PROJECT
Multifunctional neutron reflectometer GRAINS
with horizontal sample plane at the IBR-2M reactor
Spokesmen from JINR
Dr. V.V.Lauter-Pasyuk, Dr. M.V.Avdeev
Co-spokesman from Germany
Dr. H. Lauter (ILL)
Period of realization
2007÷2011
Outline
1. Scientific background
1.1. Interface science in modern soft matter physics, biology and chemistry.
Applications of neutron reflectometry
1.2. Modern tendencies in synthesis of layered nanostructures.
Applications of neutron off-specular scattering and GISANS.
Kinetics of interface formation.
1.3. New trends in development of reflectometry with polarized neutrons
Off-specular scattering
GISANS
Angular encoding
1.4. Selected basic scientific directions for the new reflectometer
1.5. The IBR-2M reactor. New parameters and possibilities
2. General overview of the reflectometer
2.1. Specific features
2.2. Principle scheme
2.2.1. Cold moderator and head part
2.2.2 Beam formation system, polarisation devices and deflectors
2.2.4 Around the sample position
2.2.5 Control system and DAQS
3.
Team
4.
Budget
5.
References
1. Scientific background
1.1. Interface science in modern soft matter physics, biology and chemistry.
Applications of neutron reflectometry
The interface science today is an important area of soft matter physics, biology, chemistry
and pharmacy. Due to widespread applications in practical and functional systems the
knowledge about formation, stability and breakdown of different kinds of interfaces
including liquid-solid, liquid-air and liquid-liquid interfaces is of a great importance. The
mentioned types of interfaces are essential constituents of biological systems, polymer
multilayers and blends, polyelectrolytes, and mixed surfactant layers. Due to the continuing
development of neutron reflectometry over the past decades, major advances have been made
into the investigation of the structure of surfaces and interfaces [Pen1, Bow1]. In comparison
with other methods dealing with interfaces one can enumerate several advantages using
neutrons. First, the neutrons scattering is a weak interaction and the samples are not
destroyed or even influenced by neutrons. Second, the contrast variation using isotopic
substitution hydrogen/deuterium allows in particular in fluid or biological samples to create
contrasts between selected parts of the sample. Third, the possibility to probe rather easily
magnetic structures of or in mono or multilayers due to the magnetic moment of neutrons is
an enormous advantage. The important feature of the modern neutron reflectometry is the
development of instruments with horizontal sample plane for studying fluid-containing
interfaces with high resolution. Neutron reflectometry for the interface science in modern soft
matter physics is applied in different fields.
The neutron reflectivity is very sensitive to the nanoscaled inhomogeneities at the
interfaces with liquids. The number of important parameters can be obtained including the
width of interface and its mean density. The direct modeling of interface profiles allows one
to find out the molecule distribution over the depth of the interface, which makes it possible
to follow the interface phase diagrams by varying different conditions (temperature,
concentration) [Gru1]. A progress in this field both for comparatively simple and complex
liquids can be seen [Bow1, Zar1, Zar2, Bow3, Bow4, Bow5, Sch1].
The neutron reflectivity is a suitable method for studying adsorption and structural
organization of nanoscaled organic molecules and colloidal particles adsorbed to
functionalized aqueous interfaces [Loes1]. Reflectometry experiments on organization of
membrane protein assemblies [Hol1, Reu1] and structure of the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu
in Langmuir monolayers [Zhe1] were successfully performed. For the given class of systems
the full/partial deuteration of both liquids and molecules is a quite developed technique,
which determines the active use of the contrast variation method in investigations of such
type of interfaces. Numerous examples cover adsorption of elongated organic molecules
[Zar3, Bow6], block copolymers [Bow1, Bow2] and polyelectrolites [Ste1] at liquid-liquid,
liquid-solid and liquid-air interfaces. The important direction connected with the adsorption
of biological molecules at such interfaces is intensively developed including phospholipid
bilayers [Gut2, Del1] and vesicles [Gut1], as well as proteins [Hen1, Jac1, Jac2, Cze1].
