HOW TO IDENTIFY THE STARS .?1sb"ftfe- COMPAN^T THE MACMILLAN YORK NEW CHICAGO BOSTON " " ATLANTA FRANCISCO SAN " " MACMILLAN LONDON CO., Limited CALCUTTA BOMBAY " " MELBOURNE THE CO. MACMILLAN TORONTO OF CANADA, Lra n,frH HOW IDENTIFY TO STARS THE BY if MILHAM, WILLIS FIELD MEMORIAL IN PROFESSOR WILLIAMS Ph.D. COLLEGE " * Ncto THE * *" gotfe MACMILLAN COMPANY 1909 Ail ASTRONOMY OF right* reserved CoFYKiGirr, By Set THE COMPANY. MACMILLAN and up 1909, Published electrotyped. June, " w * "- - - ". w v" V . J. 8. Owning Norwood, Go. Btrwiok * " Mam., UAA. 8mtth Oo. 1909. " i CONTENTS PAGE I. II. Introduction The i History Number and of tions Constella- the 3 III. The Methods Designating of a Star 12 . IV. Star . Magnitudes 15 V. Star Colors 20 VI. The Number of Stars the .21 . VII. The Method of Locating the . Stars . and Constellations 23 VIII. The Method of Further Study 33 INTRODUCTION I. The ability and stars locate to useful a who people a fair and constellations they find the meteorologist the and use of and of has star of the place and The auroral an is to been each definitely case has the stars increasing and best tions observaof of the the rora Au- ance appear- meteors, a is locate to way without streamer the stars the between Similarly disappearance of if the determined been To constellations it extends. and appearance tronomy as- bright observe which over in streamers stars popular make the the of with would who number information. their of apparatus which in disappearance of in stellations con- ing interest- an The steadily necessary. position both interest locate or of the point is position knowledge absolutely is acquaintance pleasure Borealis conspicuous more real brilliant more acquirement. a real the groups, have and of the star or and recognize to noted. If a the teor me- est near- great HOW 2 exactness is direction of the time exact by also made at be the and display, and motion, velocity of meteor a The the as stars way on method is on in to the here and the of followed essentially the Descriptive same direction in orbit by of space tion. computa- here is to the given, first those and as Astronomy of that in also further who the in steps and acquisition part auroral an tracings constellations and of the constellation material taking stations, determined the servation ob- elevation) height, motion, be of purpose guide the of of observations more, distance, may descriptive a the the the stars, and direction and height, an place such preferably two, distance, From stated. the of (latitude, longitude, must the Whenever means observation of and from question estimated. located is thus object be distance angular in point may STARS THE the desired, star nearest IDENTIFY TO desire material used and serve learning to point tion informait. The presented in the Williams course College. THE II. HISTORY constellations the 150 School He of learning the Greek his manuscript has southern, constellations whole sky, unmapped the as a by between spaces centuries passed, became sacrilegious Finally, in 1601, of and mapped the two add to in magest," "Al- it he merates, enu- 48 constellations and the the the covered southern were sphere hemioften constellations. of need but ; zodiacal. 12 there constellations 3 formatio in- of the In us. the apparent, to of writings called means no large part not was As 15 to locates and about translation Arabic an down come northern, original Astronomy, on describes, These His at astronomical the time. in systematizer great lost, but are Ptolemy Philosophy summarized his the concerning Claudius of a w.as and 21 from comes Alexandrian a.d. information definite first OF CONSTELLATIONS THE The NUMBER AND it more was Ptolemaic were stellations con- ered considlist. added HOW 4 by Brahe. Tycho nearly considered and give by in into divided difficulties were now had constellations constellations given four, to present thus of some them 24 are list added and by 88 large a had could each astronomer. number new of by the been come be- never practically so constellations. the The some names dropped, shows stellation con- before for which were 109 112. as Gradually, consent, there making added, overlapped least hemisphere great as international. common and stars ing. choos- own at were for note of his southern the been of group of name constellations, (Argo) was a map there 1800 known well to a and way, astronomer every group the opened duty the to Thus fairly his it STARS THE This centuries two IDENTIFY TO that The of lations constel- at companying ac- OF HISTORY CONSTELLATIONS THE 4" s 12 9 109 divided Argo into four parts 3 112 Twenty-four dropped were _"4 . 