1. No category

Smart Infrastructure and buildings ‐ why energy harvesting is needed ‐
Kenichi Soga
Professor of Civil Engineering
Professor of Civil Engineering
The Problems
The Problems
• Poor understanding of performance of infrastructure, during construction and after completion
during construction and after completion
• Construction industry
– Expensive
– Old and slow, not always safe
– Produces lots of waste
• Ageing infrastructure – Typical lifespan in range 15‐60 years
– Much of UK infrastructure
considerably older
The Vision
The Vision
• Cradle‐to‐grave through whole life cycle
dl
h
h h l lif
l
• Develop and commercialise
p
emerging g g
technologies
– latest sensor technologies
latest sensor technologies
– data management tools – manufacturing processes manufacturing processes
– supply chain management processes
– management of the built environment
t f th b ilt
i
t
• Interdisciplinary Ageing Engineering Infrastructure
Ageing Engineering Infrastructure
•
Tunnels
London Underground (LUL)
– Tunnels 75 Tunnels 75 – 100 yrs old
100 yrs old
– Deterioration of linings
– Minimal clearance to tunnel wall
– Risks from 3rd party construction
•
Water Supply and Sewer Systems
Thames Water
– 31,000 km of pipelines
31 000 km of pipelines
– ½ more than 100 yrs old, 1/3 more than 150 yrs old, ~30% leakage
•
Bridges
Highway Agency/LUL/ Humber Bridge
– ~150,000 bridges in UK
– Critical links in road/rail infrastructure
Critical links in road/rail infrastructure
– Deterioration
– Many structures below required strength
Tunnels
Wireless Sensor
Network
Gateway [Ring1685]
Crackmeter
[ID8972 Ring1689]
Inclinometer
[ID8981 Ring1689]
Inclinometer
[ID8961 Ring1689]
Crack. Inc. Inc. Inc. Inc. Inclinometer
[ID8921 Ring1689]
Relay
[ID0021 Ring1700]
[ID0021 Ring1700]
Relay
l Inclinometer
[ID00D1 Ring1700]
[ID89D1 Ring1689]
168mm
F
E
G
H
D
C
B
A
Wedge
segment
19000 rad.
J
K
Inner diameter : 3810 mm
Outer diameter : 4146 mm
Inner
diameter:3810mm
Concrete segments
Wedge
segment
L
M
115
1 in 10
100
220
1 in 10
N
520
19000 rad.
600
8
Crackmeter (LPDT)
LPDT
for measurement
LPDT
for temp.
comp.
Crack Location
Range 12.5mm
MicaZ 10 bit ADC
Resolution ~12m
Crack
Inclinometer
2.0dB antenna
Main Battery
Inclinometer
Board
Angle Plate
Resolution 0.001o
Range ±15o
External 16 bit ADC
Mote
Temperature &
Humidityy sensor
Movement Overview
1640
~0.006o/month
1661
~0.020o/month
~0.030o/month
Joint
~-0.02mm/month
Crack
No Change
Joint
~0.008mm/month
~0.006o/month
No Change
1689
~0.040o/month
1714
~0.014o/month
Joint
0.020mm/month
~0.015o/month
Joint
0.080mm/month
~0 007o/month
~0.007
Crack
~-0.035mm/month
~0.008o/month
~0.015o/month
No Change
Gateway
Inclinometer mote
Displacement mote
3.6v battery,
y, batteryy capacity:
p
y 19 Ah ((amp
p hour))
3mins/sample frequency
> 500 days.
The average power consumption 4.6mW
12
Design of Energy Efficient WSN system
Use of relay motes
Energy usage：50
Energy Usage ：100
Energy usage：50
London WSN case
: Inclination Sensor
: Environment Sensor
: Crack Sensor
: Gateway
：Relay nodes
By placing relay nodes at optimised locations, the battery
usage of the motes will be more evenly spread and the life
of the Bond Street WSN can be extended for another 30%.
