HOW
TO
IDENTIFY
THE
STARS
.?1sb"ftfe-
COMPAN^T
THE
MACMILLAN
YORK
NEW
CHICAGO
BOSTON
"
"
ATLANTA
FRANCISCO
SAN
"
"
MACMILLAN
LONDON
CO.,
Limited
CALCUTTA
BOMBAY
"
"
MELBOURNE
THE
CO.
MACMILLAN
TORONTO
OF
CANADA,
Lra
n,frH
HOW
IDENTIFY
TO
STARS
THE
BY
if MILHAM,
WILLIS
FIELD
MEMORIAL
IN
PROFESSOR
WILLIAMS
Ph.D.
COLLEGE
"
*
Ncto
THE
*
*"
gotfe
MACMILLAN
COMPANY
1909
Ail
ASTRONOMY
OF
right* reserved
CoFYKiGirr,
By
Set
THE
COMPANY.
MACMILLAN
and
up
1909,
Published
electrotyped.
June,
"
w
*
"-
-
-
".
w
v"
V
.
J.
8.
Owning
Norwood,
Go.
Btrwiok
*
"
Mam.,
UAA.
8mtth
Oo.
1909.
"
i
CONTENTS
PAGE
I.
II.
Introduction
The
i
History
Number
and
of
tions
Constella-
the
3
III.
The
Methods
Designating
of
a
Star
12
.
IV.
Star
.
Magnitudes
15
V.
Star
Colors
20
VI.
The
Number
of
Stars
the
.21
.
VII.
The
Method
of
Locating
the
.
Stars
.
and
Constellations
23
VIII.
The
Method
of
Further
Study
33
INTRODUCTION
I.
The
ability
and
stars
locate
to
useful
a
who
people
a
fair
and
constellations
they
find
the
meteorologist
the
and
use
of
and
of
has
star
of
the
place
and
The
auroral
an
is to
been
each
definitely
case
has
the
stars
increasing
and
best
tions
observaof
of
the
the
rora
Au-
ance
appear-
meteors,
a
is
locate
to
way
without
streamer
the
stars
the
between
Similarly
disappearance
of
if the
determined
been
To
constellations
it extends.
and
appearance
tronomy
as-
bright
observe
which
over
in
streamers
stars
popular
make
the
the
of
with
would
who
number
information.
their
of
apparatus
which
in
disappearance
of
in
stellations
con-
ing
interest-
an
The
steadily
necessary.
position
both
interest
locate
or
of
the
point
is
position
knowledge
absolutely
is
acquaintance
pleasure
Borealis
conspicuous
more
real
brilliant
more
acquirement.
a
real
the
groups,
have
and
of
the
star
or
and
recognize
to
noted.
If
a
the
teor
me-
est
near-
great
HOW
2
exactness
is
direction
of
the
time
exact
by
also
made
at
be
the
and
display,
and
motion,
velocity
of
meteor
a
The
the
as
stars
way
on
method
is
on
in
to
the
here
and
the
of
followed
essentially the
Descriptive
same
direction
in
orbit
by
of
space
tion.
computa-
here
is to
the
given,
first
those
and
as
Astronomy
of
that
in
also
further
who
the
in
steps
and
acquisition
part
auroral
an
tracings
constellations
and
of
the
constellation
material
taking
stations,
determined
the
servation
ob-
elevation)
height,
motion,
be
of
purpose
guide
the
of
of
observations
more,
distance,
may
descriptive
a
the
the
the
stars,
and
direction
and
height,
an
place
such
preferably
two,
distance,
From
stated.
the
of
(latitude, longitude,
must
the
Whenever
means
observation
of
and
from
question
estimated.
located
is thus
object
be
distance
angular
in
point
may
STARS
THE
the
desired,
star
nearest
IDENTIFY
TO
desire
material
used
and
serve
learning
to
point
tion
informait.
The
presented
in the
Williams
course
College.
THE
II.
HISTORY
constellations
the
150
School
He
of
learning
the
Greek
his
manuscript
has
southern,
constellations
whole
sky,
unmapped
the
as
a
by
between
spaces
centuries
passed,
became
sacrilegious
Finally,
in
1601,
of
and
mapped
the
two
add
to
in
magest,"
"Al-
it he
merates,
enu-
48 constellations
and
the
the
the
covered
southern
were
sphere
hemioften
constellations.
of
need
but
;
zodiacal.
12
there
constellations
3
formatio
in-
of
the
In
us.
the
apparent,
to
of
writings
called
means
no
large part
not
was
As
15
to
locates
and
about
translation
Arabic
an
down
come
northern,
original
Astronomy,
on
describes,
These
His
at
astronomical
the
time.
in
systematizer
great
lost, but
are
Ptolemy
Philosophy
summarized
his
the
concerning
Claudius
of
a
w.as
and
21
from
comes
Alexandrian
a.d.
information
definite
first
OF
CONSTELLATIONS
THE
The
NUMBER
AND
it
more
was
Ptolemaic
were
stellations
con-
ered
considlist.
added
HOW
4
by
Brahe.
