1. education
2. english as a second language

THE
ROMAN
Why
PRONUNCIATION
we
How
it and
use
OF
to
use
BY
E.
FRANCES
Professor
of
Latin
in
COLLEGE
LORD
Coli
Wellesley
OF
LIBERAL
UBHARy
U.S.A.
BOSTON,
PUBLISHED
BY
GINN
1894
"
COMPANY
ARTS
LATIN
it
f
rV'l'-H'-^-
""!
"
'0*1
Copyright,
Bv
FRANCES
ALL
RIGHTS
1894
E.
RESERVED
/7033'
LORD
PA
NTRODUCTION.
Roman
tion
pronunciabrought against the
is twofold : the
of Latin
impossibilityof perfect
of practical
ment.
attaintheoretical knowledge, and the difficulty
The
'
argument
'
the main
If to know
of Latin
were
the
to refuse
dead, and
fact what
to
the
features
classic
pronunciation
would
impossible,then our obvious course
attempt ; to regard the language as
make
no
pretence of reading it.
English scholars generallydo. But
the
substantially
know
of the
sounds
of the
be
in
reality
This
is in
if we
may
tongue in which
Cicero
give up the delightsof
spoke and Horace
sung, shall we
ourselves
with the
the melody and the rhythm and content
exist apart from
does
not
thought form ? Poetry especially
sound
and
form
it,nor
constitute
even
sense
sound.
that the task of
is,if
practicalacquisition
impossible,extremely difficult,the work of a lifetime,'
the expenditure
the objectorssay, do the results justify
'
not
as
of time
The
same
the
less
some
without
if it is true
But
will not
alone
; sense
and
labor
?
positionof
in
this
as
the
that
English-speakingpeoples is
of
Europeans.
Europeans
not
have
the
not
tion.'
pronuncianecessityto urge them to the Roman
Their own
or
languages represent the Latin more
adequately,in vowel sounds, in accent, and even, to
extent, in quantity; so that with them, all is not lost
same
'
INTRODUCTION.
iv
if
they
with
translate
of these
none
in
lies
the
reproduced,
a
great part of
that
fact
how
to
it.
use
What
the
and
Why
the
interest
the
still not
well
of
In
pamphlet
the
will
"
on
from
the
free
pages
"l
know
to
is made
in
;
in the
in
showing
and
some
divine
of
on
as
poets
Prof.
of
issued
the
"
made
and
Oxford
"Quantitative
pamphlet
been
has
use
Pronunciation
the
general
in
are
In
u.
for
American
respect
these
the
ae
A.
Latin,"
and
the
from
of
Prof.
Latin";
Cambridge
Pronunciation
of
the
J. Munro's
Pronunciation
by
of
Cambridge.
H.
(Eng.)
Latin
in the
the
the
diphthong
Ellis.
that
of the
ae
pronunciation
Cambridge
consonant,
points of divergence
understanding
the
or
Robinson
chief
favored
for
u
the
is that
adopted by
V,
of
cases
Ellis,and
Ellis, and
for this
perfectlyacquired
or
orators
from
found
be
present compendium
the
by
satisfactorydegree, how,
some
the
method
is, or
Period."
Augustan
from
'
sung.
PhilologicalSociety,on
In
there
compendium
honey-tongued
or
J. Ellis' book
also
teach
made
desire
who
perceiving,and
to
following
Quotations
those
to
little
highest English authorities,
A.
authorityis
fullyknown
our
and
spoke
the
be
prevent
what,
Rome
this
How
cannot
manner
as
and
study
constantly being
are
;
country,
pronunciation
Roman
What
?
who
those
this
time-and-labor-savinguniformity,and
of
belief that what
worthy
'
giving help
of
hope
the
does
while
;
for that .''
reason
In
the
so
in
difBculty,
our
of
Inquiries
is this
teachers, Why
tongues
own
suggested, in English.
even
or
few
so
what
really know
Latin
their
sound, accent, quantity,all is gone
"
is
believe
We
is left
nothing
us,
into
sounds
the
by Roby,
'
and
herein
'
Roman
the
sonantal
con-
mended
recom-
Munro,
and
Philological Society ;
advocated
by Corssen,
A.
J.
THE
ROMAN
PRONUNCIATION
PART
WHY
In
the
general,
of
pronunciation
whose
Latin
themselves
the
three,
they
In
in
turn
first
the
that,
exceptions
in the
would
the
is
and
grammarians
[Quint.I.
iv.
And
[Id.ib.
iv.
is
been
the
have
the
higher.
had
case
authority
He
of
speaks
that
the
of
same
again,
tively,
compara-
Such,
we
exceptions
of
may
been
Quintilian
the
Interiora
6.]
subtleties
quoque
velut
non
sacri
modo
eruditionem
hujus
acuere
ac
adeuntibus
"
of
ingenia
scientiam
apparebit
puerilia
possit.
:
7.]
of
written.
over
made
insignificant points.
piece
as
and
over
much
but
quantity.
others,
among
these
quality,
pronounced
was
so
in
writers
Of
important
most
dental
inci-
through
classic
two
the
:
altissimam
says
the
in
mentioned
that
subtilitas, quae
rerum
exercere
we
no
of
of
grammarians,
or
;
other
(a
fact,
are
have
Then
whom
multa
and
not
value
meagre
rule, Latin
confessedly,
numerous.
the
know
the
grammarians,
sure,
in
Latin
inscriptions.
to
we
a
from
recur,
and
than
inferior
as
the
monumental
place,
is evident
This
from
comparatively
are
knowledge)
be
is
first
knowledge
our
expressions
from
or
;
IT.
of
part
greatly
and
statements
USE
comes
varies
authority
LATIN.
I.
WE
greater
OF
An
cujuslibet
auris
est
exig-erelitterarum
sonos?
sed
2
THE
after
But
the
on
matter
following significantwords
hoc
nam
;
velut
This
as
feel
sure
of
to
point
of
voces
exprimere debent
id
Italian
the
rules
the
the
pronounce
Professor
Munro
in the first volume
see
map,
custodiant
judico,
language, so
the
from
with
language
marians,
gram-
good
a
of correctness.
We
"
litterarum, ut
by books, getting
may
this
On
quidque
legentibus,itaque
characteristic
a
learn
degree
usus
Ego (note the ego)
sumus.
is still
one
est
reddant
depositum
dicturi
enim
interponat
scribendum
sic
the
up
:
debet.
plurimum
appear
finallysums
grammaticus
suum
obtinuerit
Hie
sonat.
autem
valere
consuetudo
he
grammarians,
Indicium
31.]
vii. 30,
quomodo
that
all the
LATIN.
which
idiosyncrasies
in the
quod
quod
of those
citingsome
of
his omnibus
et
OF
pages
[Id.ib.
nisi
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
it were,
that
of
the
pronunciation:
of the
before
open
us,
a
and
systematicalchange
spellingmeant
coir a., coera,
Latin,
Inscr.
Corpus
language spread
of
change
:
says
aiquos,
cura;
aecus
aequos,
;
queicumque, qiiicumqiie,
etc., etc."
And
again :
know
We
"
spell;
we
almost
of
follow
best
exactlyhow
know
the
every
word
them
in
Cicero
syllableon
; and
this.
days philologicalpeople
took
or
Livy, he
Three
each
Tacitus
also
certainty,if
Roman
spoke
chief
of
spelt
the
it
factors
these
we
far
so
must
would
pronunciation.
be
that
pains
vast
;
and
to
that
accent
already
in
their
make
the
if
tilian
Quin-
Cicero
or
differently."
known
lay
conviction
could
or
the
we
differentlyfrom
essential
are
case
every
sounding
word
a
they placed
in almost
the
writing exactly reproduce
and
which
have
I
Quintilian did
or
claim
to
with
to
the
some
an
Latin
language,
good degree
understanding
of
of
PFBV
These
are
:
letters
the
of
Sounds
(i)
3
IT.
USE
JVE
(vowels, diphthongs,
nants)
conso-
;
(2) Quantity;
Accent.
(3)
SOUNDS
OF
LETTERS.
THE
Vowels.
vowels
The
These
quinque
longae
sunt.
A
sola
[ArsGram.
rictu
E
sunt
semper:
longa
with
and
Vict,
de
patulo, suspensa
back
lips drawn
[Id.ib.
vi.
7.]
E
[Id.ib.
vi.
roof
et
de
tongue
:
metrica
less
the
ratione, I.
vi. 6.
A
J
littera
lingua,enuntiatur.
widely
and
open,
the
:
modice
represso
rictu
oris,
labiis,effertur.
itself with
the
the
tongue
I semicluso
(long)will give
opening,
dicis,longae
ore,
mouth
half
closed
and
the
teeth
:
impressisque
sensim
bus,
lingua denti-
dabit.
vocem
0
8.]
litteras
profer-
est.
teeth
sequitur, de
quae
gently pressed by
the
autcm
solae
widely opened,
mouth
inward
and
reductisque introrsum
I will voice
the
solas
impressa dentibus
neque
with
is uttered
mouth
orthographia
Vocales
al.]
et
loi
quinque, quando
longa
touching
not
Mar.
the
p.
quando
; e sola
est
V.
v.
Istae
u.
u.
always long.
are
Keil.
Donat.
i, 0,
is uttered
suspended
alone
a, e,
sunt:
untur,
A
ad
Comm.
i, 0,
a, e,
:
uttered
when
[Pompei.
five
are
with
of the
the
"
tragic sound
lips protruded,
mouth
:
the
tongue
"
through
rounded
pendulous
in
the
[id.ib.
vi.
oris
arcu
U
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
THE
4
9.] 0 longum
the
[id.ib.
vi.
coeuntibus
labris
:
ov
litteram
10.] U
scribere
efferemus
Of
five vowels
these
i, u)
do
[Pompei.Comm.
teris
a,
tres
i, u
sunt,
[Id.ib.] 0
aliter
E
sive
(e,0) change
two
et
vero
e
non
dixit) Quotienscumque
'
litteram.'
dicis
Quando
0
sonat.
palatum
Si brevis
sic
longa
sonare,
dices
brevis.
an
ut
si dices
Habes
obit.
Quando
quando
exprimis longam,
reptum
actam
It
Mar.
Vict,
enuntiat,
linguam
would
subjoined, as
de
nee
regulam
palatum
intra
Orthog.
magno
et
de
i
ut
simpliciter
ipse intra
sonus
palatum.
labris,ut
in
expressam
Terensonat
;
sonat.
Metr.
Rat.,
hiatu
labra
the
long
I. vi.
9.] 0
reserabit,
et
qui
COr-
retrorsum
tenebit.
thus
prolongation
e
quasi extremis
sonare,
istam
angusta,
sonat, intra
intra
(hoc
i littera.
exprimere quia brevis est, primis labris
vis
tiano.
[Ars Gram.
labris
sic
brevem
dicere
quasi
sunt,
sit ad
sonat
sic pressa,
longa est, debet
Si
Ht-
quinque
ita Terentianus
quomodo
esse,
orato?',
primis
istis
proferri,vicina
sonare,
vis
quantity:
De
Dicit
volumus
Quando
sit
debet
est
breves.
sonat.
(a,
breves.
sive
sonant
debet
three
that
longae ejusdemmodi
quality:
vicina
i litteram.
their
their
sic debet
sonus
evitat,
sit ad
vicina
puta
Ipse
conjunctam
ov
say
loi.]
sive
longam
e
p.
longae
brevis
aliter
longa
V.
breves
sive
habent
v.
et
possunt.
non
qualitywith
Keil.
Donat.
quae
similiter
:
But
ad
per
grammarians
the
their
change
not
nisi
quam
.
.
pronuntiare
ac
productis
quotiens enuntiamus,
.
Graeci
approaching
and
lips protruding
other, like the Greek
each
dabit.
tragicum
with
LATIN
protrusislabiis,rictu tereti,lingua
autem,
pendula, sonum
is uttered
OF
seem
draws
in the
that
into the
English
i
e
of
the
sound, somewhat
vein
or
Italian
Latin
as
in
if i
y^^(?/(?.
were
its
WHY
grammarians speak
The
classic
writers, as
is but
in
or
and
spellingin
ibie.
[Serg.
Explan.
interdum
U,
such
enim
Non
; unde
u
inter
mediae
sonum
non
nominibus
[Keil.
et
ut
vi
perfecto,
sonum,
mutat
i vocalis
Donatus
has
in
Hae
expressum
In
dam
quibus-
...
i, ut
;
in
litteras
habere.
non
illis quae
litterae
u
incipiens,d
vel
corripitur,mutavit
et
in
aliis
in
modo
vir
t
Cur
i
vel
m
sonum,
quia producitur.
mutant,
virus
autem
videbo
u
:
vita
in
autem
x
quia
Similiter
vires
quia corripitur:
vixi
vir
et
praeterito autem
non
mutant,
servavit
Similiter
mutat,
virgo mutant,
mutant,
non
a
in his tem-
naturalem
non
dictio
sequentibus,
quia corripitur,vimen
mutat
et
:
videro.
vidissem,
quia corripitur;
vim
in
sonum
vel
r
habere
omnis
Quia
vel
com-
videtur
sonum
?
Graecae
adverbio
bis
a
quibus producitur,
vidi, videram,
ut
ripiuntur:
Vix
vir ;
:
Similiter
mutat
U
hoc
Et
inaxime.
pronuntiatur,ut video, videbam,
poribus
ut
Ct
producta i, nee
vir
sonum
biceps,bipatens, bivititn.
dictione
sono
i
perdit sonum.
u
fel signiiicat,et
syllababrevi
hoc
modo
i,
:
dictionibus
pro
sound
duac
etiam
sonum
exprimunt
certum
the
in
465.] Cur per vi scribitur (virum) ? Quia omnia
exceptis bitumifie
syllabaincipientiaper vi scribuntur
bile^quando
ponuntur,
vi
itiaxume
.
optutmis
ut
says
vi
a
in hae
.
ending
dicuntur.
dixit
by
obscurity
habent
mediae
a
digestible.
Hae
non
suum
expressum
in
II. p.
V.
nomina
and
475.]
bene
et
U,
maxu7nus.
confuse
to
dicere
etiam
ut
.
non
; u
Priscian
words
dicuntur, quia quibusdam
habent,
opprimitur
instance, in
sonum
se,
or
same
possumus
that
; so
The
thing.
II. p.
v.
i and
of
word
a
detestable
as
suum
quibusdani dictionibus
etiam
sound
even
indifferently,
instance,
words
expressum
patiuntur
commune
for
for
Keil.
producta
optumus
natural
Donat.
optujnus.
ut
of
written
were
and
easy,
Art.
.
.
U
obscure
middle
English, as,
How
able
of the
S
IT.
opth?iusor optiwiiis, maxwius
simple
a
often
occurs
.
i and
of words
number
USE
in the
unaccented
and
short
This
WE
vitium
quia
autem
quia
ducitur.
pronon
cor-
quia producuntur.
quia producitur.
THE
6
ROMAN
idem
Hoc
quibus
plerique solent
fi brevi
a
sonantibus,
qui
autem
PRONUNCIATION
hoc
adeo
non
observant,
and
"
V.
