particular
comparative
tion
condi-
to this matter
the
ease
with
best
its
which
type, will,
dressings,done
true
send
when
in
the
one-fourth
efficiency
with
them.
correctlydress the
sprung,
loss
spoilthe best implement
man
be trained
Unless
properly estimate
their cutting
impossible to
plan
efficiencyof the labor
to
two
or
the
preserving the cutting
the
idea
saws,
from
limb
Attention
failure
mistaken
ignorant
will detract
and
a
house, by
employes.
depends
it is done.
from
rapidly and
way,
more,
then
be
can
wrong
which
all
the
amount
fully
care-
by the proprietor,
importance.
consideration,
of the tool with
is often
The
the
be
large fields,much
for
repair,will detract from
use
should
in
run
renewed
out, and
life and
Provision
"
and
water
ice
of
amount
system
from
about
the
of
character,
especiallyon
tools is of great
to
and
field and
upon
result,and
ous
grapple. Seri-
employed
are
strictlyobserved
compliance insisted
exact
of time
the
on
deep.
too
experience
some
construction
\vater
times,
ignorant methods,
or
all who
by
from
sharp lookout
A
the
Details, fully worked
in force, it should
once
sinking
handling
thorough
a
it
trip.
one
temporary
a
work
the
to
ice harvester.
every
worn
at
from
depth of
the
their
at these
jackman, and
field,incline, or ice house.
the
or
at
up
be observed
with
cake
is necessary,
prevent
adept
an
the
on
for the
prevent the last cake
box
the
resulted
should
caution
of
part
have
down
and
below,
cakes
placing the
are
to
water
usually run
the
CEOP.
bear
time,
to become
required
who
The
are
on
men
same
cake
cakes
ICE
heavy,
over.
steady the
Several
is
the
at
being ended
to
The
water.
THE
When
them
saws,
the teeth
to the
and
are
ice tool
34
manufacturer,
size and
plows
they
when
the
detention
and
cakes
from
the
upon,
may
prove
any
for
and
out,
on
or
more,
be
have
taken
plows
are
are
of
Only
a
down
of
man
pretext,
of
an
of
the
dress
to
made
hour
or
the
improvements
are
rigid,and
the handle
This
looseness
depart from
in
so
should
they
Plows
cut
to the
in any
a
lack of
form
Too
ming
gumthe
are
much
care
and
steel
The
guides used
in
of
a
at
guide, which
with
bolts.
place. The
hinge and swivel method
so
an
agement
man-
need
lost motion,
no
is latched
produces
entire
and
markers
steel beams
have
joint,and is
vertical
the
selection, originally. The
guide, combined
construction
employed,
hard,
and
lost
of this waste.
source
ice harvester.
trussed
the double
time
of
The
cause.
work
to
more
lost to the owner,
with
the
the
is thus
proper
guide handle
detaching
entire force
superior to the old style iron plows.
markers
the
Nine- tenths
worn
a
of
part
house.
both.
make
to
loss of
plowed surface
likely,the
been
now
plows and
latch.
teeth, as
cutting points
of those
is the apparent
reforging, or
or
point,when
no
cause
cutting implements of the
They
the
be dressed
any
the
work
lack
a
system is, more
which
Plows
the
the
in
incompetent workman
best
the
less.
involve
by nine-tenths
hour
an
of
to be the
field and
the
cannot
of
must
no
more,
may
field,from
frittered away
chief
and
up,
allowed, under
delay in plowing
crop,
wages,
be
Ice
by improper dressing or
bottoms
no
"
stiffened.
proportion
kept
their correct
to
plows.
Any
on
and
be
points,
abilityshould
ice
useless
heels and
The
keen.
out
straightened and
range
must
new,
regularly with
both
The
CROP.
teeth gummed
the blades
and
handling.
are
known
the
frequently rendered
are
sharp and
the
have
to
shape,
careless
or
ICE
THE
the
pin
latest
is perfectly
of
and
any
ing
secur-
mortice
plow and guide which
braced
that the
position unless the guide
plow
has
cannot
is raised
out
of
its groove.
All ice cutlers
instead
of
who
have
had
straight,lines, with
breaking of plow
their fields marked
the
in
curved,
resulting wrenching
teeth, will appreciate
and
welcome
or
this
CUTTING
when
to
tool
A
should
room
are
liable to
for
a
breakage
the
in
used
are
A
well-chosen
a
supply
included*
found
in
necessity where
thus
towns
of
and
the
ice
dry and
HOUSE.
THE
In
hard.
; the
water
great
repairs of
an
sizes
connections, will often
inventory.
situated
are
hundred
"
Ice should
men
as
repay
are
often
This
is
a
distance
any
sometimes
are
the ice out
heavy,
for
an
increase
quality,and
ice
well-constructed
and
seasons,
little extra
then
loss
will then
the
in
be
the
tho
ice house
soft,and
contains
the
and
house,
frozen
are
breakage
"When
summer.
in
getting
the
ice is
stowed, during freezing weather,
house, it can
taken
during freezing
enter
ice is
of labor
shipment during
best
of
soft weather
be housed
cakes, being chilled
together,causing
a
is of
timber, of such
houses
as the cakes
weather, if possible,
in
fitted up,
millwright tools, together
harvester's
Several
in
accommodated.
FILLING
some
grindstone
Large boarding houses
storage
cities.
or
a
large, and
are
making
seasoned
runs
the
of
set
single season.
a
for
means
good
the various
their cost in
from
ice houses
if well
that
sharpening bars,
"
positions,the tool house,
urgent character.
light,and
practicable for
tongs. Where
to store
be reserved
Space should
large north
a
assistance, affording the
with
all
maker
of all kinds
extras
rapid wear.
or
when
by power
isolated
is
cutting season
ice-tool
the
to
and
scrapers,
filingbench, having
hooks, and
close of the
ship
brought back
to be
maker,
kept sharp,
be
provided, of sufficient size
be
cutting tools,scoops,
driven
should
35
require overhauling.
all
"
and
select
to
which
implements
hooks
efficiency. The
of
time
best
the
ICE.
to the
repair,sent
of
out
condition
a
STOKING
Bars, tongs, and
improvement.
and,
AND
out
in
be
two
three
or
good condition, with
It should
by breakage.
kept for
have
attention
but
at all
times, however, and be kept in perfect order.
The
cake
various
from
the water
will be noticed
important
methods
in
branch
which
into the
detail,under
of the
are
in
ice house,
a
for
use
or
on
elevatingthe
to the
platform,
specialchapter devoted
mechanics
of the
natural
ice
to this
ice trade.
36
THE
FIG.
35.
FIG.
FIG.
37.
36.
WAGON
ICE
WOODEN
WOODEN
AND
CROP.
SKID.
1.
NO.
SKID.
LOADING
FIG.
38.
PACKING
CHISEL.
FIG.
39.
PACKING
CHISEL.
NO.
2.
TONGS.
CUTTING
The
ice
cake,
which
run,
the
having
line of
the
the
by
The
end
end
room.
are
and
entrance,
the further
end,
portion,graduated between
imparts
inclination
into the
of
above
It
runs.
large nails
the
to
scratches
the
of
depth
the
on
This
board
them,
nail
the
so
is
the
cakes,
a
break
is set
heads
left
ber
num-
a
projecting
is set in the line of the runs,
heads.
scratches
their
near
When
board, in which
a
the
the intermediate
extremes.
to the
of
driven, with
are
of
one
speed
a
and
descent
level with
a
is determined
them,
rapid
a
these
usually consists
surface.
attached
high
too
with
on
ther
far-
to the
ice house.
of the
usually arranged
another
runs
on
of
center
continuous
a
the entrance
ice is to travel
the
nearest
with
of these
skid, or
a
the
thus
the
front
end
is connected
skid
inclination
the
on
toward
The
gallerieson
runs
the
so
the
in
leading
extending from
distance
of the
height
does
house,
inclination,
an
the
is formed,
of
the ice
37
ICE.
general inclination, and
same
runs
part
the
than
at
its lower
At
room.
it enters
as
placed
higher
entrance
the
is
STORING
AND
under
The
surface
number
easily varied
to
of
of
nails
suit
the
or
the
ice
and
the
velocity
required.
the
As
at the
farther
front.
most
end
Through
require
the
they
runs,
at
run,
and
time
are
and
side,as
placed
on
or
and
rails.
house
during packing.
The
common
to their final
trim
any
runs
from
the
the
of
The
and
used
made
toward
stowing is
under
the
moved
are
along
pass
follow
are
cuts
in the
directingthe
some
run
them, but
the tools used
cakes, and, in
the
flat,with
accompanying
in
the
V-shaped
bars, chisels,and adze
the
stored
are
guided off
the
ice will
runs,
are
are
lines
cakes
and
runs
wanted.
positions. The
off
inequalities
The
Two
patterns of
hooks, tongs, and
ice cakes
the ice hook
and
readily slipped off when
the
the room,
tongs. As
desired.
the runs,
show
of
The
care.
caught with
projecting sides
iron
center
in
Fillingthe front end, and
ice hooks
either
they
gradually filled
are
back
the
are
into the ice house,
run
first,and
more
place with
into
no
are
rapidly performed.
runs,
is
ice cakes
cakes
used
to
cases,
to
38
layer of ice
level off each
done,
when
PACKING
ICE
important thing
The
HOUSE.
THE
varies
ice cakes
the
arranging
IN
keep
to
ice
shipped
during the
much
how
upon
crowded
be
can
in, but
arranging of the cakes.
prevention of
be taken
may
for
If the
so
the
ICE
ADZE.
as
an
to be
things are
they
as
not
good,
as
it is
depend
packing and
are
and
out.
and
example,
in
ease
taken
observed
varied
this,
loosening
The
as
or
following
good
place the
two
first
courses
on
cause
edge, and
closely together as practicable. The succeeding
the
in
doing.
ice is thin,
place in flat,or
Arrange
Two
by melting,
waste
detaching the cakes,
as
of
house,
upon
43.
FIG.
pack
country,
TONGS.
HOISTING
is found
in
40.
FIG
method
the
does
in
possible.
as
amount
This
as
employed
of the
out
season.
warm
ice
parts of
is the
mind
often
so
house,
method
in different
in
the
much
as
The
"
possibleto be gotten
merchantable
away
pack
to
is not
This
from
shipment
it is desired
when
cooling rooms,
it is stored.
as
for
is stored
ice
CKOP.
ICE
THE
in the
cakes
one
same
positionthey
directly above
occupy
the
on
courses
the water.
other, and
leave
a
CUTTING
inches
of two
space
six courses,
top
floor of the house
the
on
for this
reasons
edge, the
cakes, placed
the
only
breakage
and
breaking
the
few
finally,the
top
the
on
in
succeeding
edges, having
minimum
of air
thoroughly, and
mass
sifting down
from
also, by
;
ice,is shut off,and,
the
the
on
cakes
circulation
the
to
ice
at
into the
body
of
ice.
The
chapters
construction
the
considerations
In
and
risk
of
against
side
the
edges, being
give the
is
chips
No
or
mass
broken
to
not
broken
in
and
placed
the
this
in
the spaces
between
value
cakes
of
to
as
much
a
ice
The
to
or
In
ing,
stow-
cakes
free
of the
in this
as
the runs,
together on
be avoided.
be thrown
stowing
department.
despatch
be done
Broken
in the
and
out
of the
To
in
cakes
into the house, and, if cakes
come
placing,they should
of system
the
plumb,
the
should
is necessary
than
places,should
be allowed
progress
of
is
ice.
Experience and practice,in the handling
the
There
direction.
one
packing
manner.
of
the ice out
in
ease
closer
pressure
in
packed
ice.
edge.
upon
are,
is limited.
room
to throw
keep
house, and the crowding
to their
cakes,
of
stowing the
for this method
inclination
an
trimming
slidingthem
when
tend
all
are
and
fullysome
more
of
house, by the
ice
walls,
required
more
should
cakes
storage
the
uneven,
whole
care
from
to
damage
the
out
taking
ice, where
more
secures
ice
present
methods
the
bearing upon
advantages claimed
the
loosening
by wastage in the house,
ice houses, will
localities the
some
Among
loss of ice
on
of
the
with
the
contact, the
courses,
close
courses
prevent the top covering
the
in
destructive
is very
on
the
loosening cakes, is obtained
joints every
currents, which
obtained, and
surfaces
in
labor,
or
courses
the
that
are,
other,and free
the
bottom
and
top
five
or
rapidly,and, by placing
loss is
above
one
arrangement
wastes
minimum
last four
five
In every
edges.
joints,and closelyplaced
to break
one,
39
ICE.
or
The
broken.
jointsare
The
edges.
sides
all four
on
placed, each
are
STORING
AND
are
of the house.
of
runs
and
aging
man-
ice cakes, attest the
do the necessary
possiblerequires close
work
attention
to
40
THE
details,and watchfulness,
The
outside
runs
gallery
there
the
is
to the
first run,
house
has
one
high
is
been
two
or
and
handle
to
ice is raised upon
It is
house.
now
of
lower
house
be
secured
blocking and
side.
Before
the
space
they
left
and
in,
run
and
runs
Unless
entrance.
and
irregularity,
is
opened
ordinary
height
is
is
care
loss
work
of
this
taken,
first
and
to
run,
and
ice
the
gallery,and
the
be
The
set
runs
of
ice
stowed
to
cakes
in the
front
of
tha
will be done
with
ice will be left among
the
fillingin
breakage, when
fillingin under
stowing,
the
gallery.
number
a
by wastage and
This
up.
gate
and
within
second
entrance,
less broken
or
more
too
incline
first run,
the
removed,
the
near
or
is then
The
runs
of the
disturbed,
are
the
first run,
the
staging occupied, directlyin
good cakes, causing
house
from
uncoupled
bracing
on
When
house
run.
runs.
all pass
height.
the
the
rearrange
at the
to the
of
level.
at this
to
the face
cakes
of
leries,
gal-
height of the second
the incline to the
must
They
under
the
the
over
necessary
raised up and
are
ice
into the
passes
one
height
higher, the level
the
this
at
placed in position,shutting off the
now
and
house
the
to
to the
from
ice
the
in
each
up
runs
incline
the
open,
from
runs
and
removed
from
ice to the
filled with
courses
men
arranged
placed well
incline
be
may
the
enter
is
the
of
being
run
connecting
run
affording access
lower
at the
gate
top
gate, which
a
incline,thus
The
The
and
permanent,
are
apart, with
intersection
each
At
plate.
house
the
incline.
to the
efforts of the
distributed.
five feet
about
ghlleries,
the labor and
that
and
properly directed
are
CROP.
ICE
the
is attended
runs
with
the
suspends
loss
some
of time.
After
up,
blocked
coupled
second
A
with
the
on,
cakes
galleryto
all in
braced
and
and
are
a
new
place, the house
in
position, the
line of
the further
runs
part
conducts
of the
runs
are
raised
connecting
the ice from
runs
the
room.
system of winding drums, placed in the roof timbers,
ropes
attached
to
the
labor,in adjustingthe house
runs,
runs
at either
end,
saves
to the levels of
time
and
the different
42
THE
weather
should
engine
be
should
should
SHIPPING
the
this
traffic,
from
the
ice
the
or
line,
into
At
a
loaded
on
with
empty
other
track.
52.
Endless
top
of
before
the
fast
car
as
track
while
loading
with
and
platform,
(See
the
with
stowers
car
ice
an
can
and
hook,
place
and
short
at
in
51.)
A
platform,
slides
them.
the
spaces,
at
short
and
the
platform,
cakes
man,
into
the
at
Fig.
stationed
the
the
speed,
slide
doorway
a
on
along
regular
a
filled
track
cars
pass
train
a
shown
are
cake,
a
the
the
time,
number.
the
of
daily.
one
switched,
platforms
carry
Fig.
out,
proceeds
these
bars
sides
being
are
switched
of
chains,
bar.
cars
being
Diagrams
between
the
while
both
at
platform
at
double
which
filled
be
loaded
are
runs
by
loading
can
accomodate
placed
are
cars
accommodate
arranged
cars
of
south
connecting
the
to
of
fifteen
to
is
on
trains
will
lost
be
cars,
the
door
ten
with
switch
either
Long
tracks
one
each
placed
house.
platform
will
time
directed,
platform,
side
A
cutting
any
To
points
to
points
to
is
house
made
deficient.
built
ice
from
made
are
run.
be
distant
is
crop
place.
the
may
often
platforms
be
double
the
If
the
incline
can
ice
the
while
no
lower
single
a
where
ice
served
pre-
boiler
or
secure
a
While
of
are
in
The
be
parts
engines
on
"
maintained
are
working
stored
FIELD.
shipments
loading
cakes
and
shipments
or
all
oil.
slushing
trimmings
THE
stations
with
and
brass
FROM
Large
frost
coated
boxed,
winter
supply
privilege.
the
down,
ICE
filled,
where
All
taken
CROP.
attention,
rust.
be
being
thoroughly
have
from
ICE
car
is
at
as
IV.
CHAPTER
CONSTRUCTION
The
Earliest
Ice
Forms
House
House
of
The
"
of
Ice
Storage
Site
Survey
"
COMMERCIAL
OF
and
Its
for
Construction
of
Requirements
Size
"
of
the
Ice
an
Modern
Placing
"
the
House"
all
Embodying
House
a
HOUSES.