Magnetic fluids (fine liquid dispersions of magnetic nanoparticles caoted by surfactants)
represent a special class. The liquid-solid interface with magnetic fluids can be studied by
conventional reflectometry [Vor1, Vor3] to obtain the information about atomic structure of
the interface, while the reflectometry of polarized neutrons [Vor2] reveals features of
magnetic organization of the interface. In addition, magnetic fluids show some interesting
free surface phenomena. One of them concerns instabilities at the interface fluid-air when a
perpendicular magnetic field is applied. As it was shown [Vor4], the formation of these
instabilities can be seen at the nanoscale by means of neutron reflectometry and analysis of
off-specular scattering. It should be pointed out that the neutron reflectometry for analysis of
interfaces with absorbed nanoparticles is, in fact, a special method, which allows one to
obtain the information about the inner structure of the particles themselves. It can be
considered as a method complimentary to those dealing with particles in bulk, such as smallangle scattering.
1.2. Modern tendencies in synthesis of layered nanostructures.
Applications of neutron off-specular scattering and GISANS.
Kinetics of interface formation.
Aligned two- and three-dimensional films with templated lateral and transverse structure are
of particular interest for creation of functional materials. The developments of the advanced
methods for thin films preparation created an avalanche of demand for the characterization of
thin films properties. Specular reflection delivers information about the depth profile of the
mean scattering length density (SLD) averaged over the whole sample surface. However, in
reality pure specular reflection does not exist, because real surfaces or interfaces are not ideal
and cannot be atomically flat. Therefore, specular reflection is always accompanied by offspecular scattering.
The full range of off-specular scattered intensity, accompanying the specular reflection,
became accessible mainly due to the use of multidetectors. Off-specular scattering probes the
lateral structure (lateral form factor, structure factor or the roughness) at surfaces and
interfaces in films or multilayers. Thus, the most exhaustive and detailed information on the
3-dimensional structure (transverse and lateral) of thin films and multilayers can be gained
using grazing incidence neutron techniques, comprising reflectometry and off-specular
scattering.
The state of the art in surface preparation and analysis has made it feasible to produce new
types of materials that are structured on the nanometer scale. For design of biosensors
based on membrane receptors the development of biocompatible interfaces plays an
important role [Sac1]. Small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles are basic elements in the
design of biophysical model systems for studying the interaction of biomolecules with
membrane surfaces [Wag1]. Neutron reflectometry was used to study in situ phospholipids
bilayer formation [Gut1]. Lamellar vesicles are of particular interest in biochemical field for
drug delivery, they can be also used as biological membrane models [Nel1, Su1]. Recent
advances in novel drug delivery systems focused on alternate surfactant systems, which can
also produce similar structures [Beu1]. Thus the systems containing mixtures of cationic and
anionic surfactants or single-chain nonionic surfactants can form vesicular solutions. The
ordered lamellar structure and stability of dichain cationic surfactants was studied by neutron
reflectometry. The interfacial structure of aggregates was examined by off-specular scattering
[McGil1].
Only a few limited methods are currently available to determine the fundamental smectic
length scale or the bilayer bending rigidity. Using off-specular neutron scattering from
aligned phases the bilayer structure and fluctuations is accessible over a wide range both for
relatively stiff and for soft systems, covering length scales from the molecular scale up to a
few hundreds nm. Thermal fluctuations of lipid membrane phases reflect fundamental
physical properties of the lipid bilayer, related to thermodynamic stability, elasticity,
interaction potentials, and phase transitions. From the experiments on the investigation of
thermal fluctuations of oriented lipid membranes using the neutron off-specular scattering the
smectic penetration depth was determined [Sal1].
The grazing incidence small angle neutron scattering (GISANS) is complementary to offspecular scattering and reveals information about the lateral structure, ordering and
preferential orientations of surfaces and interfaces which measures structures at the 1 to 80
nm length [Mue1, Wol1]. Using this technique, the lateral structure of surfactant layer
adsorbed at a hydrophyllic solid/liquid interface was studied with temperature [Ste2].
Finally, kinetics of the interface formation is of current interest. In this connection the
employment of neutron time-of-flight instruments is the most effective and useful. This
allowed for a monitoring kinetic processes in polymer solutions [Wan1] and investigation of
growth of polymer brush [Him1].