Donatus
IV.
virgin,Jtrm,
of it
says
vi
facere, in
dictis
con-
Sunt
dubitat.
positionsabove
fi short
unlike
not
a
fere
nemo
speakers
some
tioned
men-
had
"
that
not
unnatural
pro
naturali
an
heard
tion.
obscura-
:
nescio
367.] Pingue
p.
in the
thickened, sound,
words
English
[Keil.
with
de
cum
that
seem
obscure, somewhat
As
illis dictionibus
in
fides, perfidus, confiteor,i?ifiinus,
firmus.
ut
vi short
in the
etiam
incipiunt syllabae sequentibus supra
this it would
From
LATIN
OF
quid
sono
usurpa-
mus.
Sometimes,
the
long
i
apparently,this tendency
pronounced
was
the
by
quod
Galli
ad
Graeci
ponentes.
tenui
studentes,
in
hoc
erit
incipit,ut
aut
teTiui; medium
est,
sermone
exhibere
sonum
sunt
vel
IotacismU77l
exilius
dicunt
nescio
ejus
quern
expressioniejus
in
pinguior, ubi
acutior
inter
sonum
esse
et
i
ab
sic
Hnguae
verbum
ea
verbum,
habui,
ut
medio
in
habet, ubi
videtur,quando producta
tamen
eadem
desinit
e
quando
;
debet, sicut
ea
Romanae
sit,ubi
sonus
fit.
ip-
expresse
sonum
adeo
dicunt
prolatam
ite,non
factam.
esse
ho77ti7ie77t. Mihi
est, plenior vel
394.]
p.
proferunt,
exilis
ut
quendam
ut
banc
dissyllabam
moderatio,
He,
V.
pinguiorem
i
on
iotacis77i :
cum
et
e
i
short
is commented
vice
pinguius
ut
the
and
dicantyz/j",
aliquantulum de priori littera
si
proferant, ut videas
autem
exempla
brevis
quae
medium
est
posita
sunt
pos-
declarare.
The
as
inter
exilius
ut
sometimes
name
v.
vel
utuntur,
proferentes,sed
sam
the
Keil.
Donat.
banc
pinguius
under
i litteram
per
while
;
distinctly. This
too
grammarians,
[Pompei.Comm.
vitium
obscured
also
was
into excess,
ran
grammarians
in the
ut
Art.
interdum
Donat.
nee
the
note
following passage
[Serg.
Explan.
prium,
also
Keil.
peculiarrelation
of
to
u
q,
:
v.
vocalis
IV.
nee
p.
475-] U
consonans
vero
hoC
sit,hoc
accidit proest
ut
non
WHY
inter
littera,cum
sit
id
potest
non
sonans
q ; vocalis
est
WE
quia
esse,
7
ante
habet
se
Nam
ponitur.
alteram
con-
consonantem,
potest, quia sequitur illam
non
esse
IT.
aliquam vocalem
et
q
USE
vocalis,ut
quomodo.
qiiare,
Diphthongs.
Marius
In
Victorinus
[Mar.Vict.
Gaisford,
vocis
unius
ut
sonum,
And
ut
loco
eu,
:
sub
longam,
natura
vocis
geminae
unum
the
following paragraph
I.
ei
v.
syllabae,cum
diphi/iongosvocant
diphthongi non
positas ;
consonantium
naturaliter
longae
syllabasGraeci
illae
nam
:
Sunt
:
sunt
;
fiunt per
quae
ia, ie, ii,io, iu, va, ve, vi,
ut
vu.
vo,
Of
these
only
"
in
diphthongs
is
e
interjectionsand
in
While
vowels
to
before
diphthong
As
stress.
in iota
was
in modern
pronounced
e
for
the
as
ae
or
oe, and
the
diphthong
with
the
a
the
and
over
it is
spellinge generally prevails.
to
the
be
of
making
there
classic
noted
that
of
are
a
the
the
received
diphthongs
in Latin
during
cations
indi-
many
first vowel
second
find all
we
are
both
of
sound
custom
short) the
simple i, so
and
in
only
occur
preserved, there
Greek
and
neuter
of contraction.
cases
hastened
words,
elided.
vowel
another
In
neii.
ceii,
i, viz.,ei, oi, ui,
extent
some
instances, before
of
in
in Greek
except
"
in sen,
;
(in accordance
that
vowel
in
pronouncing
was
occurs,
probably
ending
Diphthongs
few
eu
eheu
heus, heu,
neutiquani the
use
defined
jugatae ac
faciunt
veluti
vocant,
6.]
junguntur,quas
Gaisford,
ae, oe, au,
vocales
se
prolatae syllabam
fullyin
vocales
inter
Duae
thus
diphthongs
au.
oe,
ae,
more
vocales
54.]
diphthongon
[Mar.Vict.
duae
v.
enuntiatione
Graeci
quam
I.
find
we
that end
ous
numer-
period, of
in the
the
latest
8
THE
ROMAN
Munro
cilius
B.C.
praetor
find
e), we
the
rustics
was
frequentlyput
very
find teter^erumna,
and
and
e,
perhaps
from
law
very
in
the
e
for
in words
ae
the
The
singularof
in view
with
the
by
of the
de
like taeter
the
the
like
offer
ae
it stands
Latin
genuine
can
sound
?
sometimes
ae
hesitate
we
:
prae-
for
long
a
making
the
it is
usual
With
such
always represented
to
pronounce
"
for
used,
pronouncing
ai in the
occasionallyfind
we
often
ing
represent-
to
e.
open
e
tions
inscrip-
after
and
give
we
:
for S
ae
by
sooner,
soon
:
like,the
pieno with
e,
open
e
poets
declension,appears
have
to
like
ae
genitive
little weight
following explanation :
Orthog.
Graecorum
omnes
et
ai
per
de
Metr.
Rat.,
38.] AC
Syllabam quidam
I. iii.
illud
scribunt, nee
quidem custodient, quia
fere,qui de orthographia aliquidscriptum reliquerunt,
prae-
cipiunt,nomina
ae
and
the first
[Mar.Vict,
more
h2ive
this open
in the
open
all alike
perhaps
liquid before
we
e,
argument
ai, that
an
is always scaefia)
and
:
(a-Kr^vrj
open
Italian
with
ae
inscriptions
plaenus that in Italian,contrary
pedigree then,
in
similar
sometimes
:
plaenus^ the
Latin
long
e
open
more
this ioxva
of
to
first century,
to
began pertinaciously
and
often
as
than
verging
Servius
mestus, presto and
MSS.
short
in
:
tum, praeces, quaerella,aegestas and
a
pretor for Cae-
7nystae : Paeligni is reproduced in Strabo
Ke(yr6% : by the
for
Cecilius
time
muste
neXtyvot: Cicero, Virgil,Festus,
caestos
lATIN
inscriptionsolder
that
by
piei and
muste
said
Samothracian
of ai
sound
piei,and
ixvcrrai
time
in two
;
(the
loo
OF
:
Lucilius's
In
"
says
PRONUNCIATION
exire, ut
ostendere,
Aeliae:
ut
scripserunt:
propter
ductionem
femina
eadem
hujus
Aeliai
quia
Graeci
et
nominative
casu
exilitatem
jung^erevocali
:
et
a
per
i
inducti
per
i
a
scripta numerum
a
alter!
non
singularem
poetis, qui pictai
potissimum
litterae,-r) autem
pluraliin
numero
finita,
hanc
propter
possunt
:
iota
vestis
syllabam
naturalem
vero,
quae
bunt
scriproest
IV//V
brevis
apud
igitursine
habet
nos
controversia
Of
Munro
oe
When
"
says
eliminated,
oe
scribite
vocum
a
oe,
occurs
simple sound,
have
given
to
0.
Their
less
importance."
Of
"
Munro
says
Here, too,
becomes
au
thus
in
fact that
have
in Latin
before
one
says,
:
the
coepi^poena,
etc.,
??werus,
must
we
have
which
like the
sound
0
analogy
:
hde
oro
I
German
of oe, eu,
ui, of
with
the
0,
might
Latin
the
than
Latin
The
:
I would
:
pronounce
termination
common
show
that
between
au,)
ae
Perhaps, too,
plenus above."
u
et
hebes.
est
sound
e
open
the
by coming
open
compare
of the
Vos
jnoestus, are
:
If
U.
prefer one
and
open
was
valde
coefa,
plostrum, Clodiiis,corns.
(to represent
gives more
into
the
makes
open
gloria, vittoria
in Italian
0
he
:
quam
potest digno-
non
Latin
archaisms
curious
a
in Italian
Latin
:
:
has
au
est
brevis.
et
casum,
in
rarely
take
rarity,however,
au
et
I should
but
:
qui
nam
:
oi, passed
should
I
ae
longa
est
like coelufn, coena^
very
from
coming
visa
:
moe?iia,coetus, proelia, besides
where
9
structuram
numeros
barbarisms
hateful
banc
i, quae
et
ae
per
scriptarum
supra
IT.
ambiguitatis,et pluralem nominativum,
singularem genitivum
scere
USE
longa, aptior ad
eademque
potestatem
WE
*'
the
"
the
-orio,
ing
correspondliquids,or
two
should
I
the
Italian
prefer,"
au,
which
owl, cow.^^
our
Consonants.
B
has, in general, the
[Mar.Vict.
inter
se
oris
labiis sono,
ictu
Keii.
v.
officio
sequens
explicatur.
VI.
p.
sound
same
32.]
E
quibus
exprimuntur.
compresso
ore
as
b
Nam
velut
et
in
p
English
Htterae
.
.
prima exploso
introrsum
attracto
.
e
dispari
mediis
vocis
10
THE
B
ROMAN
before
S
PRONUNCIATION
urps
whether
obses,or
as
;
and
optingo;
obtingo^ or
the
sharpened
to
p
;
Quintilian
should
change
opses
is pronounced
urbs
words, indeed,
are
or
obsojiiiim^
opsonium;
it is
says
indicated
be
LATIN
thus
:
obtinuit,optinuit. Some
;
either way
written
is
t
or
OF
in
question
a
writingor
not
:
I. vii. 7.] Quaeri solet,in scribendo
praepositiones,sonum
[Quint.
:
junctae efficiunt an quern separatae, observare conveniat
quern
dico
cum
obtimdt^ secundam
magis audiunt
attention
is
need
is both
to
b,
one
scarcely avoid
can
you
Keii,
molimine
oris
VI.
v.
but
p.
excludit
natural
so
if quantity
Indeed
go
If, for
wrong.
b will
:
a
etiam
32.] C
G
et
.
Nam
urgens
tity
quan-
itself to p.
change
.
quantity
the
observe
as
reducta
c
haerentem
in
:
sceptic
proximae,
sono
.
intra
priorispari linguae habitu
g vim
false
sound, the hard,
one
molares
hinc
making
if you
dissentiunt.
nisuque
lingua hinc atque
vocis
have
to
appears
[Mar.Vict.
poscit,aures
attempt, in saying obtinuit^to give its normal
syllableshort)your
(first
C
it.
to
hardly
can
(the first syllabletoo long),while
.
ratio
slight and
so
called
scarcelybe
properly observed,
instance, you
sound
litteram
b
p.
change, however,
This
that
enim
ut
introrsum
os
sonum
palato suggerens
lenius reddit.
only
do
we
akin
to
the
Not
sound
all
in sound
c
of
speak
is
says
;
C
and
and
always
find
c
and
q
grammarians
English, as
as
the
in sceptre^but
identical,or
Speaking
same.
of
k
of any
they
substantially
so,
that the
sound
of
superfluous,he
as
:
quae
Nam
k
quidem
etiam
significat,
quod quidam
sit
in
C
in the
Quintilianexpressly states
I. vii. 10.]
[Quint.
nisi
soft
k
hint
no
quotiens
eam
littera,quae
ut
ad
omnes
a
sola
in
ponatur.
sequatur
vocales
nullis verbis
vim
Hoc
necessariam
suam
utendum
eo
non
puto,
omisi,
credunt,
perferat.
cum
WHY
Priscian
And
[Keil.
k
quia
q et c, tamen
et
littera
una
pro
sono,
Without
and
for Kaekilius.
the
cases
of
insipio"/
C
three
words
e
c, if
c
where
also
was
Corpus
"This,"
had
the
not
says
collection
a, is
for
the
c
from
changed
the
instance
that in different
that
weakens
a
k
to
of fashion
changes
other
words
in the
to
S,
^^
as
k
in the
instances
choronae
and
sounding
(for coro?iae),chen-
aspiratecould
also
from
before
C
cites
how
or
Munro,
From
one
ollae.
k
The
in
no.
this I would
have
we
Munro
have
been
in this
case
the
says
:
attached
C
the
of
before
word
nearly
e,
in
case
old
half-barbarous, very
solecistic,
just as
calendas.
if the
before
a, 0, U."
on
have
"is
where
of
inscription (844
an
inscription we
of
kapio,''
of excessive
Graccis, Mr.
sound,
differed
Mr.
i the
in their initial sound.
the
a
short, plebeian, often
a
after
among
Munro
this
would
diphthong
greatly,or
so
Inscr.," vol. I.) bearing
In
"\yay.
on
take
c
insido.^^
"
how
see
have
Professor
"
the
using
probable
vary
pulcer, Gracchis
i could
or
after
e
or
inscriptions (firstvolume),
well
not
the
to
those
by
would
alike
to
pulcher and
I do
ae
believe
hardly
seem
were
Alluding
in
quam
praechones (forpraecones)^ as
(forcenturiones),
turiones
"
evidence
aspirate,the
the
should
metro
it
h, enumerates,
of
we
in
does
Quintilian,noting
the
tam
sint
Lucilius,the rustic said Sesiliiis
kado^^^
"
habent
nomine
of
word
the
vario
the time
compounds
sound
use
vim
figura et
simple vowel, that, to
Nor
same
numerous
of
varia
with
indifferently
the
using
already given, in
"
in
unam
of
written
those
11
:
differentlypronounced
so
IT.
accipi debent.
best
the
that words
be
declares
13.] Quamvis
II. p.
V.
USE
WE
or
the
another
dekembres.
two
hundred
inscriptions
any
letter
cept
ex-
k,
831 is the C, instead
of
infer that,
latter
as
in the
writer
the
writer
he
And
"
for
k
former
says
is to
hundred
far
so
one,
'
length
'
is
[Keil.
II.
V.
finalem
it.
the
[Mar.Vict.
nominibus
It
I.
he
philologers,
hinted
at
any
ference,
dif-
is
quod
"
c
adds
of
c
the
ut
so-called
forcible
more
says
banc
the
:
solam
mutam
hoc, hdc, sic, hie adverbium.
prolonging
the
vowel
philosophically,attributes
more
sound
of the
ergo
litterae,
quae
consonant
in
est
his
:
duntaxat
quodammodo
crassum
et
pro-
quasi
hoe.
et
do
you
the
Priscian
often
as
"
double
that
in
ante
particles
is doubtless
C
and
that
true
certain
not
get that
emphatic
more
in, for instance, the conjunction*;?^^.
sound
Si
autem
nee
finitam, diversum
And
again
conjunctionem aspiciamus,
eadem
littera
:
dixi, in pronominibus
some
licet
sonabit.
tamen
Pompeius, commenting
that
minute
ce,
vowel, but
reddat, hie
sonum
And
most
it,this
46.] Consideranda
v.