Development
"
Foundations
"
ICE
tails
De-
Modern
Improvements.
earliest
The
in
occurs
thousand
reference
the
among
the
of
Romans,
which
winter,
tapering
The
packed.
Roman
cellar
snow
from
ice
it
country
their
method.
into
surface
the
below
the
Brick,
light
stone
Gradually,
evolved
the
and
and
of
the
wood
ground.
ice
is taken
in
the
and
in
leading
house.
43
ice
use
the
partly
for
way,
in
those
who
butchers,
and
this
used
some
on
houses
the
built
were
they
emerged
the
surface.
below
building
the
sition
tran-
47.
uses
Gradually
only
were
45, which
commercial
commercial
air, being
experience
modern
first
tightly
cellars, constructed
or
the
modernized
A
Figs. 46
dairymen,
top,
in
out
was
top.
instances, by
many
vaults,
The
for
the
thickly thatched
successor
in
seen
for
at
which
and
Its
stored
Brewers,
ice
44
Figs.
is
form
top
the
ing
dur-
summer
scooped
snow,
Virginia.
in
secured,
had
in
and
cut
the
with
designs
business.
physicians,
Roman
in
use
and
three
prevailed
the
were
through
is shown
was
was
bottom,
the
was
modern
more
Before
in
in
cellar
a
to
it
doorway
in
poses
pur-
mountains
pits, of circular
or
filled
being
the
of
about
which
custom
upon
cooling
back
us
use
lined,
were
after
straw,
at
point
a
sides
The
ground.
with
to
snow
made
was
Vaults,
cooling beverages.
and
storing
the
for
snow
carries
records
History
years.
of
use
and
Writ,
Holy
the
to
ice
materials.
dealer
has
44
THE
and
has
Improvements
the
and
FlG.
44.
INTERIOR
FIG.
now
discoveries
The
VIEW
ICE
45.
and
and
OF
to
as
as
years
OF
branches
in other
of
tific
scien-
inquirieswhich
in this direction
OLD
FlG. 46.
FIG.
SAME.
our
of development,
practical,value.
a
continuallymaking
CELLAR.
ROOF
rapidly adding
built
are
well
in this
expected
be
practicalmen
STYLE
are
scientific,as
a
may
ice business.
represents many
HOUSE
ICE
MODERN
CROP.
ICE
THE
store
furnished, give
of
few
47.
MODERN
ITS
ICE
PIT.
CONSTRUCTION.
knowledge.
Ice
houses,
as
suggestions of their original
prototype.
SITE.
THE
site for
a
Many
commercial
quantity, a
and
"
porous
features
or
combined
large ice house.
soil,easy
land, proximity
are
to market
in
Good
both
accessibility
; also
cheap
and
a
reallygood
ice in
from
ample
the water
efficient trans-
COMMERCIAL
portation. Observance
imperative. Where
be
can
In
natural
and
direct
ice is
soft,it
will
should
with
of
watchwords
a
In the
have
to
important
be
brought
On
spalled.
a
tion
atten-
the
placing the incline,
for
supplying
handled.
ice
them
and
System
dealer
while
ice
the
upon
and
lumber
for
and
size of the
all lines staked
and
square
roof
trusses
attention,and
of
will
the entire
practicevaries.
local conditions
large houses, where
off and
the
sills are
as
the
balance
and
the wastage
building when
the
They
climatic
is
comparatively dry. they
of
and
foundations
of foundations
construction
partly dependent
location
grade.
to
For
ences.
influ-
readilydrained
are
about
as
able
dur-
placed directlyon
ground.
The
no
in
is made
survey
size,so that dimension
site should
the
crooked
a
platforms for winter
the
The
designed. Levels, also,call
fit as
The
be
can
FOUNDATION."
AND
It is
are
they
and
ice
sloppy days, when
warm,
fast
as
on
travel without
as
being determined,
the exact
will
in for attention
come
the
arrange
on.
SURVEY
out.
in motion
conveniently disposed
the
are
is
cutting
house
On
permit,
practicable. The
as
pitch the cakes
will
and
south,
be
ice cakes
dispatch
turns
requireassistance.
shipments via rail
which
and
keep them
freezing weather.
in
points is
instances,if the
most
constantlybeing jammed
are
of proper
run
to
these
lay of the land
north
few
as
require assistance
runway,
the
house
with
runs
last of
expense.
selectinga site,when
incline and
first and
effected,in
the
the
45
HOUSES.
drainage is lacking,the deficiency
access
warrant
place the length of
cakes
of the
supplied,and
other features
ICE
limit
life of
can
is well
years
be
made
from
varies
ice house
given applicableto all
selected
of constant
repairs are
an
and
the
service will
as
often
as
so
many
When
cases.
construction
tell
the
thorough,
the
plainlyon
required,its
causes,
term
that
ber
lum-
fifteen
building.
of
If
usefulness
is extended.
In
warm
climates, also
supply depots,foundations
of
for
smaller
stone
or
houses, and
brick
are
for
city
employed
to
46
THE
ICE
CHOP.
CCLMMEBCIAL
They should
advantage.
about
feet above
two
DETAILS
into four
is divided
hundred
two
For
placed
extend
dimensions
outside
8
sills,
forty feet wide
of lumber
The
in
house
in the clear,
forty feet high from
be
requiredmay
sill
:
inches,of such lengthsas
10
x
buildingillustrated
the ground.
upon
each
rooms,
The
plate.
to
In the
fiftyfeet deep, and
and
frost, and
the surface.
sills are
the
below
in
put
CONSTRUCTION."
OF
plates A, B,
be
47
HOUSES.
ICE
most
can
readilybe obtained.
6
Inside sills,
10.
x
posts 4
Outside
10 inches
x
Studding, -3 x 10 inches
Inside
x
feet,set 12 feet apart.
40 feet,with
x
inches
posts,4x8
40
x
feet.
40
x
three
feet centers.
inches
Studding,3x8
40 feet.
For
inches
2x8
For
circulating air
outer
inches
2x6
air spaces,
dead
inner
2x6
inches
This
makes
x
three feet
12 feet and
3
spaces
12 feet
x
should
on
40 feet
x
horizontal
and
placed upright 12 feet apart,
are
studding
be
three feet centers.
40 feet, with
x
the
space,
studding
studs
cross
filled in between.
apart,are
the
inside
3
10, and
of all the
outer
inner
walls
walls.
Plates
the
on
walls
outer
are
x
on
inches.
3x8
The
studding is lined
main
boarded
proof sheathing, and
inclosed
sawdust
spent
or
bark.
tan
with
up
sides with
both
moisture-
lumber.
matched
The
non-conducting substance,usually
is filled with
space
on
The
fillingmust
be
dry
and
packed tightly.
The
boarded
up
their
studding
2x6
matched
with
be made
should
stock
inner
with
being used.
outer
covers
ventilation
to the
swung
inches
over
requires.
at
selected,no
jointswith
these
up
crooked
pitch adds
to
durabilityof the lumber.
studding is covered
ship siding. Twelve
hinged
the lumber
and
then
sheathing,and
jointsof this studding
The
lumber.
Sealing
and also
efficiency,
The
as
care
is lined with
the
with
weather
bottom
them, which
can
are
be
boarding
left open
opened
or
or
and
closed,
48
THE
ICE
CROP.
50
THE
H"
ICE
CROP.
COMMERCIAL
sizes of timbers
is
lightermaterial
racked
sooner
The
and
off
carry
slats
the
At
opening
moisture
this
floor
feet in size ; these
the
ice and
the
top
of the
ice.
sawdust
in the
about
doors
required on
being sufficient
gable ends
The
stored
floor is laid
a
the
ice.
for
are
Trap doors
for
and
ventilatingthe
a
through
houses
the
six
to
place in which
convenient
dried, when
cut
are
between
space
the sawdust
dumping
the
through
seventy-fivefeet apart, four
It also affords
through
the
on
the
cleaned
are
air into
roof
is
specialroof
Being often
the
electric fluid
add
forked
house
where
pipes
galleriesare
or, if at
its readiest
a
gable end,
much
the
of
above
the
line of
points across
copper
strips extended,
They
if
material
their
houses.
the
locality,
and
the
in their
used
struction
con-
Copper strips,terminatingin
the
of
cone
the
roof, fiftyor
provide ample protection.
way,
house
should
without
any
should
ice
on
path through them,
their exposure.
ground.
in
prominent object
points, raised
surface, and
it
provided with
large conductor
them,
to cover
seventy-fivefeet apart each
into the
loft,where
are
especiallyrequired
are
most
and
to
level
provided.
finds
escaping vapor
with
the side of the
is extended
rods
Lightning
the
feet,and
two
furnished
are
On
fiftyfeet.
to the
continued
ventilator.
project about
eaves
placed, the
the
air.
heated
above
space
ample gutters, which
a
be
not
gable end
circulatingair-spacesare
outer
vent
The
every
in each
loft floor, discharging the
the
finds
It will
two
fall.
The
of
and
twenty feet square
trusses
floor,and
be
can
place.
and
roof
building,dividing the
through
are
against the wind.
of
center
while
instances,the houses
all sides.
on
braced
be well
should
of
ter,
chap-
durability,and
to
some
top is about
on
the
in
out
sprung
high gable roofs, an
to
given
employed,
ventilator
high, with
feet
been
has
in this
construction, noted
for ice house
consideration
51
HOUSES.
ICE
be
they terminate
place,their efficiencyis increased.
be connected, and
break
buried
in
a
the
interruption,
or
several
drain
A
or
feet
below
other
damp
THE
I
3
fl
!"
h
o
ICE
CEOP.
The
floor of
and
a
should
trench
have
inches
in
it should
the
inches
are
inches
deep
at
house.
and
and
filled with
start,and
the
is
with
inches
placed several
ashes
of
closelyplaced, with
water
waste
to
they
house
the
length
form
drains.
Where
may
be six
entering through them, and
at
depth
reeds,
floor.
charcoal,
top
eight
or
entire
The
with
coal
boards,
not
or
laid
are
other
or
the
main
drain.
The
channels
to
conduct
the
the
trapped, to prevent
are
cobbles
or
the
the
toward
boards
the
between
spaces
of
On
deep.
the
depth.
same
layer
a
house,
After
stone
stones, shavings, straw,
covered
now
the
double
side trenches
The
the
at
either side,
away.
broken
It
be nine
size
toward
sets
condcuted
is placed, to the level
filling,
floor
the
drainage
filled a,bout the
the
this
double
to
ter,
cen-
about
of
it may
house
the
drains, alternatingon
intercepted
top of
porous
too
of
house
of the
front
rear
surface
they
wide,
On
the
Lateral
If the
of the
front
At
made
are
nine
about
rod.
house.
be
trenches
the
the
to end.
end
from
center
gradually increasing
desirable.
are
the
dug through
a
square,
front of the
graded slightlytoward
is
room
grade toward
a
inches
two
each
53
HOUSES.
ICE
COMMERCIAL
collected
drains
air currents
any
into
from
emerge
one
or
from
main
more
channels.
presentedin
on
Plate
In
B.
large houses, however,
very
In
neglected.
floors
cement
(see R, in Plates
on
over
Where
the
platform.
work
railroad
is
D
are
A, C and
the top of this
a
for winter
cars
ice cakes
The
so
should
and
for
a
section
can
be
view
depended
For
necessary.
not
is
be
entirely
city supply houses,
best.
the
platesA, C and
in
not
are
they
climates
warm
are
loading
For
soils,which
porous
off the wastage, drains
to carry
the
drainage plan, and
illustrates the
A
Plate
An
are
shipments,
used
elevated
expedited,as
no
delay
incline to runways
with
chain
siding is placed on
trated
illus-
ing
by gravity until land-
slide
platform, carrying
platforms
handling large quantities.
the
on
D), and
endless
for
the
a
both
cake
cross-bars
each
before
sides of the
is occasioned
passes
bar.
platform
by waiting
54
for cars,
in
ICE
THE
on
a
track,
one
INCLINED
THE
endless
loaded
while
53.
are
PLATE
shown
carry
floated
E.
being pulled
Plate
foot of
GIGS
C
In
the
AND
empty
the
on
cross-bars.
to the
HOISTING
in
and
out
loading continues
WAYS
chains, which
the ice cakes
FIG.
train
CROP.
cars
run
other.
are
rigged with
fillingthe house,
incline, and
REVERSING
fed
on
ENGINE.
to
it, one
to travel
is made
gates
to the
on
There
and
and
used,
is
the
with
the
elevators,
which
varies
smaller
The
to
larger plants
of
elevators
in
the
room
in
Next
An
stored.
Plate
with
horses,
employed.
By
threshing
This
of
the
the
edge
an
incline,
operated
by
engine, and
are
very
management,
Small
gigs
houses
hoisting tongs.
are
there
the
on
the
bar.
a
power
power,
coupled
several
are
and
surroundings
system,
of
Where
Plate
ice
the
there
is
are
very
convenient.
winding
to
all in their
handle
of
the
drums
are
jack
ples
grap-
four
An
this
house
cakes
at
to
are
reversing
a
a
at
place
they
time, they
simplicity and
power,
is
placed
When
by
are
method
is
run
and
ordinary
in which
room
drum
E.
and
power,
and
a
operated
are
winding
in
shown
one
single elevator,
a
no
to the
drums,
the
are
annually
are
grapples
when
ample
Economy
and
chain
These
plan is shown
large enough
are
conveyors
is similar
work
the
of
means
efficient.
horse
friction-winding
furnishes
water
the
on
horse
ten
or
houses
power,
in favor.
rapidly growing
cakes
hundred
one
endless
which
steam
using
engine
to
up
eight
style of
the
two
or
an
lighter build.
with
expensive.
one
mostly
required
power
large quantities of ice
readily accomplish
less
for
platform
is used
of
or
with
to the
which
incline
(7, but
and
depending
importance
by
incline
called
house.
or
jack grapples
The
filling smaller
choice
a
use,
and
For
engine.
one
methods
size
the
C.
operated with
are
pass
"
is
first named
The
Plate
arranged
are
several
where
the
length of
chains
the
arranging
in
shown
one
rigs
and
engine,
of
under-shot.
the
and
desired,
ice house.
the
methods
two
passed through
are
levels
various
at the
into
cakes
The
thus
and
bar,
each
of
in front
time
a
incline.
the
up
runways
are
over-shot
the
on
at
these, by gravity,
over
on
cakes
two
or
55
FERTILIZERS.
COMMERCIAL
ease
of
favor.
cooling
rooms
are
filled
with
the
aid
of
CHAPTER
of
Care
CARE,
HANDLING
in
House
Ice
the
Getting
"
Ice
Marketing
After
in
the
a
Ice
out
of
in
humid
is ventilated
also
off
the
and
from
goes
on,
effect
ice
wastes
cooling,
and
the
the
ice.
room
Whenever
vapor
opportunity
will
to
as
the
collect
escape,
and
house
above
when
will
air-tight
is
the
by opening
Water
affects
they
sometimes
as
ice.
the
This
the
are
tends
warm
should
ventilator
the
down
on
strong,
comb
possible
opened
the
only
it settles
if
and
rots
permeates
air
currents,
tion
Evaporaate
; its immedi-
Water
warm
destruction,
them.
heat.
air.
is wasteful
rapidly,
into
off
warm
Air
their
temperatures
ice, while
Vapor
ice very
all
carries
than
rapidly
is condensed.
Keeping
the
it
in
by
Pressure
evaporation.
and
assists
at
walls.
attacked
is
house
radiated
is also
as
the
courses
extent,
surface.
the
air
lower
some
in
Ice
"
roof, which
the
top of
is
loft
The
closed.
are
rising through
currents
air-
air
the
when
except
on
quent
fre-
requires
circulating
the
Keep
cupola
warm
earth
destroys
ice and
away
to
more
and
exposed
the
the
the
is
ICE.
vapor,
upon
heat
air
warm
"
order, it is placed
dressing
top
openings
lower
the
in
put
operation,
the
OF
moisture,
mass
mass
the
WASTING
water,
in
directly into
carries
THE
of
times
such
; at
walls
the
The
it intact.
keep
to
Shipments
Ice
"
Outfits.
ice and
attendant.
an
inspection
chambers
and
Wagons
Prevented
How
Waste,
Machines
Lowering
"
ICE.
OF
and
Leaking
"
is filled with
house
care
MARKETING
AND
Ice
"
V.
the
to
ice.
preserve
air
be
cut
enters,
given
doors
an
in the
loft floor.
As
the
should
ice
be
is taken
from
kept in place
the
over
56
house,
the
ice
the
as
covering
far
as
of
dust
saw-
possible.
