1. No category

0
Nanotechnology, what is it?
What are the potential applications and
what is their social and environmental utility?
Dr.ir. Germ W. Visser / 2008-09-16
Sixth Session Forum VI, Plenary Session
Nanotechnology and manufactured nanomaterials:
opportunities and challenges
Le Meridien President, Dakar, Senegal
υαυος = dwarf
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
The Voice of OECD Business
Outline
• Royal DSM N.V.
• figures
• DSM and nanotechnologies at DSM
• bio- and nanotechnologies
• Nanotechnologies
•
•
•
•
nano?
value chain and revenues
humanity’s top ten problems
nanotechnologies’ enabling solutions
• Risk and risk management
• risk versus hazard
• risk assessment
• occupational health
• Closing remarks
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
1
Royal DSM N.V. in 2006 / 2007
2
Performance
•Performance
..
Materials
Materials
Nutrition
Nutrition
Sales
Sales
EBITDA
EBITDA
Sales
Sales
EBITDA
EBITDA
€€ 2.8
2.8 bn
bn
€€ 429
429 m
m
Performance
Materials
Net sales 8.352 bn
Net sales 8.757 bn
Industrial
Industrial
Chemicals
Chemicals
Sales
Sales
EBITDA
EBITDA
€€ 1.9
1.9 bn
bn
€€ 269
269 m
m
Royal DSM
Nutrition
Ph
a
er
Oth
Industrial
Chemicals
€€ 2.4
2.4 bn
bn
€€ 464
464 m
m
Other
Other
Sales
Sales €€ 0.4
0.4 bn
bn
rm
Workforce: 22,156
Workforce: 23,254
a
Pharma
Pharma
Sales
Sales
EBITDA
EBITDA
€€ 0.9
0.9 bn
bn
€€ 146
146 m
m
Operating profit (EBIT) EUR 835 million, 6% higher than in 2005
Operating profit (EBIT) EUR 823 million, 1% lower than in 2006
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
DSM and Responsibility
Community Programs designed to help
¾ DSM Global partner of UN WFP (World Food Program)
¾ Nutritional Improvement Program (NIP)
¾ Sight and Life: DSM humanitarian project: Micronutrient distribution
¾ Engaged and committed business is fundamental to
societal progress
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
3
DSM and nanotechnologies
4
• DSM world market leader in Dow Jones Sustainability
World Index for the years 2004, 2005, 2006
• ACC Responsible Care Leadership Award 2007
• Developing/introducing a number of nano-applications
• Actively participating in
•
•
•
•
fact finding:
policy making:
education:
information:
international working groups, conferences, literature
EC task forces, Dutch politics, ISO/CEN/NEN
Hogeschool Zuyd curriculum (prof. P. Borm)
interviews with local press, lectures (worldwide),
nanoHouse
• Public acceptance is crucial for market successes
• perception is key
• trust
• DSM Position Paper on nanotechnologies
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
1950
1970
1990
hno
log
y
nan
ote
c
so
lid
-st
ate
tec
hn
olo
gy
b io
tec
hn
o lo
gy
impact on society
Nanotechnologies – convergence of 3 waves
2010
2030
2050
A. ten Wolde: “Nanotechnology; towards a molecular construction kit”, Netherlands Study
Centre for Technology Trends (STT), 1988
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
5
Interaction between bio- and nanotechnology
6
• Combining DSM’s competences
controlled
complexity
B
i
o
l
o
g
y
Expansion
via Biotechnology
“Bioterials”
Expansion via Nanotechnology
Chemistry
diversity
Adapted from J. M. Lehn, Supramolecular Chemistry , Wiley-VCH (1995)
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Performance Materials: ample opportunities
Individualization
Global
networking
Growing
middle class
7
Safety
Environment
Building & Paint &
Construction Coatings
Transportation
Packaging
Safety &
E&E
Protection
Performance
Materials
Bio-based
Nano
technology
Societal & technology trends create opportunities in many markets
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nano - but how about Nanotechnologies?
8
iPod nano
Fatos Nano (1952),
Albania
Nano Cafe, Kurfürstenstrasse, Berlin
Logitech VX Nano
TATA Nano
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
http://www.npn.jst.go.jp/
Nanotechnologies - invented by nature
Gecko
Gecko
Morpho rhetenor
Lamprocyphus augustus
Movement of bacterial flagellar
Morpho sulkowskyi
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Saito et al.: J.Vac.Sci.Techn.