Priscian,the
final in
enclitic
longae vocales,
the
to
all,I do
when
have
c
before
Victorinus,
natura
geminum
Ut
C.
speaks
But
length
of
34.] Notandum,
Probus
before
vowel
the
inveniuii-tur
And
of
grammarians,
to
most
know, should
in
the
p.
of
Ennius
also the
were
intensive
not
of
utterance
the
the
of
remnant
the
existed."
"
lengthen
"
to
to
so
e."
convincing
people
a
peculiar effect
the
to
we
as
if such
As
k,
before
C
as
LATIN
and
c
most
from
years,
distinguished writers
not
same
me
in
how
understand
seven
between
the
was
OF
:
what
finally,
well
not
difference
no
saw
of the
Again
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
THE
12
persons
bring
heavily,pronouncing
c
littera
sic ludit
vices
certain
upon
out
efificitcrassiorem.
sonum
the final
as
C
of
speech, says
in certain
sic cludit ; while
words
too
others, on
14
THE
ROMAN
Marius
ph
as
Victorinus
in
[Diom.
scribitur
(of the
Keil.
Latina
h
et
[Prise.Keil.
pro
have
X.
been
vel
voce,
in hoc
hard,
as
omnino
in the
English
VI.
p.
vocis
sonum
suggerens,
speaks
earlier been
[Keil.
V.
adponi,
sexta
word
vocalem
have
paene
discrimina
inter
proxima
accipit
fran-
consonantem
had
but
sound,
one
get,
etiam
hinc
g vim
:
nostrarum,
et g, ut
dissentiunt.
molares
supra
Nam
scriptae,sono
c
reducta
haerentem
urgens,
prioris,pari linguae habitu
in-
intra
palate
lenius reddit.
Diomedes
had
excludit
the
fit horridior.
nisuque
atque
judge
may
potius
cum
to
32.] C
proximae, oris molimine
lingua,hinc
est
ostenditur,
:
utique quotiens aliquam
c, appears
v.
peregrina
accipitur.
est,
muta
voce,
etiam
than
Keil.
si
magis
muta
Quintilian we
non
frangzt, multo
\^so
less
no
[Mar.Vict.
OS
modis
ilia quae
et
est, quae
quodammodo,
f littera turn
:
quite pronounced
Nam
29.]
efflanda
trorsum
muUis
of
to
:
Nam
statement
following words
dentium
the
similar
a
the
humana
G,
words
Phoebtis, Phaethon.
35.] F
I. p.
v.
same
quod
scribitur,Mtfelix.
ut
makes
debemus
scire
similiter
XII.
[Quint.
git,ut
Latin
in
the
century) says
aspiratione,quae
breathing
quassa
used
was
p et
From
non
dictio
scribimus,
Priscian
And
fourth
422.] Id hoc
I. p.
v.
cum
fuerit,p
f
that
says
LATIN.
OF
foreign.
Diomedes
cum
PRONUNCIATION
sicut
filled
423.] G
I. p.
C, ideoque
ut
apud
Graecos
etiam
7
by
nova
hodieque
C.
of g
cum
as
c
est
a
consonant,
new
whose
place
:
in
consonans,
Gaium
Caesarem,
notamus
post b litteram, id
posita reperiturin
eo
est
cujus locum
tertio
loco.
c
solebat
scribimus
loco, digestaest,
IV//V
Victorinus
writing C
the
thus
names
I. iii.
stitisse,quod
has
98.] C
it
regarded
never
name,
the
but
"
15
a
as
C,
in
of
use
where
even
names,
habuisse
Cneiiis
et
et
g
usum
prae-
Cn, quamvis
per
scribuntur.
exprimat,
as
still in
custom
G.
nomen
per
g
as
merely
The
English.
consonant,
least
at
"
grammarians
representing
the
of its nature
:
in
than
more
rough breathing
of
Greeks.
Victorinus
[Keil.
thus
VI.
V.
speaks
ipsi autem
H
32.]
p.
tradiderunt, eamque
latina
tantum
mark
the
best
of
[Mar.Vict.
h
authorities
it
vocalibus
praefici;
id
est
c,
profundo
quae
p,
t ; ut
r,
spiritu,anhelis
fundetur.
ore,
aspiration.
regarded
thymos;
grammatici
praeponi, quotiens graecis
quattuor
est, persuaserunt,
chori^ Phyllis^ rhombos^
By
cunctis
adspirationisnotam
forma
faucibus, exploso
litteras obviam
inter
quoque
consonantes
nominibus
so
et
sound
same
old
with
as
autem
Cains
nunc
the
the
to
IT.
in certain
initials,
as
utrimque syllabae sonus
H
USE
pronounced
were
[Mar.Vict.
refers
Cn,
and
WE
looked
was
Victorinus
that
says
as
upon
a
mere
Nigidius Figulus
:
I. iv.
5.] Idem
(N. F.)
h
non
litteram,sed
esse
notam
adspirationistradidit.
There
and
appears
among
usage
sounding
to
have
the
been
the
Romans
with
as
est
V.
19,
oedus
dam
21.] Cujus quidem
vicoso^^ dicebant,
aspirarent, ut
nimius
20,
Parcissime
saepius.
usus,
ut
us
of
in the
opinion
of
matter
h.
the
Quintilian says that the fashion
I.
[Quint.
difference
same
in
diu
Graecis
et
deinde
in
with
ratio mutata
usi
veteres
ea
changed
etiam
servatum
triumpisj
the
qua
de
re
in
vocalibus, cum
ne
consonantibus
erupit
Catulli
:
temporibus
cum
brevi
choroiiae^ chenturiones, praechones^ adhuc
inscriptionibusmaneant,
age
nobile
tempore
quibus-
epig^ramma
16
THE
Inde
est.
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
ad
durat
jnehe
?nihi^ nam
the
use
comprehendere^
et
apud antiques tragoediarum
me
pro
veteribus
et
prae-
libris invenimus.
above
referred
of the
aspirate :
epigram
excessive
the
vehementer,
usque
quoque
cipue scriptoresin
In
nos
LATIN
OF
Catullus
to
thus
satirizes
Ixxxiv.J
[Catullus
Chommoda
dicebat,
Dicere,
Et
Cum
Credo
in
Jam
of
whole
matter
I.
[Quint.
of
as
'
dixerit
facere
3.d]ici2Lt
/ace
potius
dice
et
adjacet moUior
sed
Cicero
regard
it
only
used
the
with
it with
niceties
Multum
et
similia.
aspirate.
He
vowels, and
people, and
his
'
of
disposed
ear,
kept
his
to
at
class
this
regard
the
:
litteratus,qui
{avere
dicimus,
Recta
had
et
sine
aspiratione
enim),
est
cale-
et
conservavisse
haec
est
changed
j
his
via, quis negat?
at
conceded
learning to
his
practice in
accustomed
been
follow
; but
he
and
smile
to
h's, to
its
speech,
himself
to
consonant
isset
trita.
magis
he
a
'
quod
quam
leviter.
Hionios.
drops
enim
that
importunityof
the
et
confesses
to
which
;
verba.
seems
syllaba salutarit
producta secunda
et
sed
aures
horribilis,
slightimportance
22.]
vi. 21,
avia.
illuc Arrius
esse,
'
culture
affected
other
talia
Quintilian
hand
'
ejus,
et
nuntius
adfertur
lonios
non
the other
with
leniter
haec
eadem
fluctus postquam
lonios
excess
avunculus
Syriam requierunt omnibus
subito
Cum
:
hinsidias.
dixerat, atque
avus
vellet
locutum,
esse
sibi post ilia metuebant
Nee
the
insidias
sic Liber
maternus
Audibant
On
Arrius
poterat dixerat
sic mater,
misso
Hoc
commoda
sperabat se
quantum
Sic
quando
hinsidias
et
mirifice
turn
si
the
to
fathers, who
sound
never
length, yieldingto
the
right
himself.'
of
usage
the
to
lV//y
[Cic.Or.
locutos
bar
ut
esse
sic,
i6o.] Quin
XLVIII.
add
to
certain
a
force
said
they
says,
majores
dicerem
mihi
life
reservavi.
the
to
enumerates
the h
tion
word, in imitaof these
some
lachrymas
words.
thus, sepulchrum,
;
;
Veritas,
having employed
as
and
mihi
ahe-
ve/ie7nens,
inc/ioare,
/leivari,
/lalluchta?'!,
honera, ho7iusttC77i.
his enim
II. iii.] In
[Gellius
nulla
busdam
ratio
nervis
And
he
visa
verbis
est, nisi
omnibus
firmitas
ut
litterae,seu
spiritus
vigor vocis, quasi qui-
et
additis, intenderetur.
tells
interestinganecdote
an
about
a
manuscript
Vergil :
Sed
fidum
ostendisse
mihi
emptum
in
credebat
; in
librum
in
[Serg.
Explan.
potestates
to
as
:
in Art.
nam
Donat.
sunt
libris
ahe7m
factum.
scriptum
of i in the
Keil.
Vocales
sunt
in illo
:
aheni."
English word
in
07tio7i.
nearly
the
:
v.
aLquando
IV.
p.
520.]
I
et
U
varias
quando
habent
vocales, aliquando consonantes,
aliquando mediae, aliquando nihil, aliquando digammae,
duplices.
Sic
invenimus
themselves
express
its character
:
limine, Pyrrhus :
tepididispumat
sound
all
scriptiforent
fuisse
aena."
litteram, et
optimis
the
grammarians
terms
h
in
vetustatis,
ipsius Vergilii
ita
in
grammaticum
mirandae
quern
cum
coruscus
foliis undam
has
consonant
The
luce
vidimus
Aut
versus
nobis
venit
Romae,
secundum
ipsum, primoque
telis,et
Vergiliiversu
nominis
aureis,
isti
ante
supra
**
I
Aeneidos
duo
quo
Exultat
Additam
multi
SigillariisXX.
usi sumus,
exemplo
quoque
optatumque,
Vestibulum
"
quoque
ahe7ii
quoniam
memoriam,
same
ita
extorta
cum
scientiam
ancients
of the
Attic tongue, and
Thus, he
istius
scircm
cum
aspirationeuterentur, loque-
aurium
convicio
sero,
speaks
of the
fieiwi,
17
pulcros, cetegus, triu7npos^ Kartaginem^
ut
Gellius
merely
ipse,
ego
loquendi populo concessi,
usum
IT.
nisi in vocali
nusquam
aliquando,idque
of
USE
IVE
aut
aliquando
singulae positae syllabam
18
THE
faciunt
aut
urna.
Consonantes
aliis consonantibus
enim
dicis, i
secum
erit
non
and
it
which
follows
[Keil.
V.
habeant
in the
in the
Priscian
sum
quamvis
would
sunt
in eisdem
to
seem
Probus
explains the
p.
220.]
plenissimedebemus
mittunt,
dupHcem
fuerit cincta
V.
vocales
Troia.
in
suo
Aio
IV.
p.
una
artis
be
say
that
thus
enim
acerrimus
te, Eacida, Romanos
parte
on
sciendum
orationis
pro
'
accipiendae,
idem
placuit.
twofold
nature
lengthening
'
power.
i litterae vocalis
naturamque
interdum
duarum
con-
duplicem
singulas duplices
litterarum
loco.
loco
vocales
numero
suo
disputavimus
Plane
pronuntiatione
:
quod
designat,una
421.]
its
vim
ex
this
of
elementa
commentaries
in
et
unam
quia diver-
tamen,
grammaticae,
reason
i has
Praeterea
vocalibus, ut
in the
[Keil.
by
matter
cetera
sonum
"
Again
be
Hanc
ut
mittunt, de quibus
tera
to
et
judicioelementis
meo
cognoscere,
ponatur,
litteram
not
nomen
unum
in metris
habent
consonant) that
IV.
do
in
position and
its
consonantes,
quam
vim
and
sonantium
quamvis
u,
vocales
tam
(vowel
V.
different
languages.
Censorino, doctissimo
et
[Keil.
i et
diversam
syllabarum,non
consequentem.
variation
from
syllaba
una
they
as
cum
:
figuram
et
things
larbas
in
as
and,
conjunctam
et
in altera
the
Romance
13.] Sic
II. p.
of
nature
kindred
says
sonum
It
naturally infer
differs,we
lulius
sed
i;
et
syllaba
una
habeat
of i consonant
vowel
et Isis
unus
in
praecedat, quia
conjunctam vocalem,
the
et
syllaba conjunguntur.
una
Nam
u.
est, licet
effect from
office,as
in
se
syllaba secum
una
grammarians speak
sound
how
inter
Iris
ut
aliis vocalibus
cum
i vel
non
habet
The
et in
consonans
consonans
non
sunt,
LATIN
OF
sociantur,
ipsae
cum
prior sit
et
vocalem,
autem
aut
praeponuntur,
Nisi
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
Ilia ergo
ratione
i lit-
quamvis figura sit,si undique
A tax,
et
vincere
Donatus
est
duabus
posse."
we
quod
est
find
i inter
:
duas
posita
consonantibus,
ut
IV//V
tells
Priscian
write
to
[Keil.
the
know,
we
as
tom
cus-
:
duas
467.] Antiqui solebant
III. p.
V.
i's
two
19
IT.
earlier it was,
that
us
USE
IVE
priorisubjungere, alteram
scribere,et
ii
alteram
sequenti,ut Troiia, Maiia,
praeponere
Aiiax.
Quintilian says
And
I.
[Quint.
the
of
doubling
vowel, uniting with
the
us
effect
consonant
preceding, as
the
able,
unavoid-
i, natural, even
(as
introducing
consonant,
following,vowel).
the
K
least
Diomedes
V.
I. pp.
quod
q,
And
K
English.
that k
c
again
[I.iii. 23.]
nisi
soli
aliter autem
Priscian
[Keil.
V.
quamvis
is
locum
K
caputs
as
says
C.
videntur
supervacuae
possit implere.
a
correpta
calunmiae.
sign of
certain
words, and
only.
dicitur
:
recte
et
hoc
monophonos,
ita ut
ab
ea
quia
pars
jungi-
nulli vocali
orationis
incipit,
scribitur.
:
K
supervacua
nullam
aliam
36.]
scribetur
a
quando
utimur
:
brevi
says
qua
initial and
an
autem
non
II. p.
quibusdam
supervacua,
short
by
a
superfluous,
:
use
Victorinus
his
littera harum
muta
it is followed
a
letter,its place being filled by
Ex
424.]
423,
sequitur,ut Kalendae,
only
is
:
consonans
Its
in
as
unnecessary,
says
[Keil.
et
sound
same
grammarians generally agree
at
or
the
has
The
tur
placuisse alio Maiiamo^^
of
sound
vowels, gives
between
k
Ciceroni
etiam
Sciat
11.]
i scribere.
geminata
This
iv.
:
est,
vim
habet
ut
diximus
supra
quam
c.