If
58
THD
the
is sealed
ice
the
over
space
ice, softening and
the
is cooler
driven
IN
take
the
covering
and
the
bottom
of the
ice has
been
the
for
of
the
cars
empty gig
mostly
and
in
moved
PACKING
is covered
are
the
ICE.
into the crevices
to
place
pressure
on
under
the hand
ice
and
grooves,
There
"
ice down
the
out
run
the
Where
plow is
times
some-
splittingchisel
to
tools not
to the
use.
from
FOR
the
door
on
illustrated elsewhere
They
can
door
to
employed
the ice to the
ice, are,
in
one
on
a
to
level
usually
return
form
or
wheeled
the
another,
platform,
door, as desired.
hay;
with
of
counter-weight
be mounted
SHIPMENT."
carefullypacked
top
methods
Gravity is the force
a
level of the
marsh
the
below.
wagons
several
are
from
Ice-gigs, with
with
point,
narrow
a
below.
or
employed.
raising-chisel
cakes
the
open
THE
dropping
The
beneath.
house
LOWERING
time.
the cake
The
shown
and
it from
skids.
are
breaking,
same
has
arranged
ice is
or
tier
upper
sloping front, on
a
cutting down
The
runs,
to
is in advance
ice saw,
saw
separating the cakes.
house
The
striking-under bar is struck
to loosen
to
good plan
a
is used for cutting
raising-chisel-bar
packed in double
employed
for
The
The
cake,
The
handle
a
saw.
sides.
the
around
is
at the
house
the
are
teeth for
cakes, and
point of the
foggy
readily handled.
of
row
In
without
courses
striking-under bar.
the
around
be
night.
once.
gives
lowered
the three
clear
kept closed.
at
This
be
in
second, which
of the
can
employed
double
a
top
on
also
can
tools
The
with
the
progress
can
house
the
across
be
house, it
the
third, course.
or
ice from
work
should
is
air
Hence,
at
opened
air
outside
the
loft,the moist
open.
be
from
little in advance
a
lower,
which
bar
tiers
three
out
are
settles
which
moisture,
the
above
air,being
in the
or
should
ICE
OUT
TAKING
is worked
of
ice
weather, ventilators
damp
with
ventilators
ventilators
the
the
melting it. When
the
over
if the
out,
weather,
or
that
than
up,
saturated
freezing point, becomes
upon
CHOP.
TOE
When
any
hay,
to
ice is loaded
crevices
keep
out
at doors
into
or
the air.
cars
it
windows
Shavings
HANDLING
FIG.
58.
AND
LOWERING
MARKETING
GIG
AND
ICE.
TRACK.
59
60
THE
and
sawdust
the
floors and
cake
is
sides
employed.
When
of the
shipments
ice house, to
is
high
CROP.
the
made
in
ice is taken
from
great celerity,a counterweight
deck
after
ice is
hold, being trimmed
in the
The
hold
the
caulked, and
constantly required.
hardly keep
be
not
demand
the
doubles
with
pace
be
should
North,
dealers
no
detail
take
of
pride
in
the
means
nothing which
stock
and
The
of
efficiencyof
direction.
a
more
trip.
the
details
efficient
spell
often
exertions
trade
service
and
System
is
will
should
rendered
supervision
department.
every
having
the
in
hot
utmost
in
the
large cities
is deemed
neat
and
handsome
the
for
fine team
a
attention,
so
than
comment
ice
wagons
and
wagon
unfavorable
of
trifling. Many
convenient
attracting favorable
there
is
ill-kept
wagons.
quality of ice used
closelyscrutinized, and
this
sudden
the
conducted
As
causes
untidy
A
and
management
their retail business.
are
of
always be
Enterprise in extending
retailing ice, as
In
the end
it.
through
extended
can
thoroughly
are
ice,
the
or
the vessel,
top. Hay
on
for
in this
specialvalue
is of
sides of
until
should
required.
overlooked, and
to the
day.
every
Resources
when
order
working
the
Hatches
opened
the ice
required. Six
shavings
best.
with
gig
ICE, painstaking supervision of
MARKETING
IN
is not
sounded
be
must
pumps
short
is the
sawdust
but
used,
of
to
on
packed closely
are
shape, when
at
bottom
the ice
the
returning
placed
are
inches
ten
and, perhaps,
be
sawdust
of
eight inches
to
is
into the hold
Ice cakes
discharged.
tance
dis-
runway
time, handles
a
from
the
the
elevate
to
at
with
the
As
of, the
cakes
two
on
each
set up
are
rail.
be lowered
can
South
elevation
cases,
distance,
a
burlap.
vessels,runs
the
some
ice
The
in
up
to
in the
the vessel's
over
if the
in
gig, to take
A
done
and
house,
the vessel runway.
tongs.
and
discharge
it is necessary,
courses
are
considerable,
often
near
are
shipped
lined, and
cars
in sawdust
packed
When
the
also
are
ICE
commodity,
for
domestic
cleanliness
is
expected.
on
the
Ice
purposes
part
wagons
of
those
are
is
now
ling
hand-
usually
AND
HANDLING
FIG.
FIG.
59.
60.
A
POPULAR
ANOTHER
MARKETING
ICE
ICE
ICE.
WAGON.
WAGON.
61
62
THE
furnished
with
an
ice
are
cut
tongs,
cakes
the
shave,
of
is
and
back
ice
indorsed
quantity
usually
bear
ice
inches
five
loaded
of
the
a
support
OF
average,
weigh
foot
Thirty-six
stored
in
of
the
space
thickness
and
ICE.
WEIGHT
cubic
feet
a
stored.
of
of
cubic
house,
is
the
ice
the
is
given
and
name
a
of
team
a
ice
of
thickness
150
up
over
will
horse,
and
horses
and
pounds
250
pounds
that
ice
per
field.
entire
an
support
cubic
foot
and
per
square
eighteen
of
ice
per
the
weigh
that
ton
care
of
ordinary
inches
of
with
one-half
and
2,000
to
depending
which
will,
it
on
while
pounds.
pounds.
forty-two
ice,
ice
pounds,
one-quarter
sixty-two
it is reckoned
and
ticket
son,
sea-
train.
weighs
required
the
disputes.
bear
estimate
to
One
feet
of
thickness
for
will
fifty-seven
water
in
The
tons.
railway
"
in
safe
will
is usual
It
and
distributed
thickness
in
surface.
will
if
surface,
inches
Ten
generally
a
having
errors
inches
thickness
in
receives,
inches
two
within
placed
beginning
tickets,
four
is
he
avoid
weighing
of
foot
thick
thick
the
at
ice
Two
"
man,
inches
Eight
foot
a
up
wagon
square
ICE.
OF
ice
The
convenience.
great
a
book
These
them,
on
STRENGTH
a
dealer.
and
ice
of
box.
is
of
delivery
pairs
broom.
a
weighed,
tickets
a
several
axe,
sometimes
ice
or
with
each
the
to
and
cleaned,
coupon
furnished
for
ice
an
bucket,
a
refrigerator
use
customer
scale,
required,
as
customer's
The
ice
an
CROP.
ICE
has
But
as
fifty cubic
upon
the
been
cut
CHAPTER
THE
Cold
Ice
Storage
Fruits
USE
and
of
Ice
THE
of
Cold
Ice
"
How
"
to
Meats,
Principles
Build
Them
of
The
"
Convenience
and
omy
Econ-
Ice
House
and
Dairy
in
Small
Cut
Farmers
among
Do"
to
Combined
"
Handling
Will
How
"
Houses
Houses
for
Ice
Secure
to
tities
Quan-
Advantages
Supplies.
REFRIGERATION
OF
invention
results
They
Them
Co-operation
USES
of
What
Storage
Cheap
"
of
Value
Operation
Combining
Very
"
and
REFRIGERATION.
IN
Their
Vegetables"
and
Dairy
ICE
OF
Houses"
Construction
VI.
and
the
The
economy.
civilized
world
that
it
the
upon
is
of
now
and
days
ience
conven-
interwoven
intimately
so
these
in
numerous
health, comfort
are
directly dependent
temperature,
are
command,
with
will,
at
low
of
importance
paramount
to
everyone.
in
Refrigeration
mechanical
by
later
this
Cold
for
country,
food
products.
more
widely
diffused, than
be
to
storage
in
a
all
over
be
much
all the
the
way,
ing
farm-
winter,
and
convenience,
practical
a
preserving
could
naturally during
in
in
use
throughout
profits and
show,
in
notice
how
an
it
can
secured.
CONSTRUCTION
THE
tools
as
made
their
receive
purposes
cold
present,
ice forms
where
to
at
largely secured
by ice, is
trade
of
is
will
method
and
benefits
The
here
world
storage, secured
materially
is
this
domestic
communities,
attempt
commercial
and
means,
chapter.
adding
the
well
such
which
methods
and
as
facts
are
the
as
of
within
for
employed
benefits
have
cold
a
to
stood
the
be
cutting
secured, will
the
limits
test
of
usually
63
ice
storage
and
be
house,
housing
and
the
considered.
practical experience,
attained
by
those
the
ice,
Only
and
who
64
ICE
THE
have
good cold storage in
These
results
CHOP.
from
use
attainable
only
are
to year,
year
storage houses, sufficient supply
of articles when
are
kept
on
correct
Cold
market
and
there
storage
for many
the
meat
fruits
can
be
of economy
is
a
may
is
kept
and
Good
beyond
alleviate,and
impossible without
commodity
for the
they
not
built
of
little
use.
in
the
prolonging
of fruit in par-
by
the
varieties
of
picking
proper
several
will, and
home
tion
condi-
months.
lengthening
vegetables
table will
not
of
and
only add
enjoyment of the family, but it is in the line
of health.
is often
at
but
over
structed
con-
WAGON.
ICE
once,
many
to all.
the
In sickness
supply
instances
it,commend
a
a
of ice and
the
reach
cooled
suffering its judicious use
price. The
is
best doctor, and
storage brings within
cold
numerous
Ice
is the
health
livingwhich
precursor
at
enjoyed
fresh
well.
as
generous
viands
be
during which
to the health
more
can
their
sented.
pre-
time
prove
entire crop,
be extended
can
will
advantage
DELIVERY
shipped
be
not
storingshipping
season
to
SIMPLE
A
storage houses,
follow
products. The
61.
ticular,need
Fresh
will
be used
may
Cold
ice, correct
length of
room,
be
by properly
of
improperly used,
disappointment
FIG.
and
in cool
cleanliness.
principles,or
and
account,
placed
will
a
supply
in which
of
necessityto health
so
recovery
beneficent
and
a
comfort,
THE
ICE
CROP.
FIG.
FIG.
WAGON
62.
FIG.
SCALE.
ICE
FIG.
66.
63.
FIG.
SHAVE.
WAGON
ICE
TONGS.
64;
65.
WAGON
WAGON
AXE.
SAW.
THE
USE
peaches,figsand
kept
ripen
been
with
be
best
on
to
lighterand
cooler
will
air.
Air
; it will
then
should
out
in any
heat
are
STORAGE.
of pure,
to cold
will
be condensed
is cooled
and
and
and
age
storto the
It is based
readily observed.
; it is thus
made
by the surrounding
levels.
and
The
made
ier
heav-
capacity of air
varies with
considerable
a
its
amount
ture.
temperaof vapor,
precipitated if the air is cooled.
brought
to the
at
this
process
operation of these
natural
to water
air.
is condensed
retainingmoisture
sustain
cold
dry
upward
gravitate to lower
air will
in cold
pends
Refrigeration de-
in volume
rise,being forced
exposed
length
reference
"
known
well
expanded
is
The
storage.
keep goods
to
have
consumption
into
enter
air the
which
in foods
is
particular case.
COLD
OF
Warm
ice is melted
freezing point it expels
higher temperature.
a
is reversed, and
heat
As
and
reabsorbed.
are
The
laws
is taken
advantage
refrigeration.
As
with
if
flavor
and
heat
to
cold
of
large part of the heat gathered
of in
in
keep
ripening,mature
practicallywith
circulation
absorbing and
water
air
fruits
decay in ripe fruits
to
exposure
it is desirable
laws, which
exposed
which
taken
determined
the
before
or
green,
rapidly than
more
PRINCIPLES
natural
Air
ries,
ber-
pears,
delicate
their
lose
tendency
to be attained
sought
upon
a
The
goes
upon
As
stored.
during which
THE
for
picked
refrigerated. Food
may
ends
but
are
little delay when
of time
Peaches,
delicatelyflavored
more
by refrigeration. Upon
process
not
67
REFRIGERATION.
better at 40".
appearance,
which
while
arrested
usual
IK
long.
too
Fruits
or
all the
and
form
ICE
raisins do
plums and
good
OF
usually constructed, cold
stories ; the
two
filled with
ice.
through which
into the
store
air to the upper
purifiedby
The
the
room.
storage ice houses
first floor for
floor between
air,chilled by
A
flue is
storing goods, the second
is
arranged with
with
the ice
with
the
provided
to
conduct
as
the
warm
it is dried
when
it descends
openings,
ice,descends
contact
part of the ice chamber,
contact
built
are
on
and
being chilled.
68
THE
Drains
and
and
to
secure
in
the
cold
circulation, and
free
from
required
traps are
the
water
and
from,
the
meltage water,
air.
warm
air flues assist in
warm
ventilators
nearly non-conducting
cracks
or
Drains
which
channels
any
take
air.
in
placed
out
floor and
of
air spaces
heat
are
the
keep
floor under
and
cold
with
Windows
fitted with
are
air
three
the
is secured
room
all
pan
by
Water
is very
and
the
from
four
sashes
a
sheet
metal
air is
warm
the
the
ice.
the
ice
A
there
When
and
kept
the ice ot
the
vapor
in
service
the
and
it to
by
observed, in the construction
the
which
of
be
water
absorb
it is spread
as
out
cable,
practi-
air is conducted
general features
storage houses,
subject
ice
purified,
these
cold
ducting
con-
the
ice will
of
top
The
large a surface
as
over
so
gases
the
in
from
melted
cumulate
ac-
above
the
keeping it dry.
in
may
space
is of
the
being
the ice is low
chamber,
room
over
made
of
top
ventilator
air and
been
tothe
settlingon
from
plan
is collected.
condensed
and
several
which
destructive
this away
FLOOR.
in
a
from
the
GROUND
forms
prevent the moisture
ice.
have
or
water
in
which
placed
are
vessel,
or
meltage
away
are
enter.
can
ice, usually galvanized iron, which
ice,
There
No
between.
^
67.
as
practicable.
as
perfectlyfittingdoors
/6
of
loft
securely trapped, to keep
are
large
are
the
constructed
are
permissible by which
Dryness in the storage
FIG.
ers
Damp-
controlling the
roof
ceiling
the water
Vestibules
at all entrances.
and
off the
to carry
condensed
walls, ground
the
CHOP.
dampness.
The
out
ICE
matter
of
some
patents.
THE
The
shown
plans
features
of
good
conflict with
all
USE
any
OF
in
cold
ICE
the
IN
69
REFRIGERATION.
embrace
illustrations
storage construction.
patented devices, and will
essential
the
do
These
plans
prove
adequate for
not
practical purposes.
THE
GENERAL
may
be,
any
size.
Fig.
as
ARRANGEMENT
shown
of
one
set
along
68.
Section
OF
vary.
COLD
side, with
center
Walls
of
the
filled with
non-conducting
a
HOUSES
69.
room.
the
of Wall.
Section
best
made
on
each
side
of
The
construction
sawdust, charcoal,
materials, have
under
posts
are
air flues
drain
and
for
CONSTRUCTION.
STORAGE
the
a
STORAGE
girder
Fig.
House.
of
COLD
illustrations,Figures 67-70,
require
the ice floor,and
at each
the
the
Large houses
PRINCIPLES
center
in
OF
been
in
use
tan
for
double
the
girder
of the walls
bark
many
or
;
other
years.
70
THE
FIG.
FIG.
71.
70.
SECTION
EXTERIOR
VIEW
ICE
VIEW
OF
CHOP.
OF
COMBINED
COLD
STORAGE
ICE
HOUSE
HOUSE.
AND
DAIRY.
THE
OF
USE
Carefully conducted
that
of
wall
a
dead
with
mineral
The
wool
wall
in
at the
top
in
of these
inner
at the
walls
dampness.
air spaces
carries off the
The
heat
with
dead
of
the
of
hold
the walls
dairy, fruit and
of
dampers
and
house
or
and
No.
cooling
CREAMERY
A
adjusted
the
meltage, is
made
a
vats
plan
and
of
a
be varied
ICE
73.
of
combined
lumber
creamery,
the
fillingand
capacity
dead
illustration
the
all the
on
a
of
work
required
large farm
D
very
(Fig.70)
with
one
for
ing
fill-
culation
D, Fig. 68, the cirWhen
these
The
slowly.
waste
the milk
cooling milk, and
placed alongside the storage
building to advantage.
A
very
creamery
a
with
do
for
"
or
are
in
same
HOUSE.
humid,
tightly closed.
are
all conditions.
be
can
is
large quantitiesof goods
wastes
useful
boards
weather
air
outer
are
to meet
ice
through the
are
air
shown
service
Fig. 72 is
about
ground floor.
the
part of the
The
are
matched
the
air channels
where
completely appointed
72
when
paper.
which
the
to
When
of ice, and
tons
closed
are
water, from
room
imparted
sections
domestic
be
can
D,
surface
outer
proof
of air
By regulating the dampers,
ice.
sill,
dry, and the walls
sawdust
may
storage house
forty
prises
com-
Dampers
; the
is of
wall
sun.
refrigerated. Fig. 67 shows
will
It
be closed
can
air spaces,
the
heat
re.quiredfor large houses
cold
packed
air at the
roof.
water
circulation
The
building. Additional
The
tains
con-
boards.
moisture, these
thickness
the
boards
inner
keeps
free from
charged
which
space.
outer
they
so
prepared
is of weather
one
direct
to the
open
matched
The
construction
by the
circulatingair
bottom,
of
square.
the outer
wall
a
linings,a section
loft under
is lined with
inches
This
the
are
section, E, contains
twelve
and
walls
to
section,B, Fig, 69, is of dry sawdust, packed
next
place between
inferior
paper
into the
open
conclusively proved
have
Fig. 69 gives good satisfaction.
which
A,
placed
The
or
outer
an
in
shown
Fig. 68, are
desired.
felt
and
air spaces,
and
description is
spaces,
71
REFRIGERATION.
