How to pass Higher Information Systems Relational Database Systems Using Information Applied Multimedia
Page | i Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................1
How to Use This Revision Book...........................................................................................................1
Passing the units and then the External Exam....................................................................................1
Chapter 1 ‐ Relational Database Systems ...............................................................................................2
A Selection of Key Words....................................................................................................................2
What is a database?............................................................................................................................2
Flat File Database............................................................................................................................2
Relational Database ........................................................................................................................3
Normalisation..................................................................................................................................4
Relationships and Entity Relationship Diagram ..............................................................................6
Data Dictionary ...............................................................................................................................6
Normalisation Question..................................................................................................................7
Developing a Solution .........................................................................................................................8
Chapter 2 ‐ Using Information ..............................................................................................................10
Topic 1 ‐ Data and Information .........................................................................................................10
Data and Information.................................................................................................................... 10
Knowledge is gained from Information. .......................................................................................10
Categorisation of Information ......................................................................................................10
Levels of Information .................................................................................................................... 11
Uses of Information within Organisations ....................................................................................12
Forms of Information .................................................................................................................... 12
Types of Information.....................................................................................................................12
Characteristics of Information ......................................................................................................14
The Difference Between Value and Cost ......................................................................................14
Topic 2 Organisational Information Systems ....................................................................................15
Categories of Information Systems...............................................................................................15
Centralised Database ....................................................................................................................16
Network Strategy ..........................................................................................................................16
Security Strategy ...........................................................................................................................17
Backup Strategy ............................................................................................................................19
Upgrade Strategy ..........................................................................................................................19
Software Strategy .........................................................................................................................20
Centralised and Distributed Databases ........................................................................................21
Topic 3 ‐ Organisational Information Systems..................................................................................23
Page | ii Presenting Information for Print Media .......................................................................................23
Presenting Information for On‐line Media ...................................................................................23
Data Handling – Spreadsheet........................................................................................................24
Project Management ....................................................................................................................24
Personal Information Management (PIM)....................................................................................24
Objects and Operations of Each class of Software .......................................................................25
Topic 4 – Implications of ICT .............................................................................................................27
Social Implications ........................................................................................................................27
Legal Implications of Information Systems...................................................................................29
Economic Implications of ICT ........................................................................................................31
Ethical Implications of ICT.............................................................................................................31
Chapter 3 ‐ Applied Multimedia............................................................................................................33
Topic 1 Contemporary Uses and Means of Delivery.........................................................................33
A definition of multimedia ............................................................................................................33
Multimedia applications: Business ...................................................................................................33
Multimedia applications: Training ................................................................................................34
Multimedia delivery media ...........................................................................................................34
Advantages and disadvantages of different multimedia delivery media .....................................35
Topic 2 ‐ Analysis...............................................................................................................................36
The project brief ...........................................................................................................................36
Requirements specification ..........................................................................................................36
Topic 3 ‐ Navigational structures ......................................................................................................36
Linear structure.............................................................................................................................37
Hierarchical structure ...................................................................................................................37
Web structure ...............................................................................................................................37
Complexity of navigation structures (lost in hyperspace) ............................................................37
Use of search facilities ..................................................................................................................38
User Interfaces ..............................................................................................................................38
The Use of Metaphors in Interface Design ...................................................................................38
User interface design ....................................................................................................................38
Topic 4 ‐ Critical evaluation of screen design ...................................................................................40
Storyboards...................................................................................................................................40
Appearance ...................................................................................................................................40
Downloading and Streaming Audio and Video .............................................................................41
Implications of using video ...........................................................................................................41
Page | iii Topic 5 ‐ Software for creating and delivering multimedia applications..........................................43
Presentation and Authoring Software ..........................................................................................43
Presentation software.................................................................................................................43
Multimedia Players .......................................................................................................................43
Skills required by personnel..........................................................................................................44
Topic 6 – Graphic, Audio and Video Files..........................................................................................44
Graphic file types .......................................................................................................................... 44
Audio file types .............................................................................................................................45
Video file size and quality .............................................................................................................45
Structure of a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) ...........................................................................46
Topic 7 ‐ Testing ................................................................................................................................48
Testing...........................................................................................................................................48
Project development documentation...........................................................................................48
User Documentation.....................................................................................................................49
Evaluation of multimedia application ...........................................................................................49
Copyright.......................................................................................................................................50
Chapter 4 – Focus On The External Exam .............................................................................................52
The Structure of the Exam ................................................................................................................52
Section I: Short response, core units ............................................................................................52
Section II: Extended Response Core Units ....................................................................................52
Section III: Extended Response, Optional Unit. ............................................................................52
The Importance of Your Coursework Mark ..................................................................................52
Exam Preparation Tips ......................................................................................................................53
Focus on Problem Solving .................................................................................................................53
Application of Knowledge .............................................................................................................53
Analysis .........................................................................................................................................54
Evaluation .....................................................................................................................................54
Practice Exam Type Questions......................................................................................................55
Answers.................................................................................................................................................63
Questions in the text.........................................................................................................................63
Database .......................................................................................................................................63
Using Information .........................................................................................................................64
Applied Multimedia ......................................................................................................................68
Practice Exam Type Questions..........................................................................................................71
Section I.........................................................................................................................................71
Page | iv Section II........................................................................................................................................71
Optional Topic – Applied Multimedia ...........................................................................................73
Page | v Introduction
This book is designed to help you pass the new revised version of Higher Information Systems. The book covers both core units (Relational Database Systems and Using Information) as well as the optional unit Applied Multimedia. The material covers all the topics in the content grids of the SQA Higher Information Systems arrangements document. It also contains sets of questions covering the content of each unit. Finally, there is a chapter focusing on the external exam. This contains a guide to the structure of the exam, tips on exam preparation, a section on problem solving and a set of exam style problem solving questions. How to Use This Revision Book
Use the book to check up on your knowledge of the topics on the checklist for each of the core topics and your optional topic. Attempt the questions as you go along. The answers are at the back of the book. Read carefully the section on Problem Solving in Chapter 4. It will help you understand the type of problem solving questions that the examiners will set in the final exam. Finally attempt the exam style problem solving questions at the end of the book. Read the tips about exam preparation and come up with your own revision plan! Just before you go into the exam read the advice about the exam structure carefully. If you do all this, you will greatly improve your chances of passing Higher Information Systems. Passing the units and then the External Exam
To pass Higher Information Systems you have to pass the two core units (Relational Database Systems and Using Information) and then your option, Applied Multimedia. To pass a unit you have to sit a simple objective multiple‐choice test, known as a NAB, and perform some practical tasks appropriate for higher (Web Site, Database operations, Using Software like Excel and Publisher well). Once you have passed the units, you need to prepare for the external course examination. This examination will test your knowledge of the course content of the units and your problem solving ability. I.