:
quae
20
THE
And
ROMAN
PRONUNCIATION
Quintilianspeaks
think
it should
I.
[Quint.
be
Et
9.]
iv.
used
of it
when
k,
as
LATIN
sign,but
mere
a
ipsa quorundam
some
says
initial
follows, as
a
et
quae
OF
:
nominum
nota
est.
And:
Nam
I. vii. 10.]
[Quint.
nisi quae
etiam
significat
quidam
quotiens
earn
littera,
quae
This
use
ad
omnes
of
k,
verbis
Hoc
eo
necessariam
sequatur
vim
and
initial,
in the
lightof
utendum
omisi
non
quod
credunt, cum
in certain
words,
literary'fancy.'
a
puto
sit
c
perferat.
suam
an
as
nullis
sola ponatur.
ut
a
in
quidem
vocales
somewhat
was
garded
re-
Priscian
of it :
says
[Keil.
videtur
enim
enim
et
sono
L
with
ratio
sive
caput
is thus
[Keil.
VI.
V.
k
per
ejusdem
as
in
scribantur
given by
English, only
Victorinus
palatiqua primordium
dentibus
:
nullam
Carthago
faciunt
nee
differentiam.
consonantis
and
distinctly
more
the
teeth.
The
:
validum
32.] Sequetur 1, quae
p.
debeat
nearly approaching
more
; nulla
est
supervacua
scribi
haec
sequente
sive
c
per
tongue
quidem penitus
a
cur
pronounced
the
sound
k
in potestate
nee
is
Et
12.]
II. p.
V.
in
k
nescio
quid partem
superis est linguatrudente,diducto
personabit.
ore
But
it varies
with
distinctness
Pliny
and
Priscian
[Keil.
V.
according
which
others
says
II. p.
se
medium
in eadem
in
three
the
force
and
degrees
of force
:
:
ut
29.] L triplicem,
plenum, quando
position in
it is uttered.
recognize
exilem, quando geminatur
ante
its
to
finit nomina
secundo
vel
loco
videtur, sonum
habet
posita,ut ille^Metelhis
syllabas,et quando aliquam
syllabaconsonantem,
aliis,ut
Plinius
lee turn, lecius.
ut
:
j
habet
sol^silva^fiavus^clarusj
22
ROMAN
THE
offensive
The
PRONUNCIATION
sound
possible,by obscuring
speaks
of
middle,
and
at
the
v.
II. p.
[Prise.Keil.
mediis,
'
of
m,
a
word
end
in
of
as
Priscian
word.
a
the
at
"
in
beginning,
the
:
in
obscurum
Ilium
Yet, he
in
led
when
dictionum
extremitate
principio,ut
;
inagnus
mediocre
in
off of
the
in the
connection
same
plerumque,
in metro
m
with
began
a
:
si
vocali
a
:
transfixo
expirantem
pectore
did
ancients
adds, the
cutting
following word
the
subtrahitur
the
to
verse
remarks
dictio,ut
"
flammas."
the
withdraw
always
not
:
Vetustissimi
Annalium
tamen
non
Insigneitafere
m
iv.
scribitur
adeo
J
enim
Neque
vocales
It is
velut
a
only one
tolerare
octo
potentes."
Quin-
Thus
entirelyignored.
eadem
40.] Atqui
verbi
et vocalem
erat
in
Ennius
:
IX.
[Quint.
etiamsi
militum
milia
bellum
not, however,
was
tilian says
tum
delectos
Duxit
The
subtrahebant,
eam
semper
:
"
long
'
m
dictionis
incipitsequens
X
M
Priscian
as
"
Finales
sound
29.]
obscuring
syllablein
vowel,
of
at
far
ii?nbra.
ut
This
final
end
the
m
templu7n^ apertum
ut
sonat,
the
sounds
three
gotten rid of, as
therefore
was
LATIN.
OF
tamen
ut
paene
nota
est,
ne
before
in
cujusdam
novae
et
litterae
tantum
est
possit,
ille et quantum
reddat.
sonum
aliqua
inter
duas
ipsae coeant.
in
this
connection
liquids (semivowels) that
it.
transire
eam
exprimitur,ut 7nultum
parum
eximitur, sed obscuratur,
of the
of this
littera,quotiens ultima
sequentis ita contingitut
significantfact
vowel
ilia
that
does
not
Priscian, mentioning several
semivowel, thus
speaks
of this
one
:
m
is the
allow
a
ties
peculiari-
jr//V
Keil.
[Priscian.
II. p.
v.
WE
23.] Nunquam
longam
artem^
piippim, illiwi^ rem,
habent,
hoc
vocales
the
That
m
aliae
cum
pronunciation
careless
of
end
word
one
we
infer
may
second, rather
the
[Keil.
V.
V.
p.
from
Pom-
he
calls it
also
One
amicum
enim
.
modo.
vitium,
ending
not
haec
et
sed
amicum,
homine
Similiter
inconsonans.
of
homine
say
to
Some
in
be
m
dropping
the
mamicufn,
nor
torem
ora-
gether.
alto-
m
homine
over
hint
of
si dixeris
? per
per
exclusione.
aut
suspensionem
suspensionem
et
tantum
homi?nem
non
cades
in
in hiatum.
to
run
Quid
vitabis, myotacis?num,
it would
passages
is
?
Quia
vitium
id est
such
From
?
ratione
Qua
amicum,
aliud
opii-
oratorem
suspensione pronuntiatur
aut
quid sequi debemus
Nos
.
amicum,
:
Plerumque
.
begin
to
seems
first :
vice
the
neither
must
m
moptimum.
oratore
against
warns
that
hominefu
et
the
(at
another), the running
homi?tem
dicere
semi-
vowels
two
of
way
the
incongruum
est
optimufn videris
He
a
end
to
videris
quod
ma7nicu7n,
such
si dices
Ut
287.]
enim
Non
fnum.
than
between
m
beginning
the
together in
words
of the
and
of
illam^
ut
omnes
peius (on Donatus) where, treatingof myotacism,
the
se
sol,pax, par.
Paean,
reallysounded
was
ante
m
syllaba esse,
spent, diem,
Maecenas,
ut
eadem
tamen
eadem
(vocalem) patitur in
natura
23
IT.
USE
be
lightlyand
the
upon
the
sound
Englishman's pronunciation
that the
seem
final
syllable
rapidlypronounced,
the
m
following word.
may
of
perhaps
such
be
words
as
got from
the
Birmingham
(Blenhm).
(Birminghm), Sydenham (Sydenhm), Blenheim
followed
N, except when
by f or s, is pronounced as in
English, only
[Mar. Vict.
that
Keil.
inhaerente, gemino
v.
it is
VI.
naris
p.
dental.
more
32.]
et
oris
N
vero,
sub
convexo
spirituexplicabitur.
palati lingua
24
with
Naturally, as
Priscian
says
II. p.
V.
in
As
affected
quoque
plenior
in
give
not
?)
primis sonat,
stamen
nome:i,
in ulti-
et
exilior in mediis, ut
y
the
guttural (c, g,
a
sound
its proper
of the
roof
into
is
n
so
incomplete (the tongue
in
it draws
while
mouth)
itself,as
x),
q,
the
English
the
tural,
gut-
words
co7i-
anxious.
sinker,relinquish,
apud
[Nigidius
ut
in nomine
et
ingemius.
Gell.
XIX.
unguis
et
xiv.
n
non
litteram
Inter
7.]
angaria
omnibus
In
Nam
ponitur.
before
leave
speak,
to
cord, anger,
et
anchorae
his
enim
non
sed
n
verum
vis,
inctirrit
et
adulterinum
Nam
est.
alia
est
increpat
et
lingua indicio
esse
et g
n
si
littera
ea
lingua palatum tangeret.
esset
the
only
Not
wrote
used
so
[Keil.
II. p.
quidam
tamen
V.
bene
hoc
ostendit
Ion
cujus
Greeks, but
instead
g,
letter
a
of
in
n,
new
this
g vel c, pro
nulla
Graeci
et
veritatem
This
:
de
videre
Marius
et
aggtdus,
Accius
custom
est
did
non
not,
Victorinus
est
communis
vox
euphoniae
causa
bina
aggens,
scribunt,
alii
n
In
et g,
:
'"^agma^^''
et
agguilla, iggerunt.
g
quod
his verbis
vocant
Graecis
est
:
Graeci
Latinae
littera,quam
the
scribunt
(n) g
Origine Linguae
aggens,
noster
facile
ea
says
Romani
auctores
scribit,quinquavicesima
forma
Priscian
to
gave
Agchises, agceps, aggulus,
ut
in Prima
Varro
early Romans,
position, and
agma.
vetustissimi
the
of
some
name,
29.] Sequente
facientes,
verbis
and
(as,Do
the sin co?idem?ied
Is not
29.] N
to
as
so
his
middle
ning
begin-
:
English,
touching
Ut
the
the
at
da7ntiU7n.
amnis,
et
in
LATIN.
emphatic
turn.
mis, partibus syllabarum, ut
not
OF
more
than
the wrong
the tendrils
it is
us,
of words
end
and
[Keil.
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
THE
Latinis, ut
ejusmodi
quod
in hoc
est.
however, prevail among
gives
it
as
his
the Romans,
opinion
that
it is
IV//V
better
to
than
n
use
WE
g,
avoiding ambiguity (the
expression of
[Mar.Vict.
g,
similia,per
et
co?-a,
duorum
quotiens
potius
f
before
sonum
lengthening
Cicero
s
or
the
rather
than
sed
Quid
producta
safiis
quibus
in verbis
hoc
vero
? indoctus
a
the
; refer
ad
juvari. Voluptati
brevi
Donatus
In
reason
have
we
by
tom,
cus-
litterae
sunt
the
fact
:
multis,
itemque
veritatem,
cur?
Quaere,
ne
sapiente atque
breviter
morigerari debet
same
et,
:
in
quae
omnibus
fit natura,
non
prima littera,in-
brevi, infelix longa
aurium
autem
nasal,
and
quod
elegantius,
probabunt.
aures,
g
suggillat^
mere
ear
posuit, consuevit, concrepit, confecit. Consule
hendet
an-
duo
per
aggerem,
become
dicimus
dicitur ; in ceteris
felice,producte
sicut
:
et
:
primae
eae
have
justifiedby
inhumamis
:
anquirit
et
ut
potius quam
n
vowel.
as
reason
instituto
quodam
exigent,
to
this
by
[Cic.Or. XLViii.]
natural
similia.
seems
of
nostris
g scribite
per
aures
preceding
speaks
and
ear,
left for the
auribus
est
quam
suggerendion^ stiggesttun^ et
N
then
being
gg
the
to
ajigiiiaet angustum
et
n
g
correct
more
Familiarior
ancilla
et
as
25
IT.
g).
70.]
I. in.
aiiceps
ut
double
USE
Ita
se
com-
repre-
dicent
oratio.
stated, with
the
same
:
[Keil.
V.
IV.
p.
442.] Quod magis
indicio
aurium
artis ratione
quam
colligimus.
Thus
in iejis
we
or
find numeral
centiens
ies,as
abverbs
or
participlesand
manner,
or
without
or
thesaurus
obtiisiis,
in
late Latin
the
n
before
Greek
the
H
or
S,
as
or
or
or
in
or
words, in
with
contustim, obiunsus
is
regularlyrepresented
frons
infas^
frequentlydropped
either
either
written
(the ens
thensaurus
Other
toties.
contunsum
ending
deciens^millies
or
are
nouns,
by r^s)
; infans
was
others
centies^decies
or
millietis^
qiiotie7is
quoties^totiens
like
and
or
fros.
In
participleendings.
Donatus
[Keil.
IV.
V.
in barbarismos
incurrimus.
terminations
Priscian, the power
Gnus
[Prisc.
I.]
habent
Privignus
is
inter
labiis
the
Keil.
f
ut
observantes
non
has, according
gnum^
the
debemus,
litteram, videamus
enim
penultimate
a
regno,
regnutn
7nale, rnalignusj
a
v.
in
as
VI.
p.
oris officio
se
sono
ut
;
liquid sound,
pronounced
[Mar.Vict.
pari
ously
strenu-
to
vowel.
ab
sto, stag-
a
;
abiete, abiegnus;
Pelignus.
;
(Perhaps
P
be
vel^"^, welgnum, terminantia, longam
quoque,
;
vel
s
gna,
lengthen
to
bene, benignus
a
numj
should
n
observare
Plerumque
gnus^
penultimam
vocalem
habent
se
pronuntientur.
in the
of
442.] Illud vehementissime
p.
quemadmodum
Gn
sound
LATIN
:
quotiensque post
in
et
OF
this nasal
that
says
observed
con
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
THE
26
; sequens,
in
as
canon.)
English.
32.] E
quibus b
exprimuntur.
ore,
compresso
et
litterae
p
dis.
.
prima exploso
Nam
velut
introrsum
e
attracto
.
mediis
vocis
ictu,explicatur.
Q
has
the
Priscian
[Keil.
says
sono
vocum,
And
enim
[id.ib.
p.
vim
Marius
VI.
V.
et k
et
c
q
et s.
p.
De
.
.
quamvis figura
cum
potestatem
c
quire,quick.
et
nomine
eandem,
tamen
videtarn
in
continent.
sufficienter supra
q quoque
haberet
k
et
tractatum
:
superfluas quasdam
videntur
facillime
haberetur
q,
est, quae
c.
quam
says
Item
5.]
Pro
.
q,
differentiam,
Victorinus
[Keil.
words
:
36.]
nisi eandem
et
in metro,
quam
again
q in the
:
aliquam habere
antur
English
of
12.] K
II. p.
V.
per
sound
c
littera
"
retinere,x
; x
autem
lV//y
And
again
[Id.ib.
et
q
27
litterarum
numero
supervacue
scilicet
plerique contendunt,
torum
IT.
USE
:
32.] K
p.
WE
quod
inscri
littera harum
c
doc-
officium
possit implere.
The
at
tell
grammarians
the
of
beginning
[Prise.Keil.
III.
V.
that k
us
q
always
are
found
syllable:
a
III.] Q
p.
and
k
et
initio
Semper
syllabarum
po-
nuntur.
They
earlier
who
of q
use
it
placed
they placed
as
vowel
after the
[Donat. Keil.
u
the
k
v.
sequebatur,
nisi ut
IV.
ut
Diomedes
[Keil.
V.
I. p.
supervacua,
that
conditioned
was
:
syllable
same
vero
but
"
lowed,
fol-
ilH q
non
praeponebant
q
possumus
quotiens
praeponere
:
425.] Q
muta,
consonans
utimur
qua
nos
followed,
u
post ipsam alia vocalis,ut quoniam.
et
says
j
the
among
initial wherever
S.
442.] Namque
p.
quurn
sequatur
u
as
free
more
its presence
in the
u
was
wherever
later,established, usage,
a
upon
that
Romans,
"
in the
also
say
quando
et
u
litteris composita,
c et u
ex
altera vocalis
in
syllaba
una
junguntur,ut Quirinus.
R
is
[Mar.Vict.
in
Keil.
v.