1.3. New trends in development of reflectometry with polarized neutrons:
Off-specular scattering, GISANS, Angular encoding
At present the majority of published data in reflectometry concerns specular
reflection, from which the structural information perpendicular to the surface of a sample is
obtained. For this purpose, the Qz vector is scanned as a function of the incoming scattering
angle in the monochromatic (MC) mode or the wavelength in time-of-flight (TOF) as
schematically shown in fig.1. A further step in the sample characterisation is to obtain
information about the lateral structure of surfaces and interfaces from off-specular scattering.
Off-specular scattering appears in the same scattering plane and gives structural information
along the surface in Qx-direction on the scale of a few 10 nm to a few 100μm.
GISANS probes the correlations along the sample surface in Qy-direction
perpendicular to Qx on a length scale from less than 10nm to a few 100nm, which is similar to
the one of small-angle scattering. A combined measurement of specular reflection, offspecular and GISANS, called complete reflectometry [Lau1], probes lateral correlations in a
depth sensitive way providing a 3-dimensional (3-D) structural analysis. In complete
reflectometry the detailed neutron wave field along the surface normal created by dynamical
scattering is taken into account. Thus assembling the scattering mechanisms leads to a 3-D
structural information of layered sample [Lau1]. These recent developments are taken into
account in the lay-out of the new horizontal reflectometer. A flexible collimation system
allows to install a slit-shaped incoming beam for the set-up of specular reflection with offspecular scattering and a pencil-shaped incoming beam for the set-up of complete
reflectometry. In particular a good resolution along Qz, which is the necessary base for the
depth sensitivity of off-specular scattering and GISANS, is guarantied.
Magnetic GISANS measurements including the polarisation analysis of specular together
with off-specular scattering following Ref.[Lau1] is taken into account in the lay-out of the
Qz
Off-specular scattering - Qx
Specular reflection - Qz
GISANS - Qy
Qx
Qy
Fig.1: Scheme of specular reflection (blue) along Qz, off-specular scattering (green) along Qx
and GISANS (black) along Qy in reciprocal space. The incoming wave vector along
“transmitted beam” is not shown. The final wave vectors are shown in the colour of the
scattering/reflection process as well as the momentum transfers belonging to them. (The
background scheme shows the scattering from a grating as example.)
new horizontal reflectometer. At present the detailed treatment of magnetic specular
reflection and off-specular scattering in a broad range of momentum transfer can be
performed [Top1, Lau2, Lau3]. Further development in handling the complexity of scattering
mechanisms including GISANS (particularly in magnetic case) will be done. For this purpose
also the implication of Larmor-precession (see following paragraphs) in the measuring
magnetic GISANS is foreseen.
Magnetic and non-magnetic GISANS implies, as already mentioned, a pencil-shaped
collimation of the incident beam. A considerable decrease of the flux on the sample is the
consequence. This decrease of flux will be counterbalanced by the application of angular
encoding with Larmor precession. If the incoming scattering angle is encoded its angular
divergence can be enlarged and thus flux on the sample is increased. The method, we will
apply, is different from SESANS in reflection or SERGIS, for which spin-echo technique is
employed. Here we will use one Larmor precession field as explained in the following. A
pilot experiment on the TOF-reflectometer REMUR has been performed [Lau4]. The
encoding of the wavelength visible by intensity oscillations in TOF is shown in fig.2 and is
obtained by a Larmor
n
CS2
Reflected
beam
CS1
HH
Direct
beam
Det.
Analyzer
Sample
LP-device
Res. spin flipper
Fig.2: Wavelength encoded intensity map of direct beam (lower trace) and reflected beam
(upper trace) in TOF of a Polymer-multilayer [Lau4] in the right lower intensity map. No
encoding is seen with switched off current-sheets in the left lower intensity map. The
experimental set-up with two current-sheets (CS1 and CS2) defining the extent of the
Larmor-precession (LP)-device is shown in the top of the figure.
precession field using two current sheets followed by spin analysis of transmitted and
scattered intensity. Turning the current-sheets with respect to the neutron beam provides
different path lengths for neutrons coming under different angles, which results in angular
encoding. Thus, a broad angular encoded incoming beam can be used and the high resolution
scattered intensity can be reconstructed by Fourier analysis with the known encoding code.
