iSAS/IODP Proposal Cover Sheet
New
Revised
Addendum
Please fill out information in all gray boxes
Above For Official Use Only
Title: Global and local controls on continental margin depositional cyclicity: Canterbury Basin, eastern
South Island, New Zealand
Proponent(s): Craig S. Fulthorpe, Paul Mann, Hongbo Lu, Robert M. Carter, Kenneth G. Miller, Lionel Carter,
Gregory Browne
Keywords: Sea level, seismic stratigraphy, sediment drifts, tectonics
Area: New Zealand
(5 or less)
Contact Information:
Contact Person:
Department:
Organization:
Address
Tel.:
E-mail:
Craig S. Fulthorpe
University of Texas Institute for Geophysics
4412 Spicewood Springs Road, Bldg. 600, Austin, TX 78759-8500, USA
(512) 471-0459
Fax.: (512) 471-8844
[email protected]
Permission to post abstract on iSAS Web site:
Yes
No
Abstract: (400 words or less)
This proposal focuses on understanding the relative importance of global sea level (eustasy)
versus local tectonic and sedimentary processes in controlling continental-margin depositional
cyclicity. The emphasis is on Oligocene to Recent period when global sea-level change was
dominated by glacioeustasy. Drilling the Canterbury Basin, on the eastern margin of the South
Island of New Zealand takes advantage of high rates of Neogene sediment supply, which
preserved a high-frequency (0.5-1 m.y. periods) record of depositional cyclicity. The Canterbury
Basin offers the opportunity for expanded study of the complex interactions between processes
responsible for the preserved stratigraphic record of sequences, as well as providing information
on the early history of the Alpine Fault plate boundary. In particular, currents have strongly
influenced deposition in parts of the basin, locally building large sediment drifts, which
aggraded to shelf depths, within the prograding Neogene section. Understanding the depositional
history and sequence stratigraphic significance of these drifts are objectives of the propsosed
drilling.
The sequences to be drilled are correlative with those drilled on the New Jersey margin (Legs
150, 150X, 174A, and 174AX), Bahamas (Leg 166) and Marion Plateau (Leg 194) by ODP.
Completion of at least one transect across a far-field siliciclastic margin, which has been subject
to entirely different local forcing, is a necessary next step in deciphering continental margin
stratigraphy. The Canterbury Basin, where both sequence stratigraphic geometries and seismic
data base are of qualities comparable to those of New Jersey, is an ideal setting for such a
drilling program.
Scientific Objectives: (250 words or less)
1) Date clinoform seismic sequence boundaries for global correlation and sample associated
facies to provide information for estimation of eustatic amplitudes.
2) Determine the depositional histories and sequence stratigraphic significance of the large
sediment drifts integral to the shelf/slope system.
3) Confirm the regional distribution of the Marshall Paraconformity and investigate its
relationship to the postulated mid-Oligocene eustatic fall.
4) Constrain the early erosion history of the Southern Alps by dating the earliest progradational
units and linking sediments to onshore source areas.
Proposed Sites:
Site Name
Position
Water
Depth
(m)
Penetration (m)
Sed
Bsm
Total
Brief Site-specific Objectives
NZCB-01A
44o 53.55’S
171o 45.15’E
110
2180
2180
NZCB-02A
44o 56.40’S
171o 49.27’E
125
539
539
Breakpoint facies, SBs 5 and 6.
Early Neogene sediments,
Marshall Paraconformity.
Breakpoint facies, SBs 9-12.
NZCB-03A
44o 58.35’S
171o 52.08’E
138
1806
1806
Distal slope facies, SBs 3-6.
NZCB-04A
45o 01.62’S
171o 56.85N
674
1942
1942
Distal slope facies, SBs 4-12.
NZCB-05A
44o 39.22’S
172o 31.03’E
255
1335
1335
Drift, moat.
NZCB-06A
44o 41.55’S
172o 33.95’E
405
2439
2439
Drift, main body.