VI.
p.
French
or
32.] Scquctur
:
r,
quae,
palato linguae fastigio,fragorem tremulis
(This proper
S
In
of
trilling
have
the
of the
English
Greek
words
written
few
Zmyrna),
Latin
is most
r
had, almost, if
sound
written
a
to
seems
sharp
in
in Italian
trilled,as
it
S
probably
words,
as
rosa,
in
vibratione
vocis
ictibus reddit.
important.)
quite,invariablythe
not
sing^ hiss.
also
with
had
the
z,
z
miser, but
as
Smyrna
sound, and
this
is not
(also
possibly
certain.
28
THE
ROMAN
Marius
S
and
Victorinus
[Keil. VI.
V.
inter
ictus
sequentis
autem
aurium
ducemur,
V.
V.
locum
'
Item
prolong
quia
vim
et
si
tamen
lenis
sonet,
that
agitetur,
conjunc-
per
exprimit, ut
sensu
dally with
Greeks
his
S
exiliter ecferunt
adeo
Romans
pronounced
the
for Quintilian
emphatically,
too
(of speaking)
art
will
fondly
not
'
:
Ne
iUas
pronounced
like
the
approach
the
I. xi. 6.]
[Quint.
of the
existimas.
the
not
his
of
Graeci
dicere
s
unum
indicate
master
or
medium
implet
litteram
s
"
the
rictu, ita
feebly :
distinctly, yet
sibilant
ad
jurejunguntur.
et x,
Pompeius, complains
to
too
S
394.]
would
This
says,
between
efficitur.
the
p.
sibilant
excitatus
et
dAQXiWX.jussit per
cum
LATIN
difference
s
spiritu hispidum
according
sounding
[Keil.
ut
the
supremae,
attracto
dentes
s, quarum
Donatus,
duae
sonore
crasso
c
et
se
pone
tionem
as
forth
sets
32.] Dehinc
p.
vicino
prioris
thus
OF
(cs):
X
Nam
PRONUNCIATION
circa
quidem
litteram
s
delicias
hie
except that
the
magister feret.
T
is
tongue
should
[Pompei.Comm.
ut
ita
dixerim,
ad
vicinitas
dentes
tiens
suprema
t sonore
contigerit,
the
From
t too
V.
ut
V.
cum
p.
394.]
vocis
cum
D
32.]
p.
est,
autem
et
linguae
atque
summos
quibus,
sublatione
imos
ac
conjunc-
exprimit. Quo-
superis dentibus
qua
t,
est
origo
explicabit.
writer
a
Ecce
dicunt
nearly.
more
quaedam
partem
heavily,giving it
[Keil.
sonant,
same
VI.
t pure,
parte pulsaveritd litteram
sua
sublimata
autem
v.
Nam
positione distinguuntur.
tim
teeth
Keil.
Donat.
vocis
English
etiam
we
'
in
learn
thick
sound
littera t
nihil
that
some
pronounced
'
:
aliquiita pingue
de media
the
nescio
quid
syllabainfringant.
30
THE
But
we
PRONUNCIATION
expressly told
are
Greek
digamma.
Marius
Victorinus
of the
In
ROMAN
[Keil. VI.
V.
quod apud
F
23.]
p.
nos
that it had
find
we
Aeolis
the force
and
dumtaxat
idem
sound
valere
scribitur,
vocarique /Sau
consonante
pro
LATIN
:
apud
autem
cum
vati
OF
digamma.
et
Priscian
[Keil.
explains more
in omnibus
Unde
ei
olim
/r
id
diga7n??ia^
rone
et
Didymo, qui
J
hanc
consuetudo
tamen
quod
What
then
Priscian
[Keil.
says
simos
Latinorum
autem
prope
tione,sicut
0
pro
videbatur
Latin
the
Greek
to
Now
manifold.
the
apud
Var-
Caesar
quo
hoc
autem
this Aeolic
habet
nunc
visum
est
verum
est
digamma
^av
or
apud
Aeolis
?
pro
antiquam
0
tt
et
p
et
digamina
ea
aspira-
cum
F; unde
scripturam
nunc
servamus,
Postea
vero
in
quod
cognatione
soni
littera.
is here
consonant
Eum
h, f scribi,\it fa7na,Jilius,facio,
consonante,
pro
antiquis-
habuit.
Orpheus., Phaethon.
ut
u
quod
significabat
p
Graecos
nominibus
placuit pro
apud
quam
veteres
ponentes,
distinctlystated
to
akin
be
digam?na (p) in sound.
office
It
stood
breathings 'rough'
the
Pro
habuit
teste
illi recte
quamvis
digamma^
vim
quem
Graecis
u
of
sound
Aeolis
ponitur.
Aeolicum
f
ajffinis esse
The
f u
digamma.
profectum
ostendunt.
esse
voluit,quod
digajfuna
autem
nomen
eandem
verbis
Latinis
loco
II.]
h
quod apud
ipsiusvoce
prorsus
Aeolis
:
etiam
et
p
id ei
the
sonum
in
quoque
ab
vau,
digamma
was
II. p.
V.
est
datur
hoc
nomen
posita eandem
apud
quam
antiqua superavit. Adeo
Aeolico
pro
Latinos
apud
scribi
figuram
loco consonantis
vero
habuit
vim
plerisque
a
U
15.]
II. p.
V.
fully:
of
Greek
the
for
and
digam??tais given, we
?,
/3 (Eng. v), y,
'smooth.'
are
digamma
was
x"
Sometimes
told,where
apparently
^^^
"^j ^^^
the
sound
the character
^^
of
itself
WHY
is
written.
not
sounds
should
determined
but
The
the
Speaking
is
V.
of f
Latino
scribere
fine
loco
u
; sed
And
Keil.
[Prisc.
ab
p
ante
Belena
in
in
u
haec
de
Ideo
euphoniae
latio ista
sitio sit ab
id
b.
sonum
in
quern
ab
pro
in
digamma^
est
Sijihim
quoque
pro
dicebant.
Indagine
um
loco
proferre
antiqui af
vau,
in
Doctor
b
causa
nisi
sola.
apud Aeolis
solet
quae
vocali
ducens,
poni
non
; inde
principio
potest.
non
b
Sed
etiam
:
nee
; ut
mirum,
Apud
ponitur,
u
ut
conso-
Bruges
Quintiliano, qui hoc
invenimus
autem
in
scribitur,quod
potest.
oratoriarum
converti
et
consonante
b
per
f
transmutavit, quia b vel
u
pro
transire
aspirari,ut H'^w/a,
praeponi
locum
autem
69.] Frequenter
corrumpit
solet
etiam
quod
vitam
institutiomim
V.
or
aspira-
quoque
earn
syllaba pronuntiari
consonantem
I.
[Quint.
of
sequentes
f littera hunc
potest
antiquissimi dicebant, teste
primo
Aeolis
incipitdictio
in eadem
caelebs^ caelestium
nans
/"
invenire
est
quoque
sounds
consonant,
U
posita, unde
digamma
potest.
dz'gamma post
nos
ten
writ-
"
mutata
In
15.]
II. p.
v.
Ppr)TO}p dicunt, quod
syllabae non
been
:
quotiens
digamma
Latin
recusabant
non
ideo
various
effugientes ipsi
autem
Marcello
Nonio
again
the
Romanorum
quia
various
have
to
:
consonantis
syllabae inveniri,
teste
says
Habebat
these
sometimes
was
these
consonante
cum
of
of these.
(f) ponebant,
solebant
sibiluin
of
none,
Priscian
maxime
habet
is,which
,
tween
written, be-
not
appears
It
of
h).
(likeour
all,or
sermone.
nunc
neighborhood
Which
digamma
represented by
aspirationis earn
tionem,
31
the
euphony.
35.] Antiqui
II. p.
et
of
then
it represent
[Keil.
law
sounded
question
the
given
the
digamma
does
in
that
yS (Eng. v).
as
be
by
not
ir.
to-day pronounced, though
vowels
two
USE
is said
It
it is
Olympia
WE
cum
et
ostendit
b quoque
aufero.
praepositiones
abstulit, auftigit,amisii,
quoque
cum
copupraepo-
32
ROMAN
THE
is
It
that
significanthere
du
from
PRONUNCIATION
b
to
[Cic.Or. Lxv.] Quid
nomina
contrahebant,
bellu7nj
diiis^bis
et
sic
j
says
Nam
change
etiam
duellntn,
ut
Poenos
qui
eum
the
hominum
quod
quam
Diielluim
of
:
aptiora?
essent
quo
LATIN.
speaks
He
hcentius
vero
nominaverunt,
cit Belliu7n
Cicero
contraction.
a
as
OF
classe
superiores appellatiessent
cum
devi-
semper
Duellii.
One
if its sound
that
with
of
U
so
much
which
time
and
they
not
they give
What
"
had
declare
rejected by
XII.
[Quint.
He
gives
have
of
way
i
Romans,
29.]
Aeolicae
etiamsi
have
that
"
of
u
forma
litterae
nobis
a
"
as
double
they
and
digamma
them
:
servum
qua
pressly
ex-
peculiar.
Aeolic
yet its force pursues
i?
double
contrary
of the
quoque
spent
elucidating it.
distinct
form
sound
simple explanation
the
on
sound
a
if the
even
the
all
it
adopted
the
opinion
produced
the
efficitur.
quam
Nee
sound
Nunc
reddidi
u
:
says
by
the
which
we
repudiata est,
neutro
it would
that
have
neither
modern
way
cer-
vis tamen
sane
been
by
the
well
old
(by uu), is
perceive :
scrilDuntur
gemina
inutiliter Claudius
adjecerat.
that
and
vau,
writing (by UO), nor
ratione
teram
his
as
I. vii. 26.]
[Quint.
ea
the
and
of consonant
But
w).
have
would
explaining
speak
natural
ipsa persequitur.
nos
at
to
do
that
dicimus,
vumque
to
X.
in
consonant,
u
the
never
in
passages
of
than
consonantal
than
it to
Quintilian says
other
no
numerous
sound
it off with
the
English
we
the
of
force, they
turn
natural
more
(as
been
labor
to
the
reading
treat
consonantal
did
Why
is
that
grammarians
the
u
feel in
but
cannot
mode
Aeolicam
(^servuset cervus)
vox
illam
sentimus
quam
ad
hos
usus
lit-
WHY
And
still more
again
[id.ib.
iv.
cum
sed
propriae,
need
Cicero
Latinis,
his
in
ut
ab
descendent
necessariae
duas
iisdem
mutuamur)
Aeolicum
uulgus
et
seruus
literarum,
desidcratur.
digammon
This
in
(turn enim
in banc
omnes
aliquae nobis
scribimus
Graeca
non
33
IT.
distinctly:
tenuitatem, desintne
rerum
USE
grammatici saltern
At
8.]
7,
WE
of
and
a
symbol, recognized by
new
Quintilian, is
not
authorities
insignificantpoint
an
like
in the
argument.
Marius
the
Victorinus
other
certain
five
simili
quae
Cicero
64.]
Sed
propriae
before
sunt
figuratione oris dicuntur,
adjicit
u,
non
obtinet
consonantis
earn
:
(consonantes)
cognatae
ut
est
assimilate
to
b, f, r,
m,
vocali, sed
interpositavocali
et
(consonant)to
u
them
accipiturpro
quae
vicem,
adds
understood
are
coming
consonants
I. iv.
Cicero
that
consonants
other
[Mar.Vict.
that
says
fit ut
p,
quibus
earn
quae
aliae quoque
consonantes.
He
proceeds
[id.ib. 67.]
officii
;
et
to
Ob
illustrate with
autem
in
mutatur
ommutescit
ommovet^
the
easdem,
cognatas
et
;
proposition ob:
ut
offert,
oppa?idit, opperitur j
ov-
vertit^ ovvius.
Let
the
keeping
one,
any
doubled
uttered
Romans
ovvius
the
on
in mind
the
distinctness
consonants,
of
theory
with
attempt
consonant
U
like
which
to
nounce
pro-
English
(W) (!)"
the
By
laid
advocates
upon
Vin.
"
fact
into
consonant
Epode
the
2
the
of the
that
w
the
vowel
sound
poets
u,
and
of the
v
much
stress
occasionallychange
vice
versa;
as
Jovem,
nunc
mare
nunc
siluae
the
Horace,
:
Nivesque deducunt
is
;"
34
Lucretius, in
Or
Such
but
say, in
ordinary value
the
origin
common
rhyming
syllable of
perhaps
letter
of the
with
of wind
the
distinct
a
a
poet's license, archaistic
a
English poets
making
tenvis."
naturaque
aquae
suggest, indeed,
determine
the
the
and
v,
more
no
or
and
u
LATIN
OF
:
corpus
instances
single
the
II. 232
Propterea quia
"
in
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
THE
the
ed
in
the
w
;
than,
mind,
participle
endings.
Another
He
into
come
and
tu
contending,
was
he
being
ego^ tibi and
and
[auI.Gell.
X.
conveniente
sensim
et ad
7ios
; sed
ego
J
nificabat
oris et
non
a
The
versum
as
;
but
et
the
ad
to
either
natura
quasi intra
dicimus
et
tu
et
abnuimus,
rei quam
will
"
:
that
show
''labias
sound,
vos
sensim
or
wos^
consulting the mirror, to
upon
second
eos
vocis, neque
vocibus, quasi gestus
his
description:
apply
will appear
a
tra
con-
sig-
quidam
this
sage
pas-
rather.
side
other
will
oculorum
examination
first part of the
emovemus,"
better,
the
adnuimus
cum
porro
At
labias
quod
eo
labias
et
animam
flatu
spiritum et
oris
est.
little careful
favors
in
; ita
spiritusnaturalis
But
wos
capitisvel
abhorret
;
?ios^
quodam
intendimus.
fit et in
sicuti
Nam
ille vel
quidem
motus
to
mihi.
tibi et
et
et
idem
Hoc
coercemus.
and
vos
utimur,
profuso intentoque
neque
projectislabiis pronunciamus
nosmetipsos
motu
sermonicamur
quibuscum
dicimus
cum
dicimus
spiritum atque
ac
emovemus,
eos
words
demonstratione
ipsius verbi
cum
the
nature
:
4.] Vos, inquit,cum
iv.
primores
versum
mihi
names
but by
arbitrarily,
or
examples,
other
takes, among
is
sound
and
told, that words
are
we
by chance,
not
of
support
Nigidius Figulus.
of
words
the
from
taken
in
used
argument
ac
quibuscum
spiritum atque
sermonicamur
animam
primores
although
vos
than
porro
intendimus,"
IVE
M^//V
we
certainlyapply far better
projectislabiis
get the
so
marked
will
in
as
vos
same
related
anecdote
de
[Cic.