Chapter 4 – Focus On The External Exam
The first step in your preparations is to be clear about the structure of the exam. The Structure of the Exam
The exam is out of 140 marks and is broken down into three sections. Section I: Short response, core units
This section contains a total of 30 marks on the Database and Using Information units, 15 marks each. The structure of section 1 is very similar to your NAB questions where the ratio of Knowledge and Understanding to Problem Solving is roughly 2:1. The level of difficulty is also similar to your NAB questions. Section II: Extended Response Core Units
This section contains a total of 60 marks on the Database and Using Information units, around 30 marks each. Here the ratio of Knowledge and Understanding to Problem Solving is roughly 1:2, in other words the reverse of section I. These questions are more challenging than section I and around 20 out of 60 of the marks are aimed at candidates looking for an A pass. One of the database questions will be a normalisation question where you will be given the UNF with a candidate key and have to find 1NF, 2NF and 3NF with all primary and foreign keys correctly identified. This question usually takes around 20 of the 30 marks available for database. Section III: Extended Response, Optional Unit.
This section contains a total of 50 marks on your optional unit, Applied Multimedia. All three options are represented in the paper but please ignore the other two as you know nothing about them apart from general knowledge and that will not help you answer the in‐depth questions. The questions here are more challenging than Section I with around 20 out of 50 of the marks being aimed at candidates looking for an A pass. These questions will usually contain a few marks (usually 5 or 6) on material drawn down from the core units to allow candidates to show they can integrate the knowledge of the whole course. The questions in sections II and III may also ask for answers referring to the themes of the course, as stated in the course outline. The themes of the course are: • The characteristics of information • Information in decision making • An ethos of practical problem solving • Technological developments in information systems • Social, professional, ethical and legal implications associated with information systems Candidates tackle all questions. There are no choices to be made, other that choosing the correct option in section III to be completed. The Importance of Your Coursework Mark
At some point in the course your teacher will have given you a piece of coursework, worth 60 marks, to complete. It is important that you work very hard at this task and be very meticulous and gain as high a mark as possible because this mark is added to your exam mark out of 140. The total is Page | 52 halved to get your final percentage. The cut‐offs are usually 45% for a D pass, 50% for a C pass, 60% for a B pass and 70% for an A pass. Exam Preparation Tips
Now that you know what is involved in the exam, the next step is to consider a few tips on preparing for the exam. • Check your resources and make sure you have enough materials for revision (including on‐
line resources such as Moodle and Scholar). • Use a checklist to make sure you cover all the topics in the exam. • Learn the definition of all the topics in the books. • The course is full of jargon and its own use of language. Treat it like learning a foreign language where you have to learn everything. • Check that your knowledge is up to standard by answering all the questions in the book. • Read the problem solving section carefully, playing close attention to the examples and answers to the questions. • Draw up a revision plan well in advance of the exam, scheduling your revision so that you can cover it all without leaving it to the last minute. Remember: You don’t pass the exam on the day you sit it but in the weeks and months beforehand when you are preparing yourself by studying and revising. Focus on Problem Solving
A key part of passing Higher Information Systems is developing your problem solving skills. The questions in the first part of the exam test your knowledge and understanding of the content of the units. Those questions test whether you can, for example, identify, describe, name or state, list, describe, summarise, interpret the terms in the content grids. Examples • Explain the difference between data and information. • Name the Act of Parliament under which anyone intercepting electronic communications can be prosecuted. • Why are Gantt charts useful in Project Management Software? The problem solving questions you will have to answer in the course of the examination will test the more advanced set of skills set out below. Application of Knowledge
Some questions will test whether you can apply your knowledge to situations that are unfamiliar to you. These questions will use words like demonstrate, show, relate, explain. Examples • The colours of an image change slightly when viewed on different computers. Why is this and what can be done to solve the problem? • Explain why supporting legacy systems and future proofing may help overcome some of the problems associated with upgrading computer hardware and software. Page | 53 Analysis
Other questions test your skills of analysis to see if you can identify pattern or recognise relationships. These questions often use words like analyse, arrange, order, explain, connect, infer, compare, categorise. Examples • Your 3NF question is the main source of analysis questions in section II. • Compare a local area network with a wide area network. Synthesis This type of question tests whether you can apply your knowledge to draw conclusions, generalise, create new ideas, bring together from different sources and predict what will happen in given situations. This type of question asks you to integrate, modify, design, compose, plan, arrange. Generally speaking pupils find these type of questions very difficult. Examples • A quite complex question has been used which paints a scenario and asks you to develop either a storyboard or structure (Applied Multimedia). • A scenario is painted relating to database, for example a library system. The question asks to name the tables and fields used in a report or the tables and criteria needed for a query. Evaluation
Evaluation questions test whether you can make judgements, assess ideas, compare ideas, and evaluate data. This type of question uses words like judge, evaluate, recommend and justify. Examples • Suggest an appropriate multimedia delivery system for a simulation that trains tank drivers. • Recommend the type of application needed to produce GANTT and PERT charts. Page | 54 Practice Exam Type Questions.
We will start with 30 marks worth of mostly knowledge and Understanding Section I type questions, followed by 60 marks worth of more complex problem solving section II questions. Section II usually starts with a database question asking you to take a UNF to 3NF. This is usually worth around 20 marks. You are always given the correct key to use. Finally we will include 50 marks of typical Applied Multimedia questions containing a mixture of the two types of question. Section I 1.
A library’s database of members has been created from data in an un‐normalised form. The diagram below shows three records from a table in the database. Member Member Book Author Date Borrowed Date Number Name Name Name Due Back 12314 John Potts Fly Fishing J P Hartley 22/04/2009 6/5/09 09721 Emily Bronte Elegant Dressing M A Snob 1/5/09 15/5/09 00576 Jim Smith Management B DeVere 4/5/09 18/5/09 (a)
Choose a suitable primary key for his table. Give one reason for your choice. 2 (b)
Describ
e one problem with deleting a book from this table. 2 2.
Explain what is meant by a Boolean Data type 3.
Explain what is meant by entity integrity. 2 4.
Explain what is meant by a compound key. 2 5.
What is meant by cardinality? 2 6.
What is meant by referential integrity with regard to foreign keys? 7.