With this method a factor >5 (for magnetic scattering a factor >10) in intensity can be gained
being particularly valuable for GISANS. Further, by scanning one of the Larmor-precession
parameters the angular encoding can be refined [Lau5].
A second important application of Larmor precession is 3-dimensional analysis of
magnetisation distribution in layered magnetic samples. In standard experiments the external
magnetic field and the neutron magnetic moment are oriented parallel to the sample surface.
From such experiment one gets information about the depth distribution of the mean value of
in-plane magnetic moments. The off-specular magnetic scattering probes the magnetic
fluctuations along the surface plane and gives information about their magnetisation state
through spin-flip or non-spin flip scattering. However, a full 3-D analysis is only obtained if
the polarisation of incoming neutron can be adjusted with respect to the magnetisation
directions in the sample. In reflectometry this effect can be obtained if the neutron performs
Reflected
beam
Sample
HH
Direct
beam
Det.
Analyzer
LP-device
Res. spin flipper
Fig.3: Wavelength encoded intensity map of direct beam (lower trace) and reflected beam
(upper trace) in TOF of a Fe/Cr multilayer. Note the intensity modulations around the critical
scattering (around 5Å) and the π-shift of the stripes in off-specular scattering above 2 Å due
to spin-flip scattering [Lau3]. The experimental set-up with two current-sheets defining the
extent of the Larmor-precession (LP)-device is shown in the top of the figure.
Larmor precession with the plane of its magnetisation rotation perpendicular to the external
field [Lau3]. Like this missing matrix elements in the magnetic interactions are measured in
an elegant way in TOF. For this purpose a weak magnetic Larmor-precession field around the
sample position is contained in the lay-out of the new horizontal reflectometer.
In conclusion full 3-D non-magnetic and magnetic information of layered structures is
only accessible by a detailed study of the combination of specular reflection, off-specular
scattering and GISANS with the additional option of Larmor-precession. These new
developments in neutron reflectometry are contained in the lay-out of the new horizontal
reflectometer and will be explored in detail.
1.4. Selected basic scientific directions for the new reflectometer
From the overview of the modern trends in soft matter physics, biology and
chemistry, as well as in the synthesis of layered nanostructures, one can conclude that the
indicated fields are actively developing at present. The important fact is their tight connection
with the life sciences and real technical and industrial applications. On the other hand, last
developments in the neutron scattering, which, in particular, employ new techniques in the
polarization analysis, should be effectively adopted and used in the practice. From these
points the scientific program on the new instrument, where complete neutron reflectometry
can provide unique information, is seen as following.
Biological systems
The actual progress in the investigation of supported oriented phospholipids bilayer
structures demonstrated that they provide realistic models for cell membranes. Therefore the
study of ion transport channels as well as adsorption of proteins in these systems will be
relevant for the development of new drug delivery systems and for the investigation of
transport mechanisms. The size, distribution, physical and chemical behaviour of oriented
lipid membranes is important to investigate. This information will be accessible through
experiments on oriented lipid or synthetic membranes in different environments. The
transverse and lateral structure and composition and their fluctuations will be investigated via
real time studies based on TOF specular reflectometry with off-specular scattering and
GISANS over a range of length scales from tens of nanometer in the case of ion transport
channels, to microns for the membrane structure.
Polymer and composite systems
The phenomenon of self-organization is one of the most promising for engineering of
new complex nano-composite materials with requested physical properties. Depending on the
symmetry and molecular weight of self-assembled block-copolymer one can tailor
cylindrical, spherical or lamellar polymer. The details of the internal structure of copolymer
films with different architecture will be investigated. In-situ TOF experiments will be
performed to obtain the structural modification of the self-organization process during
annealing.
A challenge in the production of composite films with complicated morphology is to control
their internal structure. The polymeric matrix are used to re-print corresponding nano-particle
structures and to bring them into a defined array on nanometer scale in a controlled way.