!"
in portu
clamitabat.
caveret
when
Now
fuisse
figscame,
so
to
as
it
speak),but
doubtless
was
is
know
of
difficult
But
!
and
classic
sound
appears
in
Greek
(from
which
initial
but
other
notice
as
In
as
ovum
hand
we
the
two
serbare
French
into
eas
f
ticular
par-
was
fig-seller
Greek
a
port
the
name
in such
U
a
nection
con-
v, and
or
like
we
u, it is
our
was
fig-seller
of
ing
cry-
Cave-ne-
!
and
indirect,of grammarians
against
argument
this
Cau-
Crassum
eo
suggestive
ne
an
is
vau
in Italian
u
sound
is
borrowed), nor
represents
h,
letter,as
find the
v
from
we
Cawe
"
these
the
our
the
more
im-
the
w
in
not
found
in
Italian
or
languages.
other
some
like
that
fact that
the
that
pronounced
writers,
the
Romance
The
; and
far
of
ab
whence
; that
testimony, direct
the
beyond
kindred
/"
vendens
probably pronounced
was
sound
a
:
(Brundisium being
heard
the
paruisset.
Caunos,
conclusion
"
Cauneas
"
it
the
"
si omini
from
Brundisii
placet,monitum
pronounced
when
avoid
to
! than
always
time
no
advectas
town
rate
any
present
Cafneas
"
eas
at
Cauno
Greek
himself
at
exercitum
that
not
vos.
drawn
argument
periturum
a
Greek
likelya
very
was
in
as
Crassus
si
remember
we
"
vocis
caricas
Dicamus,
iret^ non
ne
M.
wos
although
in his de Divinatiofie
Cum
In
wos.
get anything like the
not
the
of
Cicero
by
84.]
XL.
quidam
poneret,
neas
Div.
said
be
may
to
extent,
some
do
flatu
35
than
vos
to
we
"profuso intentoque
The
b,
but
;
IT.
to
"
"
same
USE
servare
find
ceuf;
or
"
;
the
7iove7n
nomo
sound,
V
sounds,
in
the
U
into
u
the
On
(from vidua),
sometimes
"
changed
bevanda, both
consonant
?ieuf.
consonant,
U
(for homo).
vedova
as
bibita and
Latin
Latin
not
from
passing
to
bibo.
into f ,
36
It
the
consonant
represented
u
in
varied
its value
with
considering
In
U
was
''
sound
wa
uo,
wi
we
of
worthy
in
written
u
consonant
the
that
note
not
question
English
as
and
consonantal
wo
v'a
wu,
w
with
but
u
vM
time,
it
was
at
so
to
v*u,
nounced
proEllis
conclusion
a
of sounds
v*o
not,
"
Professor
learn
must
series
v'e
but,
;
must
we
of
one
arrive
to
u
four
is
Virgil.
wishes
who
distinguishreadilythe
and
possibly,in
vocalized,as
more
Latin
of Cicero
one
Latin
respecting the
sound, that
and
,
later
and
of
f
or
was
are
of
that the
time
Any
:
says
of b
Italian
pronounced
ever
in the
well
the
in mind
always keep
time
!
guai
as
gu^
in Cicero's
it is
here
in
words
corresponding
LATIN
variation
it
especially,
(Greek ov6.i).Yet
vae!
OF
some
direction
the
words
Greek
that
improbable
not
seems
some
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
THE
pronounce
:
va
ua
lie ui
ve
vi
vo
line
do
vu."
the
Now
find the
we
question
of the
Ellis in
with
agreeing
the
representative of
to
and
But
for
'
the
of
Severus
in
with
and
Plutarch
of
we
place
and
in the
end
of
y8
the
for
first
do
:
v
declares
not
century.
sound,
w
himself
"
as
quite
porary
provinciallycontem-
was
it."
sufficient
seem
in
consonant
u
Roby, though
?
age
generally superseded
to
instance,
For
account
in
inscriptions and
and
Nerva
written
inscriptionsare
contemporary
^
period,
labial
a
golden
this
with
both
in
And
^e/3r]po";.
Ncpova, l"iep(3a
; ^eovrjpo^,
find
instances
numerous
of
/3 taking the place
ov.
It is true
the
that
'
writers
ov
think
point along
rejectingthe English
that
provincialisms
use
what
At
:
consonant
U
not
content
is
of
ov
that the
in the
minority, but
natural
instances
in which
first century, and
when
we
recollect
representativeof
the
find
we
earlier,are
that
Latin
ov
u,
was
the
/3taking
the
decidedly
the
fact
in
original
that
a
38
PRONUNCIA
ROMAN
THE
TION
OF
LA
TIN.
And:
Posteaquam
illorum
X
suffers
^,
littera
x
vowel
(the only mute
that
allows
had
a
probably
speak
of
sound
thus
z
[Keil. VI.
V.
p.
d
esset, per
of
vowel
to
cs, Marius
as
of the
it)and
before
ds
in
the
s.
After
English.
Victorinus
c
to
on
goes
:
Sic
5.]
et
x
antiquitatem sequens.
akin
sound
et
Nigidii,
it,being composed
long
a
est, abiit
recepta
x,
primis observatio
in
usus,
before
long
giving the
nobis
a
est
non
a
Z
et
perplexa ratio, et
nostra
et
libris suis
qui in
Graecis
a
et
litteras
s
latino
si modo
z,
sermoni
necessaria
faceremus.
Quantity.
A
as
syllablein
ab,
a,
vowels
belongs
into
such
with
a
of from
syllables,a
the
to
the
consonants,
second
consist
may
six
to
one
letters,
Mars., starts,stirps.
ars,
dividing
In
two
Latin
following it.
vowel
with
first goes
after, unless
vowel
the
combination
as
between
consonant
stand
may
When
vowel
the
the
at
two
there
before, the
form
consonants
the
are
of
beginning
a
(Latinor Greek),that is,as maybe uttered with a single
letter ; in which
case
impulse, as one
they go, as one, with
in the
the vowel
following. An apparent exception is made
word
of
case
compound
points Priscian
these
Si antecedens
sequentem
compositum
Nam
in
:
ut
are
says
incipere;
into
divided
their
intact.
parts remain
syllaba terminat
consonante
a
These
these
parts when
component
On
words.
:
in
ut
consonantem
artus,
est
necesse
ille,arduus
j
et
nisi fit
abeo, adeo, pereo.
simplicibus dictionibus
syllabae,ut pascua,
luscus.
necesse
est
s
et
c
ejusdem
esse
WHY
M
syllabae,ut
est
semivocalibus
In
in eadem
letter has
the time
has
ut
of
its
of
single consonant,
two
three,
as
many
half
a
a
long vowel,
a
beat
double
; a
four, tempora
even
or
All
recognized.
are
{mora);
Thus
short
syllableis simply
two
over
but
beats
;
of
consonant,
have
as
practicallyonly
disregarded and
are
'short'
counted
;
vowel
of two
Theoretically,therefore, a syllablemay
beat.
one
'times.'
or
semivocalibus
amnis.
Mnesteus,
n, ut
si antecedat
testis.
praepositivaealiis
sunt
'time/
beat
39
IT.
perspirare,
cosfnos^
sequente
m
one
USE
simplicibus dictionibus.
similiter
syllaba;
Each
a
vel p, vel t, in
quoque,
ejusdem
s,
WE
each
(one beat) or 'long' (two
beats).
Priscian
[Keil.
V.
says
In
52.]
II. p.
do^
ut
:
duo
arsj
longam
duae
Tamen
in metro
positione duo
semis, quando post vocalem
sequitur consonans,
una
vel
longis natura
sequuntur,
est
necesse
vel
duplex, ut
una
natura
rex.
?nons^
syllabam vel
unamquamque
pora,
tem-
longam
natura
sol; tria,quando post vocalem
ut
consonantes
sunt
unius
vel
accipi temporum.
duorum
Accent.
The
tell
grammarians
that
us
dimensions, length, breadth
tempus
syllablehas
and
height, or
etiam
unaquaeque
three
te?ior, spiritiis,
:
Supp.
[Keil.
p.
XVIII.]
dinem, latitudinem
tudinem
every
et
Habet
longitudinem;
vel latitudinem, in
Diomedes
[Keil.
V.
says
I. p.
430.]
altitudinem
syllaba altituin tenore
; crassi-
spiritu; longitudinem in tempore.
:
Accentus
est
dictus
ab
accinendo, quod
sit
quasi quidam cujusque syllabae cantus.
And
Cicero
:
[Cic.Or. XVIII.]
orationem, in omni
a
postrema
Ipsa enim
verbo
syllabacitra
natura,
posuit acutam
tertiam.
quasi modularetur
vocem,
nee
una
hominem
plus, nee
40
THE
The
we
ROMAN
PRONUNCIATION
need
take
should
we
[Diom.
The
duobus
v.
interdum
two, inasmuch
Sunt
430.]
I. p.
Ex
producuntur ; gravis
in ullo verbo
The
in
potest, sed
writer
same
[Keil.
his
in
his, acutus
; inflexus
autem
in
paenultimum
syllabarum
et
sit
thus
gives
the
mel, felJ et,
habebit, ut
Latinos
circumflexus
'),
consistere
nunquam
est,
tenebit
dictio,non
hanc
si
nisi
aut
acutus
Omnis
vox
Acuit, vel
brevis
Sin
positione longa dum
ut
cohors.
utraque,
fuerit,flectitur prior,ut huia,
semper
flectitur,ut
Sabinus,
observanda
positione longa
ut
non
tantum
Si
similiter
muta
ex
sive
acuetur,
ab.,
tenorem
longa
natura
fojis,lis.
aut
acuit
ut
sellers j
aut
flectit.
vel
alterutra
Roma.
si natura
Haec,
eadem
vero
natura
non
et
C?'ispinjis,a?niciis,
paenultima positione
liquida fuerit.
si
Et
sive
ab
longa fuerit,in-
Metelhis, Catullus, Marcellus
latebrae, tenebrae.
itemque paenultima,
ut
est, acuetur,
autem
Cethegus, ?narimis,
ut
Omnis
et
tetrasyllabis
deinceps, secunda
est.
lectica.
Quirinus,
longa fuerit,acuetur,
accentum,
et
Romanus,
Omnis
longa sit, prior,ut po7itusj posterior,
longa et sequens
prior syllaba natura
vero
autem
trisyllabis
locum.
natura
ne
Si
est
quotlibet
deus, ciius^ datur., aratj
ut
utraque,
positione longa
cum
brevis
est
loca tenent,
autem,
positione longa fuerit, acutum
brevis
:
pronuntiationisdetinet.
rationem
dissyllabapriorem syllabam
cum
accent
tantum
paenultimum
pafs, pix, nix, fax.
ars^
of each
duo
ut lux, spes,Jlos,sol, inons,
fuerit,flectetur,
si
'
inflexus
place
monosyllaba aliquid significans,si
ultima
ex
correptis semper,
; circumflexus
antepaenultimum
orationis
igiturpars
In
is,
gravis, et qui
(or
se
per
quibus
(Acutus) apud
431]
I. p.
V.
vel
is
syllabasobtinet.
ceteras
vox
third
accent
grave
tres, acutus,
vero
productis syllabisversatur
in his quae
practically
the
as
the
syllablehaving
circumflexus.
constat
; but
accents
unaccented.
say,
Keil.
of but
account
merely negative.
as
recognize three
grammarians
LATIN.
OF
novissima
;
ita tamen
Nam
natura
mutabit
longa
positione longa fuerit,paenultima
inflectetur
;
sic, natura,
ut
Fidenae^
ir//V
Athenae^
Thebae, Cymaej
media
autem
WE
Sergitcs^ Mallius^
tenorem,
ut
Si
tres
omnes
breves
41
IT.
positione, ut
novissima
et
USE
Sin
tabellae^fenestrae.
fuerint, prima servabit
acutum
fiiscina^Jii/ius^ Claudius.
ascia,
syllabae longae fuerint, media
Romani,
ut
acuetur,
legati,praetores, praedones.
Priscian
[Keil.
III.
V.
quod
thus
Then
the
elevet
ideo
the
giving
ideo
accentus
namque
vero
place
of the
inventus
quod
eo
quod deprimat
disturbing influences, which
rule
:
syllabam ; gravis
; circumflexus
after
accents
Acutus
519.]
p.
sive
acuat
deponat
aut
defines
deprimat
et acuat.
he
accent
notes
the
exceptions to
cause
est
some
general
:
[Keil.
III.
V.
turbant
ratio
distinguendi
;
quidem
519-521.]Tres
pp.
regulas
accentuum
res
pronuntiandi ambiguitas
;
con-
atque
;
ne-
cessitas.
.
Ratio
.
.
distinguendi legem
namque
Siquis pronuntians
syllaba nisi
verbum
discretionis
diximus
quod
est
pone'
dicat
interea, alteram
Necessitas
in
est,
in
secunda
syllaba,sed
[id.ib.
p.
states
dicimus
ergo.
addat
que
in
the
prima,
law
dicat
partem
accentu
uno
ut
mutavit,
habere
puta
siquis
determines
docin
non
cum
debuit.
the
kind
of accent
:
521.] Syllaba
quae
vocalem
correptam
pronuntiatur, uX. pdx, fax, pLr, nix, dux, mix,
tali accentu
turbat.
con-
conjunctionem, dicatque
accentum
ne
faciat.
corrumpit,
accentum
that
putetur
saepe
sub
in ser'mone
hoc
ex
dicimus
accentuum
sed
:
ne
ideo
ergo
separatim
non
pronuntiatione
ecce
used
est
pronuntiationis regulam
primis doctus,
also
pane;
potest
non
pone
tst
ambiguitatem
ne
tusgue,
accentu
hoc
in ultima
Latinos
interealoci, qui nescit,alteram
loci, quod
pronuntiandum
be
Ideo
ergo.
pronuntiandi legem
vero
Siquis
to
et
poni
accentus
causa
conturbat.
saepe
quod apud
ergo,
conjunctiorationalis,quod
Ambiguitas
He
et
imperativi modi,
esse
putetur
dicat
di\c2itpone
accentuum
pronuntianda
est,
quamvis
sit
habet
quae
acuto
etiam
longa positione, quia
42
ROMAN
THE
brevis
naturaliter
flexo
PRONUNCIATION
Quae
est.
exprimenda
accentu
vel
longae
nuntiandae
ambae
sunt,
breves
Sed
notandum
sed
vis
sit
si
quod
pronuntianda est,
ut
in
Syllaba
Si
vero
?nelos.
circumflexo,
quae,
tali
est
sunt
quae
arcns,
quam-
quia
accentu
quoque,
Ad
Nam
in
parte
ordine
jiatura,
quando
Quantum
in
suspenditur
autem
Sed
sequitur ra
vero
ipsa vox
perficiaturin
arsin
quae
in
elevatur
arsin
dictiones
deputatur, quae
naturaliter
Ceihegus,
autem
et thesis
arsis
thesis
et
pronuntiatione: velut
deponitur, et
per
stat,
con-
ienebrae.
arsis
rem
oratione
natu
vox
vox
per
autem
parte
dico
quando
esse
longa fuerit,paenultimam
syllabarum, sed
ut
versu
circumflectit,ut
hanc
unaquaque
Catullus,
ut
paenultimam
et
si naturaliter
Athhiae, Mychiae.
non
sit
positione longa
latebrae,
ut
mutat,
brevis
si
in
liquida longa
et
profe-
accentu
gravabitur,
vero
ipsam paenultimam
Ultima
necessariae.
thesin.
si
acuto
paenultima,
accentum
quoque
ultima,
vero
ut
;
Nam
muta
ex
oratione
perd'sus.
intus
pro-
tetrasyllabaesive deinceps, si paenulti-
et
antepaenultima
habuerit
longam
hac
vero
arma,
exprimenda
Tiillius, Hostiliiis.