88 authorities Some the to schius in to very 1624 and a.d. mentioned whole in have definite sky. and out The among four a smaller constellations ber num- do and boundaries, lines boundary irregular,particularly in Bart- to table. the the to one a.d., 130 and thus in constellation one in a.d., 300 eighty-eight overlap, wind in some These the Hadrian Emperor Eratosthenes attribute stars the case not cover usually and of are the HOW 6 constellations. northern distances considerable The circles. of the southern Some boundaries have constellations STARS THE IDENTIFY TO of arcs constellations being unequal size, some which great are ten or also times for are small of as very large others. as The the name, n^me following list contains Latin constellations, the the of the meaning of of originator the the the genitiveof name, of names and constellation the the : " HISTORY OF THE CONSTELLATIONS 8 HOW TO IDENTIFY THE STARS HISTORY NAME OF THE Genitive CONSTELLATIONS Proposer Meaning " s Pa'-vo Pavor-nis Peacock Af Peg'-asus Peg'-asi Winged yV Per'-seus Per'-sei Perseus Ptolemy s Phce'-nix Phoeni'-cis Phoenix Bayer Pic'-tqr Picto'-ris Painter LaCaille "- Pis'-ces Pis'-cium Fishes Rolemy s Pis'-cis Pis'-cis Southern Ptolemy s Austraf-lis Austra'-lis Bayer horse Ptolemy fish Pup'-pis Pup'-pis Stern LaCaille Retic'-ulum Retic'-uli Net LaCaille N Sagit'-ta Sagit'-tae Arrow Rolemy " Sagittar-rius Sagitta'-rii Archer Rolemy 7" Scor'-pius Scor'-pii Scorpion Ptolemy s Sculp'-tor Sculpto'-ris Sculptor La Scu'-tum Scur-ti Shield Hevelius S Caille , V Serr-pens Serpen'-tis Serpent Ptolemy 3 Sex'-tans Sextan'-tis Sextant Hevelius z. Taur-rus Tau'-ri Bull Rolemy "S Telesco'-pium Telesco'-pii Telescope K s Trian'-gulum Trian'-guli Triangle Rolemy Trian'-gulum Trian'-guli Southern Bayer Austra'-le 5 J* Tucar-na Ur'-sa Ma'-jor * Ur'-sa Mi'-nor S LaCaille Ve'-la "" Vir'-go s Vor-lans hf Vulpec'-ula Austra'-lis Tuca'-nae triangle American Bayer HOW io It will TO be from of that seen used; names there of names STARS three are animals, and mythology, kinds rowed bor- names of names of pieces apparatus. When and where originallydesigned received This subject but him, earlier And earlier b.c, not but that this work based in turn, astronomical on time There are origin at of two secondly, the the with of an b.c. 140 fairlyfull description be in the found about by 280 now we made by thousand of know, the that an was Greeks, was as first,the constellations at old. years information documentary b.c. in 370 Eudoxus constellations: from line out- given versification of sources the about information least three evidence ; as observations on a Soli, date a in revision date can simply was astronomical and time of Aratus this But his constellations the of poem slight by Hipparchus, before even study. original means a and constellations 48 no simply was list of by have sketched merely were which attention of list of was constellations questions are be can The by Ptolemy the deal great a here. the THE IDENTIFY to ternal in- selves them- evidence in III. THE METHODS A oldest, The designating a its in position of the but of was be as described "in or "in the horn still give with the There have a of are hundred origin, old of cules" Her" Bootes Many or charts star connection in pictures of head constellations. four usually and are position. in now Latin, either For but names, are of ing designatof stars less than Hundreds name. these of methods individual of are modern (i) By received They bull." the might star a the the which after knee right tion representa- a Thus "in portion constellation by thing located the The covered the describe to was certain a named. those star, a to be to constellation star of method constellation. the picture or obsolete, now particular supposed was STAR belonging sky DESIGNATING OF Greek, 13 or names proper example general : Regulus, use. Arabic or scribe de- Spica, THE METHODS Aldebaran. Bayer the (2) By the in constellation order in : a the Greek STAR A of means introduced stars letters DESIGNATING OF a letter. of system by In These " rj eta vnu 7 /3 beta 6 " xi v y gamma t 8 delta k kappa theta iota epsilon A lambda " zeta p mu stars brightness, a Greek Roman the stars instead Greek the a custom constellation. in In a of This the few Latin The always g 1 700 letters the position genitive of follows For the example: Ursae Majoris. Flamsteed numbering the instances of order of order exhausted, letter. About omega the When in name Roman number. a" were Lyrae, /3 Geminorum, (3) By sigma used. brightness. or \jtpsi on. lettered constellation the a of so were were rho c^ brightest star, /3 alphabet letters x lettered the being brightest,and the pi "r usually were upsilon "f"phi ir p tau omicron o c of in are, alpha next the of a The 1603 designating means alphabet. ,13 the duced introstars applies usually to in the fainter west to Cassiopeiae. the of case naked a is and eye, telescope faint some the only, usually the or some in first B.A.C. seldom are but three overlap visible has simply a addition of at to while numbered, to In visible designated certain the to visible as in a having It catalogue. in which known it curred oc- sive comprehen- example: by Groombridge Those to the the naked Bayer brighter eye, stars and this methods which telescopic name, modern The present. catalogue proper four the lettered. usually still 50 number. catalogue For Cygni, 61 stars well from position 4536. last The is a very catalogue. 