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How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Foreword
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
How to Use Briefing Notes
Foreword
The Airbus Flight Operations Briefing Notes have been developed to constitute
a safety-awareness reference for flight crewmembers , cabin crewmembers, flight
operations personnel and other aviation actors, regardless of their role, type of
equipment and operation.
The Flight Operations Briefing Notes provide an overview of the following aspects that
need to be understood and mastered in order to enhance ground and flight operations
safety :
•
Threats and hazards awareness;
•
Operational and training standards;
•
Operating and flying techniques;
•
Operational and human factors affecting crew performance;
•
Company accident-prevention-strategies;
•
Personal lines-of-defense; and,
•
Applicable regulations (e.g., ICAO recommendations, U.S. FARs and European
JARs).
Flight Operations Briefing Notes are intended to cover
from-gate-to-gate, considering multiple viewpoints, as follows :
Flight Phase Viewpoint :
•
Takeoff and departure operations;
•
Climb and cruise operations; and,
•
Descent, approach and landing operations.
Page 1 of 2
aircraft
operations
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
How to Use Briefing Notes
Foreword
Threat / Hazard Viewpoint :
•
Human performance;
•
Operational threats and errors;
•
Operating environment; and,
•
Weather.
Procedural Viewpoint :
•
Standard operating procedures (SOPs);
•
Supplementary techniques;
•
Abnormal and emergency procedure; and
•
Situations beyond the scope of published procedures.
Within the Flight Operations Briefing Notes website, each viewpoint is addressed in
a specific Series of Flight Operations Briefing Notes.
The Flight Operations Briefing Note titled Introducing the Briefing Notes Concept provides
detailed guidance on the content and suggested use of Flight Operations Briefing Notes.
Each Flight Operations Briefing Note features the following disclaimer clause :
This FOBN is part of a set of Flight Operations Briefing Notes that provide an overview of the applicable standards,
flying techniques and best practices, operational and human factors, suggested company prevention strategies and personal
lines-of-defense related to major threats and hazards to flight operations safety.
This FOBN is intended to enhance the reader's flight safety awareness but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations
and the Airbus or airline's operational documentation; should any deviation appear between this FOBN and the Airbus or
airline’s AFM / (M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM / CCOM, the latter shall prevail at all times.
In the interest of aviation safety, this FOBN may be reproduced in whole or in part - in all media - or translated; any use of
this FOBN shall not modify its contents or alter an excerpt from its original context. Any commercial use is strictly excluded.
All uses shall credit Airbus.
Airbus shall have no liability or responsibility for the use of this FOBN, the correctness of the duplication, adaptation or
translation and for the updating and revision of any duplicated version.
Airbus Customer Services
Flight Operations Support and Services
1 Rond Point Maurice Bellonte - 31707 BLAGNAC CEDEX FRANCE
FOBN Reference : FLT_OPS – FOBN – SEQ 01 - REV 05 – MAY. 2006
Page 2 of 2
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
How to Use Briefing Notes
Introducing the Briefing Notes Concept
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
How to Use Briefing Notes
Introducing the Briefing Notes Concept
I
General
The initial set of Approach-and-Landing Flight Operations Briefing Notes has been
developed by Airbus in the frame of the Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction
(ALAR) Task Force led by the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF).
The Approach-and-Landing Flight Operations Briefing Notes provide background
information,
operational
recommendations
and
training
guidelines
for
the implementation of the conclusions and recommendations of the following
international ALAR working groups:
•
FSF ALAR Task Force; and,
•
U.S. Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST), ALAR Joint Safety Implementation
Team (JSIT).
Lessons-learned from the Airbus operational and human factors analysis of in-service
occurrences and from training feedback have been also considered.
A generic version of the ALAR Briefing Notes has been published by the FSF,
in the Volume 19, No 8-11, Aug.-Nov./00 of the FSF Flight Safety Digest and in the FSF
ALAR Tool Kit (CD-ROM).
Page 1 of 6
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
II
How to Use Briefing Notes
Introducing the Briefing Notes Concept
Accident-prevention Strategy
The Flight Operations Briefing Notes have been designed to allow an eye-opening and
self-correcting accident-prevention strategy.