B 24(6) Nov/Dec 2006, 3248
9
Nanotechnologies - lotus effect
10
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
Tai Fu Shan, Panyu,
Guangdong, China
April 2006 (SK Ng)
Prof. Dr. W. Barthlott
© Pieter v.d. Wal, Groningen University, 2005
© William Thielicke,
Darmstadt, Germany,
May 19, 2006
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies
11
• Nanotechnologies Î nanoparticles
• have been around for ever
• different origins (biological, organic, inorganic)
• essential to life as well as life-threatening
Ferritin, Ø ~12 nm
HIV virus, Ø ~100 nm
Annimation: Bohne’s PDB2multiGIF (http://www.glycosciences.de/modeling/pdb2mgif/)
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
10 nm
Nanoparticles
12
• Natural sources
Sea spraying
Volcano (Etna)
Sand storm, Al Asad, Iraq, 2005-04-26
Bitterroot National Forest, Montana, 2000-08-06
John McColgan
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Royal DSM
Nanotechnologies - ancient art
Maya pottery
The Lycurgus Cup
4th century AD
13
“Labors of the Months”
Norwich, England, ca. 1480
Maya Warrior,
The Cleveland
Museum of Art
(250-900)
Lustre on Majolica dish, ± 1525
Museo Civico – Palazzo dei Consoli,
Gubbio, It.
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies - applications tree
14
• …
New Dimensions for Manufacturing; A UK Strategy for Nanotechnology, June 2002
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies - scale of things
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/scale_of_things.html, May 26, 2006, Version
Royal DSM
15
Nanotechnologies - definition
16
• First definition of ‘Nano-Technology’, Norio Taniguchi, 1974:
'Nano-technology' is the production technology to get the extra high accuracy
and ultra fine dimensions, i.e. the preciseness and fineness on the order of 1 nm
(nanometer), 10-9m in length. The name of 'Nano-technology' originates from
this nanometer. In the processing of materials, the smallest bit size of stock
removal, accretion or flow of materials is probably of one atom or one molecule
namely 0.1~0.2 nm in length. Therefore, the expected limit size of fineness
would be of the order of 1 nm. Accordingly, 'Nano-technology' mainly consists
of the processing of separation, consolidation and deformation of materials by
one atom or one molecule. Needless to say, the measurement and controll
techniques to measure the preciseness and fineness of 1 nm play a very
important role in this technology.
N. Taniguchi, "On the Basic Concept of 'NanoTechnology'," Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod. Eng. Tokyo,
Part II, Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 1974, pp 18-23
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies - definitions
• nanoscale: size range from appr.
1 nm to 100 nm
• nano-object: material with one,
two or three external dimensions
in the nanoscale
• particle: minute piece of matter
with defined physical boundaries
• nanoparticle: nano-object with
all three external dimensions
in the nanoscale
• nanoplate, -fiber, -tube, -rod, -wire,
quantum dot
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
17
First edition
2008-08-15
www.iso.org
Nanoparticles - what makes the difference
18
Trudy E. Bell: “Understanding Risk Assessment of Nanotechnology”, 2007
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies - a matter of control
bottom up
top down
Microsystem
0,1 nm (1Å)
hydrogen atom
0,5 nm (5Å)
molecule
19
1 nm
Macroscopic
matter
10 nm
synthetic polymer supramolecular system
limited control
no control
semi synthetic
biopolymer
Hybrane® derivative
moderate control
1 μm
biopolymer
total control
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
ribosome
total control
cell
total control
1 mm
plant louse
total control
Nanotechnologies - self assembly
20
Self-assembly of gold-polymer
nanorods, Northwestern
University, Evanston, IL, USA
Nanorods of cadmium
sulfide with silver-sulfide
quantum dots (dark spots)
University of California,
Berkeley, July 2007
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Peptide-amphiphile nanofibers,
Stupp et al, Northwestern University,
Evanston, IL, USA
‘Natural’ bottom up biological ‘self-assembly’
Bacteriophage structure
21
T4 bacteriophage infects E. Coli bacterium
(Ø ~800 nm; l ~3,000 nm)
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html
(45-100 nm)
http://www.dform.com/projects/t4/virus.html
(0-150x15 nm)