Tycho
nearly
considered
and
give
by
in
into
divided
difficulties
were
now
had
constellations
constellations
given
four,
to
present
thus
of
some
them
24
are
list
added
and
by
88
large
a
had
could
each
astronomer.
number
new
of
by
the
been
come
be-
never
practically
so
constellations.
the
The
some
names
dropped,
shows
stellation
con-
before
for
which
were
109
112.
as
Gradually,
consent,
there
making
added,
overlapped
least
hemisphere
great
as
international.
common
and
stars
ing.
choos-
own
at
were
for
note
of
his
southern
the
been
of
group
of
name
constellations,
(Argo)
was
a
map
there
1800
known
well
to
a
and
way,
astronomer
every
group
the
opened
duty
the
to
Thus
fairly
his
it
STARS
THE
This
centuries
two
IDENTIFY
TO
that
The
of
lations
constel-
at
companying
ac-
OF
HISTORY
CONSTELLATIONS
THE
4"
s
12
9
109
divided
Argo
into
four
parts
3
112
Twenty-four
dropped
were
_"4
.
88
authorities
Some
the
to
schius
in
to
very
1624
and
a.d.
mentioned
whole
in
have
definite
sky.
and
out
The
among
four
a
smaller
constellations
ber
num-
do
and
boundaries,
lines
boundary
irregular,particularly in
Bart-
to
table.
the
the
to
one
a.d.,
130
and
thus
in
constellation
one
in
a.d.,
300
eighty-eight
overlap,
wind
in
some
These
the
Hadrian
Emperor
Eratosthenes
attribute
stars
the
case
not
cover
usually
and
of
are
the
HOW
6
constellations.
northern
distances
considerable
The
circles.
of the southern
Some
boundaries
have
constellations
STARS
THE
IDENTIFY
TO
of
arcs
constellations
being
unequal size, some
which
great
are
ten
or
also
times
for
are
small
of
as
very
large
others.
as
The
the
name,
n^me
following
list contains
Latin
constellations, the
the
of the
meaning
of
of
originator
the
the
the
genitiveof
name,
of
names
and
constellation
the
the
:
"
HISTORY
OF
THE
CONSTELLATIONS
8
HOW
TO
IDENTIFY
THE
STARS
HISTORY
NAME
OF
THE
Genitive
CONSTELLATIONS
Proposer
Meaning
"
s
Pa'-vo
Pavor-nis
Peacock
Af
Peg'-asus
Peg'-asi
Winged
yV
Per'-seus
Per'-sei
Perseus
Ptolemy
s
Phce'-nix
Phoeni'-cis
Phoenix
Bayer
Pic'-tqr
Picto'-ris
Painter
LaCaille
"-
Pis'-ces
Pis'-cium
Fishes
Rolemy
s
Pis'-cis
Pis'-cis
Southern
Ptolemy
s
Austraf-lis
Austra'-lis
Bayer
horse
Ptolemy
fish
Pup'-pis
Pup'-pis
Stern
LaCaille
Retic'-ulum
Retic'-uli
Net
LaCaille
N
Sagit'-ta
Sagit'-tae
Arrow
Rolemy
"
Sagittar-rius Sagitta'-rii
Archer
Rolemy
7"
Scor'-pius
Scor'-pii
Scorpion
Ptolemy
s
Sculp'-tor
Sculpto'-ris
Sculptor
La
Scu'-tum
Scur-ti
Shield
Hevelius
S
Caille
,
V
Serr-pens
Serpen'-tis
Serpent
Ptolemy
3
Sex'-tans
Sextan'-tis
Sextant
Hevelius
z.
Taur-rus
Tau'-ri
Bull
Rolemy
"S
Telesco'-pium Telesco'-pii Telescope
K
s
Trian'-gulum Trian'-guli
Triangle
Rolemy
Trian'-gulum Trian'-guli
Southern
Bayer
Austra'-le
5
J*
Tucar-na
Ur'-sa
Ma'-jor
*
Ur'-sa
Mi'-nor
S
LaCaille
Ve'-la
""
Vir'-go
s
Vor-lans
hf
Vulpec'-ula
Austra'-lis
Tuca'-nae
triangle
American
Bayer
HOW
io
It will
TO
be
from
of
that
seen
used;
names
there
of
names
STARS
three
are
animals,
and
mythology,
kinds
rowed
bor-
names
of
names
of
pieces
apparatus.
