Spatial and Temporal Variations of Air
Pollutants in the Kathmandu Valley
Preliminary findings of the
SusKat-ABC field campaign
30
THREE DECADES
Preliminary Results
Why Kathmandu Valley?
•Vehicles (0.5 million)
~ 50% of Nepal
•Coal
40% of Nepal
•Petrol
66% of Nepal
•Diesel
35% of Nepal
•Kerosene
50% of Nepal
•LPG
55% of Nepal
Super-emitter
Traffic congestion
Poorly maintained roads
Public strikes
Topography/meteorology
Brick kilns
Garbage burning
Regional haze
Forest fire
SusKat-ABC Campaign in Nepal (Dec 2012–Jun 2013)
BC concentration (m gm-3)
• 40+ scientists •18 research groups
• 9 countries •160+ instruments/sensors (aerosol/gas/meteorology)
• 23 sites (1 supersite, 5 satellite sites, 2 regional sites, and other collaborating sites
Black Carbon at four sites
BC concentration (m gm-3)
1.5% of Nepal
BC concentration (m gm-3)
•Land (50km x 40 km)
PM10 filter
sampling at
Bode:
Filter before
sampling
and after
24 hours of
exposure
BC concentration (m gm-3)
~12 % of Nepal total
Thapa and Murayama, LUP 2010
•Population (3 million )
Intensive emissions sources and unique
topography of Kathmandu Valley
Space
Achievements of the Campaign
•
•
Ground
•
Instrumentation
Supersite – Bode
SN
1
2
3
4
5
Instrument
Aethelometer AE31
COSMOS
Aethelometer AE31
Aethalometer
AE33
OPS
Satellite sites – Bhimdhunga, Shivpuri and Naikhandi
Parameter
BC
BC
BC
BC
Institute
SNU, Korea
SNU, Korea
IOE TU, Nepal
IASS, Germany
31
Number size distributions
(coarse)
OPS
Number size distributions
(coarse)
APS
Number size distributions
(coarse)
SMPS
Number size distributions
(fine)
NanoSMPS
Number size distributions
(fine)
GRIM Dust Monitor PM10 mass conc.
Dustrak
PM1/PM2.5/PM10 mass
conc.
UCPC
Total Particle Conc.
Handheld CPC
Total Particle Conc.
Nephalometer
Particle scattering
Aeronet
AOD
Sunphotometer
Microtops
AOD
Sunphotometer
Ceilometer
Aerosol vertical profile, PBL,
Cloud height
PM10 filter sampler PM10 composition (ions,
EC/OC)
Cascade Impactor Size-segregated PM
compisition
Horiba O3 monitor O3 conc.
Teledyne CO
CO conc
monitor
2BTech O3 monitor O3conc
2B Tech NOx
NO, NO2 conc
monitor
Thermo CO
CO conc
monitor
Thermo O3
O3 conc
monitor
Thermo CO
CO conc
monitor
Thermo O3
O3 conc
monitor
Gas Canisters
CO, CH4 and light HCs
Ionicon PTR TOF
Speciated VOCs
MS
PICARRO gas
CO, CH4, H2O , CO2
monitor
Passive samplers
NOx, SO2, O3 and NH3
SN
Instrument
Parameter
32
AWS
33
AWS
T, RH, WS, WD, Precip., IASS, Germany
Global Radiation
T, RH, WS, WD, P,
UVA, USA
Precip., Global Radiation
3D wind profile
CDP, TU
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
34
SODAR
IASS, Germany
UVA, USA
NIER, Korea
NIER, Korea
IASS, Germany*
IASS, Germany
UVA, USA
SNU, Korea
IASS, Germany
SNU, Korea
NASA, USA
IOE, TU
U. Mainz, Germany
NIER, Korea
SNU, Korea
AIERS, India
AIERS, India
UVA, USA/
ICIMOD, Nepal
UVA, USA
UVA, USA
SN
1
2
3
4
5
6
Instrument
Aethelometer AE31
2BTech O3 monitor
Microtops
Sunphotometers
Thermo CO monitor
Passive samplers
AWS
7
SN
1
2
3
4
SODAR
Instrument
Aethelometer AE33
2BTech O3 monitor
Passive samplers
AWS
SN
1
2
Instrument
Aethelometer AE31
DUSTRAK
3
4
5
6
2BTech O3 monitor
Thermo CO monitor
Passive samplers
AWS
O3 monitor
CO monitor
PM filters
Passive samplers
AWS
O3 conc
CO conc
PM composition
NOx, SO2, O3 and NH3
T, RH, WS, WD, P, Precip.,
Global Radiation
Ev-K2-CNR, Italy
Ev-K2-CNR, Italy
Ev-K2-CNR, Italy
IASS, Germany
Ev-K2-CNR, Italy
8
SODAR
• NASA: B. Holben
• UVA: A. Panday, S. Dhungel
• U. Masstt.: R. Peltier, K. Shakya
Follow Up
Identification and evaluation of mitigation potential of mitigation measures
Implementation of mitigation options
