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Chapter Presentation
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Visual Concepts
Standardized Test Prep
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Chapter 10
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
Table of Contents
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Section 2 DNA Structure
Section 3 DNA Replication
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Objectives
• Relate how Griffith’s bacterial experiments showed
that a hereditary factor was involved in
transformation.
• Summarize how Avery’s experiments led his group
to conclude that DNA is responsible for
transformation in bacteria.
• Describe how Hershey and Chase’s experiment led
to the conclusion that DNA, not protein, is the
hereditary molecule in viruses.
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Griffith’s Experiments
• Griffith’s experiments showed that hereditary material
can pass from one bacterial cell to another.
• The transfer of genetic material from one cell to
another cell or from one organism to another
organism is called transformation.
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Griffith’s Discovery of
Transformation
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Transformation
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Avery’s Experiments
• Avery’s work showed that DNA is the hereditary
material that transfers information between bacterial
cells.
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Hershey-Chase Experiment
• Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA, and not
protein, is the hereditary material.
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
The Hershey-Chase
Experiment
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Hershey and Chase’s Experiments
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Chapter 10
Section 2 DNA Structure
Objectives
• Evaluate the contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in
helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double
helix structure.
• Describe the three parts of a nucleotide.
• Summarize the role of covalent and hydrogen bonds
in the structure of DNA.
• Relate the role of the base-pairing rules to the
structure of DNA.
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Chapter 10
Section 2 DNA Structure
DNA Double Helix
• Watson and Crick created a model of DNA by using
Franklin’s and Wilkins’s DNA diffraction X-rays.
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Chapter 10
Section 2 DNA Structure
DNA Nucleotides
• DNA is made of two nucleotide strands that wrap
around each other in the shape of a double helix.
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Chapter 10
Section 2 DNA Structure
DNA Nucleotides, continued
• A DNA nucleotide is made of a 5-carbon deoxyribose
sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four
nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G),
cytosine (C), or thymine (T).
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Chapter 10
Section 2 DNA Structure
Structure of a Nucleotide
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Chapter 10
Section 2 DNA Structure
DNA Nucleotides, continued
• Bonds Hold DNA Together
– Nucleotides along each DNA strand are linked by
covalent bonds.
– Complementary nitrogenous bases are bonded by
hydrogen bonds.
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Chapter 10
Section 2 DNA Structure
Complementary Bases
• Hydrogen bonding between the complementary
base pairs, G-C and A-T, holds the two strands of a
DNA molecule together.
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Chapter 10
Section 2 DNA Structure
Complementary Base Pairing
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Chapter 10
Section 3 DNA Replication
Objectives
• Summarize the process of DNA replication.
• Identify the role of enzymes in the replication of DNA.
• Describe how complementary base pairing guides DNA
replication.
• Compare the number of replication forks in prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells during DNA replication.
• Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication.
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Chapter 10
Section 3 DNA Replication
How DNA Replication Occurs
• DNA replication is the process by which DNA is
copied in a cell before a cell divides.
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Chapter 10
Section 3 DNA Replication
How DNA Replication Occurs, continued
• Steps of DNA Replication
– Replication begins with the separation of the DNA
strands by helicases.
– Then, DNA polymerases form new strands by
adding complementary nucleotides to each of the
original strands.
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Chapter 10
Section 3 DNA Replication
DNA Replication
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Chapter 10
Section 3 DNA Replication
DNA Replication
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Chapter 10
Section 3 DNA Replication
How DNA Replication Occurs, continued
• Each new DNA molecule is made of one strand of
nucleotides from the original DNA molecule and one
new strand. This is called semi-conservative
replication.
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Chapter 10
Section 3 DNA Replication
Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication
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Chapter 10
Section 3 DNA Replication
DNA Errors in Replication
• Changes in DNA are called mutations.
• DNA proofreading and repair prevent many
replication errors.
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Chapter 10
Section 3 DNA Replication
DNA Errors in Replication, continued
• DNA Replication and Cancer
– Unrepaired mutations that affect genes that control
cell division can cause diseases such as cancer.
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Objectives
• Outline the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to
protein.
• Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA.
• Describe the importance of the genetic code.
• Compare the role of mRNA, rRNA,and tRNA in translation.
• Identify the importance of learning about the human genome.
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Flow of Genetic Information
• The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as
DNA
RNA
protein.
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
RNA Structure and Function
• RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
and uracil in place of thymine.
• RNA is single stranded and is shorter than DNA.
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Comparing DNA and RNA
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
RNA Structure and Function, continued
• Types of RNA
– Cells have three major
types of RNA:
• messenger RNA
(mRNA)
• ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)
• transfer RNA
(tRNA)
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
RNA Structure and Function, continued
• mRNA carries the genetic “message” from the
nucleus to the cytosol.
• rRNA is the major component of ribosomes.
• tRNA carries specific amino acids, helping to form
polypeptides.
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Transcription
• During transcription, DNA acts as a template for
directing the synthesis of RNA.