To support this strategy, each Flight Operations Briefing Note:
•
Presents the subject and its associated hazard to flight operations safety, using
background information and statistical data;
•
Emphasizes the applicable standards and best practices (e.g., standard operating
procedures [SOPs], supplementary techniques, operational recommendations and
training guidelines);
•
Lists and discusses the operational and human factors that may cause flight
crewmembers and cabin crewmembers to deviate from applicable standards;
This section constitutes an eye-opener to assist the reader in assessing his/her own
exposure;
•
Provides or suggests company accident-prevention-strategies and/or personal linesof-defense;
This section will assist the reader in identifying company or personal prevention
strategies and/or corrective actions;
•
Establishes a summary of operational key points and training key points;
•
Refers to associated or related Flight Operations Briefing Notes; and,
•
References related ICAO, U.S. FAR and European JAR regulatory documents.
The proposed education and training strategy is valid at both company and personal
levels for:
III
•
Risk awareness;
•
Exposure assessment;
•
Identification of related prevention strategies (at company level) and lines-ofdefense (at company and/or personal levels); and,
•
Implementation of prevention strategies and/or corrective actions.
Defining a Reference Aircraft
The technical content of the Flight Operations Briefing Notes refers to a generic
reference aircraft defined to reflect the design features common to most Airbus and
non-Airbus aircraft families (i.e., modern-technology airliners, regional and corporate
jets or turboprop aircraft).
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Flight Operations Briefing Notes
How to Use Briefing Notes
Introducing the Briefing Notes Concept
This reference aircraft features the following equipment to allow discussing the role and
operation of each system during each flight phase:
IV
•
Glass-cockpit, including an electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) consisting of
a primary flight display (PFD) and navigation display (ND);
•
Integrated autopilot (AP) / flight director (FD) / autothrottle/autothrust (A/THR)
systems;
•
Flight management system (FMS);
•
Automatic ground-spoilers;
•
Autobrake system;
•
Thrust reversers;
•
Two flight-deck crewmembers and required number of cabin crewmembers;
•
Operation using manufacturer-published or company-prepared standard operating
procedures (SOPs), defining the following elements:
−
Operating philosophy;
−
Use of automation;
−
Task sharing ( for pilot flying [PF] and pilot-non-flying [PNF] );
−
Crewmembers tasks for all phases of ground and flight operations;
−
Briefings;
−
Standard calls; and,
−
Normal checklists.
How to Use and Implement the Flight Operations Briefing Notes ?
The Flight Operations Briefing Notes should be used by airlines to enhance
the awareness of various operational and human factors, threats and hazards among
flight crews and cabin crews.
Management pilots and flight attendants should review, customize (as required) and
implementthe recommendations, guidelines and awareness information, in the following
domains:
•
•
Operational documentation:
−
Standard operating procedures; and,
−
Procedures and techniques / Supplementary techniques.
Training:
−
Simulator Training, to develop new scenarios for line oriented flight training
(LOFT) or special purpose operational training (SPOT); and/or,
Page 3 of 6
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
−
•
How to Use Briefing Notes
Introducing the Briefing Notes Concept
Crew resource management (CRM) training, to develop new topical subjects
to support CRM discussions.
Information:
−
Flight crew / Cabin crew bulletins;
−
Airline’s safety magazine articles;
−
Classroom lectures; and/or,
−
Stand-alone reading.
Line pilots, line flight attendants and flight operations personnel should review and
compare the recommendations, guidelines and awareness information with their
current practices and enhance their techniques and awareness level, as required.
Other actors in the global aviation system, such as:
•
Air traffic control services;
•
Navigation state agencies;
•
Operational authorities;
•
Service providers; and,
•
Flight academies / flying colleges; …
… should use the provision of the Flight Operations Briefing Notes to evaluate their
possible contribution to the enhancement of ground and flight safety.
V
Statistical Data
Statistical data quoted in the Flight Operations Briefing Notes originate from various
industry sources.