Induced order in nano-particle ensemble is achieved by coating them with one or the other
species of copolymer chain and hence providing the affinity of nano-particles to selected
lamellae of the self-assembling multilayer film. The interaction of nano-particles with the
host matrix and between the nanoparticles themselves is tuned by their density and size and
reflects in the modification of the internal structure. Deuteration of the selected blocks of
copolymer chains dramatically enhances the scattering contrast between two polymers. Thus
using off-specular scattering we trace the modification of buried copolymer interfaces and
individual lamellar thickness, lateral and transverse conformity of interfacial roughness, and
also position and distribution of nanoparticles within each lamellae. This approach can be
applied to a broad variety of composites using other copolymer architectures including linear,
di-, tri- and multiblock copolymer, heteroarm stars or Y structures. Magnetic nanoparticles
give an additional aspect of magnetic ordering in a magnetic field and magnetic self-ordering.
Polymer blends at liquid-liquid and liquid-air interfaces will be also investigated, as well as
polyelectrolyte multilayers at the solid/liquid interfaces.
Magnetic fluids
The stability of magnetic fluids at the liquid-solid interface will be studied by
complete reflectometry to obtain structural information near and at the interface. Application
of polarized neutrons will reveal the kind of magnetic organization with depth sensitivity.
Phenomena at the free surface include the formation of instabilities in a perpendicular
magnetic field to be studied with complete reflectometry. Real time experiments on the
growth of surface magnetic heterostructures are in particular suited for TOF reflectometry.
Near surface SANS performed under grazing incidence conditions at the liquid-air or liquidsolid interfaces of bulk systems will be applied to reveal the inner structure of the particles
themselves.
Surfactant systems
Mixed surfactant systems can form lamellar and micellar sytuctures at the air-solid
and air-liquid interfaces. Polymer surfactant mixtures can exhibit in-plane structure in the
form of ripple phases and other forms of correlated roughness. The behaviour of such
systems depending on temperature, pH, ionic concentration and solution with additional
possibility of time-resolved measurements will be studied.
Special equipment
For sample preparation Langmuir-Blodgett trough and spin-coating devices are
foreseen. A vacuum furnace is available.
For sample environment on the reflectometer are foreseen:
humidity chamber,
variable temperature device for 100K<T<400K,
turning electromagnet with H<1.5T and
active anti-vibrational table.
1.5. The IBR-2M reactor. New parameters and possibilities
The IBR-2M reactor is a high flux long-pulse neutron source with optimal repetition
rate. Such a source provides ideal conditions for reflectometry. The reactor renewal program
is already running and e.g. the new fuel elements have been produced. An important part, the
rotating reflectors, were already successfully exchanged. The renewed reactor will restart in
Spring 2010. Until this date the spectrometer park will be upgraded and new spectrometers
will be built. The very important new element in particular for reflectometry will be the
installation of cold moderators. The cold moderators will be under-moderated and produce a
broad wavelength band combined with the gain for cold neutrons. This is demonstrated in
fig.4, in which the gain factor in flux is shown for the new water/mesithylene moderator. On
the present reflectometer REMUR already a wavelength band from 1 to 14Å was available on
the thermal source. The shown gain factor of 10 at 10 Å lets assume that the available
wavelength band will be considerably extended to 25 Å. So a unique momentum transfer
band with a width of a factor 25 will be available. The immense advantage is that most of the
Fig.4: Gain factor of a new cold moderator (water/mesithylene) on the IBR-2M reactor
[Sha1].
experiments can be performed in TOF in one shot without changing the incoming scattering
angle. This removes difficulties in fitting the reflected and off-specular scattered intensity
measured in several steps in Q-space with different resolution in the overlap regions. At this
point it is worth to point out again, that the IBR-2M reactor will have the characteristics of
the long pulse part of the ESS.
The pulse width of the IBR-2M reactor of ~340μs with a flight path of 20m for a
wave length band from 1 Å to 25 Å provides a resolution in δλ/λ from 7% to 0.3%. The
angular resolution can be adjusted from <1% to 10%.
An advantage of the new site on the 10th beam on the IBR-2M reactor will be the
wide area of cold moderator of the 10th beam of 20cm x 20cm and a 20m flight-pass allows to
optimise the intensity yield for the various focussing possibilities in complete reflectometry.