966, all star number certain of stars nearly and lettered, catalogue By (4) order example: For east. STARS been not in numbered were THE had which stars they IDENTIFY TO HOW i4 is letter. are fainter, are usually are number. usually stars referred If a given star in IV. The refers its six simply volume the graded for is more the faint of a observers, it also As became rather than is but star, might as the result, by tudes magni- was more subdivide no in the by even scope tele- include to determined to "5 of there became desirable the observers differ measurements the is unable as so different As because number stars, the The After the system. faint being instruments increased among the of into brightest. it unless telescopic uniformity the not eye sixth distinctions. be to naked the a arbitrarily magnitudes invented, had three. six help finer was these first known, not make to the to to and Ptolemy visible having applied brightness mass. the without eye when magnitudes, or and reason " its to or stars classes faintest MAGNITUDES magnitude " term star to STAR tending ex- nitude magent differ- two or exact, tudes. magni- HOW 16 It TO IDENTIFY been had noticed roughly speaking, a was about star of to make sixth. the between Vioo, successive Thus, of 61 a = of star Vioo first first the 1850, 2.5 1 2, time some times In or STARS for hundred one the THE magnitude bright as Pogson the that, as a proposed uniform ratio magnitudes. 62" where magnitude ix is the and star ness bright- 62 that of a second. Thus, in general, bm" Transposing this, -? = {y\oo)n-mbn. (VIOO)*-"*, A 5. lo"o -jr-{n-m) log10Vioo, This of the formula ratio put into words of is : brightness equals the four logarithm tenths of MAGNITUDES STAR the difference in magnitude. formula, if the magnitudes the ratio the of ratio is be may If i. (" Ursae of of this means stars given, are and computed, if of magnitude the of magnitude the other computed. Example Alkor be and brightness given, the By of two brightness may of star one 17 the and is 4.0, Majoris) Ursae of magnitude is 2.4 Majoris) (g the Mizar of magnitude find their ratio brightness. log10ratio 0.4(4.0 = Ratio Example Polaris of o.4(1 .6) = 4.37. = is 30 star a times as Minoris),magnitude (a Ursae 0.64. = brightness If 2. 2.4) " bright 2.1, find as its magnitude. log103O= 0.4(2.1-*), 1.477 0.84 = -0.637, 0.4*= The is magnitude of Sirius This definite expressed 1.59, (a Canis system gradually adopted, are " in and it 0.4*, " this and is the nitude mag- Majoris). of star now Some magnitudes all star star was magnitudes must be con- 18 HOW sidered to definite be the is Minoris) stars of means the the connection Here of about stars In eye this of stars air disadvantage that there A magnitude. of one o magnitude. that for must would a very be star first the circumpolar naked sixth nitude mag- from haze. about the free and is system brighter than times as 2.51 2.5 the There the but of bright object used. Polaris the the star of this in magnitudes, would magnitude A be of stars are work The hundred is clear One and magnitude. of system if the brightness, is not one fifth the perceive can directlyor particularlynoteworthy. standard magnitude mean other all determined. been actual Ursae (a College Observatory has the of nitudes mag- fundamental the it, either ratio a determined be photometers magnitude, Harvard the Polaris as with the indirectly,and of taken have to and must magnitude. compared are thus stars usually By star. is, that magnitude, other its of terms STARS THE fundamental, unchanging of in IDENTIFY TO 1 times a is bright of as the bright magnitude. 