IN
tests,however,
this
air
ICE
conveniently arranged
is shown
perspectiveview,
ice house
and
in
illustrations
and
Fig. 73 the
water
tower.
72
The
B
tank
is
ice house, D
ice house
through the
which
a
be
may
butter
72.
FIG.
secured
water
and
molder,
FIG.
By
by
run
below
from
COMBINED
it.
the tank
power
cool
of the
tower
set
creamers,
are
tank
C is the
which
by pipes passing
the water.
At
in the
located
;
G
is
a
E.
annex
churn,
At
H
is
J is the veranda.
PERSPECTIVE
73.
raising the
to
I
the
from
water
story
I
At
creamery.
supplied with
are
in the second
placed
the
CEOP.
ICE
THE
GROUND
ice
VIEW
OF
PLAN
chamber,
OF
If the structure
can
be
DAIRY, COLD
CREAMERY.
cold
a
is
CREAMERY.
store
placed
on
room
an
cin
be
elevation,
piped through the dwelling house.
STORAGE
AND
ICE
HOUSE."
Such
THE
ICE
CEOP.
THE
of
surface
USE
the
better, because
The
best
large radiatingsurface.
at
the
six
tank
feet
at
placed
should
be
side
the
of
tanks
The
nearly
room
are
with
75.
FIG.
removed.
SECTION
drip
A
OF
; these
drippings of condensation
metal, and
provided
and
Frost
tanks, and
should
tanks
the
ice
with
their
be
arranged,
removed.
ice upon
the sides of
instances
The
and
pans
the
is
so
that
they
its force
the cold
are
of
to
a
be
catch
all
off the water.
may
prevents
is
may
wood, lined with
of
these
spent
be used
the
in
cooling
Duplicate
thereby impaired.
ice coat
the tank,
bottom
tanks
the surface
on
held.
TANK.
the
to carry
pipe
usefulness
into the room,
some
a
ice accumulate
the cold
In
beneath
be
can
arranged through
are
at
supply of
off the water,
carry
REFRIGERATING
is set
pan
to
wide,
perature
the tem-
the
as
A
Fig. 68,
reduce
long
holds
hand
in
temperature
accumulates
salt which
the
As
trap
a
feet
shown
salt,will
than
lodging.
three
ice and
of
center
bottom
salt from
room
end, and
the lowest
placed at
which
furnished
at the
storage
this low
gram.
parallelo-
through the
long, and
to 0" F.
salt,the
hollow
a
littlewider
a
feet
the
of
salt is maintained,
ice and
air
of
and
eighteen inches above
prevents the ice and
regularly supplied with
and
and
set about
high, sixteen
one
is that of
circulation
a
This
top.
tanks
should
edge
tank
given capacity of ice
a
for the
75
REFRIGERATION.
of the
form
The
IK
for
the floor,to allow
the tank.
ICE
tanks
lower
The
OF
in
turn,
radiation
adding
of
to the
useless waste.
storage houses
are
divided
into
THE
ICE
CEOP.
THE
two
rooms,
more
or
VERY
ice
houses,
any
desired
A
house
FIG.
take
may
STILL
SIMPLER
is not
warranted
for cold
barn
a
form
O
VIEW
OF
be
built into
An
and
a
of
with
double
make
doors.
a
placed
A
as
a
a
barn
most
The
ice
an
in any
BENCH.
ice
sufficient
convenient
corner
with
partitioned off
floor,well
insulated
and
its cost
in this
be
TANK.
repay
Fig. 82
built of
of
it may
AND
supply of
room
In
summer.
corner
will
same
commercial
expense
TANK
answer,
above-ground silo,if
air spaces,
for
FREEZING
well
as
will
non-conducting filling,
room
the
to which
use
farms,
building.
during the
IV
the
FREEZING
O
rough lumber, and walls,
over
Where
OF
can
other
on
tained
main-
suggested by Figs. 79, 80, 81, or
some
on
purposes
times
Chapter
be
stock.
constructed
by the small
END
storage,
varied
a
can
thereof.
PLAN
78.
or
in
DEVICE."
GROUND
for household
of
the
modification
77.
temperatures
but
HOUSE,
laid down
those
FIG.
put
ICE
77
I]ST REFRIGERATION.
requirements of
CHEAP
principlesas
ICE
that various
so
the
to meet
A
OF
USE
is
a
view
of
with
many
an
ice
manner.
wood, with
excellent
double
walls
ice house, if provided
underground,
or
masonry
silo,
78
THE
should
be
to form
A
boarded
or
ice for all purposes
supply of
It is
neighborhood.
and
all
participatein
the
of the
use
SUGGESTIONS
where
have
In
a
obtained.
few
only
similar
The
families
who
FOR
houses
may
CHEAP
do the
farming
the
can
be
farmers
benefits
be
secure
munity
coman
the entire section
threshing
in
threshing machine
ICE
exclusive
own
manner
boards
turn,
and
80.
81.
extensive
very
outfit for their
an
for
FIG.
FIG.
power,
to
customary
79.
FIG.
in any
CO-OPERATION
ice-cutting privileges exist, will
where
abundant
walls, and
for ice.
if used
ORGANIZED
LITTLE
CROP.
joists between
up, with
air space,
an
ICE
owned
livingnear
HOUSES.
find it
to
profitable
use.
of cold
storage
can
be
by individuals,or
by
enough together to
con-
a
THE
venientlyuse
and
USE
in
one
who
the
or
cold
filla
can
appliances
ICE
is done
be the
can
other
to
shape, one
in
of
cutting
enterprising young
yearly by
of
to
securing the
outfit for
all those
farm
;
having
them,
secure
ice crop.
the
contract
This
and
work
light,and
are
not be interfered with.
harvest
ten
this
minds.
An
outfit of tools necessary
good
hundred
ice, will just
would
in
observing
harvest,
times
combine
79
practical advantages of this plan will readily present
themselves
to
few
a
joint property
ordinary duties
interests would
The
by
of houses
may
labor
the
tools and
be owned
can
large number
their
when
BEFKIGEKATIOK.
The
storage houses, who
also combine
IN
common.
handling the ice
men,
of
OF
tons
well
as
fifteen
or
quantity, and
really secure
the
larger quantity to better
than
advantage
smaller
ing
But, allow-
one.
the
that
getting out
labor
in
hundred
one
of ice is the
tons
the
FIG.
per ton
same
the cost of the tools per ton
as
in the latter
much
many
Ice
years.
twenty
cold
the
As
are
years
places,a
brief
similar
under
A
boxes
this
in
still doing
storage
on
they
is built
sides.
down
tools
near
From
only
tons,
tenth
one
will
last
for fifteen
use
edge
of
situated
of
up
to the
the water
Upon
end
at
or
by
The
the water, in
bed
an
The
the teams
are
this
inclined
run
sleds.
easily
of wagon
platform.
an
ice is
or
wagons
the
several
handling ice
interest.
little above
a
for
use
houses
the water, and
into the water.
be
in
be
will
the
backed
is
in
been
would
to the
height
a
thousand
one
good service.
houses
the water
are
have
HOUSE,
durable, and
are
of the methods
platform is toward
both
it is for
ICE
of ice harvested
circumstances,
place, of
when
that
plows which
platform is built
accessible
BARN-CORNER
The
case.
outline
transported from
82.
way
end
of
backed
or
the ice cakes
run
are
80
rapidly
run
started
and
stow
Meanwhile
two
the first load
in
At
house, and
tools
the
work
such
One
ice
plow with
One
ice
saw.
One
ice chisel.
One
ice
Two
pairs of loading tongs.
the ice house
One
pair hoisting tongs.
One
pair drag tongs.
One
pair edging tongs.
this time
the
ICE
OF
and
have
goods,
to
sixteen
placed
in
the
the
cost
comprise :
in the ice
do
to
chamber,
fiftycents
in
for labor
per
cutting and
all
cover
of
cost
cut
in
Locality
cases.
Where
stowing
Ice,
quantitiesand
small
cost,
ice
be difficult
determining this cost.
would
ton.
the
it would
chamber,
with
thick,
always the cheapest.
are
Eegarding
"would
which
inches
ice
which
sixty-
tools is about
of these
HOUSE."
THE
much
twelve
labor, about
the ice field
twenty feet long.
to
value
cash
place
amount
an
tact
IN
in
stowed
quote
can
required:
are
five dollars for first-class
to
horse,
a
hooks, short lengths.
jack grapple.
when
of
guide.
floatinghook, twelve
ice
COST
for another
ice chamber.
required on
One
At
at
ground
the
returned
the assistance
place in the
Arriving
deposited on
the team
with
men,
For
Three
be
load of ice may
of the
at the entrance
the wagons,
on
storage houses.
the
to
their way
on
its destination, the
load.
platform, quickly loaded
the
on
up
CEOP.
ICE
THE
on
an
cut
on
for
average,
large scale
a
is less than
half
of
this amount.
A
the
The
to
serve
the
and
LOADING
method
size of
be
of
the
handled
several
foot
of
is illustrated in
PLATFORM
running the ice cakes
platform
over
teams
the
the ice must
it.
if
incline.
be
a
horse
and
handled
many
jack grapple.
grapple
supply of ice cakes
Where
a
by the quantity
is determined
One
with
up
shows
Fig. 83, which
teams
rapidly, two
will
of
readily
is maintained
are
to
be
grapplers, one
ice
at
served
right
82
ICE
THE
and
ice
of
tons
be
can
landed
such
sweep
ice cakes
only
a
small
shown
as
team
a
87.
be constructed,
PACKING
required
to
THE
prevent
with
as
to
a
day's run.
advantage
any
on
in
into
At
;
back
washed
S,
in
and
on
at
the
Fig. 68, will
as
the
clean.
can
is
advantage of
a
an
ficial
arti-
loading platform
chamber, attention
adhering
where
to
the
is
ice and
it will accumulate
the ice melts.
be found
floor,the floor
platform
Where
Fig. 86.
ice
an
through these openings,placed
of
the ice
Fig. 84.
dirt from
the floors
where
wagons
has the
embankment,
an
or
in handling
SCEAPER.
ICE
being packed into the ice chamber,
in the drains
convenience
where
device, which
shown
ICE
a
to sleds
water
readilymoved, is shown
more
IN
Fig. 85 is
CHEAP
A
similar
pond is made
pan
horse
several hundred
be used
can
quantity is wanted, and
required. A
being
in
directlyfrom the
FIG.
may
long
the
of
platform in
the
upon
end
and
way,
By having the
grapple rope.
A
not
at each
each
pull a load
the incline is
Where
the incline.
on
pulling post
a
will
horse
the
walk,
be used
can
and
continuous
rope
the
left hand,
one
CHOP.
be
opening
over
at convenience
flushed
with
the
drip
along the
water
and
THE
Time, labor
of such
THE
from
a
harvest
An
and
bottom
plank
six feet
through
the
the lower
a
feet apart, and
four
center, will
do
of this
six feet square
represent
ton
a
would
of ice
weigh
an
of
ice.
ice.
is
surface
to
makes
to
a
line
shoe
on
in
one
those
first made
from
the
plow, and
to the
grooved
twelve-inch
channel
few
hours
run
the
work
in
spaces
method
is
now
opened
guide
and
for four
men,
seven
the
and
a
upon
in which
by hand
and
made
are
for six-inch
at
of ice.
and
groove.
the
field is
The
plow
the guide is attached
grooves
The
of
tons
plow is set
direction.
one
by plowing back
inches
ice
groove,
while
groove,
right angles.
two
weight
same
a
correspondingly
line,gives the base
the
depth desired, about
ice and
a
forty
plow, drawn
ice
erable
consid-
a
in the direction
taut
by
large quantities,and
the
of snow,
placed in this
in each
at
the
secure
thick,
loss
to
to allow
is usual
in
foot
a
Owing
readily harvest
The
uniform
cut
ice.
of
surface
a
thirty-eightfeet
surface
a
than
drawn
is
guide
Hence,
ice is thinner
cleared
By repeating this
it.
A
the
parallelwith
run
only
Where
is to be done.
grooved
now
would
being
of the
blade
square
required to
alongside
plowing
The
the
mortised
iron
An
ice is
the
this rate
At
irregular cutting, it
larger surface
guided
from
board
foot
ton.
a
ice field,where
on
fiftyfeet
twelve-inch
the
inches
pattern.
margin, greater in small
the ice
thick, ten inches
tolerable work.
represent forty tons
breakage, and
The
pose.
pur-
trates
edge adds materially to its efficiency.Fig. 80 illus-
scraper
surface
which
the
answer
four
a
from
simple scraper,
a
inches
holes
two
by scraping
surface
secured,
one-half
and
one
use
More
pages.
snow
large fields,will
on
Thirty-sixcubic feet
square
be
can
the
by
is increased.
kept free from
be
long, with
edge, and
previous
on
of ice cut
tons
those used
oak
all conserved
are
listed
are
83
EEFKIGEEATIOK.
clearingthe small
For
forty
than
cheaper
as
should
FIELD
of
IK
the amount
to time.
time
wide
tools
as
ICE
ICE
convenience
and
necessary
be added
can
OF
USE
or
is
now
forth
crossing
removed
the
ice is
eight inches for
ice.
foot of the incline,and
a
boy driving the horse
to
grapple, will land the ice cakes
on
the
platform.
CHAPTER
ICE
ARTIFICIAL
Historical
Sketch"
VII.
COLD
AND
First
The
MACHINES.
AIR
Machine"
Ice
in
Machines
the Use
Progress
Development
Construction
in
Involved
their
Principles
Application Eecent Discoveries.
"
Subsequent
Its
of
The
"
Diversity of
"
"
artificial
The
remote
from
production
The
ages.
in Eastern
cold
of
has
attention
engaged
applicationof spontaneous
countries
the
was
earliest method
tion
evapora-
employed
to
produce ice.
America
has the
first achieved
who
Jacob
methods.
New
in
in
procure
machine
1,600
in
pounds
favorable
a
of ice in
result from
of 2,000
Much
operation
pounds
credit
In
as
the
in
It gave
England
Two
-
Cleveland, Ohio, which
pioneer machine
of
produced
This
run.
an
fessor
Pro-
later,he had
years
estimated
these
is
early inventors, who
now
was
a
ity
capac-
introduced
extensivelyemployed, and
Gorrie, of New
is
Orleans, La., patented a
producing ice, by compressing and
for
patents.
compression system.
atmospheric air.
class.
in 1853.
twenty-four hours'
which
1851,Dr. John
machine
British
in this time.
is due
type of machine
known
a
at
Twinning, of
Professor
procured
by modern
patent in this country, but
a
one
of the inventors
artificial ice
1834, and
1850, each
Twinning secured
a
being the home
making
in
Perkins,
did not
former
The
of
success
Conn.,
Haven,
honor
and
This
machine
rise to what
on
the
are
was
known
Continent, and
also the
as
pioneer of its
air machines, used
extensively employed
for
the transportation
of fresh beef and
facilitating
the
ocean.
84
expanding
mutton
on
COLD
AKD
ICE
Carre, of France, contrived
In 1848, Ferdinand
employing
for
process
and
machine,
ice
evaporation of
water
addition
it is
commonly
method
the others,
account
some
natural
the
temperatures.
of
these ;
ices, and
and
creams
refrigerator
to
applied
as
of
ice
of
in
to
and
salt, have
The
country.
VI.
Chapter
air
details of
Regarding
principal operationsinvolved,
the
phenomena
ICE
OF
heat
was
which
upon
MACHINES.
not
relieving the
the
produced.
liquify,and
pressure,
heat
of
It
"
to
If
were
gases
a
the
liquifiedby it.
were
would
bulk, and
they
based,
are
been
has
fraction
of their
compression
A
few
will
resume
is
of
original
great,
was
found
were
gases
designated
compression
observed
permanent.
as
their
gathered
up
original
or
reab-
by them.
is,naturally,a constant
There
of
any
low
best known
ice
this
in
uses
by compressing them
that
gases
sorbed
tures,
freezing mix-
given.
volume,
which
water, have
compression, absorption and
the
referred
are
PRINCIPLES
most
of
freezing mixture
the
commercial
into
latter
gases,
number
making
importance
methods
and
machines,
be
than
ice is the
in
employed
all these
will
by the
cold storage houses.
and
of
obtained
volatile
produce wonderfully
great commercial
and
suitable
by
of cold
a
of salt to broken
The
By
discovered
of which
some
the
a
removed
vapors
liquids,more
been
have
There
entered
being effected
pressure
attention.
received
Of
of
utilization
The
evaporation of other
cars
the
and
absorbing medium.
is of
being based
expediting the spontaneous
to
reduction
; a
pump,
vacuum
a
directed
been
have
Efforts
by
a
extensively used.
it and
upon
an
be
to
proved
present absorption system
the
invention,
patented
Exposition, in
has
This
ice.
of
tons
original
an
he
1865
International
French
the
at
In
ammonia.
aqua
1867, daily produced six
notable
85
MACHINES.