Global and local controls on continental margin depositional cyclicity: Canterbury Basin,
eastern South Island, New Zealand
Craig S. Fulthorpe1, Paul Mann1, Hongbo Lu1,2, Robert M. Carter3, Kenneth G. Miller4, Lionel
Carter5, Gregory Browne6
1
University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Geophysics; 2University of Texas at Austin, Department of Geological
Sciences; 3James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; 4Rutgers University; 5New Zealand Institute for Water
and Atmospheric Research; 6New Zealand Institute for Geological and Nuclear Sciences
INTRODUCTION
The relative importance of global sea level (eustasy) versus local tectonic and sedimentary
processes in controlling continental-margin depositional cyclicity is a fundamental question in
sedimentary geology. We propose to address this question by drilling the Canterbury Basin, on
the eastern margin of the South Island of New Zealand (Figure 1). High rates of Neogene
sediment supply preserved a high-frequency (0.5-1 m.y. periods) record of depositional cyclicity
in the offshore basin (Fulthorpe and Carter, 1989). Exploration wells indicate the presence of late
Miocene to Recent sedimentary sequences, generally correlative with those drilled on the New
Jersey margin by ODP. However, the Canterbury Basin differs in ways that allow expanded
study of the complex processes of sequence formation in line with the global approach to sealevel change advocated by previous planning groups:
1) The basin is younger than the New Jersey margin (Cretaceous versus Jurassic rifting) and
regional tectonic and geological histories have been intensively studied, allowing evaluation
of the interplay of local factors and eustasy in sequence formation and the tectonic evolution
of the Alpine Fault plate boundary.
2) Currents have strongly influenced deposition in parts of the basin, locally modifying
sequence architecture and leading to the deposition of large sediment drifts, which aggraded
to shelf depths, within the prograding Neogene section.
SIGNIFICANCE TO IODP PLANNING
The facies, paleoenvironments and depositional processes associated with the sequence
stratigraphic model (SSM; Vail et al., 1991) on prograding continental margins, where sequences
are best resolved seismically, have yet to be constrained by drilling. Furthermore, sequence
stratigraphy highlights the cyclic nature of the continental-margin stratigraphic record and led to
the theory of eustatic control of sequences and resultant eustatic cycle chart (Haq et al., 1987).
1
This global sea-level model (GSM; Carter et al., 1991) remains a focus of controversy (e.g.,
Cloetingh et al., 1985; Christie-Blick, 1991; Carter et al., 1991; Christie-Blick and Driscoll,
1995; Miall and Miall, 2001). Greatest disagreement centers on the roles of local geological and
oceanographic processes (e.g., rates of subsidence and sediment supply, isostasy, compaction, inplane stress, current activity), which also influence sequence geometry and timing.
The sea-level problem has long been a “first-order goal” for ODP (COSOD II, 1987; JOI, Inc.,
1996) and continues to be a focus of the IODP Initial Science Plan under the “Environmental
Change, Processes and Effects” theme (IWG, 2001). The passive margin approach integrates
seismic profiles and a drilling transect to test both SSM and GSM, including investigation of
local controls on sequence formation. ODP-related planning groups (Watkins and Mountain,
1990; JOIDES, 1992) have refined the strategy, proposing to focus on three time slices: the
Neogene "Icehouse", Paleogene "Doubthouse" and Cretaceous "Hothouse" earth. The short-term
strategy is to investigate stratigraphic events in the Neogene “Icehouse” period, further
subdivided into late Oligocene to middle Miocene and late Miocene to Recent intervals. The late
Miocene to Recent interval has the advantage that chronological control at Milankovitch orbital
frequencies and a calibrated sea-level signature based on the oxygen isotope record enable highresolution study of sequences deposited during a period of known glacio-eustatic sea-level
oscillations. ODP has initiated this global program by drilling the New Jersey/Mid-Atlantic
Transect (MAT), the western slope of Great Bahama Bank (Leg 166) and the Marion Plateau
(Leg 194). MAT represents the first application of the passive margin transect approach to a
siliciclastic setting; it comprises integrated drill sites and seismic surveys on the New Jersey
continental slope (ODP Leg 150), shelf (Leg 174A) and onshore coastal plain (Legs 150X and
174AX). The emphasis of offshore drilling is on the Oligocene - Recent ("Icehouse") timeframe.