1 " first the be as fact the as Thus negative magnitude one star which has Most of V. STAR the stars although in be with tinged to the naked white, Stars white, such to of tinge a in list ably prob- white, reddish yellow, white dominates pre- it. is that in color be to the case appear bluish said extent the to orange-white, every an appears they as white, sometimes are red, but or orange, only greenish eye: star colors white, as us following The various yellowish white. the cases color. the to appear few a includes COLORS really is that question perceived. As colors they are The differences the through seen be may strongly of causes in all telescope noticed, mixed with these 20 every trum speccase white. differences temperature in but the and in chemical color are position. com- VI. of is at haze a about said before, of of is m remarkably would many of be stars table the magnitude. close. that in each that the gives are As is about 21 in was usually the to the naked number The values The magnitude magnitude. clear visible. gives of ond sec- 4 agreement words, three as is Thus considered Expressed there amount magnitude. the these horizon. visibility table naked of small magnitude each between stars line where limit following The be are sixth the to ter mat- a number the near stars As a the stars the the considered and would 2,000 the one-half Only reduces which night that visible time, one any STARS number. number particularly only eye. in 6,000. greatly visible, on total about only visible are of the fact THE expressed countless almost appear eye is often opinion The OF NUMBER THE in the times the x 3*, is law as ceding pre- HOW 22 The the the magnitude, " in the IDENTIFY following gives stars TO indicates United list of the that " brightest twenty the color. the States: the name, proper and STARS THE star The is Bayer letter, word never " visible (in- visible VII. THE METHOD STARS The of here so-called as which advocated that the in the conspicuous The with five on third it and the of of group 23 the 88 four falls runs is lations constel- groups. second which single 19 For conspicuous 28 The a eye identified. of constellations ognized. rec- constellation into tracings. account the etc., been once instinctively them, divided the figures, quickly have the stars and stars consists group bright as sky, its of Most sickle, soon locating been constellations contains the and recognized first as of W, tracings tracing, have star. of part convenience The these noticed, and through thus square, stellations con- means lines, form easily remembered are learned by contain by triangle, a and stars tracings. connected After upon is constellations when which, the locating constellation conspicuous THE LOCATING CONSTELLATIONS AND method such OF are group chiefly very comprises bright the TO HOW 34 too are from in contains the far south to the four STARS THE constellations, while inconspicuous group IDENTIFY United 36 be parts gives these fourth which constellations at seen States. the all or well The following four groups of seen table stellations: con- " 88 THE CONSTELLATIONS DIVIDED INTO FOUR GROUPS I. II. The The Conspicuous 28 5 Constellations Constellations with a with single yery Star Bootes Canes Venatici PlSCIS Canis Major Canis Minor AUSTRALIS Tracings bright LOCATING THE III. The STARS 19 AND CONSTELLATIONS Constellations Inconspicuous Aquarius Eridanus Camelopardalis Hydra Cancer Lacerta Capricornus Leo Cepheus Lynx Cetus Monoceros Coma 25 Minor Pisces Berenices Crater Scutum Equuleus Sextans Vulpecula IV. The 36 Southern Constellations * TO HOW 26 Charts I. to constellations at would is,stars hours earlier 28 capitals,while are the sky, the head for the month about Andromeda Libra are pair. The of the hour to of the rotation be to held south. given of to small constellations to order The in evening, is later. five with the order facing In year. match over Thus the for get the tion posievery tion posi- evening, only the heavens the need of. account 1 month. a In supposed earlier, hours printed are month position two and letters. hour diurnal Figures of stars is other any taken lapse constellations the apparent same observer an in the at the inconspicuous chart of of be the hours two constellations convenient a the in small printed month into bright very the of following a position two come conspicuous single During after position during January, April, preceding a That the p.m. the STARS THE show 9 show during and IV. October. July, and they IDENTIFY 24 the and and give 28 tracings conspicuous Perseus, and and Aries lines by one figure represent mation infor- constellations. Scorpius, Ophiuchus represented faint the the lum, Trianguand for pens, Sereach tracings. 