Metellus.
sunt,
ut
habuerint, antepaenultimam
fuerit, acuetur,
acuet,
accento
naturalis.
correptam
runt,
acuto
Hae
sunt
quae
prior sit longa positione non
Trisyllabae namque
mam
vero
priorem
proferuntur, ut bonus,
accentu
longa positione, tamen
est
non
acuto
longa
reges.
^
accentu
acuto,
ulterior
et
circum-
est
Dissyllabae vero
Illae
Creta.
7iepos, leges
similiter
producta
posteriorem correptam,
et
7neta^
prior brevis
ut
LATIN.
ut, res^ dos, spes.
est
syllabam circumflectunt, ut
ambae
naturaliter
vero
habent
priorem productam
quae
OF
est
thesis
est
arsis
deforis.
deprimitur
tantum
formatur
et
vox,
donee
post
accentum
rule
that
in
per
accentus
sequitur
in thesin.
In
fall
not
of
the
of
matter
on
opinion
the
exceptions
ultimate, we
the
among
to
find
a
the
somewhat
grammarians.
in
exceptions, particularly
numerous
Some
the
parts of speech, as, for instance, between
used
as
adverb
or
preposition,as
ante
wide
and
of
accent
does
divergence
them
give
distinguishing of
the
ante;
same
or
word
between
IV//V
the
form
same
since
But
even
or
this
treat
it may
said
itself often
we
will be
effect
detect
tilian well
the
on
says
dinoscitur, ita
agree
class
of
tions,
excep-
making
them,
we
may
attention
quantity will
in doubtful
accent
shorten
final
the
to
the
the
and
0
cases
of
or
syllable,
the
the
e
the
grammarian
For
not.
of
when
; as
lengthen
ear
here
as
Quin-
:
color
ut
not
perfect or perfect). And
correct, whether
accent
Nam
due
duly
we
or
do
great importance (as in English,
no
in S2i.ymg
that
of
7'eges and
curtailed,disjimt
or
number
manner
regulate the
doce, if
say
of
as
verbs, as
grammarians
to
as
the
ourselves
be
43
and
nouns
the
point
to
as
matter
please
v^e
this
on
IT.
syllablescontracted
themselves, either
among
USE
occurring in
as
in final
and
reges;
WE
oculorum
indicio, sapor
aurium
sonus
arbitrio
palati, odor
narium
subjectus est.
Pitch.
besides
But
the
the
qualityof
all that is
accent, which
for
which
In
is
This
voice.
than
Latin
the
accented
you
the lower
tone
then
[Keil.
V.
quod
aut
acute
III.
acuat
deponet
p.
sive
our
know
the
get the
to
and
attention.
makes
language
peoples
accent
that
means
on
place of
it
stress
the
of
cult
diffi-
more
Latin
the
raise
the
; the
circumflex, that the voice
the
Priscian
from
to
place
accent,
pitch.
depressed, on
passage
claims
matter
the
simply distinguished by greater
for other
of
one
syllable,and
required is
peculiarityof
us
is
of the
accent, another
English
In
length
519.]
pitch ;
; circumflexus
grave
syllable. To
same
indicates
is first
quote
merely
raised,
again
the
:
Acutus
elevet
the
syllablethus
namque
accentus
syllabam ; gravis
ideo
vero
quod deprimat
ideo
eo
inventus
est
quod deprimat
et acuat.
44
THE
ROMAN
conclusion
In
the
rules
Gellius
classic
of
Roman
and
of which
"
points
were
and
upon,
of
as
that
by
those
of
variations
accent,
whose
we
so
of
[Aul.Cell.
bonarum
VI.
general
and
in
sounds
dctito
or
Amicus
disciplinarum
dixit.
debuisset,
item
dixisse
eum
corripere.
non
homo
Noster
si Aelii
cuturum
Neque
diceret.
exercitia
verbum
Cincii
est
a
illud habere
gidis docuit
qjuesco
a
sed
verbo
demonstravit.
e
littera
re
quiesco
quiete dictum,
KoX i(XKov,lonice
hac
super
longa
non
ab
ecrxw
eo
dici
ita
et
multa.
diceretur.
censuissent
ne
obse-
linguae consuaut
his
inaudita
inter
haec
simile
quae
fecit, item
esse
e
praedi-
mediocritate,
qtiietem; Graecaeque
^crxw,et modum
non
in
producere
brevi,
non
Rationibusque
dici
nimis
hujuscemodi
Latinae
perpetuam
; et
say
atque
quoniam
insignitelocuturum, absona
autem
ludicra
quaedam
eo-xoi/
tam
se
;
alia
dicendum
Santrae
we
respuens
verecunda
rerum
ait,contra
Litteras
posui, nee
et
some
doctrinis, quasi
in
vocum
producto,
e
in
or
with
studii
qutesct'^ita oportere
'Na.m
omnium
est
fuisse
sese
etudinem.
vocis
qua
quidem
letters
qiiiescitusitate
homo
amicus
opinatus
addebat, quod quies
autem,
hundreds,
Latin
multi
cavitjut calescit,nitescit,stupescit^atque
etiam
of
frequens, verbum
Alter
the
:
noster,
opere
guage.
lan-
that, as
if not
the
pronounce
of the
tenor
elegantlyspoken
even
scores,
to
disagree
to
believe
to
mirificus, communiumque
praestigiis,
supra
discover;
satisfaction,whether, for instance,
fastidiens,barbare
ut
haps
per-
"
to
afford
still includes
hope
XV.]
correpta
well
pronunciation,
may
degree
be
may
speech
in
could
encouraged
are
ddito
quiescoor qiiiescoi
Id
hope
now
affect the
to
as
we
English language
in
not
may
scholars
even
such
not
So
littera
some
arbitrary,
were
usefullyto show, by the stress laid
that exceptions
comparative insignificance,
such
rare,
good
less
there
serving still more
as
upon
dotes
followinganecserving to show that
pronunciation
or
we
LATIN
the
given, as
are
exceptions, apparently more
many
OF
of this part of the work
Aulus
from
to
PRONUNCIATION
convenire.
et
haud
originem
sane
fri-
PART
directions
The
by
few
a
He
from.
"
says
spell;
we
of almost
follow
of
know
the
every
word
I have
the
Tacitus
it
spoke
and
worth
be
anybody's
French
of
his while
worth
in which
obeys
I
"
of
vowel
the
a
streets
styleof
a
have
degree
of Rome
which
;
accent
already
we
make
Cicero
or
the
writing
Quintilian or
Livy,he
Latin, it would
it
to
not, I
the
recover
might,
or
Italian,
nearly,and
more
nunciation
pro-
think, be
I
that of German
also
dence,
of evi-
amount
same
try
spellingaccord
accent
laws."
system
any
to
to
if
for
recover
says
efficient reform
an
precision in
I
and
to
convinced," he
Italian
which
try
while
could
or
the
:
that in their best
that
the
English
or
determinable
am
mainstay
the
to
sound
more
pains
have
case
every
from
diiferently
indirect,we
before
Quintilian did
; and
sounding
cited
they placed
on
quoted
once
been
conviction
differently. With
far
so
direct
think,
word
spelt a
has
or
vast
pamphlet
than
more
which
the
took
people
days philological
exactlyreproduce
Munro's
in almost
and
introduced
fittingly
be
may
Cicero
syllableon
in this.
them
given
part of this
;
TIN,
IT.
Latin, already
and
"
USE
Professor
exactly how
know
We
from
paragraphs
pronunciation
the
to be
now
LA
II.
TO
HOW
OF
TION
PRONUNCIA
ROMAN
THE
46
:
not
in
is the
Florence
princes might
be
''
the
that
beauty, firmness
equalled by
The
place,
adoption essentiallyof
it combines
knowledge.
and
another
any
little
enunciate
proud."
other
and
system
of
ragged boys
in
their vowels
in
IV
BO
again
And
I do
"
order
not
followed
be
learn
them
then
may
as
make
try
to
mation
approxi-
case."
which
at
an
to
arrived
have
we
:
the
to
vowel
sounds,
if
distinct,taking the Italian model,
and
the quantity.
always observing strictly
Italian,and
know
each
particularattention
full
them
such
required, or
and
model
it should
know
not
results
the
up
in
knowledge
for the
sounds
possible in
be
may
sum
do
sounds
the
of their
Italian
ItaUan
learn
suggest is,that those
use
who
those
all pay
of
First
you
make
following directions
in the
to
that
others
to
I would
points take
;
from
We
should
Italian
should
one
every
What
Latin.
in many
should
that
propose
know
who
47
:
learn
to
IT.
USE
TO
Pronounce
a
as
in lta.li3.n/a/oy
a
as
in Italian
in
as
e
as
fattoj
final
as
or
or
in aha
a
initial
as
!
in aha
a
!
in
as
or
fast
(not
fat).
second
e
in
Italian
fedele j
or
in fete
as
(not fate);
as
or
in vein.
e
as
in \X.2X\zxv
fetta ;
i
as
first i in Italian
i
as
second
i
or
0
as
6
as
first
u
as
in Italian
rumor
u
as
in Italian
ruppe
Let
in
in Italian
0
0
in
word,
be
as
in
j
or
as
j
or
d, t,
more.
j
or
as
in
pronounced
m,
the
(e.g. maxi-
two
Miiller.
in
as
capricious.
between
as
as
or
in
or
rotto
e;
caprice,
in German
as
orlo ;
ItaHan
i in vi before
timide
or
spelling varies
maxumiis')^
mus^
a
the
in very.
as
titnide j
i in Italian
ii,where
first
or
wholly (not
as
in
holly).
in rural.
in puss
r
or
(not
x,
in
in
as
the
fuss).
first
syllableof
quite obscurely, somewhat
as
first i
virgin.
In
correct
the
matter
of
diphthongs,
spelling,to begin with,
be
and
sure
thus
to
take
avoid
always
what
the
Munro
THE
48
justlyterms
"hateful
barbarisms
holding
to
each
depended
be
student
but
single
a
sound.
for
offer
to
as
the
pronunciation of
last three
ah-eh,
as
ui
and
au
(ah-dh)
(ah-6o) as
in German
of
given
are
which
of
them
in
:
the
sounding
together,ae
eh-ee, eu
eh-oo,
as
or
in fate
as
nor
ea
in
pear
like ai in
;
or
in
ay
aisle).
with
more
of the
u
sound
than
in house.
diphthong, but
the
(In dein, deinde,
veil.
e, when
not
forming
a
the
ei is
distinct
not
a
syllable,
elided.)
in
(eh-6o) as
Italian
is either
a
German
in the
found
is not
elided
o
classical
or
diphthong
syllable.)
(oo-^e)as
Europa.
(In
neuter
and
7ieutiquam
e.)
(o-^h)nearly like
not
a
;
Haus,
in
0
ui
as
ear
Latin
first
by
the
to
(yes).
(eh-de) nearly as
oi is
ndher
(ever); (not like
elide the
oe
o-eh, ei
as
German
in aye
is
eu
in
as
(ah-^e) as
ou
ei
oe
care.
:
aye
ai
ah-oo,
as
learnt
running
then
that
oo-ee."
as
Thus
ae
au
diphthongs,
is best
rare,
separately and
vowel
each
extremely
are
these
not
are
Cambridge
"
The
himself,
vowels, but glide
Pronunciation
(Eng.) PhilologicalSociety on
the Augustan
Period," the following directions
"
word
diphthongs
publicationof
the
In
each
greatest
both
second
first to the
the
rapidly from
so
it is the
sound
diphthongs
pronouncing
acquired
editions
and
call for the
moestus.^'
are
do
must
editors
and
present the chief difficulty
In
habits
right spellingof
Here
on.
bad
and
as
consulting a good dictionary,
always to
LATIN.
like caelum, coena,
outset, the
This
it.
OF
students
by
the
finding,at
in not
and
PRONUNCIATION
is wasted
time
Much
ROMAN
in cuirass.
period.
forms
; the
in Goethe.
a
u
distinct
is either
(In proin, proinde, the
syllable, ou
elided
or
in
forms
prout
a
tinct
dis-
IV
HO
the
In
pronunciation
special attention.
the
doubled
And
its doubled
the
in
same
which
A
good working
to
hold
in the
the
words
rule
for
first until
we'H
And
lie till
music
to
late,not
be
to
of
the
and
difficulty
of the
language.
consonants
the
pronounce
short, all
attempts
doubled
pronouncing
spoken
feature
No
whatever
in the
ready
in
"
who
one
with
perseveres,
rewarded
cc
of
distinctness,
be the
and
claim
sounding
Italian
pronounced.
are
charming.
amply
heard
rr
points
is the
to
its 11 and
"
and
be
has
greatest beauties
more
Latin
pains, will
is
is
language
these
first among
consonants
49
certain
Whoever
of its
yet smoothness, with
JT.
of consonants
consonants.
recognizes one
USE
TO
second
pronounced
as
as
:
lie
we
till eight.
in
Next
is
difficulty,
to
is
the
worth
point
that
palate.
the
made
apiit, illud
It
is
as
force
and
and
amply
as
in
them
the
the
also
in
as
anchor
to
the
; in
Latin
of
mation
approxi-
no
until
result when
this
r
plished
accom-
taken.
t, d, n, 1,
the
than
t
teeth, rather
the
to
no
roof
of
our
the
doubt
usual
:
Romans
at^ apud
This
interchange."
the
mouth
our
readilyad
how
see
with
treat
we
dentals, as
like
be
in
is that the dentals
up
shall
we
repays
is necessary
and
real
then
Hint
pronounced
ancora
in
but
"d
them
pains
least,first
at
can
in the
touch
says:
make
them,
care,
There
r.
observed
tongue
Munro
should
all the
be
to
slovenliness, and
we
the
satisfaction
the
but
is well
Another
of
trilling
England
satisfactorypronunciation
a
acquired ;
require
in New
importance, and,
requires
eiYort.
remember
same
anxitis
that
position
n
in
in anxious
as
before
a
guttural
English, e.g.,
;
in
in
relinqiioas
relinquish.
make
Remember
to
little
prominence
lengthen
the
n
before
otherwise
preceding
vowel.
f
as
or
s
a
mere
possible,and
nasal, having
to
carefully
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
THE
50
Studiously observe
gnus^
is to
be
gna^
that
Remember
where
final
the
the vowel
syllablein
lightlyand
as
the
indistinctly
that
Remember
length of
must
s
it represents
before
the terminations
in Greek
z
elided,
not
possible,the
better.
be
not
when
m,
rapidly as
pronounced
words,
(Zmaragdus), otherwise
Smaragdus
LATIN
gnum.
pronounced
lightlyand
more
the
OF
Smyrna
as
always
z, except
as
(Zmyrna),
in
as
pronounce
sis.
in
Remember
b
the
general,in pronouncing
following scheme
as
direct
to
v
the upper
lip,avoiding
the upper
In
pronouncing
the
lower
ward
lip to-
teeth.
conform
consonants
to
the
:
in blab.
b before
s
t, sharpened
or
to
as
p,
urbs
=^2ir-psj obtinuit^^
optinuit.
c
ch
d
as
sceptic(never
as
in chemist
as
in
in
as
(never
did, but made
d final,before
in cheer
as
g
gn
h
i
k
as
in
fief,but
as
in
gig (never as
in term'm3.tions
as
in hah
in
t
to
breath
more
in
English.
in tid-bit
as
than
in
consonant,
a
in
particles
(tit-bit).