AIR
an
body, and
tendency toward
equilibriumof temperature
also between
different
among
bodies.
the
ervation
pres-
the atoms
This
of
exchange
86
ICE
THE
is carried
Where
on
the
effected
in
difference
rapidly and with
a
outer,
means
we
able
are
controlling
the
place in such
the
By
into
a
at which
to
bring
of
and
heat
different
will
32"
absorb
when
gas
In
and
to
F.
This
Some
been
engine.
coils,which
by
are
the
this process
and
its
ammonia
objects
we
and
The
temperature
effected, the continued
increase
not
is termed
takes
is
gas
carry
it is made
heat
is collected
refrigeration
duty.
a
a
Compression
of
in
to
per
from
is
water
bath
to
a
; here
and
vaporization,
as
storage tank,
and
all
pression
Com-
averag-*
in
a
pression
com-
operated by
set of
the
the
heat
the
the
In
inch,
square
is carried
which
pressure,
piston, which
part with
a
a
the vehicle
as
from, the body
(ammonia
temperature
to
Water
of ammonia
the
off heat
subjected
gas
of
ammonia
absorbents.
as
tioies its bulk
fiftypounds
by
hidden.
place varies greatly
boils at 212" F., while
act
ish
dimin-
or
latent, or
liquifiable
gas is used
a
heated
cooled
converts
gas
removed) is usually employed.
reduction
latent
a
is at the
temperatures, by
cylinder against
steam
service, by
the
from
gas
does
Anhydrous-ammonia
hundred
one
of
this
By
into
of
in contact.
low
machines, this
ing
heat
impart cold to, and
be cooled.
heat
is
ebullition
brought
Absorption systems,
has
influence
the
law
great
a
temperature.
a
hundred
manufacturing
water
or
substances
seven
are
of
of heat
at which
about
to
ceed
pro-
fluid,the latter is converted
its condition
liquids. Water
they
by which
from
natural
a
fluid
a
in
change
temperature
boils at
of
off,in
cut
can
room,
the abstraction
this temperature.
with
we
temperature
with
application or withdrawal
The
a
this
of
exchanges
union
a
of
part
a
liquid. When
a
is
exchange
the
rooms.
vapor,
it into
nature.
great the initial transfers
general exchanges
or
small
of
vigor.
or
room,
the
it is
of efficient insulation
means
measure,
is
degree
slowly, but where
By
scale, in the economy
grand
a
upon
CROP
of
well.
a
condenser
is
gas
pressure.
fied
liquiBy
compression,
The
is then
liquid
ready for
ICE
From
this
AtfD
COLD
through
escape
termed
the
with
three-fourths
held, and
begins
a
coils.
expansion
about
from
valve
a
The
minute
into
the
and
tribute.
for heat
capacity
The
in the
duty.
If
cooled,
and
they
After
and
which
IN
in
cakes
by
huge
the
circular
a
a
system
the
condenser, its
the
cold
a
age
stor-
placed for this
solution, the
iron
is
brine
gutters
pended
sus-
is
gas
compression cylinder by
one.
expansion tubes
is to
tubes, and
when
loft of
a
rooms.
which
the water
saw,
dred
five hun-
about
continuous
ICE, the
on
is
expansion coils,the
the
cakes
its influence
galvanized
the
ARTIFICIAL
submerged directlyin
forms
in
again into
renders
of
ice is
brine
a
ceilingof the storage
forced
MAKING
in
placed
in
be circulated
the
been
to
at
position in which
circulating through
out
pump
be
may
submerged
are
it has
large.
very
same
may
from
a
now
expansion coils
room
drawn
is
it is freed
is necessary
reach
pound
per
are
heat
parted with
gas
seventy heat units
As
to
what
enters
at which
pressure
vaporize.
the
As
opening,
ammonia
accomplish this, everything within
placed under
Absorption systems
is allowed
the
boil and
to
and
liquid ammonia
As
of
87
MACHINES.
point the Compression
practically identical.
are
AIR
be frozen
is sawed
This
removed.
be
may
; the
into
ice
small
is termed
the
plate system.
In
the
can
and, suspended from
solution
brine
"the tubes, it
in the
gradually
side, are
expansion tubes,
iron
numerous
the water
freezes
ABSORPTION
THE
and
water
the
completely fills the tank, and
containing
retort
its upper
holds
,
being
which
has
cans
chilled
been
; a
by
placed
for this purpose.
cans
IN
large tank
plan, a
ammonia
developed in the
into
a
and
also
The
liquid
a
SYSTEM,
coil of
pipes.
A
is
pressure
is
the vapor
through
into
a
the
from
gas
is cooled
water, making
receiving tank, and
a
of
to force
Here
in
vapor
sufficient
retort
placed
mixed
off,until
rectified,or freed
refrigeratorwork.
steam
ammonia
is driven
condensing tank.
passes
aqua
small
a
and
it
pipe
liquified,
anhydrous.
is then
used
for
88
is returned
gas
left behind
to
the condenser
at
reunited, and
round
AIR
THE
against
piston, which
a
is driven
cylinder, and
in
bath
passed
The
it at the
over
condensed
and
in
has
done
lower
also
air is
methods
PLANT
Waldo, Fla.
storage
uniform
,
as
which
depending
to be stored.
low
oranges
the
The
to
the
or
successfullymanaged
it is not
by
fruit.
the
by
THE
INVENTIONS."
LATEST
machines
are
some
plan,
All
less
or
idea
in
expanded
is situated
FRUIT
and
ice and
A
88.
temperature
a
be
The
kept varies
of
the
so
perature
tem-
from
fruit which
preferable,if
are
cold
perfectly
variation.
of
to
Retarding
houses
fruits,can
usually be
of
use
natural, therefore, that
seeking
This
for
is
ciently
suffi-
ing
keepmore
refrigerating machinery,
a
and
even
sufficiently
of ice.
means
more
be
can
Fig.
always possibleto maintain
temperature
cold.
American
in
have
delicate
more
air
the character
the
being
cooling brine, as
by the
higher temperatures
preserve
After
for
OF
degree
rooms
on
air.
to further
intense
STORAGE
one
air which
spent
ice tanks.
or
THE
only
water
a
an
the
or
is maintained,
to demand
33" to 45" F..
It is
used
or
is illustrated
It
The
cooling tank
enough
compressed
is controlled
and
atmosphere
at
air
the
rooms
FOR
company.
dry, cool
low
is still cool
already mentioned,
LARGE
has
the
in
to the
exposed
are
in tubes,
directlyinto the storage
cylinder
in the compression
which
deposited
expanded, producing
be circulated
can
A
is
of
a
time.
same
moisture
temperature
dried, the
as
are
engine.
steam
a
cooling tank
a
refrigeration duty, and
the
by
jetssprayed
water
drying tubes, which
compressed in
is
this gas
MACHINES,
by
at
they
; here
sent
water
again into the retort, to begin the
compressed air is cooled
the
the
anew.
IN
air
coils the
expansion
the
also been
has
pumped
then
described
as
manner
the absorber, where
called
tank
a
same
From
machine.
compression
for the
the
in
duty is performed
This
CROP.
ICE
THE
or
these
ice-making
expensive
inventors
method,
and
should
for
and
cold
complicated.
be
constantly
securing
a
low
90
existing systems also prevents their
inventors
scale ; hence
cold
producing
scale.
already been
patented. Some
writing
at this
though
devices
of these
which, acting
from
produces
while
the
employs
a
heat
compound,
chemical
small
a
claimed
principle is
same
have
purpose
jet,or lamp light,the
gas
kettle filled with
a
on
or
more
a
thoroughly perfected.
be
to
temperature for
low
a
seem
this
of
promise good results,
of them
none
method
a
etc.,on
for
large
a
on
adapted for
be
can
cars,
devices
Several
less limited
One
that
one
houses, offices,stores, shops,
in
use
cost, but
of
expense
except
use,
strivingto find ngt only
are
low
at
The
plant involved.
cost for the
temperature at less
the
CROP.
ICE
THE
to
house
be
refrigerator,
applicable
on
a
larger scale.
USES
THE
For
it is
all hot climates
In
it is
breweries
In
ice.
in
lines of
some
works, it has proved
its usefulness.
extensively employed
ing
for mak-
in chemical
and
numerous.
are
ventilating buildings,aiding
cooling and
manufactures,
REFRIGERATION
ARTIFICIAL
OF
applied
very
in
the
extensively, and
is
method,
is
practicallyindispensable.
directly dependent
direction
other
cattle
The
of those
living
from
Not
only
and
'America
Australian
milk
quantitiesas
cents
per
the
to
tons
beef
to
carried
been
be retailed
likewise
water, without
freight.
become
ten
alone
to
in
from
in
the
Britain
the
States
refrigerator vessels
in
frozen
streets
eggs,
the
to
tons.
of
fruits
transported
injury to
1880
United
the
no
food
During
England, but
shipped
daily
into Great
from
in
widespread.
the
years,
mutton
101,500
quart. Butter, cheese,
products, are
or
of
antipodes
has
and
beef
meats
are
In
or
nearly 3,300,000 carcasses.
to
50,500
marked
more
antipodes.
fresh
of
400
from
advanced
for
the
at
modern
refrigeration,and
plains have
period the exports
same
rail
its benefits
Western
1891, the imports
increased
meat,
artificial
upon
are
our
on
fresh
of
handling
The
within
blocks
London
and
enormous
quality,and
from
a
year
in
such
for
other
able
perish-
distances
at
a
four
low
by
cost
ICE
is also
It
employed
by the
abounding
in
engaged
on
other
be
the
as
The
air to
universal
will
of the
application of
in
goods of
meat,
service.
branch
of
this
descriptionof it will
branches
in winter.
for this purpose,
inventor.
of Ice
of
in
Ice and
"
railroads
Transporting
the Fisheries.
regular refrigerator
a
transporting perishable
for
cheese, fruit,fresh
articles,
despatched by this
are
packing-house products is
of
department
show
the
of
railroad
general features
an
ant
import-
service, and
common
a
to all
of the business.
REFRIGERATOR
CARS.
freight yard discloses
and
other
shipping
The
to
by gravity,
furnace
Butter, poultry, eggs,
vegetables,and
garret
TRANSPORTATION.
IN
is maintained,
all kinds.
houses
VTII.
important lines
service
the
summer,
the
"
all the
in
for the successful
yield a rich reward
are
all modern
practicaldevice
a
who
years
rooms
Value
Refrigerator Cars and Vessels
Produce
and Marketing Perishable
car
struction
con-
ficial
production of arti-
many
CHAPTER
On
and
in the
by flues from
ICE
inventors
refrigeratingoutfit
a
any
and
students
before
that
air is carried
hot
excavating and
which
problems involved
supplied with
supply cold
is frozen
earth
of
soils
in
work
now
refrigerationwill be developed
for
uses
question. The
cold, claim
will
solid wall
A
soils,within
such
many
without
goes
substructure
in
engineer,
refrigeration is
proceed with ease*and safety.
can
That
that
mention
quicksands.
in
maintained
of
worthy
91
TKANSPORTATIOH.
IN
a
"
A
cursory
decided
thoroughness of construction
cars
refrigerator
fare very
much
view
of the
in
difference
among
in any
the appearance
them.
better than
cars
their
Those
styled
companions.
92
THE
A
critical examination
details
of
main
The
in the
far
features
of
and
linings; second,
an
ice tank
designs have
the
supply,
successful
thick
hair
made,
is faced
walls
The
paper.
The
doors
with
these
is
the
are
fastening is used
or
space,
the
frame
made
by insertinga stripof
the
door
In
and
the
of
contact
importance
the
in
Where
circulation
admission
the
air
by
the
which
waste
shuts
air enters, it is
catches
water
an
these
in
This
the
opening
of
extra
an
between
and
for
of
and
roof
of
and
is
the
so
dust.
direct
special
other
carried
is
cles,
arti-
of air.
changed
to exclude
the
water
a
brass
dust
;
surface,
screens.
trap, which
by
that
fine
a
the
car,
Very
through the
a
the
arranged
car.
openings,
discharged through
off the entrance
air
chance
no
is
pressure
flannel
excludes
ice.
is closed.
seat, and
discharged against
the fine dust
is
door
strong
its
by gravity,
motion
over
together.
eled
walls, "with bev-
meat, butter,
is located
the
with
lined
absorbents.
through
cloth is doubled
wire
fresh
air is secured
of
of
are
ice tank
is created
draft
in which
cars
the
verized
pul-
lumber
a
is
there
cars
air with
cooled
carried, which
are
as
best constructed
filled with
partment
com-
cotton
thoroughly
which
frame,
sections,
filling. This
the
that
are
filled with
all
as
to
them
space
the
brought against the door, forcing it into
precaution taken
a
as
both
necessary
several
thick
thickness
felt
elaborate
of
compartment
a
so
or
very
have
six inches
is
that
at one,
Most
cars.
carefully matched
wedge into
and
features
non-conducting
same
paper
Some
walls
air
an
about
are
edges, which
A
of
their
third,in the regulation
;
the
covering
other
or
car
ventilation.
Following
charcoal,
sections, with
of the
floor,ceiling and
felt.
ordinary
variously made
are
placed, sometimes
or
being usually
outer
air
roof
working
The
patented.
the
in the
been
the
in all
found, first,in
ceilings,which
filled and
air
models
are
casts
are
these^ars
of
of the
cars
finish
their
and
of combinations
in others
these
shade.
walls, including floors
ends, and
CHOP.
that
shows
construction,
freight cars
ICE
The
effectually
ICE
will
gravity
the
melts,
feature,
floor of the
car.
outlet tube,
by
which
provisionfor
renewal
of
ice,and
trips,it is an
In
ICING
with
icing platform. By
fiftycars
as
many
delivered
on
ice,are
broken
damper,
are
which
chute
of ice
cars
are
After
are
icing, the
journey the ice
In
ice.
the barrow
placed in
filled in
is
the
cars
more
each
same
are
ill effects
moderate
on
atures,
temper-
by motion
be
be
can
taken
by hand
run
on
alongside of the
track
a
tracks
either side,as
on
notice.
Ice cakes
are
platform by elevator, suited
the
hopper of
a
From
is
the
car.
By
manner
shovelfuls
of
of
a
platform, delivering
ice tank.
an
at
About
four
spout the
extension
the
on
loaded, and
four
into the mouth
dumped
above
of
pounds
by withdrawing the
to
two
ice
large power
tracks.
farther
intervals
their
on
replenished.
shipping other goods, which
freezingpoint,ice is used
the
short
instances.
the breaker, and,
directlyinto the door
the ice
doubt,
train is to be loaded
a
along the edge of the
runs
there is
for
or
capacity of five hundred
a
set below
added, and
are
inlet and
cars
any
run
are
at short
into the
run
filled with
in
iced
be
can
Barrows, of
breaker.
to the
object is,no
arranged to
of double
means
location, and
to the
some
have
When
"
it is set
staging above
a
fans
the
through
on
an
temperature,
are
CARS.
mutton,
or
The
this
in
air
arranged that the air
so
ice
in motion.
REFRIGERATOR
beef
is
axles, and
car
is not
car
In
long trips and
ventilation
the
forced
is
car
of air is effected.
does not
For
car.
not, as desired.
of the
the
low
The
fan
of air is beneficial,in most
cars,
or
one
when
the
change
some
changed
from
of
the
the
avoid
opening
the air ; the
advantage which
the contents
a
with
for very
As
To
and
CARS."
of
air.
and
fan
a
gradual change
a
of
draft.
by
connection
In
REFRIGERATOR
tons
forced
a
is collected
car
VENTILATING
economy
salt
in
of
ends
warm.
extending through the ice tanks
tubes
no
circulation
a
is had
of the
the
at
of air remains
strata
resource
placed
are
maintain
not
upper
part
upper
ice tanks
the
When
93
TRANSPORTATION.
IN
frequent use
without
of ice would
are
salt.
not wanted
Even
with
below
such
often be advisable.
the
goods,
94
VALUE
ICE
OF
TRANSPORTATION.
IN
refrigeratorservice
felt
directlyin
the
blessingswhich
are
of
of
advantages which
and
the
be
would
refrigeratorcar
question,as
people
matter
a
all the
enumerate
between
the
ducer
pro-
farms, gardens,
our
vineyards, dairies and fisheries,dependent,in whole
or
in
part,
this service.
upon
It is but
left to
were
sections
cities,as well
in California
ground
fruits at
these
Trial
points between.
as
will
orchards
famous
between
plying
extensive
our
in
dairy products
is maintained
machines
On
"
Atlantic
a
few
of air which
degrees below
they maintain
States, Argentine, New
meat
expense,
for
shipment,
IN
or
received
in
it
and
ton
mut-
fruits,vegetables,
as
the
freezing point. Air
the
brisk circulation
Australia,
of which
some
are
special service.
The
mous
enor-
the United
Europe,
to
equipped,
In
tion
connec-
shippingand receiving wharfs,
frozen
meat
is
held,awaiting
after its voyage.