When
and
where
originallydesigned
received
This
subject
but
him,
earlier
And
earlier
b.c,
not
but
that
this
work
based
in
turn,
astronomical
on
time
There
are
origin
at
of
two
secondly, the
the
with
of
an
b.c.
140
fairlyfull description
be
in the
found
about
by
280
now
we
made
by
thousand
of
know,
the
that
an
was
Greeks,
was
as
first,the
constellations
at
old.
years
information
documentary
b.c.
in 370
Eudoxus
constellations:
from
line
out-
given
versification
of
sources
the
about
information
least
three
evidence
;
as
observations
on
a
Soli, date
a
in
revision
date
can
simply
was
astronomical
and
time
of
Aratus
this
But
his
constellations
the
of
poem
slight
by Hipparchus,
before
even
study.
original
means
a
and
constellations
48
no
simply
was
list
of
by
have
sketched
merely
were
which
attention
of
list of
was
constellations
questions
are
be
can
The
by Ptolemy
the
deal
great
a
here.
the
THE
IDENTIFY
to
ternal
in-
selves
them-
evidence
in
III.
THE
METHODS
A
oldest,
The
designating
a
its
in
position
of
the
but
of
was
be
as
described
"in
or
"in
the
horn
still
give
with
the
There
have
a
of
are
hundred
origin,
old
of
cules"
Her"
Bootes
Many
or
charts
star
connection
in
pictures
of
head
constellations.
four
usually
and
are
position.
in
now
Latin,
either
For
but
names,
are
of
ing
designatof
stars
less
than
Hundreds
name.
these
of
methods
individual
of
are
modern
(i) By
received
They
bull."
the
might
star
a
the
the
which
after
knee
right
tion
representa-
a
Thus
"in
portion
constellation
by
thing
located
the
The
covered
the
describe
to
was
certain
a
named.
those
star,
a
to
be
to
constellation
star
of
method
constellation.
the
picture
or
obsolete,
now
particular
supposed
was
STAR
belonging
sky
DESIGNATING
OF
Greek,
13
or
names
proper
example
general
:
Regulus,
use.
Arabic
or
scribe
de-
Spica,
THE
METHODS
Aldebaran.
Bayer
the
(2) By
the
in
constellation
order
in
:
a
the
Greek
STAR
A
of
means
introduced
stars
letters
DESIGNATING
OF
a
letter.
of
system
by
In
These
"
rj eta
vnu
7
/3
beta
6
" xi
v
y
gamma
t
8
delta
k
kappa
theta
iota
epsilon
A
lambda
"
zeta
p
mu
stars
brightness, a
Greek
Roman
the
stars
instead
Greek
the
a
custom
constellation.
in
In
a
of
This
the
few
Latin
The
always
g
1
700
letters
the
position
genitive of
follows
For
the
example:
Ursae
Majoris.
Flamsteed
numbering
the
instances
of
order
of
order
exhausted,
letter.
About
omega
the
When
in
name
Roman
number.
a"
were
Lyrae, /3 Geminorum,
(3) By
sigma
used.
brightness.
or
\jtpsi
on.
lettered
constellation
the
a
of
so
were
were
rho
c^
brightest star, /3
alphabet
letters
x
lettered
the
being
brightest,and
the
pi
"r
usually
were
upsilon
"f"phi
ir
p
tau
omicron
o
c
of
in
are,
alpha
next
the
of
a
The
1603
designating
means
alphabet.
,13
the
duced
introstars
applies usually
to
in
the
fainter
west
to
Cassiopeiae.
the
of
case
naked
a
is
and
eye,
telescope
faint
some
the
only,
usually
the
or
some
in
first
B.A.C.
seldom
are
but
three
overlap
visible
has
simply
a
addition
of
at
to
while
numbered,
to
In
visible
designated
certain
the
to
visible
as
in
a
having
It
catalogue.
in
which
known
it
curred
oc-
sive
comprehen-
example:
by
Groombridge
Those
to
the
the
naked
Bayer
brighter
eye,
stars
and
this
methods
which
telescopic
name,
modern
The
present.
catalogue
proper
four
the
lettered.
usually
still
50
number.
catalogue
For
Cygni,
61
stars
well
from
position
4536.
last
The
is
a
very
catalogue.
966,
all
star
number
certain
of
stars
nearly
and
lettered,
catalogue
By
(4)
order
example:
For
east.
STARS
been
not
in
numbered
were
THE
had
which
stars
they
IDENTIFY
TO
HOW
i4
is
letter.
are
fainter,
are
usually
are
number.
usually
stars
referred
If
a
given
star
in
IV.