The full potential of the drilling transect approach will not be realized until it has been applied
to other siliciclastic margins worldwide. The next step is to complete at least one transect across
a far-field siliciclastic margin, which has been subject to entirely different local forcing. We
believe that the Canterbury Basin is the ideal location. The Canterbury Basin contains the only
southern hemisphere siliciclastic section where both sequence stratigraphic geometries and the
seismic data base are of qualities comparable to those of New Jersey, and where different age of
rifting and depositional conditions allow for expanded study of the range of controls on
depositional cyclicity. We recently (January 2000, cruise EW00-01) collected high-resolution
2
multichannel seismic profiles that augment existing commercial low-resolution data and are
yielding a revised sequence stratigraphy (Figures 1 and 2). The Canterbury Basin has been
independently recognized as an excellent location for an ODP sea-level transect (Watkins and
Mountain, 1990; JOIDES, 1992). This proposal supersedes JOIDES proposal 511, Testing the
Sequence Stratigraphic and Global Sea-Level Models in the Southern Hemisphere: the
Canterbury Basin Transect, New Zealand (C.S. Fulthorpe, R.M Carter, K.G. Miller and G.S.
Mountain) and applies the passive margin approach, with emphasis on the "Icehouse" interval.
CANTERBURY BASIN GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The eastern margin of the South Island of New Zealand is part of a continental fragment that
rifted from Antarctica beginning at ~80 Ma. The Canterbury Basin underlies the present-day
onshore Canterbury Plains and offshore continental shelf. Banks and Otago peninsulas (Figure 1)
are mid-late Miocene volcanic centers. Basin sediments thin toward these features and also
westward, where they onlap basement rocks onshore that are involved in uplift and faulting
linked to the latest Miocene (8-5 Ma) initiation of the current period of mountain building along
the Southern Alps (Adams, 1979; Tippett and Kamp, 1993; Batt, et al., 2000). The post-rift,
Cretaceous to Recent sedimentary history of the Canterbury Basin comprises a first-order (80
m.y.), tectonically-controlled, transgressive-regressive cycle. The sedimentary section can be
divided into three distinct intervals, the Onekakara, Kekenodon and Otakou groups (Carter,
1988), during which contrasting, large-scale sedimentary processes operated.
Oligocene local highstand. The post-rift transgressive phase produced ramp-like seismic
geometries and terminated during the Oligocene, when flooding of the land mass was at a
maximum (Fleming 1962). Reduced terrigenous influx resulted in deposition of pelagic
limestone, the Amuri and Weka Pass formations (cf. Carter, 1988). In most outcrops, a
bioturbated glauconitic sand, the Concord Greensand Formation, occurs between the limestones
as a basal, condensed facies of the Weka Pass limestone. The base of the greensand is commonly
a burrowed surface of non-deposition: the Marshall Paraconformity (Carter and Landis, 1972),
marking the base of the Kekenodon Group (Carter, 1985). Exploration wells reveal that the
paraconformity and probable equivalents of the Amuri and Weka Pass formations exist offshore
(Wilding and Sweetman, 1971; Milne et al., 1975; Hawkes and Mound, 1984; Wilson, 1985).
The paraconformity has been dated onshore using strontium isotopes as correlative with the midOligocene (~30 Ma) eustatic lowstand on the Haq et al. (1987) curve (Fulthorpe et al., 1996).
3
Miocene - Recent regression. Regression occurred in response to a late Oligocene to early
Miocene increase in sediment supply associated with the initiation of the Alpine Fault (Carter
and Norris, 1976; Kamp 1987). This early uplift is distinctive from the 5-6 Ma pulse of uplift
that has culminated in the present-day Southern Alps because the early uplift is not recogized by
fission track dating (e.g., Batt et al., 2000). Sediment supply increased further at ~10-8 Ma with
an increase in convergence at the Alpine Fault (Carter and Norris, 1976; Norris et al., 1978;
Adams, 1979; Tippett and Kamp, 1993). As in New Jersey, this sediment influx was deposited as
prograding clinoforms (Otakou Group; Figure 2). Sediment drifts (Figure 3) provide evidence of
locally strong current activity (Fulthorpe and Carter, 1991).