3 Explain the difference between data and information. 8.
2 State two advantages of using a template in presentation software. 9.
2 Give one example of metadata. 1 Page | 55 2 10.
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ane has a problem using her new web design software. State two means by which Jane could receive user support for this application. 11.
2 Explain the purpose of an executive management system. 2 12.
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tate two areas of software content covered by the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988.
2 13.
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bank issues monthly statement to current account holders. These statements show each transaction and a balance. (a)
What is the nature of this information? 2 (b)
What is the form and type of this information? Total Marks (30) Page | 56 2 Section 2 14. Aberdon Electrics supplies local customers with electrical goods. Customer orders are recorded on an order card as shown. Details of all items are stored on stack cards. Each item is obtained from a single supplier. Parts of these cards are shown below. Customer No. : 1234 Customer Name : John McBride Address : 57 High Street, Aberdon Telephone : 01349 886532 Order Date : 28/4/09 Item Number Number Ordered 33245 12 32456 4 5 26785 Stock Card Supplier Name Supplier Address
Item Number 33245 Description 32456 Tumble Dryer Acme Refrigeration Ariston 26785 Toaster Beco Industries Freezer Industrial Estate, Aberdon Ariston House, London W24 Well Road, Blackwell Supplier Telephone 01349 864323 0120 456 7432 0117 256 7123 Price £189.99 £125.00 £11.99 (a) The present system can be represented in un‐normalised form as: Customer No Customer Name Customer Address Customer Telephone Order Date Item Number Number Ordered Description Supplier Name Supplier Address Supplier Telephone Price (i) Using Customer No as the primary key, transform this un‐normalised data to 3 first normal form by removing repeating groups. (ii) Identify all primary and foreign keys. 3 (b) (i) Transform the first normal form to second normal form by removing partial 4 dependencies Page | 57 (c) (ii) Identify all primary and foreign keys. (i) Transform this second normal form to third normal form by removing non‐
key dependencies. (ii) Identify all primary and foreign keys. 2 3 2 15. Box Stupid rent out TVs to students and pensioners across the country. They use a relational database. The data is held in the following tables. TV Customer Rental Charge Identity Number Customer Number Customer Number* Type Make Customer Name Identity Number* Cost per week Model Customer Address Date Rented Type* Number of weeks (a) Draw an entity relationship diagram to represent this data model. 6 (b) Each month a report is produced to show the rental income from each model of TV. The report for Sony 32QS is shown below. Date Rented Number of Weeks Income 1/10/07 12 £48.00 3/11/07 20 £80.00 4/12/07 10 £40.00 Total £168.00 (ii) Name the tables and fields which would be used to produce this report. 5 (ii) State two features of the RDBMS which would be used to calculate the monthly 2 total from the income. 16. Beezer Enterprises uses a network file server to hold the specialist software regularly used by each department along with the work of each employee stored in home directories. 5 (a) Describe a suitable backup strategy for this system. Your answer should describe a storage method, a recovery method and a rotation method. (b) (i) The Head office is concerned about the security of the system. Describe 2 two ways in which security can be improved. 2 (ii) New employees need to be trained to use the company’s software. Describe two methods of providing training. 4 (iii) The network file server and the computer work stations both require versions of the network software. Describe the different versions of the network software. (c) Head office recommends that all word processed documents conform to a house style. (i) State two features of a house style. 2 (ii) Describe the difference between serif and san serif fonts. 2 Page | 58 (iii) Describe the easiest way of enabling users to make use of the house style. 2 17. The way in which shops and customers interact has changed because of the development of the Internet. (a) Describe two changes brought about by this development 4 (b) Schools may block Internet content that they deem inappropriate. Describe two implications of this action. 4 18. Identify two characteristics of tactical management. 2 Total Marks (60) Optional Topic – Applied Multimedia 19. A computer manufacturer provides access on its web site to an online photograph of each model. (a)
Th
e graphics were saved in JPEG format. Give two reasons for choosing JPEG rather than TIFF or GIF in this situation. 2 (b)
Th
e colour in the photographs appears differently on different computers. Why is this and what can be done to solve this problem? 3 (c)
Th
e technical details of the Optium XL computer on the web site can be found at: http://www.eurocomputers.com/optiumxl/tech.pdf (i)
Id
entify and name three parts of the structure of this URL. 3 (ii)
St
ate whether this is an absolute or relative URL and justify your choice. 2 20.
A tourist board has been given funding to produce a DVD about the area it serves. It was originally conceived that the DVD would be mailed to interested members of the public but now many people are saying it should be a web site. The DVD and web site will contain around 500 pages and the compromise was reached to produce a DVD accessible through a web browser and upload the linked HTML pages to a web site. (a)
A
udience and timescale are two items contained in a contractual requirements specification. State three other items found in a contractual requirements specification and give an example of each from the paragraph above. 6 (b)
St
ate one advantage and one disadvantage that a DVD‐ROM has compared to the World Wide Web for showcasing tourist attractions. 2 (c)
D
Page | 59 escribe two methods of avoiding getting lost in hyperspace that a user could expect to find in a site of such complexity. 4 (d)
O
nce completed the product will be tested. (i)
escribe the screen testing that would be carried out on a sample screen. (ii)
ate one form of testing that would normally be carried out by persons outside the development team. Page | 60 D
2 St
1 (e)
A
udio clips of tourist talking about the area are to be included in the presentation. The developers could use MP3 or MIDI sound files. State a suitable sound file to use and justify your choice. 3 (f)
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ith reference to two characteristics of information compare the DVD‐ROM and the Website.
2 21.
A shopping web site stores all its products in database that users can browse on‐line. When they choose goods the goods are placed a shopping cart, symbolised by a trolley. When they move to checkout they are taken to a secure area of the web site where they can enter their credit card number to pay for the goods. (a)
A metaphor has been used in this web site. (i)
Ex
plain what is meant by a metaphor in multimedia. 2 (ii)
D
escribe the metaphor used in this case. 2 (b)
N
ame the three elements needed for Internet Shopping. 3 (c)
Th
e colour images of all the products on the site have been stored as JPEG. (i)
Gi
ve one reason for choosing JPEG as a file type rather than TIFF in this case. 2 (ii)
Th
e designers could have used a GIF file type but this could have created a problem with colour depth. (A)
A GIF file has a lower colour depth than a JPEG. Describe one problem with using a lower colour depth to display photographs. 2 (B)
Di
thering can be used to improve the appearance of images with a low colour depth. Explain what is meant by dithering. 2 (d)
To prevent fraud the Web Site employs certain security methods at the checkout stage. (i) Name and describe one security method that the customer will use. 2 (ii) Name a security method employed to keep the data safe during transmission. 1 22.