Polio virus (Ø 30 nm) chemically
synthesized by Eckard Wimmer
State University of New York, Stony Brook
Royal DSM
Amato, C&EN July 30, 2007, 51-55
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
The nanotechnology Value Chain
22
Lux Research: “Nanomaterials State of the Market Q3 2008”, July 2008
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Global Sales of Products Incorporating
Emerging Nanotechnology
• Revenue (US$ millions) 2004-2015
Lux Research: “Nanomaterials State of the Market Q3 2008”, July 2008
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
23
Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 years
World Population
10
9
World Population [billion]
1. Energy
2. Water
3. Food
4. Environment
5. Poverty
6. Terrorism & war
7. Disease
8. Education
9. Democracy
10. Population
24
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Sept 2008: 6.721 billion people
2050: 9.191 billion people
http://www.worldometers.info/population/
R.E. Smalley: “Our Energy Challenge”, Columbia University, NYC, 2003-09-23
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies - energy
•
•
•
•
•
More powerful batteries due to nano structures
Improved energy storage (hydrogen economy)
Nano foam for improved thermal insulation
Catalysts for more efficient chemical processes
Improved solar cells
• nano-structured AR-coatings resulting in increased output
• nano-silver reflects non-used part of spectrum (T↓)
• Lighter materials resulting in lower energy in transport
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
25
Nanotechnologies - energy -2
26
• Batteries using advantages of nanomaterials
• improved Li-ion batteries (energy density, operating window, safety)
• new type of battery (ultracapacitors or double layer capacitors)
vertically aligned CNTs
Nano-titanate (Li4Ti5O12)
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies - energy -3
27
Chevrolet Volt (~2010)
http://zeromotorcycles.com/
Royal DSM
http://www.a123systems.com/html/technology.html#
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies - water
28
• Zero iron to clean-up chlorinated organic compounds like
trichlorethylene
• Reduction of Cr(VI) to insoluble Cr(III) using metal oxide
nanoparticles
• SWCNTs to remove bacteria and viruses from water
• Reduction of arsenic content of drinking water using
nanobased filter systems
• Size-selective nanofiltration
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies - CNT to kill bacteria
29
• Pristine carbon nanotubes kill Escherichia coli
Cells incubated without SWNTs for 60
min. Cells were filtered and observed
via SEM on the filter
Cells incubated with SWNTs for 60 min:
90% of the population killed, probably
due to cell membrane damage
Kang, S., M. Pinault, L.D. Pfefferle and M. Elimelech, Langmuir 23 (2007) 8670-8673
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies - food
30
• Food packaging
• improved barrier properties (longer shelf-life)
• sensors indicating freshness of food
• Hygiene
• anti-bacterial coatings
• nano-filtration
• Crop protection
• slow release pesticides
• increased bio-availability
fresh
• Low calorie food
after eight days
leading
Fresher
brand
Longer
• double emulsions
• Nanostructures influence taste
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
DSM and nanotechnologies – ARAR-coating
Nano-Tech Coatings
Surface structure & chemistry
Anti-Reflective
Single layer broad band
Less than 1% reflection @ 550nm
Super-hydrophobic
Water contact angles > 150o
Using combined technology to develop easy-to-clean
single-layer anti-reflective coatings
Moth’s eye: http://www.synoptics.co.uk/
Lotus effect: http://library.thinkquest.org/27468/n/lotus.htm
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Royal DSM
31
Hydrophilic / (Super-)hydrophobic
32
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
super-hydrophobic
Courtesy Filip Frederix, Shared Research Unit Performance Materials-MSC
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
DSM and nanotechnologies – ARAR-coating cont.
• Propagation of light across a boundary of two media with
different refractive indices n1 and n2
Air (n1 = 1.0)
Glass (n2 = 1.5)
Air (n1 = 1.0)
• 8% of incident light reflected (∠i = 90°)
Traditional solution: multiple layers with varying refractive
index
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
33
DSM and nanotechnologies – ARAR-coating cont.