Neutrons from a stripe of 20cm width in horizontal direction and a height of 2cm of the cold
moderator are used for specular reflection and off-specular scattering from a horizontal
sample. Adding GISANS leads to an area of 2cm x 2cm due to the necessary additional
collimation. However, angular encoding, as described before, allows for an opening of the
incoming beam in the vertical direction. The angular encoding in vertical direction will be
performed to preserve the depth sensitivity in complete reflectometry with high resolution.
Also a vaste space around the new reflectometer is a not negligible advantage in order to be
flexible in the set-up.
2. General overview of the reflectometer
2.1.Specific features
Taking into account the fact that a number of scientific problems connected with the
characterization of the interface containing liquids are continuously increasing the new
reflectometer is planned for liquid samples. This feature determines the basic principle of the
reflectometer construction, namely its horizontal sample plane (vertical scattering plane).
Consequently, all set-up elements will be adopted and optimized for such geometry. The new
reflectometer installed at the pulsed IBR-2M reactor will operate in the time-of-flight regime,
which makes the technical realisation of the measuring procedure over a wide range of
momentum transfer (see 1.5) much easier in comparison to the case of constant wavelength,
because of a fixed sample position. Nevertheless two limiting incident angles are planned to
satisfy studies at momentum transfers ranging from 2 10-3 Å-1 to 0.3 Å–1.
Off-specular scattering and GISANS are measured simultaneously in TOF with a 2dimensional detector .
Angular encoding is provided with a Larmor precession region limited by current
sheets in front of the sample.
3-D polarimetry in reflection is provided by a Larmor precession region around the
sample position.
2.2 Principle scheme
The reflectometer is suggested to be installed at the 10th beam line of the IBR-2M
facing the cold moderator. The principle scheme of the reflectometer is presented in Fig.5.
Fig.5: Principle scheme of the horizontal reflectometer in top view (upper scheme) and side
view (lower scheme). The length from moderator to detector of 30m is an upper length limit.
(the Larmor-precession device will have two positions, before the sample and around the
sample and is not shown for simplicity; “Polarizing mirror” stands for a stack of adjustable
mirrors for polarizing and non-polarizing mode.)
2.2.1. Cold moderator and head part
The head part contains the vacuum system starting at the cold moderator and
extending towards the ring-corridor with the background chopper. The background chopper
opens only during the neutron pulse.
2.2.2 Beam formation system, polarisation devices and deflectors
-
-
After the head part the vacuum system (with a diameter ~80cm) continues up to close to
the sample position extending through the first resonant spin flipper.
The beam forming system consists of B4C containing polyethylene in particular in front
and behind the background chopper and in front of the deflector/polarizing mirror.
Flexible slit-collimators serve to tailor the beam shape for different applications:
specular reflection with off-specular scattering (horizontal slit geometry)
GISANS/complete reflectometry (pencil geometry along the beam)
complete reflectometry with angular encoding (vertical slit geometry).
The multi-channel mirror deflector and the multi-channel mirror polarizing mirror are
exchangeable units in vacuum being composed of a stack of adjustable mirrors. With
deflector or polarizing mirror the direct view from the sample position to the cold
moderator is prohibited. A change of the reflection angle requires also a translation of the
deflector/ polarizing mirror.
2.2.3 Analysing and detecting system
-
vacuum system after the sample
resonant spin flipper after the sample
multi-channel mirror analyser in front of position sensitive detector
2-dimensional position sensitive detector with adjustment system
2.2.4 Around the sample position
-
a slit system in front of the sample
2 goniometers and a rotation table under the sample
active antivibration table
2.2.5 Control system and DAQS
-
VME-electronic for TOF, computers, power supplies for motors and interfaces etc.
3. Team
ILL -
Dr. H.Lauter
FLNP JINR - Dr. V.V.Lauter-Pasyuk, Dr. M.V.Avdeev, Dr. V.I.Bodnarchuk,
Prof. V.L.Aksenov, M.N.Jernenkov, S.P.Yaradaykin
PNPI RAS -
Dr.V.A.Ul’yanov, Prof.V.A.Trounov, S.V.Kalinin,
Dr. A.P.Bulkin, Dr. V.A.Kudryashev
3.
