3/1/2009 UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Research Why It’s Hard to Find a Good Saddle Musculoskeletal Imaging Heidi Ploeg, Ph.D., Assistant Professor Darryl Thelen, Ph.D., Associate Professor Motion Analysis Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Modeling & Simulation Acknowledgements: Jackson Potter, Julie Sauer, Christine Weisshaar, UW-Madison Matt Prest, Damon Rinard Trek Bicycle Corp. UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Research Questions Terminology – Hip and Pelvis posterior back posterior back During seated cycling: 1. What is the orientation and motion of the pelvis? anterior anterior front front 2. What is the pressure distribution on the saddle? Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Terminology – Directional Terms Anterior Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Pelvic Tilt Bressel and Larson, Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003 Toward front of body Posterior Posterior posterior Toward back of body Anterior anterior P 20 female cyclists Standard, cutout & noseless saddles Anterior pelvic tilt of 16° on the tops Increases to 29° in the drops Slightly greater tilt on cutout and noseless saddles Only static measures A Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 1 3/1/2009 Pelvic and Hip Motion Pressure Measurement Neptune and Hull, J Biomech 1995 Lowe et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004 Intra-cortical bone pins 32 males, 1 female (police officers) 70 rpm and 150 W on 4 different saddle designs Recommended noseless saddles for >2x lower average pressures in perineum No increase in shoe or handlebar pressure Upright, recreational-style cycling Did not vary power, cadence or gender Hip translated forward and down (~10 mm) during down stroke Hip moved much less than greater trochanter marker Movement facilitates power transfer from upper to lower body Only one subject – a 45 yr old competitive cycist Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Bressel et al., J Biomech 2006 Males (5) Custom apparatus loaded perineum with a bicycle saddle Measured pressure distributions Urethra and cavernosa artery are compressed Locations of maximum compression and maximum pressure align Literature Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Factors that Can Influence Pelvic Motion and Saddle Pressure MRI Study Terminology Terminology Methods pubic symphysis Hand position Power output Bicycle setup Flexibility Pelvic anthropometry Saddle geometry Saddle stiffness Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Experiment and Protocol Terminology Literature females Methods males Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Pelvic Motion Measurement Experienced cyclists: 12 Males 14 Females Bike fit to subjects 170 mm cranks 145 mm drop handlebars Protocol: Powers: 100, 150, 200 W Hand positions: tops & drops Cadence: 90 rpm Pelvic motion tracked using 3 markers placed on posterior anatomical landmarks: Right and left PSIS Sacral marker Measures: 3D full body kinematics Saddle pressure Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 2 3/1/2009 Dynamic Pressure Measurement Flexibility Measurements 90 sensors, 100 Hz, 18.75x18.75 mm2 over the whole saddle, Bicycle Pressure mat (Novel, Inc.) Lumbar Flexibility Hamstring Flexibility Gajdosik et al. Tousignant et al., Physical Therapy 1992 Disability and Rehabilitation 2005 Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Methods Results Males Females Hip joint center width (mm) 198.8 (12.5) 192.9 (9.4) Ischial tuberosity width (mm) 116.5 (16.0) 134.9 (9.2)* Hamstring flexibility (deg) 31.7 (11.8) 27.2 (6.5) Lumbar flexibility (mm) 21.2 (1.0) UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 20.6 (1.0) Determined spherical hip joint center of rotation in pelvis Measured distance between impressions on floral foam Summary Hip Joint Center Ischial Tuberosity Width Literature Literature Results: Anthropometry and Flexibility Anthropometry Measurements Terminology Terminology Methods Results Summary *p<0.05 UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Males Females 198.8 (12.5) 192.9 (9.4) Ischial tuberosity width (mm) 116.5 (16.0) 134.9 (9.2)* Hamstring flexibility (deg) 31.7 (11.8) 27.2 (6.5) Lumbar flexibility (mm) 21.2 (1.0) Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Research Questions Anthropometry and Flexibility Hip joint center width (mm) Terminology ♀ During seated cycling: ♂ 2. What is the pressure distribution on the saddle? 1. What is the orientation and motion of the pelvis? 20.6 (1.0) *p<0.05 Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 3 3/1/2009 Pelvic Motion and Dynamic Saddle Pressure During Cycling Research Questions During seated cycling: 1. What is the orientation and motion of the pelvis? 2. What is the pressure distribution on the saddle? Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Hip Translations and Pelvic Rotations Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Hip Vertical Translation Axial rotation Hip Forward tilt Vertical Greater Trochanter Lateral roll Fore-Aft Neptune and Hull 1995 Hip translates downward during last 75% of the down-stroke Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Hip Fore-Aft Translation Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Lateral Pelvic Roll Hip Greater Trochanter Neptune and Hull 1995 Hip translates forward during last 75% of the down-stroke Similar pattern in males & females and in tops & drops Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Roll ~2° toward side of down-stroke Similar in males and females, tops and drops Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 4 3/1/2009 Forward Pelvic Tilt Axial Rotation ♀ ♀ ♂ ~3° inward rotation on side of down-stroke Slightly larger among females at the higher power outputs Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Average Forward Pelvic Tilt Pelvic tilt oscillates twice with each pedal stroke Peak forward tilt at top and bottom dead center Terminology Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Drops Less Forward Tilt ♂ Terminology Literature Forward Pelvic Tilt: Males Females exhibited significantly greater forward tilt in drops Note location of the ischial tuberosities ♀ ♂ More lumbar flexibilty Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Research Questions Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Dynamic Saddle Pressure Center of Pressure moved fore and aft -3 to +3 mm Peaked twice/cycle 0° and 175° During seated cycling: 1. What is the orientation and motion of the pelvis? 