Eustasy and Tectonism
A key concern is whether a eustatic signal can be discerned near a plate boundary. Tectonism
has clearly dominated low-frequency (80 m.y., or first order) cyclicity: uplift of the Southern
Alps was responsible for the rapid influx of sediment that, coupled with local subsidence, created
the progradation and aggradation necessary to record the observed high-frequency cyclicity. In
the absence of faulting or folding, however, tectonic subsidence, rate of sediment supply,
isostasy, compaction cannot be expected to generate sequence boundaries, but can act to
modulate, within a limited range, the timing of sequences of dominantly eustatic origin (ChristieBlick, 1991; Reynolds et al., 1991). Furthermore, flexural deformation of extensional basins by
in-plane force variations is difficult to recognize and is, by itself, unlikely to represent an
alternative to eustasy for generation of third- and higher-order sequences (Karner et al., 1993).
Vertical tectonism does, however, affect estimates of eustatic amplitudes. Detailed subsidence
analysis is required to extract such amplitudes (e.g., Kominz et al., 1998). The geological history
and tectonics of New Zealand have long been subjects of intensive study. The absence of folding
and faulting in the offshore basin, together with geodesy (Walcott, 1979; Pearson et al., 1995),
uplift history (Tippett and Kamp, 1993) and backstripping (Browne and Field, 1988), indicate
that the adjacent plate boundary did not add undue complexity during the Neogene development
of the offshore Canterbury Basin. We conclude, therefore, that it will be possible to identify and
quantify the eustatic component among controls on sequence formation.
4
Sediments and Interregional Correlation
Offshore exploration wells (Wilding and Sweetman, 1971; Milne et al., 1975; Hawkes and
Mound, 1984; Wilson, 1985) reveal the Neogene progradational sediments to be predominantly
terrigenous siltstone and silty mudstone with intermittent intervals of fine to very fine-grained
sand and mud, a similar lithology to the onland Bluecliffs Silt. The Bluecliffs Silt ranges in age
from early Miocene (~25 Ma) onshore through to Pliocene (~3 Ma) offshore. The dominant
facies is terrigenous siltstone, muddier toward the base of any section, and sandy toward the top.
Both microfauna and macrofauna are consistent with deposition in shelf and upper slope depths.
Lower Miocene outcrops contain an excellent record of calcareous microfossils (H. Morgans,
New Zealand Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, personal communication), and the
faunas are well described and understood. An excellent local biostratigraphy recognizes eight
Miocene and Pliocene stages that can be correlated countrywide with an accuracy of about 2
million years. Other tools that will assist in dating of the sections to be drilled include
paleomagnetics, strontium isotopes, and (for the late Miocene and younger) possible occurrence
of ash beds (cf. Carter et al., 1995).
OBJECTIVES
1) Date clinoform seismic sequence boundaries and sample associated facies to provide
information for estimation of eustatic amplitudes. This will involve drilling target sequences
in at least two locations: A) Immediately landward of clinoform breakpoints to provide
information on facies and paleodepths at the clinoform breakpoint, as well as sampling the
underlying sequence where its thickness is greatest. Such paleo-water depth estimates are
essential for determination of eustatic amplitudes (Moore et al., 1987; Kominz et al., 1998).
B) In distal slope settings and/or near the clinoform toe for paleoenvironment and facies of
the lowstand systems tract, also essential for eustatic amplitude estimation in the event that
sea level fell below the clinoform breakpoint. Increased abundance of pelagic microfossils in
such settings provides sequence boundary ages. Sites will contrast upper Miocene-Pliocene
progradational sequences (preceding sequence boundary 7; Figure 2) and Plio-Pleistocene
aggradational sequences.
2) Determine sediment drift depositional histories and paleoceanographic record. The shelfedge-parallel drifts are unusual features in such an inboard continental margin setting (Figure
5
3); their facies are unknown. They were probably deposited adjacent to a current flowing
northward along the toe of the prograding clinoform slope; progradation in parts of the basin
was by the accretion of successive sediment drifts (Fulthorpe and Carter, 1991). Pulses of
enhanced current intensity may have been linked to the climatic changes responsible for
glacioeustasy and the drifts may, therefore, constitute a type of sequence that is globally
synchronous. Drilling will determine the age and growth duration of the target drift to test
this hypothesis. Site 1119 (Leg 181) confirmed the drift origin of these features, but
penetration was insufficient to sample the largest drifts (Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999).