34
• Surface nano-structure (height difference ~ 50 – 150 nm)
causes a smooth variation of the refractive index from 1.0
(air) to 1.5 (glass)
• Combined with interference effects due to the layer
thickness, this effectively reduces the reflection over a
broad range of visible part of the spectrum (450 – 700 nm)
• Ideal: average refractive index coating equals
√(nair ∗ nglass) = 1.225 → porosity
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
DSM and nanotechnologies – ARAR-coating cont.
• The process
dipping
wet layer
formation
solvent
evaporation
DipMovie.mpg
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
35
DSM and nanotechnologies – ARAR-coating cont.
36
• Nano-structuring is key
Claryl®,
glass substrates
inorganic coating
high temp. curing
Royal DSM
OptoClear™,
plastic substrates
hybrid coating, UV curing
www.claryl.com
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
DSM and nanotechnologies - example #2
37
• Hyperbranched polyesteramide with a better price/
performance ratio than stereo regular dendrimers
• Highly versatile performance additive
• Now commercially available for various industrial products
and markets, including paper, imaging, cosmetics, textile,
oil field chemicals and dental
uptake of
guest molecules
partial or complete
functionalization
many reactive
end groups
Astramol™
globular shape:
low viscosity
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Hybrane®
Risk
38
• Paracelsus (1493-1541)
• Dosis facit venenum
(“The dose makes the poison”)
• Risk = hazard ∗ exposure
• Hazard: the “ability” of a chemical to cause harm
• Risk: the “probability” it will do so
• Current legislation is driven by hazards and not by risk
Nanomaterials deserve a more sophisticated approach
Borm, P.J.A.: “Toxicological Aspects Of Nanotechnological Applications”, Nanotopia, Utrecht, 2004-09-16
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies - risk management
nanoSciences
nanoTechnologies
nanoparticle
unintended
waste, avoid
Nanostructured
material
engineered
soluble
insoluble
safe
free
in matrix
can build aerosol
safe
normal toxicology
handle in confinement
till risks are known
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Royal DSM
39
Risk Assessment Nanomaterials
40
• Collect information on your specific material
• Particle properties (size, reactivity, physical appearance, dustiness)
• Known toxic effects (regular size vs. nano size?)
• Describe handling activities
• Such as: weighing, charging, product collection, sampling, disposal
• Frequency & duration op activities
• Number of persons involved
• Consider potential exposure routes for each activity
• Inhalation
• Skin
• Mouth, eyes
• If potential exposure is possible, estimate
• Qualitatively if exposure may be relevant
• If yes, try to quantify
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Occupational Safety and Health Management
41
Overall Company Health and Safety Program
• Management Leadership
Nanomaterial Risk Management Program
• Policies
• Hazard
• Standards
Hierarchy of Controls
Determination
• Employee participation
• Elimination
• Process review
• Planning
• Substitution
• Exposure
• Implementation
• Isolation
Evaluation
• Risk Management
• Engineering Controls
• Risk
• Training
• Environmental monitoring
Characterization
• Communication
• Administrative controls
• Controls
• Safe Practices
• Biological Monitoring
• Evaluation
• Medical Screening and
• Corrective Actions
Surveillance
• Compliance Plan
• Personal Protective
Equipment
Royal DSM
Schulte, P. et al J. Occupational and Env. Hygiene 5(2008)239-249
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
General advice exposure reduction
42
• Use nanomaterials preferably in a matrix (liquid or gel)
• “Think” containment
• A fume hood may induce extra exposure potential by swirling powder
nanoparticles in air stream; consider using a box of plexiglas, an
AtmosBag or glove box.
• Make sure equipment is easy to clean to prevent diffuse dispersion
• Clean up regularly
• Use HEPA filters in exhaust ventilation of equipment incl.
vacuum cleaners
Royal DSM
Nilfisk GM-80 HEPA, $1,265.00
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
In conclusion
• Nanotechnologies form the next logical step in industrial
development
• Nanotechnologies can contribute to solve major societal
challenges by:
43
• improved products (lighter, stronger, less energy consuming)
• offering new solutions for energy production, transport and storage
• contributing to safer food, etc.
• However, there are some concerns:
• too much of a hype
• high need for globally standardized risk assessment procedures,
including appropriate metrology
• public perception is crucial, but not logical
• Successes do need resources!
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
In conclusion - final
Tim Harper, Scientífica
Royal DSM
Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
44