Pr
eserving copyright can be very important in multimedia so many presentations are fitted with a digital watermark. (a)
W
Page | 61 hat is a digital watermark? (b)
ate the main purpose of using a digital watermark. (c)
general what is covered by copyright? Page | 62 1 St
2 In 1 Total Marks (50) Answers
Questions in the text
Database
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Linked tables Data cannot be added due to the absence of linked data. If a record is deleted then other data may also be lost. Items of data, such as a name and address, can appear many times. An entity is a collection of attributes describing a person or object. An attribute is a single item of data in an entity. Cardinality is the data relationship between two entities. A candidate key is a key than can be used to uniquely identify a record. A primary key uniquely identifies a record. A foreign key is an attribute in one entity that is a primary key in another entity. A surrogate key is a key made up when there are too many attributes to make up a unique key. An attribute cannot exist as a foreign key in one entity unless it already exists as a primary key in another entity. A compound key. A repeating group. A repeating group is removed to form a new entity. Partial dependencies are removed. Non key dependencies are removed. Each column must be unique. Each row must be unique. UNF Booking Ref Member Number Member Name Member Address Member Telephone Number Property Ref Property Name No of Beds No Sleeps Date in No of Nights User Charge 1NF Booking Ref Member Number Member Name Member Address Member Telephone Number Property Ref Booking Ref* Property Name No of Beds No Sleeps Date in No of Nights User Charge 2NF Booking Ref Member Number Member Name Member Address Member Telephone Number Property Ref Property Name No of Beds No Sleeps Booking Ref* Property Ref* Date In No of nights User Charge 20. Each row is unique. Page | 63 3NF Member Number Member Name Member Address Member Telephone Number Booking Ref Member Number* Property Ref Property Name No of Beds No Sleeps Booking Ref* Property Ref* Date In No of nights User Charge 21. A data dictionary holds the information about each entity that you need to help you implement the database system. 22. Entity, Attribute, Key, Data, Type, Required, Unique, Format, Validation 23. A foreign key must always refer to a record that exists in another table. 24. Presence check, Range Check, Restricted Choice. 25. Real, currency, date time etc. 26. Queries are used to interrogate your database. 27. Forms are used to create a user interface that is better than seeing tables. 28. Reports are used to allow us to produce printed copy in an atheistic pleasing manner. 29. Can be used to add control. Using Information
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Data is raw unprocessed facts and figures that have no context or purposeful meaning. Information is processed data that has meaning and a context. Data has no context or meaning, information has meaning and a context. Knowledge Explicit is rules etc. Written down, tacit exists in the mind. Metadata is data that describes data. A card index system, a data dictionary, the directory of a disk. Secondary and quantative. Primary and informal. Formal, future and annual Formal and Qualitative Quantative Informal and Qualitative Top level of Management; long time frame (up to 5 years); mixture of internal and external documents. Middle level of Management; medium time frame (6 months up to 5 years); mostly internal and some external documents. Lowest level of organisation; short time frame (daily up to 6 months); mostly internal documents. The process of deciding, in advance, what has to be done and how it is to be done. An objective is something that needs to be achieved. A plan contains the activities or actions required to achieve the objective. Control is the monitoring and evaluation of current progress against the steps of a predefined plan or standard. The monitoring of progress against the plan, assessing the suitability of the plan itself and predicting future conditions. Selecting an action or actions from those possible based on the information available. Word processed e‐mails or hand written. Speech, formal meetings, informal meetings, talking on the phone and voice‐mail messages. Pictures, charts and graphs, presentations via data projects, DVD’s etc. All the transactions made by all customers in a month. All the transactions made by one customer in a month. Customer balances in a report. Valuable information need not cost much. Information costly to obtain may not have much value. Conciseness and presentation. Relevance and reliability. Data processing system Transactional Processing System that deals with day to day transactions. Management information systems. Page | 64 35. MIS converts data from internal and external sources into information for managers. 36. Executive information system. 37. An EIS provides senior managers with a system to assist in taking strategic and tactical decisions. 38. A knowledge base, an inference engine and user interface. 39. A knowledge base stores all of the facts, rules and information needed to represent the knowledge of the expert. An inference engine interprets the rules and facts to find solutions to user queries. A user interface allows new knowledge to be entered and the system queried. 40. To store information in an active form as organisational memory. To create a mechanism that is not subject to human feelings, such as fatigue and worry. To generate solutions to specific problems that are too substantial and complex to be analysed by human beings in a short period of time. 41. A multi‐user or network system is used. 42. Much easier to organise, edit, update and back‐up the data. Communications are easier. 43. LAN in an office or building, WAN over a large area. 44. Device Sharing. Software Sharing. Data Sharing. Communication. 45. Client‐Server Network ‐ Central server stores data files and log‐in details. Peer to Peer network: No central server, all stations equal. Cheaper, data less secure. 46. Allows the computer to send and receive data around the network. 47. Fibre Optic used to link over longer distances and to carry a very high bandwidth. 48. Server version controls the network, Workstation version connect computer to the network and its services. 49. This software keeps a track of network activity. It records user activity and workstation activity. 50. Data Security means keeping data safe from physical loss. 51. To keep their data safe from viruses and loss by other means. 52. Data Integrity means the correctness of the stored data. 53. Data Privacy means keeping data secret so that unauthorised users cannot access it. 54. Hacking is gaining unauthorised access to a computer information system. The offence is maliciously altering data or stealing information. 55. This involves flooding an organisation’s Internet server with a surprisingly large amount of requests for information (traffic). 56. A code of conduct is a set of rules for using a system. 57. Minimum length of 5 characters. Must consist of letters and numbers. Must not contain any words. Cannot be the same as the previous password and cannot use easily guessed strings of letters or numbers (e.g. 123456 and abcdef). 58. Placed between the server and the Internet connection (router). Can block sections of the network. 59. To keep card details secure in transmission. 60. 32 bit encryption. 61. Read – allows users to read files. Allows files to be made read only. Write – allows users to write (save) files. Create – allows users to create new files. Erase – allows users to erase files. Modify – allows users to modify files. 