The
refers
its
six
simply
volume
the
graded
for
is
more
the
faint
of
a
observers,
it
also
As
became
rather
than
is
but
star,
might
as
the
result,
by
tudes
magni-
was
more
subdivide
no
in
the
by
even
scope
tele-
include
to
determined
to
"5
of
there
became
desirable
the
observers
differ
measurements
the
is unable
as
so
different
As
because
number
stars,
the
The
After
the
system.
faint
being
instruments
increased
among
the
of
into
brightest.
it
unless
telescopic
uniformity
the
not
eye
sixth
distinctions.
be
to
naked
the
a
arbitrarily
magnitudes
invented,
had
three.
six
help
finer
was
these
first
known,
not
make
to
the
to
to
and
Ptolemy
visible
having
applied
brightness
mass.
the
without
eye
when
magnitudes,
or
and
reason
"
its
to
or
stars
classes
faintest
MAGNITUDES
magnitude
"
term
star
to
STAR
tending
ex-
nitude
magent
differ-
two
or
exact,
tudes.
magni-
HOW
16
It
TO
IDENTIFY
been
had
noticed
roughly speaking, a
was
about
star
of
to
make
sixth.
the
between
Vioo,
successive
Thus,
of
61
a
=
of
star
Vioo
first
first
the
1850,
2.5
1
2,
time
some
times
In
or
STARS
for
hundred
one
the
THE
magnitude
bright
as
Pogson
the
that,
as
a
proposed
uniform
ratio
magnitudes.
62" where
magnitude
ix is the
and
star
ness
bright-
62 that
of
a
second.
Thus,
in
general, bm"
Transposing this, -?
=
{y\oo)n-mbn.
(VIOO)*-"*,
A
5.
lo"o -jr-{n-m) log10Vioo,
This
of the
formula
ratio
put into words
of
is
:
brightness equals
the
four
logarithm
tenths
of
MAGNITUDES
STAR
the
difference
in
magnitude.
formula, if the magnitudes
the
ratio
the
of
ratio
is
be
may
If
i.
(" Ursae
of
of this
means
stars
given,
are
and
computed,
if
of
magnitude
the
of
magnitude
the
other
computed.
Example
Alkor
be
and
brightness
given, the
By
of two
brightness may
of
star
one
17
the
and
is 4.0,
Majoris)
Ursae
of
magnitude
is 2.4
Majoris)
(g
the
Mizar
of
magnitude
find
their
ratio
brightness.
log10ratio
0.4(4.0
=
Ratio
Example
Polaris
of
o.4(1 .6)
=
4.37.
=
is 30
star
a
times
as
Minoris),magnitude
(a Ursae
0.64.
=
brightness
If
2.
2.4)
"
bright
2.1,
find
as
its
magnitude.
log103O= 0.4(2.1-*),
1.477
0.84
=
-0.637,
0.4*=
The
is
magnitude
of Sirius
This
definite
expressed
1.59,
(a Canis
system
gradually adopted,
are
"
in
and
it
0.4*,
"
this
and
is the
nitude
mag-
Majoris).
of star
now
Some
magnitudes
all star
star
was
magnitudes
must
be
con-
18
HOW
sidered
to
definite
be
the
is
Minoris)
stars
of
means
the
the
connection
Here
of about
stars
In
eye
this
of
stars
air
disadvantage
that
there
A
magnitude.
of
one
o
magnitude.
that
for
must
would
a
very
be
star
first
the
circumpolar
naked
sixth
nitude
mag-
from
haze.
about
the
free
and
is
system
brighter
than
times
as
2.51
2.5
the
There
the
but
of
bright object
used.
Polaris
the
the
star
of
this
in
magnitudes,
would
magnitude
A
be
of
stars
are
work
The
hundred
is clear
One
and
magnitude.
of
system
if the
brightness,
is not
one
fifth
the
perceive
can
directlyor
particularlynoteworthy.
standard
magnitude
mean
other
all
determined.
been
actual
Ursae
(a
College Observatory
has
the
of
nitudes
mag-
fundamental
the
it, either
ratio
a
determined
be
photometers
magnitude,
Harvard
the
Polaris
as
with
the
indirectly,and
of
taken
have
to
and
must
magnitude.
compared
are
thus
stars
usually
By
star.
is,
that
magnitude,
other
its
of
terms
STARS
THE
fundamental,
unchanging
of
in
IDENTIFY
TO
1
times
a
is
bright
of
as
the
bright
magnitude.
1
"
first
the
be
as
fact
the
as
Thus
negative magnitude
one
star
which
has
Most
of
V.
STAR
the
stars
although
in
be
with
tinged
to
the
naked
white,
Stars
white,
such
to
of
tinge
a
in
list
ably
prob-
white,
reddish
yellow,
white
dominates
pre-
it. is
that
in
color
be
to
the
case
appear
bluish
said
extent
the
to
orange-white,
every
an
appears
they
as
white,
sometimes
are
red, but
or
orange,
only
greenish
eye:
star
colors
white,
as
us
following
The
various
yellowish
white.
the
cases
color.
the
to
appear
few
a
includes
COLORS
really
is
that
question
perceived.
