30 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Air Pollutants in the Kathmandu Valley
Spatial and Temporal Variations of Air Pollutants in the Kathmandu Valley Preliminary findings of the SusKat-ABC field campaign 30 THREE DECADES Preliminary Results Why Kathmandu Valley? •Vehicles (0.5 million) ~ 50% of Nepal •Coal 40% of Nepal •Petrol 66% of Nepal •Diesel 35% of Nepal •Kerosene 50% of Nepal •LPG 55% of Nepal Super-emitter Traffic congestion Poorly maintained roads Public strikes Topography/meteorology Brick kilns Garbage burning Regional haze Forest fire SusKat-ABC Campaign in Nepal (Dec 2012–Jun 2013) BC concentration (m gm-3) • 40+ scientists •18 research groups • 9 countries •160+ instruments/sensors (aerosol/gas/meteorology) • 23 sites (1 supersite, 5 satellite sites, 2 regional sites, and other collaborating sites Black Carbon at four sites BC concentration (m gm-3) 1.5% of Nepal BC concentration (m gm-3) •Land (50km x 40 km) PM10 filter sampling at Bode: Filter before sampling and after 24 hours of exposure BC concentration (m gm-3) ~12 % of Nepal total Thapa and Murayama, LUP 2010 •Population (3 million ) Intensive emissions sources and unique topography of Kathmandu Valley Space Achievements of the Campaign • • Ground • Instrumentation Supersite – Bode SN 1 2 3 4 5 Instrument Aethelometer AE31 COSMOS Aethelometer AE31 Aethalometer AE33 OPS Satellite sites – Bhimdhunga, Shivpuri and Naikhandi Parameter BC BC BC BC Institute SNU, Korea SNU, Korea IOE TU, Nepal IASS, Germany 31 Number size distributions (coarse) OPS Number size distributions (coarse) APS Number size distributions (coarse) SMPS Number size distributions (fine) NanoSMPS Number size distributions (fine) GRIM Dust Monitor PM10 mass conc. Dustrak PM1/PM2.5/PM10 mass conc. UCPC Total Particle Conc. Handheld CPC Total Particle Conc. Nephalometer Particle scattering Aeronet AOD Sunphotometer Microtops AOD Sunphotometer Ceilometer Aerosol vertical profile, PBL, Cloud height PM10 filter sampler PM10 composition (ions, EC/OC) Cascade Impactor Size-segregated PM compisition Horiba O3 monitor O3 conc. Teledyne CO CO conc monitor 2BTech O3 monitor O3conc 2B Tech NOx NO, NO2 conc monitor Thermo CO CO conc monitor Thermo O3 O3 conc monitor Thermo CO CO conc monitor Thermo O3 O3 conc monitor Gas Canisters CO, CH4 and light HCs Ionicon PTR TOF Speciated VOCs MS PICARRO gas CO, CH4, H2O , CO2 monitor Passive samplers NOx, SO2, O3 and NH3 SN Instrument Parameter 32 AWS 33 AWS T, RH, WS, WD, Precip., IASS, Germany Global Radiation T, RH, WS, WD, P, UVA, USA Precip., Global Radiation 3D wind profile CDP, TU 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 34 SODAR IASS, Germany UVA, USA NIER, Korea NIER, Korea IASS, Germany* IASS, Germany UVA, USA SNU, Korea IASS, Germany SNU, Korea NASA, USA IOE, TU U. Mainz, Germany NIER, Korea SNU, Korea AIERS, India AIERS, India UVA, USA/ ICIMOD, Nepal UVA, USA UVA, USA SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 Instrument Aethelometer AE31 2BTech O3 monitor Microtops Sunphotometers Thermo CO monitor Passive samplers AWS 7 SN 1 2 3 4 SODAR Instrument Aethelometer AE33 2BTech O3 monitor Passive samplers AWS SN 1 2 Instrument Aethelometer AE31 DUSTRAK 3 4 5 6 2BTech O3 monitor Thermo CO monitor Passive samplers AWS O3 monitor CO monitor PM filters Passive samplers AWS O3 conc CO conc PM composition NOx, SO2, O3 and NH3 T, RH, WS, WD, P, Precip., Global Radiation Ev-K2-CNR, Italy Ev-K2-CNR, Italy Ev-K2-CNR, Italy IASS, Germany Ev-K2-CNR, Italy 8 SODAR • NASA: B. Holben • UVA: A. Panday, S. Dhungel • U. Masstt.: R. Peltier, K. Shakya Follow Up Identification and evaluation of mitigation potential of mitigation