TRANSPORTING
employment;
the
found
are
temperature, for meat,
and
this
these vessels,at both
large storehouses, where
well
these
steamships
beef
transported from
Zealand
of
more
sea.
being an advantage.
requiresa large fleet of steamers,
at considerable
the
Europe,
the ocean,
on
it is
products
Dressed
oysters. The
quantitiesof dressed
with
and
ports
used
principally
are
been
the fastest
large quantities,as
and
have
across
board
refrigeratorcompartments.
exported
are
coast
shipments
cousins
delight our
VESSELS.
REFRIGERATOR
all the Atlantic
the
probable that large quantitiesof
than
tor
refrigera-
a
gratifying results,and
with
despatched to London,
of fruit
orchards, while
Now
destitute of fruit.
were
delivers
service
car
the
on
of bushels
hundreds
since
time
short
a
decay
other
many
are
be
of the
products of
of the
consumer
of
amount
To most
mutually divided
now
are
withdrawal
follow
long list,to
a
ine
imag-
land.
without
accepted
are
would
It
course.
in the wake
follow
which
kind
a
would
in the
community
every
a
upon
railways. The
sufferingwhich
actual
privation and
ensue
our
upon
It is difficult to
"
would
the state of affairs which
of all
CEOP.
ICE
THE
FRUIT
are
found
ON
THE
OCEAN,
steamers
a
large fleet find
built with
insulated
ICE
hulls formed
IK
by liningthe
the inclosed
service is essential to
fruits such
landed
been
excellent
in
in
success
London
condition
from
in
handling
India
West
to
Europe
oranges,
lemons,
shipments
from
and
South
have
in
Africa
and
South
into this
American
and
staple commodity, giving employment
excellent
very
large quantities of
and
in
boats.
fruit
in
steamers
From
exported,
are
the
forming
nuts
carried
are
hulls,is depended
tropicalfruits imported
fleet of
grapes
which
delicate
more
plums which
insulated
Central
the
extensive
Southern
with
of the
most
ports form
an
ing
pack-
in this way.
Bananas
country.
and
and
Refrigerator
transporting the
California
Ventilation, in connection
on
wood
charcoal.
powdered
peaches, cherries
pears,
as
steel hull with
outer
with
space
95
TRANSPORTATION.
bulk
well
of
the
ventilated
compartments.
development of the fruit traffic from
The
is
attaining huge proportions with
conditions
reach.
Fruit
which
transit
for
shipments
and
California,Southern
The
shipments from
from
others,
are
control
shippers now
made
now
have
Africa
proper
within
from
and
their
Florida
Australia.
forming the complement
land
one
the
of
England
to
Europe, South
of those
supply of the finest fresh fruits is
continual
a
the
different districts
available.
ICE
IN
to be
were
Now
houses
are
on
placed in
at any
later time
the
the
which
the fish
to return
In
home
on
in
a
During the
rooms
and
wanted.
are
with
a
all
season
frozen, to be
Such
storage
tions
important fishing sta-
with
small
a
slab of
Northern
cruise they
preserved,and
shippingfish to
observed
fish
entering into immediate
not
fisheries of the
start
are
fresh
England coast, along the great lakes, and
New
fishingboats
round.
they
as
that
ago
by the fishing grounds.
near
cold storage
in connection
found
the salmon
among
places
caught, those
be
long
now
the year
are
consumption
out
at
in the market
fish may
taken
It is
"
enjoyed only
they are
when
FISHERIES.
THE
inland
catch
are
When
with
ice,with
loaded
the fishermen
to
Pacific.
prevent
are
its
not
obliged
spoiling.
places,a beautiful sight is often
crystalice
about
three
feet square
and
96
ICE
CEOP.
which
a
THE
thick, within
eight inches
They
frozen.
been
in their native
seen
element,
Altogether ice is
departments
prime
a
the
"
while
menting
com-
in
business
all
dealer, and
shipper and
the
fisherman,
this
in
when
as
transporting them.
of
necessity
have
exists for
occasion
no
fish
more
or
appearance
utilityof this method
the
upon
in
beautiful
as
are
dozen
the
consumer.
It would
to the
that
they
their way
from
who
admirers
in every
the
oyster beds
found
are
and
age
ventilated
of
In
the
no
doubt
has
on
season,
are
have
in cool
kept
of
insures
other
and
their
Produce.
and
which
caves,
Its
well
bles.
vegeta-
produced in
been
long
are
ous
numer-
volcanic
their formation, and
ventilation
Store-
dry, cool and
are
island.
that
particularlyfavored
Ventilated
"
preserving fruit
in
oranges
mountains
of the rock
nature
for Fruit
great service
Sicily, where
among
Ice
that cellars which
great quantities,they
trays of oysters
HOUSES.
AND
Form, Without
Packing Houses
are
mate
inti-
so
IX.
CELLARS
Modified
It is well known
are
everywhere.
RETARDING
Storage in
ice
delight the palates of
to
CHAPTER
Cold
referring
during the
direction
seen
be
ice may
and
without
The
together.
usually seen
are
chapter
of oysters and
association
The
oyster.
do to close this
not
not
combined
origin
the porous
with
a
dry
cool air.
CAVES
of
their
STORAGE.
FOR
caves
which
is
philosophy would
ice is formed
"
There
is much
of the natural
ena
phenom-
and definite determination
interesting,
be of value.
There
during the hottest weather,
are
and
of
in which
caves
in which
appears
it dis-
during the winter.
Shafts
The
even
sunk
in
mining have exhibited
temperature and dryness of the
the
same
peculiarity.
air in many
caves
is
98
THE
On
covered
with
the matched
any
set
water
The
passing through.
On
the upper
to
carry
hillside
off the
be selected
placed
are
of
top
be
large
the
tarred
prevent
roof
are
walls.
the
ing
drain-
other
gravelly side
porous,
In
at
one
the
placed, or
A
water.
the
a
joints in
and
of
edges
available.
whenever
one
outer
of
the
paper
placed,
placed
now
over
tarred
tilingshould
surface
and
placed
at the
is
is
thicknesses
two
the
boards
top
; on
are
down
firmly against the ground
should
straw
Battens
to hold
boards
roof
set of
boards, and
matched
the whole.
over
CROP.
second
a
layer of
another
of
tight cover
paper
this straw
top of
ICE
front
sashes
double
rear,
dows
win-
two
being fitted during the coldest weather.
90.
FIG.
THE
cellar
CROSS
SECTION
AND
CAPACITY
CHEAPNESS
hundred
one
feet
OF
OF
being required. Rough
the last roof
boards.
in
cellar,fiftythousand
one
; hundreds
fruits have
A
been
COLD
designed
to
packing,and
of
held
PACKING
as
a
SUCH
celery plants have
bushels
in it
care
CELLAR.
A
lumber
Large storage room
of
is
"For
a
cost
is $100,
no
is used
except
for
in
provided
been
such
accommodated
vegetables, apples
and
other
during the fall and winter.
HOUSE."
properly
CELLAR.
deep the estimated
skilled labor
a
FRUIT
for
store house
On
the
for
large fruit farms
fruit
a
building
during shipping and
temporary
use,
is desirable.
RETARDING
The
illustrations below
with
fruit house
insulated
in
Fig.91. The
slight hill.
thick,extending
inches
six feet above
The
with
a
of
a
basement
level
almost
with
keep
insects when
placed
The
inch
upper
is
a
eighteen
and
surface
clean
of
grouted in
rising
into convenient
and
north
VIEW
outside
open
boards,
and
on
OP
surface.
sides, the floor being
FRUIT
HOUSE.
Both
for ventilation.
the
one-half
which
weather
and
doors
to
screens
basement
the
is
joists,is
of mortar.
feet to the
are
two
boards
are
eaves,
the
main
studding is five inches
thicknesses
outside
This
top of which, between
building is fourteen
the
on
The
apartments.
wide, and
on
gravel,
coarse
finishingcoat
a
The
over
walls
stone
story being eight feet in the clear.
paper,
very
feet,built into
36
double, the latter being provided with
inch
an
operated
floor.
front
the
are
ceiled with
cement
PERSPECTIVE
windows
out
x
the
eight inches
dry, hard
the
91.
FIG.
of
is divided
is from
entrance
feet below
two
hydraulic
top, thus making
The
with
has
lated
venti-
a
it.
floor is made
coat
is built
from
perspective view
A
building is 24
basement
The
taken
walls,which
County, N. Y.
main
99
HOUSES.
(Figs.91 and 92) are
successfully in Ontario
shown
AND
CELLARS
of
placed. On
damp-proof
the
inside
100
THE
of the
studding are
studding
on
the
dead
two
two-inch
a
again doubled
is
paper
lumber, making
inch
matched
layers of paper, then
two
which
CROP.
ICE
wide
this
; over
air spaces
conies
insure
to
temperature affecting that
against the changes of outside
on
inside.
the
ceilingof this
The
of
the
on
paper
between
spaces
it
This
and
floor is
these
two-inch
leave
and
to rats
occupied by
clear
a
the
thus
mice.
floor space
and
and
stairway
of 24x24
packing
feet,
also
dering
ren-
one
end,
all around
in
for
the
deep,
this
tons
of
as
other
or
grapes
fruits, leaving the center
0
room,
capable of holding about
are
seven
0
placed
are
of
wall
storing
Shelves,
purposes.
thirty-two inches
and
air
dead
(Fig.92.)
office and
an
lumber.
making
room,
upper
ness
thick-
one
matched
with
plank,
the cellars and
impervious
by putting
joists,covered
floor is of matched
The
is formed
room
such
for
in barrels.
are
"
.9
the
From
0
door
a
room
side
east
into the
opens
portion of the shed.
fruit
door
the
from
the wagon
This
raised
be
unloaded
without
92.
OF
SECTION
FLOOR
teen
the
runs
wide" with
feet
CEILING.
AND
whole
()
ing, also several loads of fruit
The
one-inch
are
work
veranda
it,which
The
top story is eight feet high
stuff,laid
matched
lathed
in
over
and
plastered.
to store
or
on
the west
renders
veranda
side has
a
on
or
a
shower.
floor is
The
and
ceiling
cool
a
other
sides
for
two
pleasant
room,
fruits in
flat roof with
the
through
pack_
The
paper.
convenient
is six feet wide
accommodate
floor"
in the center.
It makes
and
grapes
it very
on
night
is six-
ground
a
ing.
lift-
any
length of the building and
FIG.
this
Through
can
shed
this
of
a
baskets, as
door
loading
sides.
or
opening
to
the
on
unloading.
A
galvanized
from
air.
Other
left open
the
fruit
the
morning
doors
The
can
day, drawing off the
heat
; the
air and
room
it
of
plenty
IN
surrounding
in
selectinga site.
to let the
Otherwise
a
condenses
moisture
on
Recipes
for Iced
its surface
the
to that
unless
of the
There
are
ice
The
and
Drinks
who
link
of
do
an
not
atmosphere,
removed,
which
some
will
with
charming
recipes are
ice crusher
ice
Creams
Sherbets
or
of
may
sale.
every
and
the
Sort
like
"
for
wives
and
in
freezer
luxuries.
daughters
American
farmers
for
is the
,
Few
and
to
as
tainments
enter-
it falls
dispense the
are
famous,
a
for their consideration.
Fig. 93 is
or
beverage.
equipment
omitted
cream
presented here
illustrated
the
to the farm
ice
dish of well
a
refreshing iced
supply these
hospitalityfor which
breaking
Ice
"
thoroughly enjoy
ice house
complete
to the lot of the
choice
once
BEVERAGES.
Mashes,
glass of
a
or
addition
are
cordial
Foods
few
cream
connecting
at
Dishes.
Iced
Other
made
AND
Fruit
nal
exter-
X.
FOODS
"
be
can
able
always desir-
external
which,
ICED
Description
and
The
it is
this
prevailing
the fruit, being removed
CHAPTER
few
The
decay after the fruit is packed for shipment
cause
of
house
a
features
storage room,
being cooler than
cool room,
in
other
or
temperature gradually rise
atmosphere.
from
from
FRUIT
through the
the roof.
well chosen.
be
floor and
night through
ventilated
from
buildings
and
REMOVING
be
heated
air-tightearly in
closed
be
diameter,
the
to
all
being required
description,its location should
noticed
cool draft
to
are
above
Pure
winds
a
close
be
in
off the
to carry
roof,
should
night, thus making
room.
all
shaft
the
above
ventilatingdoors
at
101
BOUSES.
'tabeytwo- 'feet
ventilating"
iron
the fruit to
runs
^ND'
CELLARS
RETARDING
very
iced
convenient
drinks.
It is
for
an
102
improvement
a
ICE
THE
bag
with
the
over
for ices
compounded
are
sometimes
make
method
common
by
have
not
numerous,
secret
formulas
are
to add
have
different
the
great
they
housewife,
caterer
confectioner
CREAMS
into the tin
ICES.
AND
can
;
tub, being careful
in
crank,
see
that
Ice
should
to
packing.
fine with
shaved
the tub, then
a
good layer of
required.
The
strongest elements
quantity given is used
crank
the
so
smooth
for
twenty
be
the
salt and
displacingthe
not
the
cream
from
the
cream
is
Cover
the can,
not
so
It will
be
up
the
the
a
more
stick.
salt and
ice,
gallon
a
it is
If
more
can
first,but
to
the
salt than
the
but
will
spoon
left
by the
which
ture
the mix-
back
the
and
scrape
down
beater
the
cross,
off cover,
take
and
the
rapidly
very
beater
up
Turn
when
turn
cover,
the
of the
one
sooner,
carefully,turn
from
this till the
less is used.
Remove
hole
vas
can-
tub and
a
common
For
freeze
hard
large
a
layer of it into
let off,as
fast at
space
the
quarts of fine ice,will be
from
water
Work
light,and
cork
add
when
itself.
can
it.
or
the
turn
in
in
fit into
comes
put
paddle
will
off the water
Let
is frozen.
be
as
Place
Next
is full.
ten
cream
rich
minutes,
minutes.
last ten
piece,wipe
and
the
in
frozen
bottom
the
thick
help the freezing.
to
or
give the
cover.
piece,and
a
times
not
must
water
new
be
to
salt ; continue
coarse
pints of salt and, perhaps,
three
not
Put
few
on
mallet, or
a
again, till the tub
pack down
and
put
right.
solid with
a
are
large pieces,put into
in
ice shaver.
turning the crank
After
following
to
mixture
cross
is
fine with
pack down
is full ;
tub
the
possible delicacy
point on
the
on
be broken
the
of them
the
the
everything
pounded
bag and
many
in this and
Put
tub.
the
the socket
But
every
Pour
have
to
to
intoxicating drinks.
"
put beater
how
generally knows
sufficient in number
are
of
of ices, exclusive
ICE
the
or
knows
flavors.
care,
secret,and
confectioners
who
one
dainties
many
which
ice cream,
heretofore
the way
for
fruits and
compiled with
been
because
dearly. Again,
to pay
good, plain, old-fashioned
how
breaking the ice in
of
mallet.
a
Recipes
CROP.
handle
until
is filled.
of the
ICED
beater
taken, add
was
; set in a
covered
time
until
hours.
hot
for
work
cream
with
mould
salt and
fresh
How
lacking, lay
are
A
it.
a
flower
the
a
from
a
will
press
top of the
the
tin cover,
on
and
and
bury
in
of
in
some
tify
beau-
long
not
and
of their stamens
robbed
If these
way
noticed
was
cream
by
to their friends.
pretty plates.
on
plate,or
serving
been
pride is taken
Much
their
cream.
of
cup
one
This
vanilla.
it for
mould,
This
spoon.
their dainties
each
on
CREAM.
ICE
VANILLA
milk,
; fill the
of
in
seconds
is to be served
ICES."
serve
ICE
of
put
couple
a
few
a
carpet),
platter. Rest
a
prettierserved
quaint way
filled with
cups
for
lighten it. Cover
AND
they
Calla lilies had
since.
standing
beater
the
paper,
CREAMS
ices look
and
Creams
old
a
is well
ice.
in the way
good cooks
bit of
cream
with
and
white
SERVE
TO
do
down
part
thick
a
can
can
a
on
If the
you
and
up
dip the
turn
little.
a
into every
cream
and
it when
remove
the
the
lift
and
moment,
ice till the
for
is better
to serve,
it,
wipe
salt and
It
103
BEVERAGES.
place (covered with
cool
ready
water,
AND
more
serving.
When
mould,
FOODS
CREAMS.
One
"
quart of rich
and
one
sugar,
teaspoonfuls of
one-half
recipe nearly doubles
cup
one
cream,
itself if the
is very
cream
rich.
ICE
STRAWBERRY
pint of
one-half
sugar,
the
cream.
Mash
strainer
into the
freezing about
in
crumbs
and
to
the
one-fourth
COCOANUT
milk,
of
three
of
quart of strawberries,one
One
"
milk,
and
sugar
freezer, after the
and
one
one-half
pints of
together through
rest of the
mixture
a
fine
has been
eight minutes.
CREAM.
ICE
Roll
oven.
warm
a
pint
berries
BREAD
BROWN
CREAM.