62. So that the most recent copy of the data can be recovered and restored in the event of data loss. 63. ‐ The process of copying data from hard disk drives to tape or other media for long‐term storage. 64. Data is saved in a form so that it can be restored to the computer and used by users. 65. The number of times the data is backed up in a period. Page | 65 66. Incremental or Grandfather, father son. 67. To ensure system has a reasonable life and does not need to be totally replaced too soon. 68. Will older s/w work with new operating systems etc? Will older h/w work with newer equipment (e.g. printers with computers)? 69. Any two from :‐ • Are the peripheral devices compatible with the hardware and operating system? • Does the network software support the hardware and operating system? • Is the application software compatible with the operating system and computer? • Is the hardware compatible with the operating system? 70. Old information systems running on out of date hardware and operating systems. 71. Software that allows data to be transferred between platforms. 72. Access to greater range of applications that might not be available on the given hardware platform. 73. By examining the number of useable features and evaluating against the criteria speed, compatibility usability, data migration, reliability, resource requirements and support. 74. Software can run on different computers with different operating systems. 75. Learning via a tutor in the workplace or an on‐line tutorial. 76. Small groups of staff, within the company receive a training course delivered by IT staff. 77. Popular application software by a specialist training organisation. 78. Explains to the user what each feature of the software does, run by Internal (end user) and external (software vendors). FAQS is file that contains a list of commonly asked user queries about a piece of software. 79. Hardware incompatibility – upgraded computers do not run old software. 80. Software may need to be perfected and made bug free. 81. Centralised database is a single server at the heart of the operation, distributed is the database spread around on different servers. 82. Easier to manage and control and to back up. 83. Data is separated from the main business and used to predict and review. 84. To make the data used on a daily basis more manageable. 85. The nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information from data. 86. It uses machine learning, statistical and visualisation techniques to discover and present knowledge in a form, which is easily comprehensible to humans. 87. When a bank takes over another bank and wants to integrate the two systems, when a company owns lot of smaller companies each with their own system and wants to interrogate the data. 88. Any two from: ‐ WP is used for generating text, while DTP tends to use pre‐prepared text. DTP manages to handle text and graphics far more easily. WP can deal with multi‐page documents but DTP handles multi‐page documents far better. DTP files tend to be very large especially if real pictures are used. 89. Desk Top Publishing 90. Slides can hold a variety of multimedia objects. Slides can be sequenced ‐ jump to using hyperlinks. Presentation s/w allows the user to create a slide show. 91. Software allows users to easily make up web pages. Deals easily with hyper‐linking. Files written as HTML or XML code but WYSIWYG for authors. 92. Web sites can be uploaded to the Internet – worldwide audience, presentations confined to room or building. 93. Two from Cash flow forecast, statement of accounts, invoices, sales orders, purchase orders etc. 94. Record and analyse marks and results Keeping track of budgets and financial information. 95. A Macro is a sequence of instructions that can be used to automate complex or repetitive tasks. Page | 66 96. To help manage a project. 97. Identify activities in the project, assign and schedule activities, output as PERT or GANT charts. 98. Software tools to help match up the materials, machine, people and money. 99. Gant shows timings of each activity in a chart. 100. PERTT shows relationship between activities. 101. Used for very complicated processes like (managing a production line. 102. Textual notes and calendar, scheduling, and calculator programs. 103. Calendar, notes, reminders, calculator. 104. Characters, words, paragraphs or graphics objects. 105. File open save print, text wrapping round graphics. 106. Style, font and size. 107. Multi‐page layout is when the software handles many pages for you. 108. A style sheet can ensure that all users of it use the same fonts, colours etc. 109. Serif fonts are like Times New Roman and have “curly bits” on the ends of letters going above or below the line of text. San serif do not have these bits. 110. Colour can enhance a document by making it visually appealing, bold and italic text can be used for emphasis. 111. Globalisation is the growing integration of economies and societies around the world. 112. Rapid economic growth and poverty reduction. 113. Increased inequality and produced environmental damage. 114. They can communicate via dedicated worldwide intranet enabling them to publish reports, memos etc & e: mail round the world. 115. Goods being unavailable or out of stock and very wary of over‐pricing and long delivery times. 116. A credit card. 117. Cheaper prices, more choice, faster delivery. 118. They are often call centre based companies who advertise heavily on TV. 119. Much cheaper than staffing branches. 120. Anyone can interact socially with anyone else where they could not do this in person. 121. You run the risk of fraudsters and sexual predators trying to befriend you. 122. We feel we have a right to this privacy and web sites we visit should be our business. 123. Terrorists and criminals use e‐mail and the internet to further their activities. 124. Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully, obtained only for lawful purposes, adequate, relevant and not excessive accurate and, kept up to date, not be kept for longer than is necessary, shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects. 125. Any two from National Security, Police and Health Service. 126. Any two from mailing lists, data for paying wages and club memberships. 127. Right to see any personal data held about them and have it corrected if it is wrong. 128. Data users have to register with the Data Protection Registrar and they must be willing to let data subjects see data held about them, but must amend any false data without charge. 129. (a) Registers the data and enforces the data protection act. (b) One who has data held about them. 130. Allows software to be legally installed on as many computers as the licence allows. 131. Shareware can be used for a certain period and then must be paid for but freeware can be used without charge. 132. Extracts from databases. 133. Music downloads must be paid for and copyright checked. 134. It allows organisations to monitor employees, e‐mail and Web usage. 135. They do have the right to and justify it by their duty of care towards students and the fact that it is their system and they must protect all users. Page | 67 136. We have the right to ask local authorities for minutes of meetings, decisions made and so on. 137. No because a supermarket is a private company. The freedom of information act applies to public bodies as they must be transparent and held accountable. 138. A risk assessment. 139. The aim is to provide a safe and secure working environment. 140. Investing in new computer systems and staff training. 141. Benefits include increased productivity increased functionality and reports from the computerised system can save the expense of professionals. 142. Employ a systems analyst who completes a feasibility study. 143. Internet Ordering and Shopping. 144. Computers, Software, Networking and Robots. 145. Staff required, Paper, Ink cartridges, back‐up media, Software licences and maintenance contracts. 146. Visiting an illegal site by accident. 147. They can be sued for lost revenue by music companies and they can be shut down by their ISP. 148. The on‐line vendors must apply security to their site. 149. Credit card numbers travelling over the Internet. 150. 32 bit encryption because it is unbreakable. 151. The knowledge, skills and understanding to play an effective role in society at local, national and international levels. 152. Being aware of global issues such as environment, commerce, politics and society in general. 153. Newsgroups and e‐mail links. Applied Multimedia