Energy harvesting target
Laptop
10 W
Sensor board
Ipod nano
Wireless communication
MEMS Sensor
Electronic Watch
1W
100's mW
5-15 mW
1-10 µW
µ
1 µW
Target: 1W, 15mW, 1W
RF / Sound / Solar energy harvester
RF electromagnetic wave power density =
1W/cm2 @ 50 cm distance from the transmitter (WLAN)
Sound wave power density =
1W/cm2 @ 100dB sound noise
((10%
% traffic pports have such noise level))
Solar cell power density =
100mW/cm2 @ strong sunlight
100W/cm2 @ office
Data from London Underground monitoring
Air flow velocity in tunnel
Wh a train
When
t i is
i passing
i (300s-400s)
(300 400 )
Tunnel
acceleration
Tunnel acceleration
Air flow
speed
Air--flow energy harvester power simulation
Air
Vin
Vout
Power
1
P   AV 3CP
2
Ppeak=0.3mW
=0 3mW
Time * 10
Fig: Calculated power output using 1cm2 area
turbine considering real air flow velocity in tunnels
P: power, , ρ: flow density, A: area of turbine, V: flow velocity
Cp: power coefficient, (theoretical maximum = 0.593, Betz limit)
Train 1
Train 2
4
acceleration: m/s2
acceleration:: m/s 2
4
2
0
-2
-4
0
2
4
6
8
2
0
-2
-4
10
time: s
2
4
6
8
10
time: s
1000
600
Peak Frequency = 278 Hz
400
200
Peak Frequency = 279 Hz
800
spectrum
m
spectrum
m
0
600
400
200
0
0
100
200
300
frequency: Hz
400
500
0
0
100
200
300
frequency: Hz
400
500
Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
Variables
u: displacement of the mass
y: external excitation displacement
v: outgoing voltage
A (V/N)
C (F)
D (N/ms)
0.00047
1.27 X 10-7
0.042
Parameters
M: mass
K: stiffness of the spring
D: damper
A: piezoelectric coefficient
C: piezoelectric capacitance
R: resistive load
K (N/m)
4320
-3
-7
x 10
3
output power: mW
output voltage
e: V
1
05
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
1
0
2
4
6
time: s
8
10
x 10
For M = 0.02 g.
2
1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
time: s
1 uW per kg.
Water Mains
Water Mains
Water Mains monitoring
Manhole covers in a UK road.
road (Southport)
A water pipe inside a manhole.
There may be some wireless
sensors to measure water flow
and pressure.
Manhole Cover Vibration Data
•Broadband vibration
•Multiple frequency peaks:
10-60 Hz and 280-330 Hz
(impulse response of the manhole cover)
Sinusoidal Excitation based Optimisation
10 Hz
304 Hz
60 Hz
F (Hz)
M (g)
R (KΩ)
Power
( /
(uJ/Vehicle)
)
304
1
4.1
1 .2  1 0  4
60
30
20.8
6 .4  1 0  3
10
1090
125
0.76
Water Pipe harvester
Fluid power generator
Fluid velocity
Power generator
P1
P2
Fluid velocity
Power generator
P1
P2
Valve
Hydraulic power generation
using bypass pipes
Turbine
1
Main pipe
15 mW Power

85 – 96 Litres/Day
v

vt
1
rv
Main pipe
Main pipe
v
Sys. 1
S 2
Sys. 2
Sys. 3
r
2
0.07 – 0.32 mW < 1 mW
Pressure Difference: 63 Pa << 20 KPa
Valve
1
2
Water Velocity (m/s)
20.9 – 23.2
0 17 0.27
0.17 –
0 27
0.004 – 0.033

< 1 uW
Pressure Diff. (Pa)
350K
63
50
Electric Power
144 – 196 W
0 07 0.32 mW
0.07 –
0 32 W
< 1 μW
Thermoelectric generation
30
temperatu
ure: oC
25
air
water
Water and air temperature
20
Average Temperature Difference:
3 °C
15
10
Dimension:
40 x 40 x 4.5 mm
5
0
-5
19/10/08 08/12/08 27/01/09 18/03/09 07/05/09 26/06/09 15/08/09
date
Costs: 10 USD
temperature
e difference: oC
15
10
T
Temperature
diff
difference
P
Power:
2.8
2 8 mW
W
5
0
-5
-10
-15
19/10/08 08/12/08 27/01/09 18/03/09 07/05/09 26/06/09 15/08/09
date
A 15 mW
W System:
S
6 Pcs  60 USD
Thermoelectric
Generator
Thermoelectric generation
Thermoelectric Generator
Outside Air
Manhole Chamber
V = 20 cm/s
V = 2 cm/s
Thermal‐Isolated Tube
Valve
Main pipe
Main pipe
v
System 1
System 2
Power harvesting from water pressure fluctuation
g
p
380
KPa
370
K
D
360
Piston