Budget
Cost estimate, kEU
External
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 source
1- Background chopper
10
2- Vacuum system in front and after sample
40
3- Collimating system
5
4- Flexible slit-collimators
5
5- multi-channel mirror polarizer
50
6- multi-channel mirror deflector
40
7- Mechanics for adjustment and exchange of
polarizer and deflector
60
7- Resonant spin-flippers
10
8- multi-channel mirror analyser
50
9- 2D Position Sensitive Detector
80
10- Slit system in front of sample
10
11- Goniometers and turn table
80
12- Sample holders with antivibrational table
13- Sample environment
40
20
14- Larmor precession device
30
30
30
50
20
15- Electromagnet
50
16- Electronics and DAQS
35
17- Control system
15
40
18- Subsidiary equipment
30
20
BMBF contribution
135
135
135
135
130
JINR contribution
40
40
40
40
40
external contribution
180
TOTAL: 1050
5. References
[Beu1] S. Beugin, K. Edwards, G. Karlsson M. Ollivon, S. Lesieur, Biophys J 74, 3198 (1998)
[Bou1] W.G. Bouwman, R. Pynn , T. Rekveldt, Physica B 350 (2004) E787-790.
[Bow1] J. Bowers, A. Zarbakhsh, J.R.P.Webster, L.R.Hutchings, R.W.Richards, Langmuir 2001, 17, 140-145
[Bow2] J.Bowers, A.Zarbakhsh, J.R.P.Webster, L.R.Hutchings, R.W.Richards, Langmuir 2001, 17, 131-139
[Bow3] J.Bowers, A.Zarbakhsh, H.K.Christenson, et al. Phys. Rev. E 72 (2005) 041606
[Bow4] J. Bowers, M. C. Vergara-Gutierrez and J. R. P. Webster, Langmuir 2004, 20, 309.
[Bow5] J. Bowers, A. Zarbakhsh, H. K. Christenson, I. A. McLure and R. Cubitt, J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 119,
11917.
[Bow6] J.Bowers, M.J.Danks, D.W.Bruce, J.R.P.Webster, Langmuir 2003, 19, 299-305
[Cze1] Czeslik C, Jackler G, Hazlett T, Gratton E, Steitz R, Wittemann A, Ballauff M, Phys. Chem. Chem.
Phys. 6 (24): 5557-5563 2004
[Del1] C.Delajon, T.Gutberlet, R.Steitz, et al., Langmuir 2005, 21, 8509-8514
[Fel1] G.Felcher, S.te Velthuis, J.Major, H.Dosch, C. Anderson, K,Habicht, T.Keller, Proceedings of SPIE –
Vol. 4785, Advances in Neutron Scattering Instrumentation, 11.2002, pp. 164-173
[Gru1] M. Grunze, Science 283, 41-42, 1999
[Gut1] T.Gutberlet, R.Steitz, G.Fragneto, B.Kloesgen, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 (2004) S2469–S2476
[Gut2] T.Gutberlet, B.Kloesgen, R.Krastev, R.Steits, Adv. Eng. Mater. 6 (2004) 832[Hen1] Henderson MJ,
Perriman AW, Robson-Marsden H, White JW, J. Phys. Chem. B 109 (44): 20878-20886 NOV 10 2005
[Him1] Himmelhaus M., Bastuck T., Tokumitsu S., Grunze M., Lavidaru L., Kreuzer H.J., Europhys. Lett., 64,
378 – 384 (2003)
[Hol1] S.A.Holt, J. H. Lakey, S. M. Daud, ,N. Keega, Australian Journal of Chemistry 58(9) 674–677, 2005
[Jac1] Jackler G, Czeslik C, Steitz R, Royer CA, Phys. Rev. E 71 (2005) 041912
[Jac2] Jackler G, Steitz R, Czeslik C, Langmuir 18 (17): 6565-6570, 2002
[Lau1] Lauter-Pasyuk V., Lauter H., Jernenkov M., Toperverg B., ILL Annual Report 2004; New experimental
techniques: With GISANS towards complete reflectometry
[Lau2] Lauter-Pasyuk V., Lauter H.,Toperverg B., Romashev L., Ustinov V., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 167203
(2002)
[Lau3] Lauter H., Lauter-Pasyuk V., Toperverg B., Romashev L., Milyaev M., Krinitsina T., Kravtsov E.,
Ustinov V., Petrenko A., Aksenov V., Journ. Mag. Mag. Mat., 258-259, 338-341, (2003)
[Lau4] Lauter H., Toperverg B., Lauter-Pasyuk V., Petrenko A, Aksenov V., Physica B, 350 (2004) E759
[Lau5] Lauter H., Lauter-Pasyuk V., Toperverg B., to be published
[Loes1] Loesche, M., M. Piepenstock, A. Diedrich, T. Grunewald, K. Kjaer, and D. Vaknin. Biophys. J.