1. E‐commerce is concerned with the buying and/or selling of something electronically, often through online transactions. 2. A merchant account: this enables the user/seller to take credit card information from a prospective customer, online shopping cart: customers can order 24/7, transaction software: how the money is actually delivered. 3. Text, Graphics, Video and Audio 4. Saves time and money on attending meetings. 5. Several people can work on complex problems at the same time, either separately or together. 6. CD based and on‐line packages. 7. Graphics, photographs, sound and video are deployed to create realistic micro‐worlds where users can attempt to understand and explore certain areas of training and education. 8. Edutainment is defined as an experience that is both entertaining and educational. 9. Up to 700MB of data and music. 10. Up to 4.3GB of Video, usually full length movies. 11. Computers designed for stand‐alone public use. 12. Airport, station, shops, museums and banks. 13. Hybrid 14. A head‐set and glove. 15. A project brief will list all the requirements for the type of multimedia application that is to be designed. 16. The requirements specification is a formal document that provides the basis of a contract between the client and the developer. 17. A clear understanding (for both parties) of exactly what is required from the multimedia application. Page | 68 18. So that a developer can create a presentation that will play on computers and software conforming to those standards. 19. Because the developer has to know the amount that can be spent on the project. 20. The way the screens will have to be linked to make a logical manner. 21. A composite or hybrid structure. 22. History, bookmarks and breadcrumbs. 23. This is essentially a ‘trail’ which has been left and can lead the user back to wherever they have originated. 24. Because the Internet contains such a vast amount of unrelated material. 25. AND narrows the search and OR widens the search. 26. The user interface is the way in which a human and a computer exchange information and instructions. 27. The user enters commands by typing on the keyboard. These commands are processed by the computer. 28. Requires the user to interact with the computer by selecting various options from a menu. 29. With a GUI the user can interact with the computer by using a mouse (pointing device), which enables manipulation of windows, icons and menus. 30. Metaphors can be used to give a visual expression of a function. 31. A wastebasket to symbolise deleted files, a picture of a disk to symbolise the hard disk. 32. To tell a user what they have done wrong so they can correct it. 33. When a user is presented with too much information at once. 34. A storyboard shows the design of a screen based presentation. 35. The outline storyboard will show the overall structure of the application whereas the detailed storyboard will contain all the elements that the finished prototype should cover. 36. To reduce or increase the gap between adjacent letters. 37. Anti‐aliasing will make all objects appear as if they are of higher resolution. 38. Embedded fonts allow fonts that were originally used in the creation of the document to be embedded in the file, guaranteeing the end user the complete original document. 39. Dithering is the process of mixing pixels of two different colours in order to give a colour that is not in the palette. 40. Cathode ray tubes that do not generate light intensity that is proportional to the input voltage cause bleached out or too dark graphics. 41. Gamma correction can be applied. 42. When graphic files take a long time to download. 43. You can open it in a suitable player, can play the file as often as required and can fast forward and rewind. 44. You can play and listen to file immediately as it downloads. 45. The audio is played as it arrives over the Internet in real time. 46. Wide bandwidth (e.g. broadband). 47. On or below five hertz. 48. Presentation software can be used to edit and create linear multimedia presentations, authoring software allow time based and interactive presentations. 49. Scripting and icon based. 50. Design and handle all aspects of web management. 51. With an appropriate multimedia player. 52. The project manager is accountable for ensuring that the development meets the client’s requirements, is created to a high standard, all within the agreed budget and stipulated deadline. 53. This individual would have an in‐depth knowledge of the particular subject, and will provide content for the application. 54. A Media expert is an expert at creating media elements within their own area of expertise. 55. The webmaster Page | 69 56.
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Lossless compression but very large file sizes. To reduce size of image and lessen download time. 256 To reduce the size of an image and hence reduce download time. 10 to 15 times smaller than original, lossy (removes sounds inaudible to human ear) and highly compressed. They store instructions on how to recreate sounds. It allows the user to record and edit a musical performance without using an audio‐based input source. The number of frames per second in a video. The larger the window the more pixels needed for each frame and the worse quality the video by and large. Codecs are used in compression and decompression of media files. They are a sort of wrapper around a file telling the software what type and format the file is. MPEG was developed as an international standard for use in CD‐ROMs and video games. Not compatible with Apple Mac hardware. Because we cannot use the up to 12 digit number that identifies web sites so we use a name given to it by the writers. Protocol http://, host www.bbc.co.uk, pathname news/scottishnews.html A URL that has a fully qualified domain name is an ‘absolute URL’, which would include the host name, and the full path name of the file. A relative URL is the location of a file relative to the location of the file being currently used. Each separate screen must be tested in the application, to ensure it matches the design and functions correctly. After testing every screen independently, the purpose of integration testing is to ensure that they all work together. The client. How easily the application allows users to recover from mistakes, and whether the interface is ‘user friendly’ or aesthetically pleasing. The requirements specification, navigation maps, storyboards and a record of testing. To check whether or not everything specified has been included and carried out. Shows the links between screens and should show the structure of the presentation. So the client can check the testing schedule’s rigour. Hardware and software system requirements and user guide. The minimum requirements to run the application. Detailed instructions for running the application and FAQs. Fitness for purpose, accessibility and clarity of presentation. Does the application do what it is intended to do? Disabled people. It may lead to improvements and development of the application in future versions. To protect authors of original work from others using it without recompense to the originator. Copyright is intended to provide access to works whilst protecting the rights of their original authors. To protect the owners of copyright work from anyone who wishes to use their work. Software can only be used in conjunction with a suitable licence. Individuals and companies can be sued. The process of possibly irreversibly embedding information into a digital signal. Page | 70 Practice Exam Type Questions