As
colors
they
are
The
differences
the
through
seen
be
may
strongly
of
causes
in
all
telescope
noticed,
mixed
with
these
20
every
trum
speccase
white.
differences
temperature
in
but
the
and
in
chemical
color
are
position.
com-
VI.
of
is
at
haze
a
about
said
before,
of
of
is
m
remarkably
would
many
of
be
stars
table
the
magnitude.
close.
that
in
each
that
the
gives
are
As
is
about
21
in
was
usually
the
to
the
naked
number
The
values
The
magnitude
magnitude.
clear
visible.
gives
of
ond
sec-
4
agreement
words,
three
as
is
Thus
considered
Expressed
there
amount
magnitude.
the
these
horizon.
visibility
table
naked
of
small
magnitude
each
between
stars
line
where
limit
following
The
be
are
sixth
the
to
ter
mat-
a
number
the
near
stars
As
a
the
stars
the
the
considered
and
would
2,000
the
one-half
Only
reduces
which
night
that
visible
time,
one
any
STARS
number.
number
particularly
only
eye.
in
6,000.
greatly
visible,
on
total
about
only
visible
are
of
the
fact
THE
expressed
countless
almost
appear
eye
is often
opinion
The
OF
NUMBER
THE
in
the
times
the
x
3*,
is
law
as
ceding
pre-
HOW
22
The
the
the
magnitude,
"
in
the
IDENTIFY
following
gives
stars
TO
indicates
United
list of
the
that
"
brightest
twenty
the
color.
the
States:
the
name,
proper
and
STARS
THE
star
The
is
Bayer letter,
word
never
"
visible
(in-
visible
VII.
THE
METHOD
STARS
The
of
here
so-called
as
which
advocated
that
the
in
the
conspicuous
The
with
five
on
third
it
and
the
of
of
group
23
the
88
four
falls
runs
is
lations
constel-
groups.
second
which
single
19
For
conspicuous
28
The
a
eye
identified.
of
constellations
ognized.
rec-
constellation
into
tracings.
account
the
etc.,
been
once
instinctively
them,
divided
the
figures,
quickly
have
the
stars
and
stars
consists
group
bright
as
sky,
its
of
Most
sickle,
soon
locating
been
constellations
contains
the
and
recognized
first
as
of
W,
tracings
tracing,
have
star.
of
part
convenience
The
these
noticed,
and
through
thus
square,
stellations
con-
means
lines, form
easily remembered
are
learned
by
contain
by
triangle,
a
and
stars
tracings.
connected
After
upon
is
constellations
when
which,
the
locating
constellation
conspicuous
THE
LOCATING
CONSTELLATIONS
AND
method
such
OF
are
group
chiefly
very
comprises
bright
the
TO
HOW
34
too
are
from
in
contains
the
far south
to
the
four
STARS
THE
constellations, while
inconspicuous
group
IDENTIFY
United
36
be
parts gives these
fourth
which
constellations
at
seen
States.
the
all
or
well
The
following
four
groups
of
seen
table
stellations:
con-
"
88
THE
CONSTELLATIONS
DIVIDED
INTO
FOUR
GROUPS
I.
II.
The
The
Conspicuous
28
5
Constellations
Constellations
with
a
with
single
yery
Star
Bootes
Canes
Venatici
PlSCIS
Canis
Major
Canis
Minor
AUSTRALIS
Tracings
bright
LOCATING
THE
III.
The
STARS
19
AND
CONSTELLATIONS
Constellations
Inconspicuous
Aquarius
Eridanus
Camelopardalis
Hydra
Cancer
Lacerta
Capricornus
Leo
Cepheus
Lynx
Cetus
Monoceros
Coma
25
Minor
Pisces
Berenices
Crater
Scutum
Equuleus
Sextans
Vulpecula
IV.
The
36 Southern
Constellations
*
TO
HOW
26
Charts
I. to
constellations
at
would
is,stars
hours
earlier
28
capitals,while
are
the
sky,
the
head
for
the
month
about
Andromeda
Libra
are
pair.
The
of
the
hour
to
of
the
rotation
be
to
held
south.
given
of
to
small
constellations
to
order
The
in
evening,
is
later.
five with
the
order
facing
In
year.
match
over
Thus
the
for
get the
tion
posievery
tion
posi-
evening, only
the
heavens
the
need
of.
account
1
month.
a
In
supposed
earlier,
hours
printed
are
month
position two
and
letters.
hour
diurnal
Figures
of
stars
is
other
any
taken
lapse
constellations
the
apparent
same
observer
an
in the
at
the
inconspicuous
chart
of
of
be
the
hours
two
constellations
convenient
a
the
in small
printed
month
into
bright
very
the
of
following
a
position two
come
conspicuous
single
During
after
position
during January, April,
preceding
a
That
the
p.m.
the
STARS
THE
show
9
show
during
and
IV.