28 HOW The with TO facts IDENTIFY five constellations the concerning singlevery bright star a Bootes are: " magnitude, Arcturus; name, a; " STARS THE color, 0.2; orange-white. Venatici Canes Cor ; name, a " Caroli ; magnitude, 3.3 ; color,white. Canis Major Sirius ; ; name, a " magnitude, color, 1.6 ; " bluish white. Minor Canis color, bluish and of 3.1 white, is than by Minoris (ft Canis been has The fairlyconspicuous. perhaps have magnitude, Procyon; name, a; " 0.5; magnitude a could constellation represented by these two better stars single star.) a Piscis Australis Fomalhaut; name, a; " magnitude, 1.3; color, orange-white. the Of and Cepheus of Sextans, the Virgo, Serpens, Ophiuchus, is of coordinates the crosses called are equator of the equator ; and is the the portion hour " in time The is equator through and and runs the perpendicular to point the point from o in to the sun tion constella- north when between where in the distance minus and Hydra, startingpoint or origin angular north Cepheus Aquila, Aquarius. It is located 21. of the circle poles equinox, March when the circles. vernal on plus usually expressed """ hour Declination of Pisces. ascension the through easily most in stars cer Can- Orion, Monoceros, Pisces, Cetus, Taurus, Leo, equator two are great circles drawn The the perhaps are There recognized. stellations constellations inconspicuous 19 or south. south Right the vernal nox equi- question. It is 24 hours. LOCATING which catch little are the AND CONSTELLATIONS first and eye brighter than those is noticeable Cancer quite close they together quite a are These /3 (magnitude 3.3). of account on 29 them. near (magnitude 2.6) and a stars STARS THE which the form three a little equilateraltriangle. The best with the material Most method of given know people of procedure which Notice the known, and In stars. will become at start those reference then try this way are which are Cassiopeia, Leo, pius, Taurus, observe to where pick it out the where the carefullythe stellation con- already among constellations If to tions constella- no the far the observer, most spicuous. con- probably Aries, Auriga, Lyra, Orion, Ursa method the those by stellations. con- constellations to all of are three alreadyknown. are already familiar those charts which with These the first the the suggested. the best case, graduallyknown. all with study or tracing,determine is the is to surround least two is the from be only can at If that ance acquaint- an constellations and stars here buildingup Major. Pegasus, Determine constellation is Scorfrom located, tracing, noting particuJ J J J J J J -" J HOW 3o TO IDENTIFY larly the magnitudes persevere until For find in mind before one a is of color. while first the these As the take with one electric lamp for to When progress is an constellations * * " * " " " " " ' " " " " been only bright in forgotten is often has convenient a pocket been once made, single hour's A with the give to and to a stars structi inand ble considera- a beginner, particularly tracings have been previously. advocated acquaintance is to start The but reddish and tracings and charts method buildingup have sky, it sky illuminating them. carefullystudied Another firmly and one sometimes are information if the stars. magnitude familiar of the that is sufficient amount fix magnitude same the one constellations made stars to usually easy. by be V, that all of the beginning a is to the facts observing recognized. Taurus, out moderately bright, and star is then observe the of about are of and stars, attempt going tracing is the constellation constellation the the of if the example, to that the STARS THE chief given in with facts a by with the about previous for some the stars fifteen these table. and est brightstars Find LOCATING by looking out, charts, how desired of as until before from and these these constellations. bright This stars when the the fainter light conspicuous. more is night the as used the of the best of to vantage ad- seven pales the time number with best three out bright clear perfectly A and starting to an up stars moon making the not of is from thus build surrounding moon stars, recognized, points be part persevere been method can The old. days the the at what Then have known as with acquaintance the located. are in and the on visible are observation of sky they the these of 31 constellations the up many time CONSTELLATIONS AND STARS THE to ones less moon- servatio ob- begin visible stars is confusing. Some advocate trying constellations and rising method hazy The and the that are identifying by setting. or horizon that of a night year. and is it is them impossible at some when of of rest confines particular stars always the than sky, and, secondly, to the disadvantages cloud-covered observation locate to hour the of times this more the time the of HOW 32 Any by to its point notice IDENTIFY attempt giving known to TO its locate location be star a direction will STARS THE and or distance successful more no on a constellation chart from a than VIII. THE METHOD OF FURTHER STUDY The charts, above first only serve can in steps referred the to is these of useful reader books and be must bearing books the tions. constella- both the given taking and stars it numerous Some subject. the gain to in guide a knowledge and pleasant, as learning Further information and figures, will the on be cated indi- here. G. E. Stechert, information. in constellations, where is It facts