Dry the
"
sift.
fine and
crust
Add
preparation for vanilla ice
of the
ICE
eggs,
CREAM.
one
and
prepared cocoanut,
"
One
quart
one-half
the
one
of
pint
The
cream.
bread
the
vanilla
be omitted.
must
sugar
of brown
rind
of
cream,
cupfuls
and
of
one
sugar,
juice of
one
pint of
one
ful
cup-
lemon.
104
THE
Beat
together the
in
double
a
Add
the
FIG
of
CREAM.
ICE
half
of
One
of
one
reserving half
starch,
which
minutes.
milk,
gelatine,one
pint
the
gelatine,which
cook
cold water, and
the
figs. Cover
one
of
porcelainkettle
; then
draw
stir in the
mixture,
separately and
again, stir constantly
take
then
which
it from
have
vanilla.
been
When
well
cold
pour
for twelve
enough
ten
cookod
fire,add
tablespoonfuls of
to cool.
When
the
and
cover
cream,
cream
stir in the
bring
yolks and
to the
back
four
beaten.
the
like thick
remaining
freeze.
Chocolate
persons.
a
stove,
have
cream,
whites,
slightlycooled
and
in
the kettle forward
When
in freezer
of the
whites, which
looks
add
of
sugar,
boiling point
mixture
and
Mix
to the
together. Draw
stove
pint of
one
tablespoonful
one
sugar,
the kettle
till the
the
the
to
grated chocolate.
and
six
the
pour
corn
Cook
When
quart of
powdered
milk,
boiler,
in the
pour
milk.
in four
off
figscut fine,
double
a
cold
freeze.
take
One
"
and
in
cupful
a
freezing.
teacup
one
eggs,
cream
beaten
CREAM.
of
Set away
vanilla, and
finish
cream,
Return
minutes.
and
of
together ;
soaking
minutes,
pint
even
chocolate,
been
the
sugar
ten
ICE
vanilla, six
and
and
again
CHOCOLATE
milk,
with
been
three
cream
freezing
been
has
has
add
cold
tablespoonfuls
boiling
this, stirringall the time0
on
cold add
it is
When
two
the milk
Put
and
the eggs
thicken.
to
When
cupfuls
two
eggs,
mixed
been
has
Beat
mixture
a
of
cupful.
a
cool.
to
quart
three
sugar,
begins
milk
the
Freeze.
cream.
"
put with
and
mixture
away
tablespoonful of vanilla.
one
is
put
juice and
starch,
a
and
cocoanut
corn
and
Stir till the
vessel.
lemon
sugar,
grated rind
and
eggs
CROP.
ICE
must
This
add
quantity
be dissolved
in
little boilingwater.
NEW
coffee cup
vanilla.
together
YORK
ICE
of
powdered
Beat
and
the
stir in
boiling point draw
well
mixed, then
CREAM."
sugar,
One
full quart
four
eggs,
yolks and
one
cream
draw
pint
to
of
whites
cream.
back
of
forward, stir
three
of
cream,
teaspoonfuls of
separately, then
When
stove
until
it reaches
until
it
one
the whole
put
the
is
thickens, about
106
THE
ORANGE
One
cream.
on
ICE CREAM.
pint of
loaf sugar.
six
oranges
large oranges.
Yolks
ingredientsin
the
Mix
Stir well until the mixture
pints of milk
one-half
rind of two
The
juice of
pinch of salt.
A
eggs.
and
One
"
sugar.
The
OKOP.
ICE
thickens.
or
rubbed
of eight
inner vessel.
an
through fine sieve.
Pass
Freeze.
CINNAMON
pint of
One
cream.
CREAM.
ICE
stick of cinnamon,
thickens.
VANILLA
pint of
sugar.
Yolks
of
One
sugar.
and
vanilla bean.
Yolks
seven
up the bean
in the
on
One
"
pint of
fire,and add well beaten
ice until time
night
in
to
can
or
pail
set
When
Remove
and
it will not
dish.
with
SWANS'
cup
into
Stir
with
Flavor
eggs.
Place
meringue.
it.
In
the
tapioca by placing it in
Add
two-thirds
stir
well.
eightminutes
of
a
a
tin
cup
of
Pour
vanilla.
the
over
brown
sugar,
stir in the
rapidly for five minutes,
with
Pour
into
of
top
minute
a
boil
morning
or
three
yolks.
so
that
pudding
Sift
cream.
in
two
oven.
ice cold.
Serve
Beat
of sugar.
pinch of salt. Beat the yolks of
has boiled
little powdered
a
four
pile on
cover
to boil.
Flavor
whites
cup
tablespoonfulsof tapioca over
the soaked
the fire and
curdle.
Beat
to
a
the milk
from
water
in water
granulatedsugar
eggs.
two
with
milk
One
almonds, well chopped.
yolks of
Soak
"
just enough
quart of
a
serve.
CREAM.
one
and
eggs,
mixture, and proceed
cream.
into dish and
Pour
rose.
TAPIOCA
of
One
Cream.
CREAM.
of
sized
ture
until mix-
vessel
inner
rich
good
pintscream.
One
"
One-quarter pound of blanched
extract
A
eight eggs.
one-half
Break
in Cinnamon
over
pints of
one-half
in
Cook
bruised.
ICE CREAM.
ALMOND
and
Strain,cool and freeze.
pinch of salt.
as
One
"
to
a
DOWN
froth the whites
of sugar
a
table.
CREAM."
and
PEACH
sweetened.
with
Whites
vanilla.
set into
a
bowl
pint of rich
with
; sweeten
Beat
all
cream.
a
small
together. Pour
of crushed
ice to send
to
cake.
sponge
ICE CREAM.
stiff one
of three eggs
flavor with
glassdish and
Eat
Whip
"
One
quart of
of three eggs.
cream.
One
One
pintof
cup of milk
sliced
peaches.
As
soon
the
as
minutes
add
and
been
have
peaches which
through
run
ICE.
of
pounds
one-half
three
Eight lemons,
"
Freeze
well.
quarts of water,
two
whites
sugar,
four
of
rich vanilla
When
FRUTTI."
is
cream
fruit
ready to
and
makes
partly frozen
raisins
ice and
be
must
time
and
quantity of
same
pounded
almonds
Blanched
harden.
in
place
sufficient
A
serve.
to
cream
Mould
cream.
as
generallythe
is
rule
The
cherries.
candied
and
one
This
eggs.
English currants, chopped citron, chopped
add
seven
to freeze.
quarts
TUTTI
sweetened
DISHES.
ICED
LEMON
the
sieve.
a
Freeze
whites.
the beaten
add
well
to freeze
begins
cream
107
BEVERAGES.
AND
FOODS
ICED
salt until
allowed
the
for
fine makes
chopped
a
nice addition.
PUDDING.
FROZEN
of
granulated
candied
of French
of
cupful
Cook
soaking
minutes, then add
to
ready
serve
serve
dip tin in
pint and
can
of
a
half
pint of water,
then
rub
the sugar,
a
one
off the
paste. Blanch
in
"
of shelled
fruit,one
saucepan.
One
and
to
away
ten
freezing. When
the
out
of ten
shelled
of
pint
chestnuts,
of sugar.
black
been
Freeze
cream
and
almonds,
one
eggs,
of cream,
pint
one
half
pound
a
tablespoonfulof vanilla, four
skins
the almonds
water
turn
water,
Set
cream.
finish
has
heaped around.
cream
pineapple, the yolks
candied
boiling milk.
it.
cover
and
sugar
warm
PUDDING.
NESSELRODE
to
fruit and
the candied
whipped
with
wine,
do),four tablespoonl
gelatine,which
water
pound
boil,beat the flour,one
a
the
eggs,
one
cream,
stir into the
and
add
enough
cold, add
When
cool.
in
hour
an
will
to
the eggs,
minutes, and
twenty
quart of
(halfa pound
come
cupfuls
two
cupful of flour, two
half
scant
the milk
and
sugar
pint of milk,
generous
gelatine,one
of
fruit
Let
fuls of wine.
a
sugar,
poonfuls
tables
two
One
"
Boil
the chestnuts
and
pound
and
juice from
Beat
the
pound
the
in
in
a
same
of
half
mortar
of French
wine,
the
eggs
until
a
Boil
manner.
and
one
hour,
an
pineapplefor twenty
yolks of
pint
a
utes
min-
stir them
108
THE
into the
and
beat
the
Mix
almonds
the
through
the
cooked
teaspoonful of salt.
water,
SHERBET.
little water.
Turn
Boil
Mix
one
same
and
can
LEMON
freeze.
SHERBET."
This
One
pints of water, the
juice
pint and
of
strain and
freeze.
ORANGE
the
SHERBET.
for this dish
PINEAPPLE
pint
a
the
gelatine an
the
hearts
the
sugar
of
and
dissolve
into
the
A
water,
half
Boil
Add
in
a
gelatine
lemon
juice.
three
sugar,
the
same
and
sugar
lemon-juice,
lemon
as
instead
of ten
sherbet, but
lemons.
pint and
half
of
can
large pineapple, a
one
tablespoonful
one
in
a
enough cold
of
Boil
water
to
the
can.
half
gelatine in it. Stir this
This
Freeze.
it.
and
add
the
and
sherbet
pint
scant
cover
juice from
Have
pineapple,
of
gelatine. Soak
fruit, chop it fine
pineapple.
the
the
the
the
of
gelatine
of
from
eyes
pint
thirty minutes.
used,
hour
and
and
is
the
oranges
SHERBET."
fruit
or, if fresh
a
smooth, rich sherbet.
a
Make
"
half
creamy.
lemons.
ten
makes
juice of twenty
the syrup
sugar,
This
one
dissolve
a
together twenty-five minutes.
water
the
is light and
cut
cream.
water, gelatineand
sugar,
all
pineapple
lemons,
and
rub
flavor and
ice
five
of water
and
and
the
minutes.
ten
cream,
as
of
juice
cup
together the
into
use
the
; add
the
it thickens.
beat
fruit
mixture
The
"
with
candied
Freeze
and
water,
boiling water,
until
tablespoonful of gelatine. Soak
one
in it.
cold
of
beater
egg
chestnuts
Add
this with
LEMON
in another
an
of
and
sieve.
a
fine ; mix
a
with
mixture
off, place in basin
Take
CHOP.
the saucepan
Put
syrup.
ICE
the
will
to it
hot
water
cold
be
Cut
water
white
and
creamy.
SHERBET.
STRAWBERRY
pint of
of
stand
cover.
Add
the
two
hours.
one
pint of
gelatinein
strained
mixture,
STRAWBERRY
and
the
gelatine. Mash
them
the
pint
one
sugar,
half
and
SHERBET
Two
"
a
half
berries
Soak
water
a
of
quarts
of water,
and
the
to the
sugar
strawberries, one
tablespoonful
one
together,
gelatine in cold
berries, and
pint of boiling water
and
water
strain.
; add
let
to
solve
Dis-
this to
freeze.
No.
2."
One
pint
and
a
haif
of
FOODS
ICED
pint of
strawberry juice,one
the
water,
SHERBET.
RASPBERRY
the
preserved
or
juice of
The
sherbet
lemon
a
also
can
the
lemon
and
and
of
sugar
strawberry
raspberriesare
fruit
and
two
is
or
an
as
the
use
quantity of
sugar.
improvement.
This
for
rule
second
by following the
made
be
always
same
in season,
not
smaller
a
the
is made
sherbet
sherbet.
strawberry
CURRANT
SHERBET.
a
juice of
one
tablespoonful
it in half
dissolve
and
cold water
pint
a
pint of cold water, the
the
of
pint of
one
sugar,
in
gelatine soaked
the
Have
gelatine.
of
lemon,
one
pint
juice,one
pint of currant
One
"
half of water, the
and
it with
This
"
When
strawberry.
canned
water
half
a
freeze.
and
Strain
juice.
the
Boil
lemons.
two
and
pint
one
sugar,
twenty minutes, add
for
togsther
of
juice
109
BEVERAGES.
AND
Mix
boiling water.
and
lemon
sugar,
currant
juice,and freeze.
STRAWBERRIES.
FROZEN
pint of
together
half
minutes
longer.
taken
an
add
out
water, and
water.
hour, then
add
pint
this
Boil
of
cook
quart of fruit
each
sugar
fifteen
is
fruit
Preserved
cream.
one
beater
When
freeze.
whipped
to
case,
and
the water
berries, and
the
cool, and
this
Let
one
in
be used
may
quart of
one
sugar,
quarts of fresh berries,
Two
"
quart of
one
freeze.
RASPBERRIES.
FROZEN
cold
When
strawberries.
raspberries the
Prepare
"
add
juice of three
the
same
as
lemons, and
freeze.
APRICOTS.
FROZEN
of sugar,
after
and
a
quart
of
can
apricots, a
pint of whipped
a
pint
measured
cream"
apricots in small
Cut
generous
pieces,add
sugar
water, freeze.
PEACHES.
granulated
whipped
through
is taken
out
"
sugar,
Boil
cream.
add
minutes, then
Rub
water,
being whipped.
FROZEN
of
of
One
"
a
One
of
can
quart of
one
sugar
and
peaches, and
sieve, and
peaches,
when
stir in the whipped
water,
water
cook
heaping pint
two
together
twenty
with
a
cupfuls of
for
minutes
When
cool, freeze.
cream
one
spoon.
twenty
longer.
the beater
110
THE
BISCUIT
dozen
GLACE.
and
half
a
water, two-thirds
Boil
the sugar
eggs
and
and
stir into the
of cold
and
flavor
the
Have
crumbs
from
water, and
the
beat
the
in the
cases.
Serve
GLACE
and
One
"
and
sugar
Let
water.
six
of the eggs
powdered
ice
to
large cupful
stir the
the vanilla
add
freeze.
in
hour
an
and
a
stiff
froth, and
the
Turn
from
GLACE.
pint of sugar,
sherbet, one
yolks of eighteen
the
yolks of the
syrup
in another
lated
granu-
syrup
and
beat with
a
under
meringue
is
a
beautiful
dish.
of
large tablespoonful
boiling water
whisk
for ten
diately.
imme-
keeps
half
the
part of
it ; this
or
a
; stir the
the
raspberry
water,
of
the
vanilla.
beat
the
with
the
eggs
into
this
Take
from
the
saucepan
minutes.
the
this the
serve
strawberry
pint and
the
It should
every
and
oven
out
into
cover
board
a
light. Place
of
pan
hot
tine
gela-
to have
together twenty minutes,
water
very
eggs
one
one
eggs,
and
sugar
a
quart of
One
"
put
Glace
the bottom.
BOMBE
in
Brown
meringue.
out, and
four
beat the whites
to serve,
gradually beat
cream
of
the mixture
When
serving time.
ready
one
cupful
one
boil, and
a
until
Set away
When
sugar.
the
cream
at least two
smoothly, being careful
cream
If the dish is flat
Boil
layer of
a
an
one
cream,
to
come
hour.
stand, at least,an
heat
salt for
of six eggs,
into the tin and
top perfectlysmooth.
it with
in
a
add
tablespoonfulsof powdered,
into the cream,
pack the
and
in
cases.
(itwill usually require twenty minutes), take
is frozen
for
Then
Put
these
Place
quart of
the milk
Strain
; turn
sugar
beat
fill paper
tablespoonful of gelatine, soaked
into it.
beater
cold.
and
bury in ice and
MERINGUE.
one
of cold
until
taining
con-
saucepan
browned.
tablespoonful of vanilla, the whites
milk,
the saucepan
fancy plates.
on
granulated
Place
Stir well
fine and
well
hour, beat the
an
fire,place the
rolled
cream
half
for
mixture
cream.
of
cupful
a
boiling water, and
macaroons
cover
hours.
of
Take
of
froth, a
a
teaspoonful of vanilla.
a
syrup.
in another
whipped
on
mould,
boiling
to
half
eggs,
sugar,
together
water
the mixture
pan
cupful of
a
whipped
cream
three
macaroons,
of
eight minutes.
pint of
One
"
CHOP.
ICE
FOODS
ICED
fire,place the basin
for
ten
ice and
bottom
Cover
and
with
glace can
Bombe
rich
kind
on
put the
to disturb
the
paper.
Put
the
with
of
on
salt and
ice.
sherbet, having
CRUSHER.
ICE
to
correspond with
of
course,
MANGE."
BLANC
tablespoonfulsof
Sweeten
cups,
are,
mould
POWER
A
spread
not
careful
any
and
it is hard
When
mould.
in
mould
cream
the freezer
from
with
made
94.
dishes
ice
an
ing
beat-
made
the sherbet.
with
The
brightest
the
sherbets.
PLAIN
two
Pack
top of the
continue
water, and
cold
piece of thick white
part flavored
handsomest
colored
a
be
FIG.
the center
of
center, being
the
cover
the
of
in the
mixture
cover,
pan
the sherbet
Take
the sides and
sherbet.
a
Ill
BEVERAGES.
fifteen minutes.
or
salt.
cooked
in
AND
and
cream.
and
when
corn
let it boil
cold
This
serve
makes
To
one
starch
quart of boiling milk
dissolved
long enough
in
a
to
in
little cold milk.
thicken.
glass dishes with
very
a
simple and
a
add
Pour
sweet
wholesome
into
jellyand
dish.
112
Always
cook
scorch.