350
340
Main pipe
20
40
60
80
time: s
100
120
v
The Simulated Result of an Optimised
p
Generator:
Piston Area: 1 cm2
M
(Kg)
3.7
K
(N/m)
17.3
D
(Ns/m)
25.2
Power (mW)
3.28
K
D
Pi t
Piston
Main pipe
v
Non‐Resonance
Resonance
Ave Power = 8
8.1136
1136 mW
30
output po
ower: mW
output po
ower: mW
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
time: s
M
(Kg)
K
(N/m
)
D
(Ns/m)
Resonant
3.60
1.42
Non‐Res
3.60 15.56
20
10
0
100
A e Po
Ave
Power
er = 3.4331
3 4331 mW
0
0.1 Hz Sine Data
20
40
60
80
time: s
100
Recorded Data
Ave. Power (mW)
P2P Disp (metre)
Ave. Power (mW)
P2P Disp
(metre)
31.83
15.65
0.10
8.11
0.73
22.51
10.83
0.10
3.43
0.13
Per cm2
Bridges
Humber Bridge
Ferriby Road Bridge (part of Humber Bridge)
Bearing Inclination
34
Cracks in Soffit
WSN Layout
WSN Layout
Inclinometers
on Bearings
35
Gateway with 12V
100Ah batteryy & Mobile
Phone Modem
New technologies
MEMS resonant power harvester
Displacement
x3
x1+x2+x3
x2
x1
Frequency
f1=1.4kHz, f2=1.8kHz, f3=2.3kHz
MEMS power harvester experimental result
Current device: Area=0.135cm2,
Thickness=25um, gap=2um,
f=1.43kHz  Power=0.113uW
Future work: Area
Area=1cm
1cm2,
Thickness=400um, gap=10um,
f=130Hz  Power=2.23uW
Yellow: acceleration Green: power output (voltage)
EnOcean switches and sensors for buildings
Solar cells
electromagnetic
thermocouples
From EnOcean website
• seamless built-in technology
http://www.dansksolenergi.dk
• light shade decreases
i
incoming
i h
heat
→ less A/C usage
→ environmental friendly
• aperture / yield trade-off
(similar to LCD trade-off)
The Idea
S through
See
th
h solar
l cells
ll
• amorphous selenium (a-Se)
wide
id band
b d gap →transparent
t
t to
t visible
i ibl light
li ht
• inexpensive and easy to fabricate
thermal evaporation electrolysis
Saito et al. (2011) Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 152102 (2011);
doi:10.1063/1.3579262 (3 pages)
Large-Scale Deployment
Monitor station before, during and after new development
Gateway
Monitor Flyover in parallel with commercial monitoring system43
Innovation and Knowledge Centre for Smart Infrastructure and Construction
Smart Infrastructure and Construction
• Develop and commercialise emerging technologies such as latest sensor technologies, data management tools, manufacturing processes, supply chain management processes and management of the built environment.
• Starting April 2011 for five years.
• £10M from EPSRC/TSB and £7M from Industry
/
y
Construction Sector
Infrastructure Sector
Manufacturing, Electrical & Information Sectors
Summary 1
Summary 1
• Motivation
Motivation for infrastructure and building monitoring
for infrastructure and building monitoring
– Difficult‐to‐access locations
– Risk assessment versus monitoring (long‐term monitoring may not be what infrastructure owners want for existing infrastructure)
– Minimum disturbance to existing infrastructure
g
– Newly builds ‐ Construction industry needs to shift to more service oriented industry
to more service oriented industry
Summary 2
Summary 2
• Cheaper than battery
– EH‐Battery combined solution
– Batch production (MEMS)
– Sensor‐communication electronics integration for Sensor‐communication electronics integration for
lower power consumption
• Ease of use
– Minimum training, off‐the‐shelf solution
– Safe, safe and safe
,
Thank you
Acknowledgement
,
g ,
y Lobis, Yu Jia, Z. Wong, Ichitaro Saito, ,
,
g,
,
Jize Yan, Guoliang Ye, Dedy
Ken Okano, Yusuke Kobayashi, Ashwin Seshia, James Ransley, Campbell Middleton, Paul Fidler, Neil Hoult, Ian Wassell
EPSRC, London Underground, Tubelines, United Utilities, Humber Bridge, Transport for London