The following Special FSF Report provides a consolidated source of statistical data,
definitions and facts about approach-and-landing accidents, including those involving
CFIT:
Flight Safety Foundation
Flight Safety Digest
Killers in Aviation:
FSF Task Force Presents Facts
About Approach-and-landing and
Controlled-flight-into-terrain Accidents
Volume 17/No 11-12 – Volume 18/No 1-2
Nov.-Dec.98/Jan.-Feb.99
Page 4 of 6
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
VI
How to Use Briefing Notes
Introducing the Briefing Notes Concept
Reference Documents
The following reference documents have been used to:
•
Support and illustrate the applicable standards, operational recommendations and
training guidelines; and,
•
Document and analyze the operational factors and human factors involved in
incidents and accidents
Airbus Operational and Training Documentation :
•
Flight Crew Operating Manuals (FCOM);
•
Quick Reference Handbooks (QRH);
•
Flight Crew Training Manuals (FCTM);
•
Cabin Crew Operating Manuals (CCOM)
•
Instructor Support Guides;
•
Airbus Cockpit Philosophy reference document;
•
Airbus Training Philosophy reference document; and,
•
Proceedings of:
−
Performance and Operations Conferences;
−
Human Factors Symposiums; and,
−
Operational Liaison Meetings.
Aviation Regulations / Requirements :
•
ICAO – Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft, Part I – International Commercial Air
Transport – Aeroplanes;
•
ICAO – Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS-OPS, Doc 8168);
•
European Joint Aviation Requirement – JAR-OPS 1 – Commercial Air Transport
(Aeroplanes);
•
U.S. FAR – Part 91 – Air Traffic and General Operating Rules;
•
U.S. FAR – Part 121 – Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental
Operations; and,
•
U.S. FAA – Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) – Basic Flight Information and
ATC Procedures.
Airlines’ Aircraft Operating Manuals :
•
Several airlines’ aircraft operating manuals (AOM) have been used to document
operators’ best practices for non-type-related operational matters.
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Flight Operations Briefing Notes
How to Use Briefing Notes
Introducing the Briefing Notes Concept
Government Agency Websites :
•
NASA ASRS ( http://asrs.arc.nasa.gov/ and http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov/ );
•
U.S. FAA ( http://www.faa.gov/ );
•
U.S. NTSB ( http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/ );
•
French BEA ( http://www.bea-fr.org/ );
•
U.K. AAIB ( http://www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/ );
•
Transport Canada (http://www.tc.gc.ca/) and,
•
Australian BASI ( http://www.atsb.gov.au/aviation/aviation/ )
In addition, Airlines’ Flight Safety Magazines, Incident and Accident Analysis Reports,
Feature Articles from various aviation publications have been used as data sources.
VII
Acknowledgement
Airbus is grateful to various airlines and industry professionals who have kindly
contributed to this effort by reviewing the Flight Operations Briefing Notes in their
respective fields of expertise.
VIII
How to Print Flight Operations Briefing Notes
The Flight Operations Briefing Notes have been designed in a custom-size format
to allow printing on either A4 or Letter paper format.
As required, select the print option “Fit to page” in the “Print” window to optimize
printing quality.
This FOBN is part of a set of Flight Operations Briefing Notes that provide an overview of the applicable standards,
flying techniques and best practices, operational and human factors, suggested company prevention strategies and personal
lines-of-defense related to major threats and hazards to flight operations safety.
This FOBN is intended to enhance the reader's flight safety awareness but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations
and the Airbus or airline's operational documentation; should any deviation appear between this FOBN and the Airbus or
airline’s AFM / (M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM / CCOM, the latter shall prevail at all times.
In the interest of aviation safety, this FOBN may be reproduced in whole or in part - in all media - or translated; any use of
this FOBN shall not modify its contents or alter an excerpt from its original context. Any commercial use is strictly excluded.
All uses shall credit Airbus.
Airbus shall have no liability or responsibility for the use of this FOBN, the correctness of the duplication, adaptation or
translation and for the updating and revision of any duplicated version.