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Transcription
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Genetic Code
• The nearly universal genetic code identifies the
specific amino acids coded for by each threenucleotide mRNA codon.
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Translation
• Steps of Translation
– During translation, amino acids are assembled
from information encoded in mRNA.
– As the mRNA codons move through the ribosome,
tRNAs add specific amino acids to the growing
polypeptide chain.
– The process continues until a stop codon is
reached and the newly made protein is released.
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Translation: Assembling Proteins
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Translation: Assembling Proteins, continued
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
The Human Genome
• The entire gene sequence of the human genome, the
complete genetic content, is now known.
• To learn where and when human cells use each of the
proteins coded for in the approximately 30,000 genes
in the human genome will take much more analysis.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. For which of the following is DNA responsible?
A. directing RNA to make lipids
B. directing RNA to produce glucose
C. encoding information for making proteins
D. encoding information for changing the genetic code
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. For which of the following is DNA responsible?
A. directing RNA to make lipids
B. directing RNA to produce glucose
C. encoding information for making proteins
D. encoding information for changing the genetic code
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Where is RNA found?
F. only in proteins
G. only in the nucleus
H. only in the cytoplasm
J. in the nucleus and cytoplasm
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Where is RNA found?
F. only in proteins
G. only in the nucleus
H. only in the cytoplasm
J. in the nucleus and cytoplasm
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the basic unit of DNA called?
A. sugar
B. nucleotide
C. phosphate
D. nucleic acid
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the basic unit of DNA called?
A. sugar
B. nucleotide
C. phosphate
D. nucleic acid
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following nucleic acids is involved in
translation?
F. DNA only
G. mRNA only
H. DNA and mRNA
J. mRNA and tRNA
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following nucleic acids is involved in
translation?
F. DNA only
G. mRNA only
H. DNA and mRNA
J. mRNA and tRNA
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The table below shows
the percentage of bases in
some organisms. Use the
table to answer the
questions that follow.
5. What is the ratio of purines
to pyrimidines for these
organisms?
A. about 1:1
B. about 1:2
C. about 1:3
D. about 1:4
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The table below shows
the percentage of bases in
some organisms. Use the
table to answer the
questions that follow.
5. What is the ratio of purines
to pyrimidines for these
organisms?
A. about 1:1
B. about 1:2
C. about 1:3
D. about 1:4
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The table below shows
the percentage of bases in
some organisms. Use the
table to answer the
questions that follow.
6. Within each organism,
which nucleotides are
found in similar
percentages?
F. A and T, G and C
G. A and C, G and T
H. A and C, G and U
J. A and G, T and U
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The table below shows
the percentage of bases in
some organisms. Use the
table to answer the
questions that follow.
6. Within each organism,
which nucleotides are
found in similar
percentages?
F. A and T, G and C
G. A and C, G and T
H. A and C, G and U
J. A and G, T and U
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. mRNA : uracil :: DNA :
A. guanine
B. thymine
C. adenine
D. cytosine
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. mRNA : uracil :: DNA :
A. guanine
B. thymine
C. adenine
D. cytosine
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The model below
represents a DNA molecule
undergoing DNA
replication. Use the model
to answer the question that
follows.
8. Which part of the model
represents DNA helicase?
F. 1
G. 2
H. 3
J. 4
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The model below
represents a DNA molecule
undergoing DNA
replication. Use the model
to answer the question that
follows.
8. Which part of the model
represents DNA helicase?
F. 1
G. 2
H. 3
J. 4
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
DNA is made up of two strands of subunits called
nucleotides. The two strands are twisted around each
other in a double helix shape.
Explain why the structure of a DNA molecule is
sometimes described as a zipper.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
DNA is made up of two strands of subunits called
nucleotides. The two strands are twisted around each
other in a double helix shape.
Explain why the structure of a DNA molecule is
sometimes described as a zipper.
Answer:
DNA is often described as a zipper because the two
strands of DNA look like each lengthwise half of a
zipper and the bases and hydrogen bonds between
the strands look like the “teeth” of a zipper.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
DNA can be damaged by mistakes made during its
replication. The mistakes are called mutations.
Part A Explain eukaryotic DNA replication.
Part B Explain how a mutation during replication can
affect a protein that is synthesized.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A During DNA replication, each strand serves as a template.
DNA replication begins when helicase enzymes separate the
DNA strands. DNA polymerases add complementary
nucleotides to each of the original DNA strands. The DNA
polymerases are then released. Two DNA molecules identical to
the original DNA molecule result.
Part B When mistakes in DNA replication occur, the base sequence
of the newly formed DNA differs from that of the original DNA,
changing the original code on the DNA. When the mutated DNA
is transcribed, the sequence of bases on the mRNA is incorrect.
Translating the incorrect mRNA can result in an incorrect amino
acid which can affect the protein’s structure and ultimately its
function.
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Chapter 10
Section 2 DNA Structure
DNA Nucleotides
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
RNA Structure
and Function
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Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Genetic Code
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