Stokes Professorship: Annual Public Lecture 9 - 12 - 2011, 4:00pm WHY IS AN EINSTEIN RING BLUE? Jonathan Blackledge Stokes Professor Dublin Institute of Technology jmblackledge.web.officelive.com George Gabriel Stokes Mathematician and Physicist Stokes' law Stokes' theorem Stokes line Stokes number Stokes relations Stokes shift Navier - Stokes equations Stokes Professorship Room A-029 Dublin Institute of Technology Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland Tel: + 35 3 140 247 07 (office) + 44 7 501 724 135 (mobile) [email protected] [email protected] http://eleceng.dit.ie/blackledge http://jmblackledge.web.officelive.com Information and Communication Security Research Group http:// eleceng.dit.ie/icsrg Contents of Presentation • • • • • • • • • • • • Some Images of Einstein Rings Einstein’s interpretation of Gravity Dummkopf Explanations Some Basic Thoughts Geometric and Diffraction Optics Low Frequency Scattering Theory Experimental Evidence: The Colour of Scattering Consequences of the Theory: What is Gravity? The Field Equations in Physics Revisited Paradigm Shift and a Thought Experiment Summary, Discussion & Further Research Q&A Dedication Albert Einstein: 1879 - 1955 Current Publication Why is an Einstein Ring Blue? J M Blackledge International Journal of Applied Mathematics Vol. 41, Issue 3, 177-190, August, 2011 http://www.iaeng.org/IJAM/issues_v41/issue_3/index.html Some Images of Einstein Rings: In the Optical Spectrum using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Images of Einstein Rings: In the Optical Spectrum Images of Einstein Rings: In the Infrared and Radio Spectrum HST Near Infrared Camera *Multi-Element 5 GHz Radio Image using MERLIN* Radio-Linked Interferometer Network Images of Einstein Rings: Red Shifted in the Far Field Einstein’s Interpretation of Gravity Mass warps Space -Time Einstein’s Explanation of an Einstein Ring Why is an Einstein Ring Blue? A Dummkopf Explanation “What's large and blue and can wrap itself around an entire galaxy? A gravitation lens image pictured on the left. The gravity of a normal white galaxy has gravitationally distorted the light from a much more distant blue galaxy”. Astronomy Picture of the Day, July 28, 2008 Why is an Einstein Ring Blue? Another Dummkopf Explanation “...strongly lens background blue star-forming galaxies...” Ellis R S, Gravitational lensing: A unique probe of dark matter and dark energy", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, pp. 967-987, 2010 Problems with Einstein’s Theory of Gravity: General Relativity (GR) • GR is a geometric theory of gravity • GR is a non-causal theory of gravity and relies of a concept that is based on a field • GR does not include dispersive effects associated with the propagation and scattering of a wavefield and consequently does not explain why an Einstein ring is blue • GR does not explain why mass warps space-time: we do not know what mass is and await experimental verification (or otherwize) of the Higgs Boson The search for the Higgs Boson could be approaching its conclusion at CERN BBC Newsnight Science, 7 December 2011 A scientist from the CERN particle physics laboratory has told the BBC that he expects to see the first glimpses of the Higgs Boson next week What is the Higgs Boson? A particle (a pion or pi-meson - a spin-less meson) described by the Klein-Gordon equation Some Basic Thoughts • The observation that Einstein rings are blue must be due to a physical effect which GR does not explain. • Can we develop an explanation that expands upon the concepts of GR where GR becomes a special case? • Underlying approach: Consider ideas that have an synergy with optics. Geometric Optics Diffraction Optics Optics .v. Gravity (GR) Optics Gravity (GR) Geometric Theory Geometric Theory - Rays of light are ‘bent’ (refracted) by a dielectric - Rays of light are ‘bent’ by the curvature of space-time - No dispersion - Scattering Theory Scattering Theory - Wavefield is scattered (diffracted) by a dielectric - Dispersion No dispersion A low frequency scattering effect? Low Frequency Scattering • Consider