Airbus Customer Services
Flight Operations Support and Services
1 Rond Point Maurice Bellonte - 31707 BLAGNAC CEDEX FRANCE
FOBN Reference : FLT_OPS – FOBN – SEQ 02 - REV 06 – MAY. 2006
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How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
How to Use Briefing Notes
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Term or
Definition
Abbreviation
A/THR
AAL
AC
ACAS
Autothrottle or Autothrust system
Above Airport Level
U.S. FAA Advisory Circular
Airborne Collision Avoidance System (see also TCAS)
ACP
Audio Control Panel (see also DCDU)
ADC
Air Data Computer
AFE
Above Field Elevation
AFL
Above Field Level (e.g., 1000 ft - height AFL)
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How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Definition
Abbreviation
AFM
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Airplane Flight Manual (approved by certification authorities)
Automatic Flight System, this includes the flight director (FD),
AFS
the autopilot (AP), the autothrottle/autothrust system (A/THR) and
the flight management system (FMS)
Above Ground Level (e.g., 1000 ft - height AGL, indicated by the radio
AGL
altimeter or computed by subtracting the terrain elevation from
the altitude above MSL)
AIM
U.S. FAA Aeronautical Information Manual
(previously called Airman Information Manual)
Aeronautical Information Publications
AIP
(published by ICAO member states)
ALA
ALAR
ALS
Approach-and-Landing Accident
Approach-and-Landing Accident Reduction
Airport Lighting System
ALTN
Alternate
AMC
Acceptable Means of Compliance (for compliance with JAR-OPS 1)
AOM
Aircraft Operating Manual (established by operator)
AP
Auto Pilot
Page 2 of 16
How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Definition
Abbreviation
APP
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Approach control frequency
A point in space with a defined configuration and energy state
Approach Gate
(see also Stabilization Height and Next Target)
ARTCC
ASAP
Air Route Traffic Control Center (usually referred to as "Center")
Aviation Safety Action Partnership
ATC
Air Traffic Control
ATIS
Automatic Terminal Information Service
ATM
BASIS
Air Traffic Management (one of the two components of FANS, see also
FANS and CNS)
British Airways Information System
BRG
Bearing (e.g., bearing to a waypoint or navaid)
CAP
U.K. Civil Aviation Publication
CAPT
CAST
Captain (see also PIC)
Commercial Aviation Safety Team (international industry task force led
by U.S. FAA)
A causal factor is an event or item judged to be directly instrumental in
Causal Factor
the causal chain of events leading to an accident (source: Flight Safety
Foundation)
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How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Definition
Abbreviation
CAWS
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Collision Avoidance Warning System (see TCAS)
CDU
Control and Display Unit (see also MCDU)
CFIT
Controlled Flight Into Terrain
Checklist
Circumstantial
Factor
CNS
CONF
CORR
CPDLC
CRM
See also QRH
A circumstantial factor is an event or an item that was judged not to be
directly in the causal chain of events [leading to an accident] but could
have contributed to the accident (source: Flight Safety Foundation)
Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (one of the two
components of FANS, see also FANS and ATM)
Configuration (e.g., slats, flaps, roll spoilers, ground spoilers, ...)
Correction (e.g., wind or configuration correction on final approach
speed)
Controller Pilot Data Link Communications
Crew Resource Management
DA(H)
Decision Altitude (Height)
DCDU
Data Communications Display Unit
DDG
DIR TO
Dispatch Deviation Guide (see also MMEL and MEL)
Direct route to [a waypoint]
Page 4 of 16
How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Definition
Abbreviation
DIST
Distance
DME
Distance Measuring Equipment
DNA
French Direction de la Navigation Aerienne
ECAM
Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor
EFIS
Electronic Flight Instruments System
EGPWS
EGT
ETOPS
Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System
(see also TAWS)
Exhaust Gas Temperature
Extended Twins Operations
F/O
First Officer
FAA
U.S. Federal Aviation Administration
FAF
Final Approach Fix
FANS
Future Air Navigation System (see also CNS and ATM)
FAR
U.S. Federal Aviation Regulations
FBS
Fixed Base Simulator
FCOM
Flight Crew Operating Manual (established by Airbus)
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How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Definition
Abbreviation
FCU
FD
FDF
FFCC
Flight Control Unit (i.e., AP/FD interface)
Flight Director
Final Descent Fix
Forward-Facing-Crew Cockpit
FFS
Full Flight Simulator
FIR
Flight Information Region
FL
FMGS
FMA
FMGES
FMS
FOQA
FSF
ft
GA
GAIN
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Flight Level
Flight Management and Guidance System
Flight Modes Annunciator
Flight Management, Guidance and [flight] Envelop [protection] System
Flight Management System
Flight Operations Quality Assurance
Flight Safety Foundation
Feet
Go Around