Section I
1. (a) Member Number as it is unique. (b) The member borrowing it may be deleted as well if it is the only book they had borrowed. 2. A data type that has only 1 of 2 possible values. 3. A foreign key in one entity is a primary key in another entity. 4. A key constructed of more than one attribute to uniquely identify an item in the entity. 5. Cardinality is the data relationship between two entities. 6. A foreign key must always refer to a record that exists in another table. 7. Data has structure or context, information is data that has been processed and given context and meaning. 8. It can save a developer a lot of time and all pages will have same structure. 9. The data dictionary, a card index in a library etc. (1 of) 10. A help desk, FAQs, a reference manual, on‐line help (2 of) 11. Used by senior management to produce management reports. 12. Software must be used with a valid licence, shareware can be used for a certain time before paying for it, and freeware can be used free without limit of time. 13. (a) Formal, quantitative, present and periodic. (b) Written, detailed and aggregated. Section II
14 Normalisation question – The “trick” here is to realise that Order Date is part of the repeating group and part of the compound key. UNF 1NF 2NF 3NF Customer No Customer No Customer No Customer No Customer Name Customer Name Customer Name Customer Name Customer Customer Customer Customer Address Address Address Address Customer Customer Customer Customer Telephone Telephone Telephone Telephone Order Date Item Number Item Number* Item Number* Item Number Order Date Order Date Order Date Number Ordered Customer No* Customer No* Customer No* Description Number Ordered Number Ordered Number Ordered Supplier Name Supplier Address Description Item Number Item Number Supplier Name Supplier Tel Description Description Supplier Address Price Supplier Name Price Supplier Tel Supplier Address Supplier Name* Price Supplier Tel Price Supplier Name Supplier Address Supplier Tel Page | 71 Charge 15 (a) Customer TV Rental Marks Customer to Rental 1:M (2), Charge to TV 1:M (2) and TV to rental 1:M (2). Lose 1 for no notion of 1:M and 1 for each box in wrong order or incorrectly labelled. (b (i)) From TV, Model and Type, From Rental, Date Rented and Number of Weeks, From Charge Cost per week. 5 marks – 1 for each correct – must tie in table and correct entity. (ii) A query to select the Sony 32QS and relevant dates (1mark) and a calculation in the report to summarise and total the month’s rental (1 mark). 16 (a) Suitable Storage includes DAT tape, USB or Firewire External hard Drive. (1) Rotation methods describe Grandfather, Father, Son or Full weekly and daily incremental. (2) Recovery describe software required and e.g. “day 3 recover full backup and (5) 2 days increments”. (2) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (c) (i) (ii) (ii) 17 (a) (b) Place a firewall between the server and the Internet(1) and describe username and password system (1). Describe 2 of on‐the‐job, on‐line tutorial, external training courses. File server needs software to control and monitor the network (deal with log‐ones and file security etc) and workstation needs network software to attach the computer to the network and use the network services (2 marks for each well described) Common page layout , same fonts, styles for headings and body text etc. Similar colour schemes throughout etc. (any 2 well explained) Serif fonts have semi‐structural details on the ends of some of the strokes that make up letters and symbols. San serif fonts have plain ends of the strokes. A template with all the details required for the common page details can be made up and all pages are based on this template. The Internet has made people who shop from home not able to interact with their local shop staff. Home shoppers have a greater choice of goods, can shop 24/7 and often get goods cheaper. 1 mark for each point. Schools have no right to act as censors; schools have a right to protect young people from inappropriate internet content. Page | 72 (2) (2) (4) (2) (2( (2) (4) 18 Schools have to balance what they allow and ban with allowing young people to research for their education – why ban You Tube for example. You need a for and against for two marks so twice for four. Any two of middle management, medium term decisions, mixture of internal and external documents. Total Marks
(4) (2) (60) Optional Topic – Applied Multimedia
19 (a) JPEG – Widely supported, Good colour depth and small file size (1 mark for each) (b) The colours presented on screen depend on the graphics hardware (1mark). Gamma correction (1mark) is a technique which can adjust the colours specific to the hardware used (1 mark). (c) (i) Host name – http (1 mark), system www (1 mark), domain eurocomputers.com (1 mark), path optiumxl (1mark), and file name tech.pdf (1 mark) any 3 for marks. (ii) Absolute (1 mark) because the whole path name specified and can be linked to from any location (1 mark). (2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
20 (a) Content, Delivery Media and Budget (1 for each)around 500 pages, Web site or DVD, given funding (1 each) (6)
(b) DVD can be played on most modern computers, cheap to produce and light to mail (1 for any one point) content cannot be updated, updates require a new (2)
DVD. (1 mark) (c) Describe bookmarking, history and breadcrumbs – any 2 but need good description for 2 marks. (4)
(d) (i) Layout matches design, buttons and navigational functions work, texts, fonts, colours and sizes match the original design specification, scroll functions, video and audio clips run without any problems, non‐functioning controls grey out when not needed, visible continuity between screens, any applets operate correctly, text has been spell‐checked. Only 2 marks but probably need 2 (2)
points for 1 mark so 4 points for 2. (i) Acceptance testing (1)
(e) MP3 (1 mark) Widely used format with lots of support, good compression, no need for special player can use built in media player (any 2 for 2 marks) (3)
(f) Accessibility (need DVD player v computer on the internet), timing (information on DVD will go out of date but web site can be kept up to date (2)
and availability etc. can be live). 2 marks for two points well explained. 21 (a) (i) Metaphors give a visual expression of a function (1 mark) for example (any good example) (1mark) (2)
(ii) The shopping trolley depicted on the website (1mark) should resemble an actual shopping trolley (1 mark). (2)
(b) A merchant account (retailer), a shopping cart and transaction software. (3)
(c) (i) A jpeg has a very small file size while preserving good colour depth (1 mark) while a TIFF has a very large file size making it slow to download. (1 mark) (2)
(ii) A – A lower colour depth means that much fewer colours are displayed (256 (2)