2. What is the pressure distribution on the saddle? kPa Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 5 3/1/2009 Posterior Pressure / Body Weight: Effect of Power and Hand Position Dropped with increasing power Dropped when hands were moved from the tops to the drops Posterior Pressure / Body Weight: Effect of Hand Position Dropped when hands were moved from the tops to the drops Center of pressure moved forward with hands in the drops. Tops Drops tops Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary drops UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Anterior Pressure / Body Weight: Males UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Anterior Pressure / Body Weight: Females No change with power or hand position tops Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary tops drops UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Anterior Pressure / Body Weight: Effect of Hand Position - Females Tops No change with power Increased when hands were moved from the tops to the drops Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary drops UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Posterior Center of Pressure: Width Increased with sitbone width, slope=0.7 Not sitting on sitbones Increased when hands were moved from the tops to the drops Drops UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab ♂ ♀ UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 6 3/1/2009 Posterior Center of Pressure: Location Pop Quiz! Who is this cyclist? Moved forward with narrower sitbones ♀ ♂ UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Summary – Gender Differences UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Discussion – Male Pelvis in Drops Pelvic bone structure Females greater ischial tuberosity width Females more rounded pubic arch ♂ ♀ 20 deg 120 mm 70 Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Discussion – Female Pelvis in Drops Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 140 What is the orientation and motion of the pelvis? In the drops hand position, forward pelvic tilt was greater in females, and males with low lumbar flexibility Pelvic motion arises naturally during pedaling, with the largest rotations occurring out of the sagittal plane Pelvic motion may facilitate power transfer between limbs, and between upper and lower body 24 deg 130 mm 80 Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary 130 UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 7 3/1/2009 How Might Pelvic Motion Facilitate Power Transfer? Pelvic motion means:: Hip joint reaction can transfer power Note: Forward and downward motion of the hip coincides with the large hip reactions during the downstroke What is the pressure distribution on the saddle? Center of pressure Moves back and forth twice per cycle Moves forward with hands in the drops Posterior peak pressure / body weight Drops with increasing power output Drops with hands in the drops tops drops Anterior peak pressure / body weight Power=Force••Velocity Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary Males: doesn’t change with power or hand position Females: doesn’t change with power BUT increases with hands in the drops Terminology What is the pressure distribution on the saddle? Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab What to think about when choosing a saddle For both genders: Pelvic motion arises naturally and may facilitate power transfer Where you sit on the saddle is related to your sitbone width Posterior peak pressure / body weight was highest and furthest back with hands on the tops For females only: Anterior peak pressure increased with hands in the drops Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Why is it hard to find a good saddle? Terminology Literature Methods Results Summary UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Special Thanks Trek Bicycle Corp for funding this project Matt Prest and Damon Rinard for technical support BME Student Researchers James Potter Julie Sauer Christine Weisshaar PT Students Ed Immekus Liz Sierra Ian Metzgen-Ohlswager Autumn King Subjects UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 8 3/1/2009 Thank You! Questions? Physical Characteristics of Saddle Jackson Potter UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Methods: Methods: Physical Characteristics of Saddle Saddle Compliance Basic Measurements Compliance Testing Surface Geometry Structural compliance Cushion compliance Length, width, height, weight, etc. Cushioning and base/shell Laser scan saddles Slope of cross-sections in perineum and rear Topographical maps of surface UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab Results: Results: Saddle Compliance Saddle Compliance Total Midpoint Compliance Deflection vs. Load Curves 0.7 Less Stiff 300 More Stiff 0.6 250 7.04x – 8.5 0.4 Cushion Compliance Base Compliance 0.3 0.2 Deflection of Cushioning 15 20 25 Load (lb) 30 35 45 Fi'zi:k Arione UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics 40 Lab Selle Italia SLR 10 Bontrager Race X Lite Womens 5 Selle San Marco Regal 0 Selle Italia Flite 0 0 Bontrager Race X Lite Mens Deflection of Base Bontrager Race X Lite Pro 2.98x – 9.5 Fi'zi:k Vitesse y= Selle San Marco Era Lux 50 Performance E3 0.1 Total Deflection Selle Italia Prolink 100 Bontrager Race Lite Mens Deflection (in/1000) 150 Compliance (mm/kg) 0.5 y= 200 UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 9 3/1/2009 Methods: Results: Laser Scanning Laser Scanning Ge ome tric Curve s 20% from Re ar Edge Geometric Curves 20% from Rear Edge 10 10 Saddle Most Curved -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 Vertical Position (mm) Vertical Position (mm) 5 -45 Fizik Arione 5 5 Experimental High Curvature -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 0 Selle Italia Flite -5 0 5 10 -10 15 20 25 5 30 35 40 -5 0 5 10 15 -5 Intermediate 25 30 35 40 2 45 1511 Fizik Aliante 2625 21 E1 Race X Lite Womens Curvature Analysis Selle Italia Prolink UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 7 2 Transverse Position (mm) Race Lite Womens Surface Maps 4 3 -15 Race X Lite Pro Experimental Low Stiffness -15 E4E1 Selle -10San Marco Strada Race-20X Lite Mens -10 10 26 Experimental Med Curvature 20 E5 E512 E4 123 -5 0 45 1015 Selle Italia SLR 4 11 25 21 7 Terry Butterfly Least Curved -20 Transverse Position (mm) Fizik Vitesse UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab UW Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab 10
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