Global Analysis and Information Network
Page 6 of 16
How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Definition
Abbreviation
GCAS
Ground Collision Avoidance System
GND
Ground control frequency
GNSS
GPS
GPWS
Global Navigation Satellite System
Global Positioning System
Ground Proximity Warning System
GS
Glide Slope
GW
Gross Weight
HAT
Height Above Touchdown
HF
HIRL
High Frequency
High Intensity Runway Lighting
HSI
Horizontal Situation Indicator
hPa
Hectopascals
IAF
Initial Approach Fix
IAP
Instrument Approach Procedure
IAS
Indicated Air Speed
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
Page 7 of 16
How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Definition
Abbreviation
Interpretative and Explanatory Material
IEM
(for compliance with JAR-OPS 1)
IF
Intermediate Fix
IFR
Instrument Flying Rules
ILS
Instrument Landing System (see also GS and LOC)
ILS-DME
IMC
Instrument Landing System with collocated Distance Measuring
Equipment
Instrument Meteorological Conditions
in.Hg
Inches of Mercury (unit for pressure measurement)
INFO
Information service frequency
IOE
Initial Operating Experience (Line Training)
IRS
Inertial Reference System
JAA
European Joint Aviation Authority
JAR
European Joint Aviation Regulations
JAR-AWO
JAR - All Weather Operations requirements
JAR-OPS
JAR Operations requirements
Page 8 of 16
How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Definition
Abbreviation
JSAT
U.S. CAST Joint Safety Analysis Team
JSIT
U.S. CAST Joint Safety Implementation Team
JSSI
European Joint Safety Strategies and Initiatives
kt
LAAS
LAHSHO
Lateral Navigation
LDA
LLWAS
LOC
LOC BCK CRS
LOFT
m
MAP
MCDU
MDA(H)
Knots
GPS Local Area [accuracy] Augmentation System
Land and Hold Short operation
FMS managed lateral navigation (i.e., NAV mode)
LOC-type Directional Aid
Low Level Windshear Alert System
Localizer
Localizer back course
Line Oriented Flight [simulator] Training
Meters
Missed Approach Point
Multi-purpose Control and Display Unit (see also CDU)
Minimum Descent Altitude (Height)
Page 9 of 16
How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Definition
Abbreviation
MEA
Minimum Enroute Altitude
MEL
Minimum Equipment List (operator' customized version of MMEL)
METAR
MMEL
Meteorological Airport [observation] Report
Master Minimum Equipment List (approved by operational authority)
Type of guidance used to guide the aircraft towards a target or set of
targets, or along a vertical flight path and/or lateral flight path
Mode
"Selected modes" refers to the modes armed or engaged by the pilot on
the FCU
"Managed modes" refers to FMS vertical navigation and lateral
navigation
MSA
Minimum Safe Altitude or Minimum Sector Altitude
MSAW
Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (provided by ATC)
MSL
NATS
Navaid
ND
NDB
Mean Sea Level (e.g., 1000 ft - altitude above MSL, indicated by the
barometric altimeter when set to QNH)
U.K. National Air Traffic Services
Navigation Aid (e.g., NDB, VOR, VOR-DME, LOC, ILS,...)
Navigation Display
Non Directional Beacon
Page 10 of 16
How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Definition
Abbreviation
Any required element or combination of one or more of the following
elements:
A position,
An altitude,
Next Target
An aircraft configuration,
A speed,
A vertical speed, and/or
A power setting.
NEXT WPT
nm
NOTAM
OAT
OCA(H)
The waypoint located after the TO WPT
Nautical miles
NOtice To AirMen
Outside Air Temperature
Obstacle Clearance Altitude (Height)
OM
Outer Marker
PA
Passenger Address system
PAPI
PF
Precision Approach Path Indicator
Pilot Flying
Page 11 of 16
How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Definition
Abbreviation
PFD
Primary Flight Display
PIC
Pilot In Command
PIREPS
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Pilot REPorts
Pilot Not Flying
PNF
The PNF is sometimes referred to as the Pilot Monitoring to enhance
his/her role in terms or monitoring, cross-check and backup
QAR
Quick Access Recorder
Actual atmospheric pressure at airport elevation
QFE
Altimeter setting required to read a height above airport elevation
Actual atmospheric pressure at sea level, based on actual atmospheric
pressure at station
QNH
Altimeter setting required to read an altitude above mean sea level
(MSL)
QRH
Quick Reference Handbook
R/I
Radio / Inertial navigation
Depending on context:
RA
Radio Altimeter, or
Resolution Advisory (see also TCAS)
Page 12 of 16
How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Definition
Abbreviation
RA DH
Raw Data
REIL
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Radio Altimeter Decision Height
Raw navigation data: bearing and/or distance from aircraft to the tuned
navaid
Runway End Identification Lights
A mode reversion is a manual or automatic changeover from one AP
mode to another mode (usually, a lower level of automation) resulting
from:
- a pilot action (e.g., the selection of a lower level of automation or
Reversion
the disengagement of a mode for manual reversion to the AP basic
mode); or,
- a system built-in condition (e.g., a guidance limit or an active flight
envelope protection); or,
- a failure or temporary loss of the engaged mode.