measures Implementation of mitigation options a) Baseline BC AOD for 2004/05 Satellite site – Nagarkot IASS, Germany • IISER-Mohali: V. Sinha, C. Sarkar • ARIES-Nainital:M. Naja , P. Bhardwaj • PRL: S.Lal • NARL: A. Jayaraman, A. K. Pandit UVA, USA UVA, USA IASS, Germany UVA, USA 3 4 5 6 7 Thermo O3 monitor Thermo CO monitor Passive samplers AWS • ITP CAS: S. C. Kang, Q.G. Zhang, Z. Luthi • Institute AIRES, India UVA, USA Institute Ev-K2-CNR, Italy Ev-K2-CNR, Italy 4 5 6 7 • ICIMOD: A. Panday, B. Banmali-Pradhan • IOE TU: B. Sapkota, Ram K. Sharma, M. Thapa • CDP TU: Ram P. Regmi and Students CDP, TU Institute IOE TU, Nepal UVA, USA IASS, Germany UVA, USA Parameter BC PM1/PM2.5/PM10 mass conc AIRES/PRL, India IASS, Germany IISER , India ICIMOD, Nepal • IASS: M. Lawrence, M. Rupakheti, J. Schmale, K. Mahata, A. Lauer, A. Mues … • U. Mainz: P. Hoor. H. Bozem, • KIT: W. Junkermann UVA, USA IASS, Germany UVA, USA Instrument MAAP PM monitor IASS, Germany Collaborators CO conc NOx, SO2, O3 and NH3 T, RH, WS, WD, P, Precip., Global Radiation 3D wind profile Parameter BC O3 conc NOx, SO2, O3 and NH3 T, RH, WS, WD, P, Precip., Global Radiation Parameter BC PM1/PM2.5/PM10 mass conc O3 conc CO conc NOx, SO2, O3 and NH3 T, RH, WS, WD, P, Precip., Global Radiation SN 1 2 Instrument Aethalometer AE51 Aethalometer AE33 OPS Institute Institute IOE TU, Nepal AIRES, India ICIMOD, Nepal Satellite site – Pakanajol SN 1 2 3 IASS, Germany* Parameter BC O3 conc AOD, O3 column Parameter BC BC PM1/PM2.5/PM10 mass conc O3 conc CO conc NOx, SO2, O3 and NH3 T, RH, WS, WD, P, Precip., Global Radiation 3 D wind profile Institute UVA, USA/ICIMOD AIRES, India UVA, USA/ICIMOD b) BC AOD without biofuels Ev-K2-CNR, Italy Ev-K2-CNR, Italy IASS, Germany RTS, Nepal Ramanathan and Carmichael, 200 Models A substantially improved database of local air pollution Objective and balanced science-based assessment of the causes and impacts of air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley and the surrounding region Identification of and later demonstration of selected mitigation measures and strategies that: - are based on sound science; - are politically viable, cost-effective, and realizable in a step-wise way; - have potential for scaling up to larger levels; and - that have potential for application to other regions. 20+ scientific publications CNG engine Super emitting vehicle Traditional brick kiln DPF Retrofit Upgrade CDP TU Regional site – Lumbini SN 1 2 3 Instrument Aeronet Sunpotometer Microtops Sunpotometer PM monitor 4 5 6 7 8 9 PM filters Magee Aethalometer TSI OPS CO monitor O3 monitor AWS Parameter AOD AOD Institute NASA, USA UVA, USA PM10 , PM2.5, PM1 mass conc PM composition BC conc Particle Number distribution CO conc. O3 conc. T, RH, WS, WD, Precip., Global Radiation IASS, Germany Switch Scenario and atmospheric modelling ITP CAS, China ARIES, India IASS, Germany IASS, Germany IASS, Germany IASS, Germany Hoffman brick kiln Engagement Regional site – Pokhara SN 1 2 3 Instrument Aeronet Sunpotometer PM filters AWS Parameter AOD PM composition T, RH, WS, WD, Precip., Global Radiation Institute NASA, USA ITP CAS, China UVA, USA Science policy seminar on SLCP (22 Nov 2012) Government: Joint Secretary – MoEST Politicians: Former Minister – MoEST Media Experts: Scientists Private Sector: FNBI • SNU: S.C. Yoon, S.W. Kim , J.H. Kim… • NIER: J.S. Park, …. •SU: O. Gustafsson (SU), C. Bosch, A. Anderson • Ev-K2-CNR: P. Bonasoni E. Vuilermoz, A. Marinoni P. Cristofelli B. Adhikary Authors: Maheswar Rupakheti, Arnico Panday, Khadak Mahata, Dipesh Rupakheti, Bhogendra Kathayat and others in SusKat team
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