3) Drill the Marshall Paraconformity in the offshore basin, where subaerial exposure is least
likely, to confirm its regional distribution and determine its origin (Figures 2 and 3). The
paraconformity has been dated onshore using strontium isotopes as being correlative with the
postulated mid-Oligocene (~30 Ma) eustatic lowstand (Fulthorpe et al., 1996). However,
such a link is difficult to establish, because the condensed sediments (limestones) associated
with the Marshall Paraconformity are interpreted as representing a regional highstand
(Carter, 1985). Furthermore, the limited paleoenvironmental data available suggest that, even
onshore, the Marshall Paraconformity was not widely subaerially exposed, though such
exposure may have occurred on localized highs (Lewis, 1992). The paraconformity may
represent a highstand omission surface within the regional condensed section. Alternatively,
it could result from intensified current erosion, or non-deposition, associated with the
climatic change responsible for the mid-Oligocene eustatic fall (Fulthorpe et al., 1996). It
may, therefore, represent a southern hemisphere record of the mid-Oligocene event, a
hypothesis that, if confirmed, would be strong evidence of that event's global significance.
4) Constrain the early erosion history of the Southern Alps. Site CBNZ-01A, drilled to the
Marshall Paraconformity, passes through the earliest sediment in the post-Oligocene
sediment prism. The late Oligocene to early Miocene increase in sediment supply to the
offshore basin apparently predates the modern transpressional uplift of the Southern Alps
whose main pulse begins at 5 Ma (e.g. Batt et al., 2000). The offshore sedimentary prism is
the only record of erosion that may have preceded the current uplift phase. We wish to verify
the ages and provenance of the earliest progradational units, for integration with calculations
of sediment volumes from seismic data, to understand the early history of the plate boundary.
As in Bengal Fan ODP drilling, mineralogic and isotopic analyses of sand grains, with Ar-Ar
6
1) dating of those grains, will allow matching of outcrop ages and source areas to the sequences
offshore (Corrigan, and Crowley, 1990; Copeland et al., 1990; Galy et al., 1996).
NOTE ON SITE LOCATIONS
The EW00-01 grid is closely spaced (mainly 2 km or less) in a deliberate effort to document
sequences and drifts in three dimensions. Interpretation is ongoing and we therefore expect that
final site locations will differ from those proposed here. In particular, it is likely that a
subsequent full proposal will feature arrays of sites designed to optimally sample target
sequences and drifts, in contrast to the transects along dip profiles provisionally proposed here.
This approach should also reduce required penetrations and drilling time estimates.
7
CBNZ - 01A
CBNZ - 02A
CBNZ - 04A
CBNZ - 03A
0.0 NW
SE
0
Two-Way Travel Time (second)
9
6
1.0
2
3
7
10 11
2
4 km
12
8
5
4
1
MP
2.0 EW00-01-74
Figure 2. EW00-01 dip profile 74 showing proposed sites CBNZ-01A to -04A. CBNZ-01A samples facies
near breakpoints of progradational, late Miocene-Pliocene sequence boundaries 5 and 6, as well as early
Neogene sediments and the Marshall Paraconformity (MP). CBNZ-02A samples facies near breakpoints of
aggradational, Plio-Pleistocene sequence boundaries 9 through 12. Sites CBNZ-03A and -04A sample target
sequences in distal slope settings.
CBNZ - 06A
CBNZ - 05A
0.0
NW
SE
Two-Way Travel Time (second)
0
2
4 km
1.0
Drift mound
Moat
MP
2.0 EW00-01-12
Figure 3. EW00-01 dip profile 12 showing proposed sites CBNZ-05A and -06A. These sites target one of
the large (Pliocene?), shelf-edge-parallel sediment drifts. CBNZ-05A samples sediments in the moat, adjacent
to the paleoslope, and the boundary with the underlying drift. CBNZ-06A samples the expanded section
comprising the main body of the drift and the underlying Marshall Paraconformity (MP).
REFERENCES
Adams, C.J.D. (1979) Age and origin of the Southern Alps. In: Walcott, R.I., and Cresswell, M.M., (eds.),
The Origin of the Southern Alps, Royal Society of New Zealand, Bulletin 18, 73-78.