RMI
RNAV
Radio Magnetic Indicator
aRea NAVigation (i.e., lateral navigation based on defined waypoints)
RNP
Required Navigation [accuracy] Performance
RVR
Runway Visual Range
RVSM
SAT
Reduced Vertical Separation Minima
Static Air Temperature
Page 13 of 16
How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Definition
Abbreviation
SDF
Simplified Directional Facility
SID
Standard Instruments Departure
SOPs
Standard Operating Procedures
The height above airfield elevation or the height above touchdown (HAT)
at which the aircraft should be stabilized for the approach to be
continued; the stabilization height should be:
Stabilization Height
- 1000 ft in IMC
- 500 ft in VMC
STAR
STD
TA
Standard Terminal ARrival
Standard altimeter setting (i.e., 1013.2 hPa or 29.92 in.hg)
Traffic Advisory (see also TCAS)
A guidance target (e.g., a speed, heading, altitude, vertical speed, flight
Target
path angle, track, course, etc) selected by the pilot on the appropriate
panel (FCU, FMS CDU or keyboard)
TAS
True Air Speed
Terrain Awareness and Warning System
TAWS
TAWS is the term used by the European JAA and the U.S. FAA to
describe equipment meeting ICAO standards and recommendations for
ground-proximity warning system (GPWS) equipment that provides
predictive terrain-hazard warnings
Page 14 of 16
How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Definition
Abbreviation
TCAS
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Traffic Collision Avoidance System (see also ACAS)
Terminal Doppler Weather Radar
TDWR
Weather radar capable of detecting areas of wind shear activity
TDZ
TDZE
TERPS
Touch Down Zone
Touch Down Zone Elevation
U.S. Standard for Terminal Instrument Approach Procedures
(FAR - Part 97)
Waypoint of the F-PLN flight plan considered by the FMS for immediate
TO WPT
lateral navigation guidance (in case of incorrect flight plan sequencing,
the TO WPT may happen to be behind the aircraft)
TOD
Top Of Descent
A mode transition is a manual or automatic changeover from one AP
mode to another mode, resulting from:
- a pilot action (e.g., the selection of a new mode on the FCU,
Transition
as appropriate for the task or following an ATC instruction); or,
- an automatic mode sequencing resulting from a prior mode selection
involving several mode changes in sequence (e.g., altitude capture
changeover to altitude hold or selected heading changeover to localizer
capture then to localizer tracking)
V APP
Final Approach Speed
Page 15 of 16
How to Use Briefing Notes
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
Term or
Definition
Abbreviation
V MCL
V REF
V stall
V/S
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Minimum control speed in landing configuration with the critical engine
inoperative
Reference approach speed (also referred to as threshold reference speed
or target threshold speed)
Stalling speed (in a specified configuration)
Vertical speed or AP Vertical Speed mode
VASI
Visual Approach Indicator
VDP
Visual Descent / Decision Point
Vertical Navigation
FMS-managed vertical navigation
VFR
Visual Flying Rules
VHF
Very High Frequency
VMC
Visual Meteorological Conditions
VOR
VHF Omni Range
VOR-DME
Collocated VOR and DME navaids
WAAS
GPS Wide Area [accuracy] Augmentation System
WMO
World Meteorological Organization
Page 16 of 16
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
How to Use Briefing Notes
Use of Hyperlinks
Flight Operations Briefing Notes
How to Use Briefing Notes
Use of Hyperlinks
The Flight Operations Briefing Notes provide active hyperlinks between associated
Briefing Notes and towards external websites.
Upgraded versions of the Approach-and-Landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) Briefing
Notes and new series of Flight Operations Briefing Notes, dedicated to other flight
phases, threats and hazards, will be progressively published.
Therefore, some hyperlinked Flight Operations Briefing Notes may not be available
at this time.
Hyperlinks will be activated, progressively, as related Flight Operations Briefing
Notes become available.
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