October.
July, and
they
IDENTIFY
24
the
and
and
give
28
tracings
conspicuous
Perseus,
and
and
Aries
lines
by
one
figure
represent
mation
infor-
constellations.
Scorpius, Ophiuchus
represented
faint
the
the
lum,
Trianguand
for
pens,
Sereach
tracings.
28
HOW
The
with
TO
facts
IDENTIFY
five constellations
the
concerning
singlevery bright star
a
Bootes
are:
"
magnitude,
Arcturus;
name,
a;
"
STARS
THE
color,
0.2;
orange-white.
Venatici
Canes
Cor
; name,
a
"
Caroli ;
magnitude, 3.3
;
color,white.
Canis
Major
Sirius ;
; name,
a
"
magnitude,
color,
1.6 ;
"
bluish white.
Minor
Canis
color, bluish
and
of 3.1
white,
is
than
by
Minoris
(ft Canis
been
has
The
fairlyconspicuous.
perhaps have
magnitude,
Procyon;
name,
a;
"
0.5;
magnitude
a
could
constellation
represented by these
two
better
stars
single star.)
a
Piscis Australis
Fomalhaut;
name,
a;
"
magnitude,
1.3;
color, orange-white.
the
Of
and
Cepheus
of
Sextans,
the
Virgo, Serpens, Ophiuchus,
is
of coordinates
the
crosses
called
are
equator
of the equator ;
and
is the
the
portion
hour
"
in
time
The
is
equator
through
and
and
runs
the
perpendicular to
point
the
point
from
o
in
to
the
sun
tion
constella-
north
when
between
where
in the
distance
minus
and
Hydra,
startingpoint or origin
angular
north
Cepheus
Aquila, Aquarius.
It is located
21.
of the
circle
poles
equinox,
March
when
the
circles.
vernal
on
plus
usually expressed
"""
hour
Declination
of Pisces.
ascension
the
through
easily
most
in
stars
cer
Can-
Orion, Monoceros,
Pisces, Cetus, Taurus,
Leo,
equator
two
are
great circles drawn
The
the
perhaps
are
There
recognized.
stellations
constellations
inconspicuous
19
or
south.
south
Right
the vernal
nox
equi-
question.
It is
24
hours.
LOCATING
which
catch
little
are
the
AND
CONSTELLATIONS
first and
eye
brighter than
those
is noticeable
Cancer
quite
close
they
together
quite a
are
These
/3 (magnitude 3.3).
of
account
on
29
them.
near
(magnitude 2.6) and
a
stars
STARS
THE
which
the
form
three
a
little
equilateraltriangle.
The
best
with
the
material
Most
method
of
given
know
people
of
procedure
which
Notice
the
known,
and
In
stars.
will become
at
start
those
reference
then
try
this way
are
which
are
Cassiopeia, Leo,
pius, Taurus,
observe
to
where
pick
it out
the
where
the
carefullythe
stellation
con-
already
among
constellations
If
to
tions
constella-
no
the
far the
observer,
most
spicuous.
con-
probably Aries, Auriga,
Lyra, Orion,
Ursa
method
the
those
by
stellations.
con-
constellations
to
all of
are
three
alreadyknown.
are
already familiar
those
charts
which
with
These
the
first the
the
suggested.
the best
case,
graduallyknown.
all
with
study
or
tracing,determine
is
the
is to
surround
least two
is the
from
be
only
can
at
If that
ance
acquaint-
an
constellations
and
stars
here
buildingup
Major.
Pegasus,
Determine
constellation
is
Scorfrom
located,
tracing, noting particuJ
J
J
J
J
J
J
-"
J
HOW
3o
TO
IDENTIFY
larly the
magnitudes
persevere
until
For
find
in
mind
before
one
a
is of
color.
while
first
the
these
As
the
take
with
one
electric
lamp
for
to
When
progress
is
an
constellations
*
*
"
*
"
"
"
"
"
'
"
"
"
"
been
only
bright
in
forgotten
is often
has
convenient
a
pocket
been
once
made,
single hour's
A
with
the
give
to
and
to
a
stars
structi
inand
ble
considera-
a
beginner, particularly
tracings have
been
previously.
advocated
acquaintance
is to start
The
but
reddish
and
tracings and
charts
method
buildingup
have
sky, it
sky
illuminating them.
carefullystudied
Another
firmly
and
one
sometimes
are
information
if the
stars.
magnitude
familiar
of
the
that
is sufficient
amount
fix
magnitude
same
the
one
constellations
made
stars
to
usually easy.
by
be
V, that all of the
beginning
a
is to
the
facts
observing
recognized.