for GIF 16million for JPEG) and the image can look weak and washed out. B – Dithering is when a new colour can be created by taking an average of four Page | 73 surrounding pixels to create a fifth pixel. (d) (1) Customer will use username and password (1mark) and/or PIN number to access the secure are of the site (1mark) (ii) 32 bit encryption 22 (a) the process of possibly irreversibly embedding information into a digital signal (b) To prevent a music or video file from being downloaded and used or copied (1mark) without the copyright being broken (usually paid for) (1 mark) (1)
(2)
(c) (1)
Original works by artists, authors, musicians, programme makers etc. Total Marks 50 Page | 74 (2)
(2)
(1)
1NF 2NF 3NF A definition of multimedia Absolute URL Acceptance testing Access Rights Accessibilit Accuracy Addition anomalies Advantages to the database being centralised. Aggregate Aggregated Annually Anti‐aliasing Archive attributes Audio conferencing Aural Authoring software Availability / Accessibility Avoiding information overload Backtracking Backup Strategy Bookmarks Boolean Breadcrumbs budget Business and ICT Business Costs calculated fields Calculations candidate keys cardinality CBT (Computer Based Training) CD‐ROM Censorship on The Internet. Centralised database Centralised Database Changes From 1984 Act Characteristics of Information Clarity of presentation Classes of Software Client‐Server Network Codes of conduct Collaborative working Colour and graphics command line interface Completeness 4 5 5 32 46 47 17 48 13 2 15 8 12 11 39 18 3 32 12 42 13 38 36 18 36 37 36 35 30 30 8 8 3 3 33 33 30 20 15 28 13 49 22 15 17 32 39 37 13 compound key Compression Computer Applications Conciseness Conditional exemptions Consistency and standards content Continuous Contravening Legislation on the Internet Control Conversion Copyright Copyright Designs and Patents Act Copyright Laws Copyright Licences Copyright, Designs & Patents Act Cost Daily Data data dictionary data inconsistency Data Integrity Data mining Data Privacy Data Processing Systems Data Security Data verification Data Warehousing database database management system Date & Time can have many formats Decision Support Systems Decision‐making Deletion Anomalies delivery media Denial of service Detailed Detailed storyboard Differences between WP and DTP Differing ability levels Digital watermarking Distributed Database Distributed Networks Dithering Downloading audio Downloading video duplication of data DVD‐ROM Easy correction of errors E‐commerce Page | 75 3 45 29 13 28 37 35 11 31 12 8 49 49 49 49 29 13 11 10 6 2 16 21 16 14 16 18 20 2 2 8 14 12 2 35 16 12 39 22 38 50 20 15 39 40 40 2 33 38 32 Education 23 Edutainment 33 Embedded fonts 39 Emulation 19 Encryption 17, 31 Enforced on‐line registration 50 entity 3 Entity Integrity 3 entity relationship diagram 6 essence of copyright 49 Ethical Implications of ICT 30 Evaluation of multimedia application 48 Executive Information System 14 Expert Systems 14 External ‐ 19 FAQs 20 Financial Application 23 Firewalls 17 Fitness for purpose 48 flat file 2 foreign key 3 Form fill‐in interface 37 Formal Communication 10 Format 8 Forms 9 Forms of Information 12 Frame rate 44 Frequency and Version Control 18 Frequency of Information 11 Functionality 19 Future 11 Future Proofing 18 Gamma correction 40 Gant and PERTT charts 23 GIF 44 Globalisation 26 Globalisation and Impact of IS on Social Structures 26 Graphic file types 43 Graphical text ‐ 39 GUI (graphical user interface) 37 Hacking 16 Hardware & software compatibility 18 hardware and software requirements 35 Hardware and software system requirements
48 Health and Safety Regulations 30 Health issues 41 Help Desk 20 Hierarchical structure 36 Highlighting 36 Historic 11 History Home entertainment Home shopping Home situation Host name Hourly How to gain a Competitive Advantage How Viruses Work hybrid Hybrids ICT and Global Citizenship Identities and Personas In House inference engine Informal Communication Information Initial Costs Installation Guide Integration testing Integration Testing jpeg Kerning key Kiosk Knowledge knowledge base Lack of functionality Legacy Systems Level of Detail Levels of Information Linear structure Local Area Network Logical lost in hyperspace Macro Use Macros Management Information Systems Manuals Many‐to‐Many Mathematical Media specialists Menu‐driven interface Metadata Metaphors MIDI Mobile communications Modelling and Simulation Modern IS driven businesses Monthly MP3 MPEG ( Multimedia delivery media Page | 76 36 33 33 23 46 11 30 16 36 34 31 27 19 14 11 10 30 19 47 18 44 39 3 33 10 14 20 18 13 11 36 15 8 36 23 9 14 19 3 8 43 37 10 37 44 34 23 26 11 44 45 33 Multimedia designer 43 Multimedia Players 42 Multimedia programmer 43 Multimedia simulations 33 Nature 10 Navigational maps 48 Navigational structures 35 Network Adapter Card. 15 Network Auditing and Monitoring Software
16 Network Operating System. – 2 parts 16 Network Topology 15 Newsgroups 20 non‐key dependencies 5 Normalisation 4 Numbers can be formatted as Integer, Real, Currency 8 objective 12 Objects and Operations of Each class of Software 24 One ‐to‐ Many 3 One‐to‐one 3 On‐line Help 20 On‐line Tutorials 20 On‐the‐job 19 Operational 11 Optimisation & Critical Path Analysis 23 Outline storyboard 39 partial dependencies 5 Password guidelines 17 Path name 46 Peer to Peer network 15 Performance 19 Periodic 11 Personal Information Management 23 plan 12 Planning 12 Presence Check 8 Present 11 Presentation 13 Presentation software 42 Presentations 22, 32 primary key 3 primary source 10 Print Media 22 Privacy 27 Privacy and Encryption 31 Progressive scan 40 project brief 35 Project development documentation 47 Project Management 23 Project manager 43 Protection of your own materials Protocols Providing feedback purpose Qualitative Information Quantitative Information Queries Range Check Reasons for Expert Systems Record of testing Recovery Reference Manual Referential Integrity Regulating the content of the Internet relational database relationships Relative URL Relevance / Appropriateness Reliability or Objectivity repeating group Reports Requirements specification Resource Allocation Responsibilities of Data Users Restricted Choice Rights of Data Subjects Running Costs Sampled Screen testing Search search facilities Searching secondary source Social Implications Software Evaluation Software Incompatibility Software Licensing Software Strategy Sort Sorting Spreadshee Statistical Analysis Storage Methods Strategic Streaming audio Streaming video Structure of a URL Structured Cabling Subject expert summary fields surrogate key Tactical Page | 77 50 46 38 35 11 11 8 8 14 48 18 19 8 31 3 6 46 13 13 4 9 35 23 28 8 28 30 12 47 8 37 8 10 26 19 20 29 19 8 8 23 23 18 11 40 40 45 15 43 8 3 11 Teleconferencin 32 Text 8 The 1998 Data Protection Act 28 The Changing Relationships between Retailer and Customer 26 The Difference between Value and Cost 13 The Effect of New ICT on Business 30 The Freedom of Information Act (Scotland) 2002 29 The Impact on Business of an IS Driven Business Model 26 The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 29 TIFF 44 Time 11 Time lining ‐ 23 timescale 35 Timing 13 Training in Using Software 19 Tutorial Guide 19 Types of Information 12 Unconditional exemptions 28 UNF 4 Upgrade Strategy 18 Usability testing 47 Use of ICT in Citizenship User Documentation User guide/instructions user interface User Interfaces User Support user/audience Validation Value Video conferencing Video file size and quality Virtual reality virus Virus Protection Visual Web Authoring Web palettes‐ Web structure Webmaster Web‐page applications Wide Area Network Window size Written WWW (World Wide Web Page | 78 31 48 48 14 37 19 35 8 13 32 44 34 16 17 12 22 39 36 43 42 15 45 12 33