Batt, G. E., Braun, J., Kohn, B. P., and McDougall, I. (2000), Thermochronological analysis of the
dynamics of the Southern Alps, New Zealand: Geol. Soc. America Bull., 112, 250-266.
Browne, G.H. and Field, B.D. (1988) A review of Cretaceous-Cenozoic sedimentation and tectonics, east
coast, South Island, New Zealand. In: Sequences, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology: Surface and Subsurface
(Eds. D.P. James and D.A. Leckie), Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir No. 15, pp. 37-48
Carter, R.M. (1985) The mid-Oligocene Marshall Paraconformity, New Zealand: coincidence with global
eustatic fall or rise? J. Geol. 93, 359-371
Carter, R.M. (1988) Post-breakup stratigraphy of the Kaikoura Synthem (Cretaceous-Cenozoic),
continental margin, southeastern New Zealand N.Z.J. Geol. Geophys. 31, 405-429
Carter, R.M. and Landis, C.A. (1972) Correlative Oligocene unconformities in southern Australasia
Nature (Physical Science) 237, 12-13
Carter, R.M. and Norris, R.J. (1976) Cainozoic history of southern New Zealand: an accord between
geological observations and plate-tectonic predictions Earth and Planetary Science Letters 31, 85-94
Carter, R.M., Abbott S.T., Fulthorpe C.S., Haywick D.W., and Henderson R.A. (1991) Application of
global sea-level and sequence stratigraphic models in southern hemisphere Neogene strata from New
Zealand. In: Sea-level and active plate margins (Ed. D. MacDonald), International Association of
Sedimentologists Special Publication 12, pp. 41-65
Carter, L., Nelson, C.S., Neil, H.L., and Froggatt, P.C. (1995) Correlation, dispersal and preservation of
the Kawakawa Tephra and other late Quaternary tephra layers in the Southwest Pacific Ocean
N.Z.Journal of Geology and Geophysics 38, 29-46
Christie-Blick, N. (1991) Onlap, offlap, and the origin of unconformity-bounded depositional sequences
Marine Geology 97, 35-56
Christie-Blick, N. and Driscoll, N.W. (1995) Sequence stratigraphy Annual Reviews of Earth and
Planetary Sciences 23, 451-478
Cloetingh, S., McQueen, H., and Lambeck, K. (1985) On a tectonic mechanism for regional sealevel
variations, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 75, 157-166
Copeland, P., Harrison. T. M., and Heitzler, M. T. (1990) 40Ar/39Ar single-crystal dating of detrital
muscovite and K-feldspar from ODP Leg 116, southern Bengal Fan: Implications for the uplift and
erosion of the Himalaya, in J. R. Cochran, D. A. V. Stow, et al., Proc. of the Ocean Drilling Program,
Scientific Results, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, p. 93-114.
Corrigan, J., and Crowley, K. D. (1990) Fisson-track analysis of detrital apatites from Holes 717 and
718, ODP leg 116, Central Indian Ocean, in J. R. Cochran, D. A. V. Stow et al. (eds.), Proc. of the
Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, p. 75-92.
COSOD II (1987) Report of the Second Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling, Joint Oceanographic
Institutions, Inc. Washington, D.C., 142 pp
Fleming, C.A. (1962) New Zealand biogeography: a paleontologist's approach Tuatara 10, 53-108
Fulthorpe, C.S. and Carter, R.M. (1989) Test of seismic sequence methodology on a southern hemisphere
passive margin: the Canterbury Basin, New Zealand Mar. Petrol. Geol. 6, 348-359
Fulthorpe, C.S. and Carter, R.M. (1991) Continental shelf progradation by sediment drift accretion Geol.
Soc. Am. Bull. 103, 300-309
Fulthorpe, C.S., Carter, R.M., Miller, K.G. and Wilson, J. (1996) Marshall Paraconformity: a midOligocene record of inception of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and coeval glacio-eustatic
lowstand? Marine and Petroleum Geology 13, 61-77
Galy, A., France-Lanord, C., and Derry, L. A. (1996) The Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Himalayan belt:
Constraints from isotopic compositions of Early Miocene turbidites in the Bengal Fan: Tectonophysics,
260, 109-118.