Taurus,
out
moderately bright, and
star
is
then
observe
the
of about
are
of
and
stars,
attempt
going
tracing is
the
constellation
constellation
the
the
of
if the
example,
to
that
the
STARS
THE
chief
given
in
with
facts
a
by
with
the
about
previous
for
some
the
stars
fifteen
these
table.
and
est
brightstars
Find
LOCATING
by looking
out,
charts, how
desired
of
as
until
before
from
and
these
these
constellations.
bright
This
stars
when
the
the
fainter
light
conspicuous.
more
is
night
the
as
used
the
of
the
best
of
to
vantage
ad-
seven
pales
the
time
number
with
best
three
out
bright
clear
perfectly
A
and
starting
to
an
up
stars
moon
making
the
not
of
is from
thus
build
surrounding
moon
stars,
recognized,
points
be
part
persevere
been
method
can
The
old.
days
the
the
at
what
Then
have
known
as
with
acquaintance
the
located.
are
in
and
the
on
visible
are
observation
of
sky they
the
these
of
31
constellations
the
up
many
time
CONSTELLATIONS
AND
STARS
THE
to
ones
less
moon-
servatio
ob-
begin
visible
stars
is
confusing.
Some
advocate
trying
constellations
and
rising
method
hazy
The
and
the
that
are
identifying
by
setting.
or
horizon
that
of
a
night
year.
and
is
it
is
them
impossible
at
some
when
of
of
rest
confines
particular
stars
always
the
than
sky, and, secondly,
to
the
disadvantages
cloud-covered
observation
locate
to
hour
the
of
times
this
more
the
time
the
of
HOW
32
Any
by
to
its
point
notice
IDENTIFY
attempt
giving
known
to
TO
its
locate
location
be
star
a
direction
will
STARS
THE
and
or
distance
successful
more
no
on
a
constellation
chart
from
a
than
VIII.
THE
METHOD
OF
FURTHER
STUDY
The
charts,
above
first
only
serve
can
in
steps
referred
the
to
is
these
of
useful
reader
books
and
be
must
bearing
books
the
tions.
constella-
both
the
given
taking
and
stars
it
numerous
Some
subject.
the
gain
to
in
guide
a
knowledge
and
pleasant,
as
learning
Further
information
and
figures,
will
the
on
be
cated
indi-
here.
G.
E.
Stechert,
information.
in
constellations,
where
is
It
facts
compendium
a
book
read
be
to
There
are
Friendly
Stars;
d
mine
such
in
stars
of
as
the
stars
from
the
magnitude,
Harper
33
but
and
ings
writthe
color,
not
a
whole.
MARTIN,
books,
and
constellation.
each
a
the
and
used,
information,
as
of
of
meaning
were
through
two
veritable
extracts
names
chief
Meanings;
with
numerous
the
their
the
gives
these
etc., about
a
connection
important
more
is
1899,
It
used
names
and
Star-names
ALLEN,
Brothers,
The
1907,
TO
HOW
34
IDENTIFY
SERVISS,
and
Harper
tempt
to
and
in
put
facts
Brothers,
readable
charts, giving the
the
sixth
whenever
recommend
to
of
presentation
the
Among
A
BALL,
"
Son, London,
the
are
down
is desired.
to
books
two
subject
up-to-date
star
a
lar
popu-
atlases
star
"
Guide
to
the Heavens;
George Philip
1905.
Star
KLEIN,
1
Popular
all stars
giving
modern
form
contains
book
a
the
mentioned:
be
may
These
magnitude.
at-
tions.
constella-
and
also
of
position
which
attractive
stars
book
last-named
Naked
the
1908,
and
the
concerning
The
with
Astronomy
Eye;
the
STARS
THE
Atlas
E.
;
"
J. B. Young
"
Co.,
New
York,
901.
The
PECK,
Observer's
Inglis,London,
L.
A
Kicker, Leipzig,
star
desires
and
Ginn
Atlas;
Stern- Atlas
MESSER,
atlas
to
is
add
Company,
1896.
Hitntnelsbeobachtungen
;
K.
1902.
absolutely
to
represent
their
boundaries,
stars
visible
to
"
fur
his
constellations.
atlases
"
1898.
