Egyptian Arabic Lesson 3 What is this? فﺎﺟ ﻢﻠﻗ بﺎﺤﺻأ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ
Egyptian Arabic Lesson 3 What is this? اﳌﻔﺮدات Vocabulary ings ﻗﻠﻢ ﺟﺎف ﻗﻠﻢ رﺻﺎص أﻗﻼم ورﻗﺔ أوراق ﮐﺮﺳﻲ ﮐﺮاﺳﻲ ﺷﻨﻄﺔ ﺷﻨﻂ People pen ‘alam gaaf pencil ’alam rußaaß pens, pencils ’a’laam (piece of ) paper wara’a ’awraa’ chair kursi karaasi briefcase, suitcase, šan†a šuna† purse ﺳ ّﺒﻮرة ﺳ ّﺒﻮرات ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺰة ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺰات ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺐ ﮐﺮاﺳﺎت ّ ﮐﺮاﺳﺔ ّ ()ﮐﺮارﻳﺲ ﮐﺸﮑﻮل ﮐﺸﺎﮐﻴﻞ ﺷ ّﺒﺎك ﺷﺒﺎﺑﻴﻚ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﮐﺘﺎب ﮐﺘﺐ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﺻﺎﺣﺐ أﺻﺤﺎب زﻣﻴﻞ زﻣﻼء دﮐﺘﻮر دﮐﺎﺗﺮة (ﺳ ّﻴﺪ )ﺳ ّﻴﺪة آﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﺪام friend ßaa˙ib ’aß˙aab colleague zimiil zumalaa’ doctor, Dr. duktoor dakatra Mr. (Mrs.) sayyid (sayyida) Miss ’aanisa Mrs., wife madaam Adjectives blackboard sabbuura sabbuuraat table tarabeeza tarabeezaat desk, office maktab makaatib ﮐﺒﻴﺮ ﮐﺒﻴﺮة ﮐﺒﺎرbig kibiir kibiira kubaar ﺻﻐ ّﻴﺮ ﺻﻐ ّﻴﺮة ﺻﻐ ّﻴﺮﻳﻦsmall ßu¶ayyar -a ßu¶ayyariin notebook (thin) kurraasa kurraasaat Prepositions (alternate plural) (karariis) notebook (thick) kaškuul kašakiil window šubbaak šababiik tape šarii† šaraayi† book kitaab kutub university gamca gamcaat ﻣﺎﻓﻴﺶ ﮐﻤﺎن ()اﮐﺘﺒﻲ ِ اﮐﺘﺐ (اﻗﺮا )اﻗﺮي ّ ّ ()اﺗﻔﻀﻠﻲ اﺗﻔﻀﻞ ’eeh da (di) (dool) fiih this is/are not mafiiš also kamaan write! (to m/f ) iktib (iktibi) read! (to m/f ) i’ra (i’ri) come in!/here you itfa∂∂al (itfa∂∂ali) go!/have a seat!/etc. on c ala (ca) under ta˙t in front of ’uddaam behind wara beside gamb Expression !اﻟﻠﻪ أﮐﺒﺮ Other Words أﻳﻪwhat ( دا )دي( )دول- دهthis (m/f/pl) ﻓﻴﻪthere is, there are (ﻋﻠﻰ )ع ﲢﺖ ﻗﺪام ورا (ﺟﻨﺐ )ﺟﻤﺐ ’allaahu ’akbar God is very great! (general context: Wow! or Let’s Go!) (Islamic context: expression of solidarity with the Islamic community) Dialogue Assignment Write a dialogue between two people including at least the following features: Greetings Asking about how each other are Introductions and appropriate responses Asking what several things are (the person responding can sometimes say he doesn’t know) Asking whose book/bag this is Asking who another person is or the name of another person Asking where the person is from and where the person lives Goodbyes Drills 1. Make the following nouns definite by adding the article. Remember to assimilate before sun letters. Example: baab = il-baab, but †aalib = i†-†aalib. kitaab maktab sabbuura ’ustaaz tarabeeza šan†a 2. Translate the following possessives into Arabic I∂aafas. Remember that the I∂aafa is an “of ” construction, so watch Arabic noun order carefully. Remember also that the first term of the I∂aafa does not have an article. Be careful to change feminine -a to -it where necessary. Remember how to form the I∂aafa with proper names. Example: Mahmoud’s colleague = zamiil ma˙muud. George’s professor the capital of Egypt Linda’s chair Joe’s blackboard John’s table Sarah’s friend Suzanne’s briefcase Jim’s book the chair of the desk the window of the door the professor’s friend the colleague (f ) of the student the table of the office the University of Arizona 3. Translate the following sentences into Arabic. Is this a table? No this is a desk. Is there a notebook in the briefcase? No, there is not a notebook in the briefcase. Is there a tape on the table? Yes, there is a tape on the table. Where is the student’s girlfriend living? e door of the university is beside the street. Paris is the capital of France. 4. Translate the following sentences into English. .اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ ﺟﻨﺐ اﻟﮑﺮﺳﻲ .اﻟﮑﺘﺎب ﲢﺖ اﻟﺴﺒﻮرة اﻟﺸﺎرع ورا وﻻ ﻗﺪام اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ؟ .ﺷﻨﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻓﻲ اﳌﮑﺘﺐ .ﻣﮑﺘﺐ اﻟﺪﮐﺘﻮر ﮐﺒﻴﺮ .ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻴﺮﮐﻠﻲ Fuß˙a section 1. Fuß˙a or caamiyya? ( اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰor )اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﻣﺎذاmaaða ﻫﺬا ﻫﺬهhaaða/haaðihi ˙ َﺣﻘﻴﺒﺔaqiiba ﻟَ ْﻮحlaw˙ † ﻃﺎوِ ﻟﺔaawila ﺻﺪﻳﻖ َ َُﻫﻨﺎك َ َﻫ ْﻞ ُﻫ ﻨﺎك؟ َ ﺲ ُﻫ ﻨﺎك َ ﻟَ ْﻴ َأ ْﻳﻀ ًﺎ ßadiiq hunaaka hal hunaaka? laysa hunaaka ’ay∂an أﻳﻪ ده دي ﺷﻨﻄﺔ ﺳﺒﻮرة ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺰة ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ؟ ﻣﺎﻓﻴﺶ ﮐﻤﺎن Note that the word fiih can mean ‘there is’ or ‘is there?’ 2. اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰlistening online. اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻴﺔ ’eeh da di šan†a sabbuura tarabeeza ßaa˙ib fiih fiih? mafiiš kamaan EA 3 Language Notes 1. Preposition Variation Some prepositions, like cala and min, take variant forms when used before the definite article. cala often becomes ca, and min sometimes becomes mi. For example: il’alam e pen ala is on tarabeeza. a table. il’alam e pen a is on ttarabeeza the table. ilkursi e chair mi is from lgamca the university c c 2. ere is/there are ere is/there are sentences in Egyptian Arabic are formed with the word fiih. ey are negated with mafiiš. ese words are not really verbs, but the have a kind of verbal force, as in clear from the type of negation. Examples of the use of these forms: ﻓﻴﻪ ﮐﺘﺎب ع اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺰة؟ . ﻣﺎﻓﻴﺶ ﮐﺘﺎب ع اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺰة،ﻻء ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻨﻄﺔ؟ . ﻓﻴﻪ،أﻳﻮه fiih kitaab ca ttarabeeza? Is there a book on the table? la’, mafiiš kitaab a ttarabeeza. No, there is not a book on the table. fiih ’alam fi ššan†a? Is there a pen in the bag? ’aywa, fiih. Yes, there is. c 3. Agreement of Demonstratives Demonstratives (this, that) must agree with the nouns they refer to, masculine or feminine. For example: da is (m) is kitaab. a book. di is (f ) is wara’a. a piece of paper. In asking the question “What is this?,” if the person doing the asking already knows the answer, then s/he should ask with the demonstrative form in the proper gender. If the person does not know the answer, then s/he should use the “default” masculine form: ’eeh da? 4. Indefinite Nouns ere is no indefinite article (“a” or “an”) in Arabic. is means that a bare noun like kitaab means both ‘book’ and ‘a book’ in English. 5. Definite Nouns As you learned in the first lesson, to make a noun definite (to change “book” or “a book” to “the book”) in writing, the letters alif-lam are added to the front of the word (compare kitaab ﮐﺘﺎبand il-kitaab )اﻟﮑﺘﺎب. Pronunciation of this article varies, however. Before letters called moon letters, like baa’, the /l/ is pronounced /l/, but before sun letters, like siin, the /l/ assimilates to the letter, so instead of getting /ls/, you get /ss/. e sun and moon letters are as follows (and should be memorized): Moon Letters ء ب ج ح خ ع غ ف ق ك م ه و ي ’ b g ˙ x c ¶ f q k m h w y ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن (th) d (dh) r z s š ß ∂ † Ω l n Sun Letters ت t Note that the letters kaaf كand giim جcan be either sun or moon letters in Egyptian colloquial. Remember that in handwriting, all you have to do is add alif-lam to the front of the word. It is only in pronunciation that you need to remember the sun and moon letters; this will come with practice. If the word with the article comes at the first of a sentence, it is pronounced ’il (or ’is, etc., see above) but if it comes in the middle of a sentence, the /i/ is often left out, particularly if the word before it ends with a vowel. For example: ’ilkitaab at the first of a sentence, but with the preposition fi before it, it becomes: fi lkitaab; similarly, ’ittarabeeza, when preceded by the preposition ca, becomes ca ttarabeeza. For now, you should start noticing when words have the article and when they don’t. 6. Possession (e “I∂aafa” or Construct State) In English we show possession either with ’s, as in “Bob’s book,” or with the preposition ‘of,’ as in “the door of the office.” In Arabic, possession is shown by a construction know as the I∂aafa, or Construct State. To form an I∂aafa, you simply put two nouns