A
ICE.
WATER
reduced
sliced and
sieve.
custard is
frozen
to
a
(made by boiling one
pound of sugar) and
ICE.
glass of
ICE.
with
boiled
Add
sieve.
in
water
of
essence
One
a
pint of
picked, pounded and
kernels.
the
through
Rub
pint of
one
syrup,
syrup.
Freeze.
lemon.
porcelainvessel.
a
quarter
Freeze.
sieve.
a
of cherries
pounds
pint of thick
one
drops of
few
Two
"
gillof
a
through
one
pintsof raspberry juice,
juice,or juice of half
currant
CHERRY
a
fruit
by pressingthe
with
water
fine
a
Add
water.
lemon.
one
one-half
and
through
Rub
pint of
juice of
One
"
apt to
so
pineapple, peeled,
pint of cold
syrup
of
One
half
the
RASPBERRY
of
pound
Wash
of
made
One
"
dregs with
not
are
delight in hot weather.
a
pulp by pounding.
pint
a
CROP.
vessels,as they
in inner
custards
PINEAPPLE
a
ICE
THE
Mix.
and
cream,
Freeze
twenty
minutes.
ICE.
BLACKBERRY
to
stew, and
strain.
CUSTARD.
one-half
macaroons
wish
you
bag and
a
vanilla,
with
the top and
over
of
Beat
Stir into
set it
quart of milk,
one
boiling milk.
Flavor
to cool.
Take
"
of sugar.
cup
as
put in
done
When
tablespoonful
one-half
stir into the
and
blackberries
many
cold, freeze.
When
Mix
as
to taste.
sweeten
MACARONI
boil.
Put
"
and
butter
yolks of
the
milk, and
the
crumble
then
flour,
with
six eggs
from
take
fire
fresh
dozen
one
Serve
meringue.
the
pile on
of
three
to
on
ice-
cold.
starch,
spoonful
of
vanilla.
Boil milk
beaten
corn
together.
and
separately
four
teaspoonfuls vanilla, one-half
cup
and
yolks beaten
to
them
the sugar
cup
"
scalding,but
milk
of hot milk.
to thicken.
Pour
and
not
pour
Return
into
two
upon
starch
and
to saucepan
glass dish.
eggs
well
serving.
of currant
them
with
Flavor
sugar.
Beat
sugar,
jelly.
the
whites
eggs"
tablespoonfuls of
boiling.
table-
one
eggs,
quart of milk, four
One
"
add
then
ice before
on
of
teacup
one
sugar,
Place
ISLAND.
FLOATING
quart of milk,
One
CUSTARD."
BOILED
Heat
two
the
yolks, stir into
gradually, mixing well
and
Heap
upon
boil until
the
it
a
begins
top meringue
114
THE
ICE
BEVERAGES.
ICED
COFFEE.
ICED
and
one
cream,
One
"
CROP.
of
quart
three-fourths
coffee,
strong
of
quart of
one
pint of granulated
a
sugar.
Freeze.
TEAS
ICED
weather.
warm
of
are
They
in the
prepared early
when
served
serve,
have
the
purpose
the
ice.
than
LEMONADE.
WATER.
JELLY
of
ounce
of
cream
Sweeten
healthful
beverage
for
of
an
tumbler
on
an
lemon
out
off with-
Pour
iced
is
a
day.
juice
egg,
lumpy.
fresh
tumblerful
warm
a
jelly in
particle of pulp.
a
clear.
A
ious
delic-
water
a
for
water.
make
become
not
to
through
goblet of
juice of
and
bottom.
nicer
are
quarts of
till cold
ready
to boil the
strips without
be
of water.
of
Beat
lemon,
one
well
one
together.
cold.
Serve
with
SAGO
jelly,lemon,
MILK.
cold
water
and
flavor
one
to
"
Tapioca
it to stand
or
Add
hour.
taste.
milk
teaspoonful
any
is
three
arabic.
gum
long enough
One
to dissolve.
fruit syrup.
tablespoonfuls
Three
suit
One
"
Allow
water.
cold
tumbler
Flavor
WATER.
ARABIC
GUM
warm.
jelly does
at the
one
when
in water
always
Best
three
thin
White
"
tablespoonful sugar,
ice.
Stir in it the
stand
Let
LEMONADE
EGG
crushed
"Pour
disturbing sediment
pleasant and
to each
the
this way
tartar.
taste.
to
lemon
a
It may
pretty poured
looks
jelliesdissolved
in very
cut
peel
the
over
DRINK.
COOLING
A
pour
tea
patients.
In
cool.
water, then
half
Sour
"
for fever
drinks
and
and
to taste
S\t eeten
of
Juice
"
the
addition
it stronger than
which
tumblers,
the
the
flavor.
refrigerator, and
in
as
cups,
and
to make
care
during
extent
milk,
finer tea
the
day, taking
ice in
crushed
without
destroy
Place
hot.
considerable
to
used
are
to
only
serves
sugar
served
now
cups
Simmer
prepared in
sago,
of
soaked
boiling milk.
slowly half
the
same
an
manner.
in
a
of
cup
Sweeten
hour.
Eat
LIST
ILLUSTRATIONS.
OF
Fig1.
Page.
Clearing-off scraper
2, 3, 4.
Snow
5.
Ice
augur
6.
scoop
17
18
scrapers
20
Measure
20
7.
Tapping
20
8.
Field
9.
Marker,
axe
10.
Field
11.
Swing
with
Hand
Plow
rope
marker
22
plows
24
plow
14.
Line
15.
Braces
16.
Brace
17.
Best
24
24
for
channel
for
slow
ice
fork
Two-prong
19.
Three-prong
20.
Four-prong
current
28
saws
28
28
bar
28
bar
28
bar
Calking
28
bar
Breaking
31
hooks
23.
Ice
Elevator
25.
Chain
26.
Sieve
shovel
27.
Ring
handle
28.
Channel
29.
Needle
feeding
scoop
31
net
31
splitting
hook
chisel..
bars,
31.
Toothed
trimmer
bars
32.
Jack
Channel
35.
Wooden
Wooden
31
.
T
31
trimmer
Handle
31
chisel
bar
Toothed
34.
31
fork
30.
33.
26
27
bar
fork
24.
36.
swift
with
current
steel
cast
18.
.
22
guide
12.
22.
22
guide
swing
plow
13.
21
21
planer
iron
handle
83
33
33
grapple
33
grapple
33
grapple
skid, No.
1
36
skid, No.
2
36
115
116
LIST
Wagon
Packing
37.
38.
40.
Packing
Hoisting
41.
Drag
39.
and
loading tongs
36
chisel
36
tongs
38
tongs
Edging
tongs
43.
Ice
38
38
adze
38
Interior
of old
view
Modern
46-49.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
chisel
42.
44. 45.
OF
ice
50.
Section
51.
Elevation
52.
Section
53.
Hoisting
54.
House
55.
56.
Raising chisel
Striking-under
57.
Dunnage
44
44, 46, 48
incline
gigs and
and
platform conveyors
for loading cars
along tracks
platform
of loading
ice
ice cellar
pit
of elevator
of
style
50
52
platforms
52
reversing engines
54
57
saw
bar
57
bar
57
shovel
gig
57
and
track
58.
Lowering
59.
A
60.
Another
61.
Sample
62.
Wagon
63.
Ice
64.
Wagon
axe
66
65.
Wagon
saw
66
66.
Wagon
ice tongs
66
67.
Ground
floor
68
68.
Section
of house
68
69.
Section
of wall
popular
ice
ice
59
61
wagon
61
wagon
ice
delivery
64
wagon
scale
66
66
shave
70.
71.
Section
72.
Perspective
73.
69
of cold
view
Exterior
storage
of combined
view
of
view
ice house
70
and
70
dairy
72
creamery
75.
plan of creamery
combined
Cold
storage house
of
cold storage
view
Section
76.
Section
77.
Ground
78.
End
74.
house
72
Ground
refrigerating
plan of freezing
of
for
Suggestions
79-81.
82.
Barn-corner
83.
A
84.
Embankment
loading
Lifts
85. 86.
87.
A cheap
88.
A
fruit
dairy
and
tank
74
dairy
75
:
and
tank
bench
77
cheap
78
ice
78
houses
ice house
79
platform
platform
81
for
loading
ice
scraper
ice into
sleds
81
82
house
retarding
81
in
Florida, which
uses
89.
Perspective
view
90.
Cross
section
of
91.
Perspective
view
92.
Section
Ice
94.
A
of floor
crushing
power
refrigerating
89
machinery
93.
76
tank
of freezing
view
with
house
of fruit
fruit
machine
ice crusher
98
cellar
of fruit
and
97
cellar
91
house
92
ceiling
,
105
HI
INDEX.
Artificial
Air
ice
cold
and
air machines
48-91
machines
Extent
of
Fruit
88
artificial
Historical
refrigeration
plant
storage
at
90
Fla.
88
sketch
84, 85
.%
inventions,
Latest
Waldo.
the
88
Principles of ice machines
Systems
employed
85, 86
Uses
90, 91
86, 87
of
and
Care, handling
Care
of ice
Coupon
tickets,
56-63
crop
56
of
62
house
58
use
from
ice
Lowering
of
marketing
in houses
Marketing
60
ice
Packing
Taking
how
Ventilators,
of ice,
Wasting
Cold
to
58
41, 56, 58
use
and
causes
atives
prevent
56
storage
63-86
benefits
Co-operation
78
,
Preservative
of
63, 64
for
power
various
articles, extent
of
65
of
Principles
67
of
variation
Temperature,
Use
63
of
benefits
and
Extent
for
of house
Construction
Cold
58, 60
house
from
ice
out
shipment
for
65
of
64, 67
ice
storage
house
cellars," and
Barn
ice
Combined
ice
best
Freezing
and
"Storage
79
77
cold
storage
and
of
of ice in
Floor,
house,"
:
house
dairy,
Creamery
"Retarding
house"
house
Construction
Cost
"Packing
ice
corner
Cheap
(see also
71, 72
of
construction
73
73
room
Loading
platform
72, 73
80
house
arrangement
house
63, 67, 68
house
General
ice
of
69
80
117
118
ICE
THE
Milk
CEOP.
73
room
67
Principles employed
described
house
Sample
Size
of
rooms
Silo
as
an
71
73
ice house
77
Tanks
75
considered
Temperature
Tools
required
in
in
stowing
considered,
various
removing
fruit
from
101
ice
80
Ventilators
Walls
Construction
68
of commercial
Construction,
Development
Earliest
Site
43-55
ice houses
details
of
of the
modern
47-54
ice house
"
of ice storage
forms
Survey
44,45
and
foundation
of
ice house,
45-47
details
of
47-54
47
spaces
Chains,
43, 44
43
for
Construction
Air
68, 69
overshot
and
undershot
55
Engine
55
Floor
53
Lightning
rods,
Lumber
of
use
Platforms
for
inside
Posts,
loading
and
47
53
cars
47, 49
for
a good
construction
and
out
Sills,inside
main
of
out
Roof,
Studding,
51
,
dimensions
required,
47
and
outer
49
inner
47
Ventilators
Walls
Contents,
51, 68
and
partitions
49
of
table
115
Co-operation, how best practiced
Co-operation in ice-cutting and cold
Creamery ice house
Cutting and storing ice
Calking
bar,
use
Care
of ice fields
Care
of tools
Channels
of
79
storage
78
71, 72
14-42, 83
the
27
15, 83
32-35
and
canals
25, 83
the
on
Channels,
early work
Closing and caring for the house
Condition
Cracks
Danger
of field
in the
time
29
ice
26
signals
Floats, how
23
to handle
Flooding, use of
Harvesting, danger
Harvesting outfit
Housing
quitting
at
29
41, 42
the
27
17
of
delay
in
20
20-23
29-32, 35-38
crop
Inspection
Laying out ice field
Marking and plowing
Opening up the field
of field
20, 23
23
.'
.-
23-25
26
119
INDEX.
ice in the
Packing
Plowing,
results
Plowing,
process
Refuse
house
of
37-41
in
delay
34
of
83
ice
Science
23
ice formation
of
from
Shipping
Snow,
removal
Snow
scrapers
42
of
17, 21
17, 18
field
the
Tapping
14, 15
field
the
during
19
a thaw
Thickness
of ice
21
Tool
and
35
room
Windrows,
Dairy,
fittings
and
storage
house, a
Freezing
Harvesting
best
how
cold
ice house,
Domestic
storing)
7-11
7
and
Export
export trade
trade, height of
Extent
of ice
Home
of the
Methods
."
7
industry^
9
9
industry
for
securing, development
ice harvest, pen
picture of
Modern
States
Origin of business in United
of
or
Preserving
antiseptic powers
8
of
10
7
9
ice
8
of ice, growing
Uses
closing and
House,
72, 73
combined
73
and
(see cutting
sketch, an
Historical
19
distributed
Sawdust
41-42
for the
caring
mill
or
shavings,
41
used
how
41-42
of
Tools, inspection
41, 56, 58
Ventilation
Housing
29-32
ice
the
Discipline
29, 35
employed,
time
for, the
Preferable
Runs,
skids, how
or
Serious
Stowing,
Water
use
30
37, 40
;
32
prevented
37, 39
30
of
Coffee, cooling drink,
beverages:
milk, tea
water, lemonade,
sago
gum
arable
water,
jelly
114
102-107
ices
and
for
of
process
box,
necessity
arranged
how
accidents,
.35
of channel,
at sides
Protection
Ice creams
32
of
various
Methods
Iced
field, value
the
on
106
Almond
bread
Brown
"
103
'.
Chocolate
104
Cinnamon
106
Coffee
105
Cocoanut
103
Fig
104
General
directions
for
making
102
Neapolitan
105
New
104
York
Orange
106
Peach
106
120
ICE
THE
Strawberry
103
Swan's
106
down
106
Tapioca
105
Tea
Vanilla
Iced
103,106
Walnut
105
dishes
107-114
Biscuit
glace
Blanc
110
ice
Blackberry
112
111-113
mange
Bombe
glace
110
Cherry
ice
112
Currant
sherbet
109
Custards
112
Frozen,
apricots
109
Frozen
Frozen
peaches
pudding
raspberries
109
Frozen
strawberries
109
Frozen
Glace
107
109
meringue
110
Lemon
ice
107
Lemon
jelly
113
Lemon
sherbet
Maccaroni
Orange
108
custard
Nesselrode
112
pudding
107
sherbet
Pineapple
Pineapple
108
sherbet
water
Raspberry
108
ice
112
ice
112
sherbet
Raspberry
Snow
pudding
109
Strawberry
ice
113
Strawberry
sherbet
Tutti
Iced
food
Ice
113
108
frutti
..107
and
beverages
beverages
Iced
and
creams
Iced
,
field, care
Ice
houses, barn
102-107
107-114
of
15, 83
corner
79
Cheap
Cold
77
storage
63,67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73
Commercial
43-55
Creamery
71, 72
Dairy
and
cold
storage
Silo
in
combined
72, 73
77
transportation
Fisheries, ice in the
91-96
Ocean
94.95
95
transportation
Refrigerator cars
Ice
101-114
114
ices
dishes
Ice
Ice
CROP.
91, 92
Refrigerator vessels
94
Value
94
of
machines,
Principles
of
85-86
ICE
THE
Survey
and
Life
Tools,
and
vs.
its
45
35
Plows,
the
Cold
to
time
34
for
required
34
for
32
care
35
of
Fruits,
(see also
refrigeration
storage,
extent
fruits
and
how
best
ice, the
and
benefits
"
Cold
63
of
67
vegetables,
preservation
65, 67
of
73
preserved
8, 64
growing
51, 68
of
construction
41
of
of
")
storage
prevented
meats
Poultry,
Ventilators,
best
room
in
Decay
34
useless
rendered
tools
how
ice
41
use
34
the
Repairing
Storing
32
tools
best
Repairing,
Saws,
42
parts
often
,
ice
of ice
41-42
41
repairing
after
of
how
Weight
54
extended
inferior
Plows,
Wasting
how
of
construction
32-35,
Inspection
Use
and
use
fittings
and
Good
of
45
survey
machinery
Engine
Uses
45
of
care
of
extent
house,
Elevator
Uses
45
of
ways,
of
room
of
of
Importance
Inclined
45-47
house
value
the
Foundations,
Tool
for
foundation
Drainage,
CROP.
in
house,
and
causes
preventives
56, 58, 68
56
62
,
, ,
,
APPLICATION.
ON
FREE
SENT
CATALOGUE
DESCRIPTIVE
-: OF
:
"
BOOKS,
RURAL
116
Containing
8vo
of
full descriptions
FARM
profusely illustrated,and
pages,
nearly 600 works
the
on
followingsubjects:
GARDEN,
AND
ETC.,
FLOWERS,
FRUITS,
SHEEP,
CATTLE,
Docs, ETC., HORSES,
POULTRY,
CANOEING,
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Mushrooms.
Them.
to Grow
How
fresh Mushrooms
are
and
a delicious,highly nutritious
they are less bulky than eggs,
delicacy; and for market
remunerative.
Anyone
properly handled, no crop is more
rooms.
an
ordinary house cellar,woodshed, or barn cau grow MushThis is the most
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growing Mushrooms
The whole
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Farm
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Originallyby
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