a) Baseline BC AOD for 2004/05
Satellite site – Nagarkot
IASS, Germany
• IISER-Mohali: V. Sinha, C. Sarkar
• ARIES-Nainital:M. Naja , P. Bhardwaj
• PRL: S.Lal
• NARL: A. Jayaraman, A. K. Pandit
UVA, USA
UVA, USA
IASS, Germany
UVA, USA
3
4
5
6
7
Thermo O3 monitor
Thermo CO monitor
Passive samplers
AWS
• ITP CAS: S. C. Kang, Q.G. Zhang, Z. Luthi
•
Institute
AIRES, India
UVA, USA
Institute
Ev-K2-CNR, Italy
Ev-K2-CNR, Italy
4
5
6
7
• ICIMOD: A. Panday, B. Banmali-Pradhan
• IOE TU: B. Sapkota, Ram K. Sharma, M. Thapa
• CDP TU: Ram P. Regmi and Students
CDP, TU
Institute
IOE TU, Nepal
UVA, USA
IASS, Germany
UVA, USA
Parameter
BC
PM1/PM2.5/PM10 mass conc
AIRES/PRL, India
IASS, Germany
IISER , India
ICIMOD, Nepal
• IASS: M. Lawrence, M. Rupakheti, J. Schmale,
K. Mahata, A. Lauer, A. Mues …
• U. Mainz: P. Hoor. H. Bozem,
• KIT: W. Junkermann
UVA, USA
IASS, Germany
UVA, USA
Instrument
MAAP
PM monitor
IASS, Germany
Collaborators
CO conc
NOx, SO2, O3 and NH3
T, RH, WS, WD, P, Precip.,
Global Radiation
3D wind profile
Parameter
BC
O3 conc
NOx, SO2, O3 and NH3
T, RH, WS, WD, P, Precip.,
Global Radiation
Parameter
BC
PM1/PM2.5/PM10 mass
conc
O3 conc
CO conc
NOx, SO2, O3 and NH3
T, RH, WS, WD, P, Precip.,
Global Radiation
SN
1
2
Instrument
Aethalometer AE51
Aethalometer AE33
OPS
Institute
Institute
IOE TU, Nepal
AIRES, India
ICIMOD, Nepal
Satellite site – Pakanajol
SN
1
2
3
IASS, Germany*
Parameter
BC
O3 conc
AOD, O3 column
Parameter
BC
BC
PM1/PM2.5/PM10 mass
conc
O3 conc
CO conc
NOx, SO2, O3 and NH3
T, RH, WS, WD, P, Precip.,
Global Radiation
3 D wind profile
Institute
UVA, USA/ICIMOD
AIRES, India
UVA, USA/ICIMOD
b) BC AOD without biofuels
Ev-K2-CNR, Italy
Ev-K2-CNR, Italy
IASS, Germany
RTS, Nepal
Ramanathan and Carmichael, 200
Models
A substantially improved database of local air pollution
Objective and balanced science-based assessment of the causes and impacts of air
pollution in the Kathmandu Valley and the surrounding region
Identification of and later demonstration of selected mitigation measures and
strategies that:
- are based on sound science;
- are politically viable, cost-effective, and realizable in a step-wise way;
- have potential for scaling up to larger levels; and
- that have potential for application to other regions.
20+ scientific publications
CNG engine
Super emitting vehicle
Traditional brick kiln
DPF
Retrofit
Upgrade
CDP TU
Regional site – Lumbini
SN
1
2
3
Instrument
Aeronet Sunpotometer
Microtops
Sunpotometer
PM monitor
4
5
6
7
8
9
PM filters
Magee Aethalometer
TSI OPS
CO monitor
O3 monitor
AWS
Parameter
AOD
AOD
Institute
NASA, USA
UVA, USA
PM10 , PM2.5, PM1 mass
conc
PM composition
BC conc
Particle Number distribution
CO conc.
O3 conc.
T, RH, WS, WD, Precip.,
Global Radiation
IASS, Germany
Switch
Scenario and atmospheric modelling
ITP CAS, China
ARIES, India
IASS, Germany
IASS, Germany
IASS, Germany
IASS, Germany
Hoffman brick kiln
Engagement
Regional site – Pokhara
SN
1
2
3
Instrument
Aeronet Sunpotometer
PM filters
AWS
Parameter
AOD
PM composition
T, RH, WS, WD, Precip.,
Global Radiation
Institute
NASA, USA
ITP CAS, China
UVA, USA
Science policy seminar on SLCP (22 Nov 2012)
Government: Joint Secretary – MoEST
Politicians: Former Minister – MoEST
Media
Experts: Scientists
Private Sector: FNBI
• SNU: S.C. Yoon, S.W. Kim , J.H. Kim…
• NIER: J.S. Park, ….
•SU: O. Gustafsson (SU), C.
Bosch, A. Anderson
• Ev-K2-CNR: P. Bonasoni
E. Vuilermoz, A. Marinoni
P. Cristofelli
B. Adhikary
Authors: Maheswar Rupakheti, Arnico Panday, Khadak Mahata, Dipesh Rupakheti, Bhogendra Kathayat and others in SusKat team