65:2160-2177,1993
[Mal1] Malzert-Freon A, Abillon O, Proust JE, Gref R, Benoit JP, Boury F, Colloid Surf. B 42 (2): 97-106 ,
2005
[McGil1] D.J. McGillivray, R.K. Thomas, A.R. Rennie, J. Penfold, D.S. Sivia, Langmuir 19, 7719 (2003)
[Mue1] Mueller-Buschbaum P., Cubitt R., Petry W., Langmuir, 19 (19), 7778 -7782, 2003
[Nel1] D.L. Nelson and M.M. Cox, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 4th ed. (W.H. Freeman and
Company, san Francisco, 2004), Chap.II.
[Pen1] J.Penfold, R.M.Richardson, A.Zarbakhsh, et al., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1997, 93, 3899-3917
[Reu1] G. Reuther, T. Gutberlet, Exp. Report SINQ, PSI, Switzerland, 2004
[Sha1] Shabalin E., private communication
[Sac1] E. Sackmann, Science 271, 43 (1996)
[Sal1] Salditt T., Muenster C., Mennicke U., Ollinger C., Fragnetto G., Langmuir, 19, 7703-7711, 2003
[Sch1] D.Schwendel, T.Hayashi, R.Dahint, et al., Langmuir 2003, 19, 2284-2293
[Ste1] R.Steitz, V.Leiner, R.Siebrecht, R.V.Klitzing, Colloids and Surfaces A 163 (2000) 63–70
[Ste2] R.Steitz, Mueller-Buschbaum P., Schemmel S., Cubitt R., Findenegg G.H., Europhys. Lett., 67, 962-968
(2004)
[Su1] L.Y. Su, F.M. Hawkridge, and M.C. Rohten, Chem. Biodiversity, 1, 1281 (2004)
[Top1] Toperverg B., Physica B 297, 160-168, (2001)
[Vor1] Vorobiev A, Major J, Dosch H, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 267203
[Vor2] Vorobiev A, Axelrod L, Gordeev G, et al., Physica B 335 (2003) 95-98
[Vor3] Vorobiev A, Gordeev G, Major J, et al., Appl. Phys. A 74 Suppl. (2002) S817-S819
[Vor4] Vorobiev A, Gordeev G, Donner W, et al., Physica B 297 (2001) 194-197
[Wag1] M. Wagner and I. Tamm, Biophys.J 79, 1400 (2000)
[Wan1] Wang HH, Wu JY, Wang YH, Houng MP ,-Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2006
[Wol1] Wolff M., Magerl A., Zabel H., The European Physical Journal E-Soft Matter, 141-145 (2005)
[Zar1] A.Zarbakhsh, J.Bowers, J.R.P.Webster, Meas. Sci. Technol. 10 (1999) 738–743.
[Zar2] A.Zarbakhsh, J.Bowers, J.R.P.Webster, Langmuir 21, 11596-11598
[Zar3] Zarbakhsh A, Querol A, Bowers J, et al., Langmuir 21 (2005)
[Zhe1] S. Zheng, J. Strzalka Che Ma, Stanley J. Opella, Benjamin M. Ocko, and J. Kent Blasie, Biophysical
Journal, 80, 1837-1850 (2001)