English.
gin).
gnifs, gna,
(consonant) as
as
than
makes
gm^m
,
preceding vowel
long.
!
in onion.
in kink.
1 initial and
1
with
chivalry).
beginning with
often sharpened
especially,
f
or
dental
more
word
a
sceptre).
medial,
as
m
initial and
m
before
m
final,when
final,as
in
in lull.
lullaby,always
medial,
as
dental
more
than
in
English.
in membrane.
q, nasalized.
as
not
in tandem
pronunciation
minghm).
elided, touched
of
(tandm)
Blenheim
lightlyand
;
or
as
in
what
obscurely,some-
the
Englishman's
(Blenhm), Birmingham
(Bir-
NO
n
initial and
final,as
n
medial,
in
n
before
as
n
f
before
the
or
in nine.
always
as
in
tongue
not
q,
x,
dental
more
concord,
anger,
touching the
the
nasal, lengthening
s,
51
IT.
USE
TO
damnable,
c, g,
anxious,
IV
than
in
English.
sinker, relinquish,
of the
roof
mouth.
preceding vowel,
in
as
re7iaissa7ice.
p
as
in pup.
q
as
in
r
as
quick,
in
as
t
as
Italian
in
trilled,as
or
French.
is
(This
important.)
most
8
but
roar,
in sis
(never
tot, but
in
in
as
his).
dental
more
than
in
English (never
in
as
motion).
th
in then
nearly as
(u consonant) nearly
V
; like
labio-dental
Make
the
X
English v
lower
nearly
dz
as
Doubled
labial,rather
(not
w
may
like the
done
be
than
English w).
without
touch-
teeth.
in adze.
the
between
the
two
resemble
separate
first until
puff of
no
be
to
Ellis
Professor
organs,
"
but
verve,
German
upper
consonants
holding
As
thin).
nearly as
as
the
lip to
in
as
the
in
as
in six.
as
z
more
(never
ready
well
wind
or
parts of
a
each
pronounced
puts
to
pronounce
it
:
"
separated parts
of
the
second.
relaxation
No
grunt of voice
doubled
distinctly,
by
should
consonant,
of
intervene
which
articulation
one
the
should
than
two
articulations."
Duplication
simply as
the
of
consonants
energetic utterance
is
of
consequently regarded
a
single consonant."
Elision.
Professor
in
speaking
doubled
Ellis
and
believes
the
(^quorum pars
that
following
as
the
m
consonant
quoruppars).
was
always
omitted
pronounced
Final
m
at
the
as
if
end
52
THE
of
ROMAN
he
sentence
a
PRONUNCIATION
vowel
followed
vowel
before
thinks
he
heard
not
was
thinks
that
slurred
being
OF
the
all.
at
m
Where
a
heard, the
not
was
initial vowel
the
to
on
LATIN.
of
the
followingword.
The
Cambridge
takes
the
view
followed
if the
that
vowel
the
(or diphthongs)
the
same
not
were
following word,
the
was
vowels
(or diphthongs)
to
on
final
"
vowels
by
lightlyrun
(Eng.) Philological Society, however,
effect
Italian.
that
was
off, but
cut
in
as
when
of
But
single
a
sound."
Professor
In
"
Munro
with
cultivation
of
the
influence
ceased.
This
the
use,
and
That
is
recommended
that
Do
:
which
m,
compound
words
vowel
are
the
as
que,
lightlyon
lightlyand
or
same,
to
the
one
the
almost
the elided
over
in the
is the
them
and
of S in
case
of very
or
the
the
final
;
as
final
let the
but
in
syllablein
vowel
initial
and
in
common
vowel
final
touch
Italian,and
m.
The
0
or
proin, proi?ide,prout, dei?t,deinde,neuter, neutiqua?n,when
forming
elision
a
distinct
between
two
syllable,are
words.
to
be
or
connection, in
final
e
follow.
to
elided
close
of
case
like
suitable
the
when
;
generally in
one
the
over
following vowel
obscurely
have
generally accepted
cases
and
neque,
would
is the
safe
in
Virgil'spowerful
Philological Society
phrases,
or
for
distinct
more
like."
the
by
in
a
elaborate
Cambridge
seems
except
but
vowels
altogether pass
not
syllable in
run
Munro,
the
to
perhaps
and
the
by
much
altogetherpass
except
neque,
how
that
that, by comparing
say
tended
long
not
m,
que,
Professor
practice
of
must
view, held
by
words,
and
elision
only
see
may
syllables;
the
words,
we
had
syllable in
or
I would
language
Clearlywe
common
and
Ovid,
of final
sounding
:
elision
respect of
Plautus
vowel
says
treated
as
cases
e
of
not
of
54
a
THE
short
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
(came
to
end
the
syllableat
stand),but
a
of the
long
a
that the
serious
most
bus
for bus
being
How
much
of the
teacher's
did
have
things, if he
not
disposition to
The
is another
time
in
the
casso
of
case
or
consonant
doubled
well
the
slovenlypronunciatio
as
the
sounded
the
as
we
vowel.
preceding
time, the
this
In
liquid must
as
a
it
case
ordinarily,we
Although
short, we
supine
them
on
find, in
no
some
For
example,
and
cognate
the
before
affect
length
it would
be
verse
instances,
the
for
be
the
by
appear
separately.
parts of the verb
is
actus, ledus, from
ago,
Thus,
require pat-ris.
is
vowel
generally
in this
the
long
lego.
and
mute
lengthened.
that
of
liquidis short,
a
may
long
sake
of
forgotten that,
consonants
a
lowed
fol-
mute
regularly
not
two
the
liquid are
vowel
if the
present indicative,though short, is followed
(b, g, d, z), as
a
pronounced
account
is
length.
of
case
followed
mute
pd-tris,but
vowel
the
a
that
indicate
however,
it must
this
to
given distinctly
; the
For
before
must
say
not
be
to
be
coalesce.
not
rule,the vowel
in which
the
is to
each
case
do
Sometimes,
requires
verse
infer that
to
are
suppose
to
and
false
spelling varies, as
may
mute
give
time.
same
the
we
therefore
and
one,
sonants
con-
fails to
only exception
where
the
but
liquid;
a
!
reader
Another, apparent, exception is in the
by
better
and
only designed
was
spared, for
double
written
cases
cases.
making
distinctly,
The
words
such
In
caso.
doubled
few
a
common
into bus
the
are
found,
are
bus
each
intended.
were
syllableseverywhere
be
at
?
final
might
where
symbols
two
down'
sat
most
fault,as
speak
to
'
'stood'
you
and
the
neglect
if you
as
persistentfaults
correct
to
mispronunciation
general,if
sounds
two
of
worst
consonants,
necessary
quantity and
In
if
as
time
serious
of two
the
one
and
of the
one
is
verse
is,in fact, in the pronouncing
It
LATIN.
OF
by
tion.
posiof
the
vowel
of
a
medial
HOW
it be
Let
in
remembered
vowels, that
two
the
preceding,
the
and
syllable;
jacio,which
with
as
that
two,
55
of i consonant
matter
reallythe
vowel, making
with
force
the
single i
a
ii's,
diphthong
a
of
tween
be-
of two
introducing
is true
same
be written
obicit
as
IT.
other, consonant,
the
should
the
have
we
originallywritten, one,
as
USE
TO
with
the
new
compounds
but
of
pronounced
{objicit).
Accent.
The
but
question
some
As
quality,it must
to
is found
accent
circumflex
the
of
more
in
case
hmd
the
the
syllable,in
puts it
with
a
vowel
the
fdrnd,
But
we
If
"
:
is
to
be
we
come
the
of
pronunciation
accent
is
to
one
but
and
of the
length
the
the
In
the
on
same
Professor
long, it
is
of
in
same
Ellis
spoken
throughout
if its
syllableis long, as
is
vowel
own
last
only
liuid^but
;
changes.
is
last
then
the
As
one
if its
(inwords
diix
depressed
raised.
if the
antepenult,
and
remains
is maintained
vowel
the
or
accent
syllable but
the
nature
examples
the
immediately
long (by
penult,and
course
only
vhtfos,or
acute
:
long, and
syllableis short, as
distinguishediroxnfdmdy
upon
peculiar
:
time
when
come
as
sinks
same
of
pitch,which
short,
but
last
the
on
raised
it is
other
the
raised
fdmde;
at
the
is both
or
the
long vowels,
these
In
quality of
voice
the
case
the
short
Thus, spes^
and
same
that while
penult
on
is short.
ultima
inflection,but
one
only
only
syllable)
one
syllableis
the
place,
to
kind.
to
as
remembered
either
on
legdtus^but legdti.
;
the
be
is found
than
much
syllableseither
on
position),and
or
little difficulty
as
presents
quality,and
to
as
of accent
the
to
most
the
question
serious
Latin, and
this
of the
matter
kind
the
because
Roman
accent,
practicallyin
of
English speaking peoples.
of stress^whereas
of
is
a
difficulty
The
one
the
English
oi
pitch.
56
No
disagree with
will
one
in his
the
not,
had
force
no
invariably by pronouncing it with
greater loudness, than
according
in
timekeeper
as
we
may
pitches
with
the
pronounce
for
its different
pitch
in
fixityof
musical
pitch
and
Latin, and
force
of
the freedom
in
of
this
with
The
all of
a
one
other,
of
kind
of
pitch
as
if the
string of
lowest
note
the
alien
to
to
pression
ex-
musical
obliged to
are
replies.
degrees
of
The
in
force
tions
pronuncia-
two
Ellis
is not
us,
or
prose
the
if
will
Nor
verse.
time
as
impossible
adequate rendering
any
course
one
pursues
mended
following,recom-
:
pitch," he
for this purpose
fourth
In
of
different
in fact
of indefinite
raised
of
the
says,
"
had
verses
be
must
strictly
better
be
first
sing-song,the high pitched syllablesbeing
the
and
pitch also, but
one
of the
pitch and fixityof degrees
of
such
some
place
in
beat
purposes
with
freedom
while
work
a
Professor
observed, and
read
word
pitch is free, that is,just
word
it is essential
be
constancy
by
"
for
interrogationsand
writer, whether
attainment
the
used
of musical
pitch accent,
Latin
any
they
every
the
or
English sharply distinguish the
acquisition,and
of
that
"
irrespectiveof quantity."
even
But
was
syllables,and
musical
sumes,"
as-
greater force, that is,with
moment,
same
the
vary
''
Latin,
syllablein
musical
us,
of
he
accent, that is,that
the
singing, and
just as
;
Ellis when
others, but that the force varied
feeling of
the
to
the
LATIN.
Pronunciation
do, distinguish one
we
as
OF
Professor
Quantitative
Romans
Augustan
did
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
THE
about
latter
a
were
foregoing
sung
to
the
'
fifth
the
former
'
lower
lowest
were
than
the
of the
note
to
sung
the
string."
an
pages
and
all of
pitched syllablesbeing
musical
a
violin,and
of its third
together compactly
low
to
set
effort has
forth
been
made
conciselythe
to
bring
nature
of
HOW
the
'
adopting, and
for
has
attempt
'
method
Roman
of
the
been
of
treatment
TO
omitted, which
at
the
at
and
intelligible
the
the
enable
be
points and
able
to
time
same
No
hoped
been
anything
the
subject
understand
to
for each
reason
it is
render
given, to
a
it.
exhaustive
or
intelligentreader
give
reasons
acquiring
crept in, or
been
have
of
the
;
philosophical
a
but
subject ;
might
Latin
means
nothing unphilosophical has
that
57
IT.
pronouncing
simplest
made
the
USE
herein
usage
recommended.
been
them
the
in
of the
in the
allows, upon
case
and
has
secondary schools,
voluminous, yet
too
not
diversityof opinion
present
this little book
preparing
of Latin
something
the nature
as
view
teachers
the
help
to
furnish
to
object in
main
The
factory
satis-
as
subject which
a
practice has
rendered
unnecessarily obscure.
these
To
be
teachers, then,
in conclusion
fitlyspoken
teach
To
*'
language,
prose
is
well
seldom
and
hears
of Latin
teacher
Latin
readilyaccording
reading
out
hearing
mistakes,
that
his
of
his
to
Let
become
Latin
a
sentence
the
the
In
pupil
by
to
accent
pupils,of
they
leading
classical
me
once
heard
prose
of
case
a
hears
never
himself
his
or
follow
be
decently,with
quantity ;
his
setting them
into
right
adopted,
who
teacher
a
learning
and
it, of his
them
impress
more
dtityof himself
the
quantitativepronunciation
to
seldom
constantly hearing
read, except
inordinately increased.
his
has
he
own
hobbling fellow-scholars,this difficulty
and
every
of
is
Latin, which
like the
equally ignorant
his
he
read, though
in his
well, even
prose
difficult,
partly because
language,
spoken,
is
:
read
to
person
Ellis may
Professor
him, intonated, but unrhythmical.
around
dead
a
from
word
a
no
cannot
strict
2.
read
to
the
duty
habits.
read
observance
their
If
will
a
of
patter 7i,
correcting
one
on
be
the
fit
simple
of
that
58
THE
quantity
his
All
''
till
which
by
hearing
it
by
unfamiliar
well
too
actually
themselves
each
and
lasts,
sound
small
the
during
teacher
acquire
hence
habits
the
that
or
pupils
erroneous
an
that
of
of
a
even
from
constantly
fraction
to
stantly
con-
When
believe
not
mistake
a
suppose
hear
is
able
are
sounds.
and
it
sounds,
afterward
mentally,
or
to
they
soon,
they
is
It
familiar
of
we
unfamiliar
hearing
which
pronunciation,
the
lated
regu-
and
that
language
of
once
imitate
to
times
imitate.
to
combinations
made
orators
imitation,
by
many
teachers
by
knows
pupil
acquired
sound
a
sufficiently
made
from
is
pronunciation
grasp
Latin
of
greatest
rhythms."
own
after
are
the
alone
LATIN
OF
PRONUNCIATION
ROMAN
hear
they
that
second
a
these
come
be-
organs
fixed."
The
"Standard
(Curwen's
sings
(speaks)
them
to
pupil
exactly.
direction
following
is
to
listen
He
Course,"
brief
well
that
and
to
listens
soft
the
best
the
of
p.
pupils,
his
with
a
is
3)
but
:
sings
sings
"The
teacher
(utters,
The
pattern.
pattern,
importance
utmost
and
(speaks)
then
never
tates)
dic-
reads,
first
to
best."
art
of
imitate
the
it