compendium a book read be to There are Friendly Stars; d mine such in stars of as the stars from the magnitude, Harper 33 but and ings writthe color, not a whole. MARTIN, books, and constellation. each a the and used, information, as of of meaning were through two veritable extracts names chief Meanings; with numerous the their the gives these etc., about a connection important more is 1899, It used names and Star-names ALLEN, Brothers, The 1907, TO HOW 34 IDENTIFY SERVISS, and Harper tempt to and in put facts Brothers, readable charts, giving the the sixth whenever recommend to of presentation the Among A BALL, " Son, London, the are down is desired. to books two subject up-to-date star a lar popu- atlases star " Guide to the Heavens; George Philip 1905. Star KLEIN, 1 Popular all stars giving modern form contains book a the mentioned: be may These magnitude. at- tions. constella- and also of position which attractive stars book last-named Naked the 1908, and the concerning The with Astronomy Eye; the STARS THE Atlas E. ; " J. B. Young " Co., New York, 901. The PECK, Observer's Inglis,London, L. A Kicker, Leipzig, star desires and Ginn Atlas; Stern- Atlas MESSER, atlas to is add Company, 1896. Hitntnelsbeobachtungen ; K. 1902. absolutely to represent their boundaries, stars visible to " fur his constellations. atlases " 1898. Star UPTON, Gall of the Heavens; Atlas and the one who of the stars charts in these knowledge The all essential star the give naked to constellations the eye. location In with of all addition HOW 36 and the only in is the ninth the small of the etc., such the it perhaps stars, within magnitude, the. field of view as naked constellations, the also can colored eye, of Clarendon tronomie coordinates small selected each Such and der As- in stars Nautical of be The found can Ameri- lished pub- Almanac^ Washington, books the or in the responding cor- English, French, AMBRONN, (Julius Springer, Berlin, 1907) coordinates the are above information, observer right ascension, star, governments. Stemverzeichnis all)which a list of at year German contains of and year also tronomy As- 1890) desired, they may are Epkemeris and Press, Handworterbuch declination a Practical (Breslau, 1901). If the for stars* CHAMBERS'S and of Descriptive VALENTINER, and in visible stars variable stars, found be (The the when telescope tenth or area the Handbook in the useful are telescope. Lists to with identify all to STARS THE Argentina connection to very IDENTIFY Uranometria desired even a TO who the however, is of 6.5 all stars star magnitude. is desired locating an (7796 not by object by THE / of means is METHOD the The the on of the Heavens; Star GORE, 89 1 York, of other valuable illustrate to " the Geography 1835. the London, Constellations; 1889. Groups; Lockwood Crosby " don, Sons, Lon- 1. HEIS, Atlas HILL, The Company, Cosies Hs Stars New JOHNSTON, ; G. Nouvus and Cologne, 1872. ; Funk Constellations; " Wagnalls York, 1894. Handbook JEANS, Grant) who computer Celeste; Paris, 1869. Atlas DIEN, 37 constellations: and designed New Charts COTTAM, the by list contains stars Atlas BURRITT, STUDY observations. following books but stars, the reducing FURTHER OF for Finding School P. Putnam's Atlas Sons, the London, of Astronomy 1888. (revised by York. New Astronomy without Constellations and MAUNDER, Stars; a Telescope; London, 1902. The PECK, " how to find them; Gall Inglis,London. PORTER, Stars The New in Song Half-hours with York, PROCTOR, and Ginn Legend; " pany, Com- 1902. the Stars; G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1875. Pleasures SERVISS, Company, ton " New Astronomy Company, YOUNG, York, Telescope; D. the Appleton " York, 1905. New SERVISS, of New with York, Uranography, 1890. an Opera-glass; D. Apple- 1906. in his Elements of Astronomy; HOW 38 The are star TO atlases particularly prominence the case IDENTIFY the all constellation the Heis, Burritt, interesting, to with of STARS THE older as they and Dien give great figures, atlases. as was CHART I. Dec. January 1st, 9 p.m. Feb. 1st, 11 1st, 7 p.m. p.m. N March 5 1st, DBACO URSA Cepheus MINOR .Lacerta (pole) Camelopardalis Cassiopeia (zenith) -0 PERSEUS AURIGA ORION v p.m. CHART II. March .April 1st, 9 p.m. 1st, May 11 1st, 7 p.m. p.m. N Cepheus CASSIOPEIA (pole) PER8EU8 DRACO URSA CORONA Camelopardalis MINOR BOREALIS URSA AURIGA MAJOR CANES Xynx VfcNATICI TAURUS (zenith) Coma Berenices W Leo E Minor GEMINI ORION CHART IV. Sept. October 1st, 9 p.m. 11 1st, Nov. Dec. p.m. 1st, 7 p.m. 1st, 5 p.m. MAJOR URSA Camelopardalis MINOR URSA (pole) CASSIOPEIA CORONA BORE DRACO Cepheua A Lift SERPENS HERCULES CYONUS W LYRA Vulpecula OPHIUCHUS SAGITTA N DELPHI aquila US Scutum SAGITTARIUS. Aquarius capricornua
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