together, one after the other. e first noun (called the first term of the I∂aafa) can never have the definite article, but the second term is free to take an article or not. For example: ﻣﮑﺘﺐ اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔmaktab ilgamca the office of the university, the university’s office ’ ﻗﻠﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐalam i††aalib. the pen of the student, the student’s pen ﮐﺘﺎب ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺔkitaab †aaliba a book of a student, a student’s book As you can see from the examples, if the second term is definite, the whole I∂aafa is considered to be definite (the pen of the student), while if the second term is indefinite, the whole I∂aafa is considered to be indefinite (a pen of a student). ere is no way to ‘mix and match’ with this construction. In other words you can’t say ‘a pen of the student,’ or ‘the pen of a student.’ With the I∂aafa either the whole thing is all definite or all indefinite. Remember that a noun does not necessarily have to have the definite article to be definite. Proper nouns, for example, are definite by definition without the definite article. So an I∂aafa with a proper noun as the second term would be definite throughout, even though no article appears anywhere in the I∂aafa. For example: ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺟﻮرج ßaa˙ib George the friend of George, George’s friend ﮐﺮﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﻮدkursi ma˙muud the chair of Mahmoud, Mahmoud’s chair To summarize, the most important thing to remember about an I∂aafa, and the way you will be able to recognize one, is that there are two or more nouns in a row, and only the last one can have an article. e first one(s) can never have an article. It is common to use the I∂aafa construction in questions about ownership. For example: ﮐﺘﺎب ﻣﲔ ده؟kitaab miin da? ده ﻗﻠﻢ ﻣﲔ؟da ’alam miin? e book of whom is this? Whose book is this? is is the pen of whom? Whose pen is this? In this case, the second term of the I∂aafa is the question word miin. 7. Feminine Nouns as First Terms of the I∂aafa Construction If the first noun of an I∂aafa construct is a feminine noun ending in -a, you must change the -a to -it. However, remember that this change is only made in actual speech, not in writing. For example, the word šan†a ‘briefcase’ is pronounced šan†it in the I∂aafa construction: šan†it linda ‘the briefcase of Linda’ or ‘Linda’s briefcase’. Sometimes, as in the third sentence in the following box, the ‘i’ of the -it drops, since short i’s often drop in Egyptian Arabic. Other examples of -a changing to -it: ورﻗﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﻮدwara’it ma˙muud the paper of Mahmoud, Mahmoud’s paper ’ أﺳﺘﺎذة ﮐﺮﱘustaazit kariim the professor (f ) of Karim, Karim’s professor ﺳﺒﻮرة اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔsabburt ilgamca (from sabbuurit ilgamca) the black board of the university وﻻﻳﺔ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎwilaayit kalifornya the state of California ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎنcaaßimit lubnnan the capital of Lebanon Note that it is only when the feminine noun is the first term that it is changed in spoken Arabic. A feminine noun that is the second term of an I∂aafa keeps its -a, as in kursi ttarabeeza ‘the chair of the table.’ 8. Plurals of Arabic nouns and adjectives Plurals of Arabic nouns and adjectives are not predictable and therefore must be learned separately. It is a good idea to learn them while learning the singulars. ey will be listed in the vocabulary lists from now on. e following plurals were not introduced with their singular counterparts in lessons 1-2 and should now be learned: Singular ﮐﺘﺎب ﺑﺎب ﺻﻔﺤﺔ أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺎرف ﺳﺎﮐﻦ ﮐﻮﻳﺲ Plural Plural Singular ﮐﺘﺐ أﺑﻮاب ﺻﻔﺤﺎت أﺳﺎﺗﺬة ﻋﺎرﻓﲔ kutub kitaab ’abwaab baab ßafa˙aat ßaf˙a ’asadza ’ustaaz ﺳﺎﮐﻨﲔ ﮐﻮﻳﺴﲔ arfiin aarif c c sakniin saakin kuwayyisiin kuwayyis
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