Why Not Operate Data Centers & Telecom Central Offices at 400 VDC??? Dennis P. Symanski Senior Project Manager 2009 IBM Power and Cooling Technology Symposium 20-21OCT2009 – Rochester, MN Data Center Energy Use in U.S. From: EPA Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Efficiency, 2007. It is estimated that this sector consumed about 61 billion kilowatthours (kWh) in 2006 (1.5 percent of total U.S. electricity consumption) for a total electricity cost of about $4.5 billion © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Telecom Central Office Energy Consumption Country Network Energy Consumption % of Country Total Energy Consumption USA Verizon 2006 8.9 TWh 0.24% Japan NTT Group 2007 5.54 TWh 1% Italy Telecom Italia 2005 2 TWh 1% France France TelecomOrange 2006 2 TWh 0.4% Spain Telefonica 2006 1.42 TWh 0.6% Global electricity consumption of telecom industry estimated at 1%: 164 billion kWh More than the total electricity consumption of Iran, Turkey or Sweden Enough to power 1.6 million homes 110.7 million tons of CO2 (equivalent to the annual emissions of 29 million cars !) Source: Emerson Network Power and NTT © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Heat Density Trends – The Uptime Institute Reprinted with permission of the Uptime Institute Inc. from a white paper titled 2005-2010 Heat Density Trends in Data Processing, Computer Systems, and Telecommunications Equipment. © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Data Centers versus Telecom Central Offices Similarities Both installing lots of IT equipment Both adding new services & capabilities (Central Offices looking more & more like Data Centers) Both are running out of power & cooling & space Differences 200 to 240 VAC operation versus 48 VDC Commercial-grade equipment versus NEBS-certified equipment Modern newer installations versus old/downtown installations © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 400 VDC Data Center Demonstration (2006) EPRI participated in this 400 VDC data center demonstration showing 7% efficiency improvement over “state-of-the-art” AC power distribution 28% efficiency improvement over “typical” AC power distribution http://hightech.lbl.gov/documents/DATA_CENTERS/DCDemoFinalReport.pdf © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 State-of-the-Art 208 VAC versus 400 VDC 480V 3φ AC AC/DC 208V 1φ AC DC/AC DC/DC AC/DC 12V VR VR PSU UPS PDU x 96% 94% BLD G 480V AC/DC PWR 3φ AC 93% 400V DC x DC/DC 400V DC PSU PDU UPS 97.5% Fans Rack Server x x 100% Rack x © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 92% = 77% 12V VR VR Electr. loads Fans Server 95% Source: Delta Products Corp Electr. loads x 92% = 85% Why do 400 VDC at all ??? • Increased Efficiency – Already demonstrated • Better Space Utilization – Most equipment will be smaller • Increased Reliability (Fewer Components) – Expected & to be confirmed over time • Decreased Cost (Fewer Components) – Once volume is ramped up © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 400 VDC Power Distribution EPRI is developing a specification for DC power distribution with Intel and others. © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 400 VDC Power Supplies Power Supply Specification Exactly the same as the existing spec for 100 to 240 VAC or 200 to 240 VAC (Worldwide Safety & EMC Standards) “EXCEPT” Input voltage 300 to 400 VDC and Input connector rated at 400 VDC © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 400 VDC Facilities Power Distribution Facilities Specification Need Safety Agency (e.g. UL) listing on all new 400 VDC products (Rectifier/DC UPS/PDU/Busway/Fuse/Breaker/Power Strip/Connectors) +/- 200 VDC rating (400 VDC Center-Tapped) Operating tolerance: +0%, -25% All loads connected between +200 and -200 VDC No loads are to be connected +200 to ground or -200 VDC to ground © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Why “400” VDC ??? (Sweet Spot) 900 BS (U.K.) Distribution efficiency 1000 DC Voltage 800 750 Ordinance (JPN) 600 600 NEC(U.S.) 450 420 428 (192cell) 374 (168cell) 321 (144cell) 300 260 575 Validus 380 DC Demo (Sun) 300 NEDO PJ. (Sendai) 405 Cable Distance large 1500 IEC 373(U.K.) 350 354(EU) 320 311(JPN) Operating bulk - voltage 200 186(U.S.) 0 Law, Regulation, Distributied Telecom trends Code, and Stds. Gen. (Number of Cell) Demos (Reference) From NTT-Facilities Survey © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Rating voltage of parts and elements AC system voltages ( Peak ) small Benefit of HVDC system 400 VDC Components © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 400 VDC Components (Testing) Hole burnt through electrical contact point of female contact Damage distributed along wiping surface of male contact Anderson Power Products Hot Mating Test IEC 320 Plug and Receptacle – 250 mating/disconnect cycles, 5 amp @ 400 VDC with 240 amp peak inrush current © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 400 VDC Components (Testing) The Anderson Power Products, Power Pole® contact system is designed such that arcing damage is limited to “sacrificial” leading areas of the contact. The arcing damage does not compromise the integrity of the point of electrical contact once full connector mating is achieved. © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Damage at leading edge of contact No damage at electrical contact point Damage at leading edge of contact 15 400 VDC Components © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 400 VDC Components Fujitsu Component/NTT Facilities Rack Power Strip © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Organizations Already Involved International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) International Telecommunications Union (ITU) ----------------------------------------------------------Electric Power Research Institute Lawrence Berkeley National Lab ----------------------------------------------------------The Green Grid DC Power Partners ----------------------------------------------------------Photovoltaic Industry Electric Car Industry ----------------------------------------------------------NTT/Orange-France Telecomm/Syracuse Univ/UC San Diego/Korea Telecom/--- © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 DC Power Partners © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 20