the wave equation • Exact scattering solution is given by which is a general solution of Scattering from a Low Frequency Scattered Field λ ∼ scatterer λ >> scatterer Far Field Scattering for a Thin Scatterer In the far field, the Scattering Amplitude is given by Scattering Amplitude for a Thin Low Frequency Scattered Field c.f. Scattering Amplitude generated by a thin scatterer Diffraction by a Gaussian Diffractor Tyndall and Rayleigh Scattering For a spherically symmetric scatterer of radius R Intensity Scaling Laws • Tyndall scattering of light • Rayleigh scattering of light • Gravitational scattering of light Experimental Evidence: The Colour of Scattering -2lnλ -4lnλ -6lnλ Compatibility with GR Two Dimensional ‘Space Waves’ Fundamental Hypothesis: Let the ‘medium’ of wave propagation be Space-Time Consequences of the Theory: What is Gravity? Two masses experience a gravitational force because each mass ‘detects’ the ‘low frequency (space-time) wavefields’ (gravity waves) scattered by the ‘high frequency (space-time) wavefields’ (matter waves) of the other. Other Consequences • Gravity waves (as predicted by Einstein) will not be measured because the detectors are in effect weighing machines designed to weigh themselves! • A black hole is a ‘strong scatterer’ of gravity waves • Coherent (constructive interference of gravity waves) scattering between two black holes could produce a Resonant Gravity Wave Amplification effect Further Example Consequences • A black hole can be taken to be of compact support defined by the Event Horizon • A black hole should therefore generate multiple Einstein rings The Field Equations in Physics Revisited • Maxwell’s equations (1865) Electromagnetic waves • Einstein’s equations (1916) Gravity waves • Schrodinger (1925), Klein-Gordon (1927), Dirac (1928) equations (& others) Matter waves How to Unification EM and GR? Which comes first, a field or a wave ? Electromagnetism Maxwell’s Equations Classical Wave Equation Proca-Maxwell Equations Klein-Gordon Wave Equation Field Theory .v. Wavefield Theory • Unified field theory: Fields determine wavefields e.g. Maxwell’s equations decouple to give the classical (non-relativistic) wave equation Fields describe Massless Vector Bosons • Unified wavefield theory: Wavefields determine fields e.g. Proca equations are Maxwell’s equations designed specifically, so that upon decoupling, the Klein-Gordon (relativistic) wave equation is obtained. Fields describe Massive Vector Bosons The Field Equations of Physics Paradigm Shifts (1962): The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Thomas Kuhn: 1922-1996 “Think Wavefields not Fields” A Thought Experiment (Designed to Promote Wavefields) Q1: If the human race became extinct, would Pythagoras’ Theorem exist? Q2: If only one human being existed (who could prove Pythagoras’ Theorem), would the theorem exist? Thought Experiment (Continued) Q3: If the universe consisted of (absolutely) nothing would electric and gravitational fields exist? Q4: If the universe consisted of a single electron (and nothing else), would the electric and gravitational fields associated with it (in a conventional sense) exist? Discussion and Summary • Laplace et al: Gravity is the result of a mass ‘radiating’ a field (propagation theories) • Einstein: Gravity is the result of object warping space-time (field equations give wave equation) • Proposition: Gravity is the result of object scattering long wavelength waves – the low frequency component of a universal spectrum generated by the big-bang • This proposition appears to explain why Einstein rings are blue Further Research New Approach to the Inverse Scattering Problem • Weak Gradient Inverse Scattering Solutions J M Blacklege, 2011 http://eleceng.dit.ie/papers/177.pdf • Apply method to potential scattering What is Scientific Knowledge? All observations are theory laden Resources • Doctoral Thesis Electromagnetic Scattering: Solutions for DSP http://eleceng.dit.ie/arg/downloads/PhDJMB2010.zip • Presentation Why is an Einstein Ring Blue? http://jmblackledge.web.officelive.com/Documents/ERing.pdf