Star
UPTON,
Gall
of the Heavens;
Atlas
and
the
one
who
of
the
stars
charts
in
these
knowledge
The
all
essential
star
the
give
naked
to
constellations
the
eye.
location
In
with
of
all
addition
HOW
36
and
the
only
in
is
the
ninth
the
small
of
the
etc.,
such
the
it
perhaps
stars,
within
magnitude,
the. field of view
as
naked
constellations, the
also
can
colored
eye,
of
Clarendon
tronomie
coordinates
small
selected
each
Such
and
der
As-
in
stars
Nautical
of
be
The
found
can
Ameri-
lished
pub-
Almanac^
Washington,
books
the
or
in the
responding
cor-
English, French,
AMBRONN,
(Julius Springer, Berlin, 1907)
coordinates
the
are
above
information,
observer
right ascension,
star,
governments.
Stemverzeichnis
all)which
a
list of
at
year
German
contains
of
and
year
also
tronomy
As-
1890)
desired, they may
are
Epkemeris
and
Press,
Handworterbuch
declination
a
Practical
(Breslau, 1901).
If the
for
stars*
CHAMBERS'S
and
of Descriptive
VALENTINER,
and
in
visible
stars
variable
stars,
found
be
(The
the
when
telescope
tenth
or
area
the
Handbook
in
the
useful
are
telescope.
Lists
to
with
identify all
to
STARS
THE
Argentina
connection
to
very
IDENTIFY
Uranometria
desired
even
a
TO
who
the
however,
is
of
6.5
all stars
star
magnitude.
is desired
locating
an
(7796
not
by
object by
THE
/
of
means
is
METHOD
the
The
the
on
of the Heavens;
Star
GORE,
89
1
York,
of
other
valuable
illustrate
to
"
the
Geography
1835.
the
London,
Constellations;
1889.
Groups;
Lockwood
Crosby
"
don,
Sons, Lon-
1.
HEIS,
Atlas
HILL,
The
Company,
Cosies Hs
Stars
New
JOHNSTON,
; G.
Nouvus
and
Cologne, 1872.
;
Funk
Constellations;
"
Wagnalls
York, 1894.
Handbook
JEANS,
Grant)
who
computer
Celeste; Paris, 1869.
Atlas
DIEN,
37
constellations:
and
designed
New
Charts
COTTAM,
the
by
list contains
stars
Atlas
BURRITT,
STUDY
observations.
following
books
but
stars,
the
reducing
FURTHER
OF
for Finding
School
P.
Putnam's
Atlas
Sons,
the
London,
of Astronomy
1888.
(revised by
York.
New
Astronomy
without
Constellations
and
MAUNDER,
Stars;
a
Telescope; London,
1902.
The
PECK,
"
how
to
find them;
Gall
Inglis,London.
PORTER,
Stars
The
New
in
Song
Half-hours
with
York,
PROCTOR,
and
Ginn
Legend;
"
pany,
Com-
1902.
the Stars;
G.
P.
Putnam's
Sons, 1875.
Pleasures
SERVISS,
Company,
ton
"
New
Astronomy
Company,
YOUNG,
York,
Telescope; D.
the
Appleton
"
York, 1905.
New
SERVISS,
of
New
with
York,
Uranography,
1890.
an
Opera-glass;
D.
Apple-
1906.
in
his
Elements
of Astronomy;
HOW
38
The
are
star
TO
atlases
particularly
prominence
the
case
IDENTIFY
the
all
constellation
the
Heis,
Burritt,
interesting,
to
with
of
STARS
THE
older
as
they
and
Dien
give
great
figures,
atlases.
as
was
CHART
I.
Dec.
January
1st,
9
p.m.
Feb.
1st,
11
1st,
7
p.m.
p.m.
N
March
5
1st,
DBACO
URSA
Cepheus
MINOR
.Lacerta
(pole)
Camelopardalis
Cassiopeia
(zenith)
-0
PERSEUS
AURIGA
ORION
v
p.m.
CHART
II.
March
.April
1st,
9
p.m.
1st,
May
11
1st,
7
p.m.
p.m.
N
Cepheus
CASSIOPEIA
(pole)
PER8EU8
DRACO
URSA
CORONA
Camelopardalis
MINOR
BOREALIS
URSA
AURIGA
MAJOR
CANES
Xynx
VfcNATICI
TAURUS
(zenith)
Coma
Berenices
W
Leo
E
Minor
GEMINI
ORION
CHART
IV.
Sept.
October
1st,
9
p.m.
11
1st,
Nov.
Dec.
p.m.
1st,
7
p.m.
1st,
5
p.m.
MAJOR
URSA
Camelopardalis
MINOR
URSA
(pole)
CASSIOPEIA
CORONA
BORE
DRACO
Cepheua
A
Lift
SERPENS
HERCULES
CYONUS
W
LYRA
Vulpecula
OPHIUCHUS
SAGITTA
N
DELPHI
aquila
US
Scutum
SAGITTARIUS.
Aquarius
capricornua