9
Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J. and Vail, P.R. (1987) Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic
Science 235, 1156-1167
Hawkes, P.W. and Mound, D.G. (1984) Clipper-1 geological completion report, for BP, Shell, Todd
(Canterbury) Services Limited N.Z. Inst.Geol. Nuclear Sci. unpubl. open-file Petroleum Report, 1036.
IWG (2001) Earth, Oceans and Life, International Working Group Support Office, 1755 Massachusetts
Ave., NW, Suite 700, Washigton, DC 20036-2102, USA, 110pp.
JOI, Inc. (1996) Understanding our dynamic Earth through ocean drilling, Ocean Drilling Program long
range plan; Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. Washington, D.C., 79 pp
JOIDES (1992) Sea Level Working Group (SLWG) Report (Ed. T.S. Loutit), JOIDES Office, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institute, 72 pp
Kamp, P.J.J. (1987) Age and origin of the New Zealand orocline in relation to Alpine Fault movement
Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 641-652
Karner, G.D., Driscoll, N.W., and Weissel, J.K. (1993) Response of the lithosphere to in-plane force
variations, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 114, 397-416.
Kominz, M. A., Miller, K. G., and Browning, J. V., 1998, Long-term and short-term global Cenozoic sealevel estimates: Geology, v. 26, p. 311-314.
Lewis D.W. (1992) Anatomy of an unconformity on mid-Oligocene Amuri Limestone, Canterbury, New
Zealand N.Z.J. Geol. Geophys. 35, 463-475
Miall, A.D, and Miall, C.E. (2001) Sequence stratigraphy as a scientific enterprise: the evolution and
persistence of conflicting paradigms, Earth Science Reviews 54, 321-348.
Milne, A.D., Simpson, C. and Threadgold, P. (1975) Well completion report Resolution-1, for BP, Shell,
Todd (Canterbury) Services Limited N.Z. Inst.Geol. Nuclear Sci. unpubl. open-file Petrol. Rept., 648
Moore, T.C., Loutit, T.S., and Greenlee, S.M. (1987) Estimating short-term changes in eustatic sea level
Paleoceanography 2, 625-637
Norris, R.J., Carter, R.M. and Turnbull, I.M. (1978) Cainozoic sedimentation in basins adjacent to a
major continental transform boundary in southern New Zealand J. Geol. Soc. London 135, 319-335
Pearson, C.F., Beavan, J., Darby, D.J., Blick, G.H., and Walcott, R.I. (1995) Strain distribution across the
Australian-Pacific plate boundary in the central South Island, New Zealand, from 1992 GPS and earlier
terrestrial observations, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 22071-22081.
Reynolds, D.J., Steckler, M.S., and Coakley, B.J., 1991, The role of the sediment load in sequence
stratigraphy: the influence of flexural isostasy and compaction, Journal of Geophysical Research, 96,
6931-6949.
Shipboard Scientific Party (1999) Site 1119: drift accretion on Canterbury Slope. In Carter, R.M.,
McCave, I.N., Richter, C., Carter, L., et al., Proc. Odp. Init. Repts., 181, 1-112 [CD-ROM]. Available
from Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-9547, USA.
Tippett, J.M., and Kamp, P.J.J. (1993) Fission track analysis of the Late Cenozoic vertical kinematics of
continental Pacific crust, South Island, New Zealand Journal of Geophysical Research 98, 1611916148
Vail, P.R., Audemard, F., Bowman, S.A., Eisner, P.N. and Perez-Cruz, C. (1991) The stratigraphic
signatures of tectonics, eustasy and sedimentology—an overview. In: Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy
(Eds. G. Einsele, W. Ricken and A. Seilacher) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 617-659
Walcott, R.I. (1979) Plate motion and shear strain rates in the vicinity of the Southern Alps. In: Walcott,
R.I., and Cresswell, M.M., (eds.), The Origin of the Southern Alps, Royal Society of New Zealand,
Bulletin 18, 5-12.
Watkins, J.S., and Mountain, G.S., eds., (1990) Role of ODP Drilling in the Investigation of Global
Changes in Sea Level, Report of JOI/USSAC Workshop, El Paso, Texas, October 24-26, 1988, 70 pp
Wilding, A. and Sweetman, I.A.D. (1971) Endeavour-1, for BP, Aquitaine and Todd Petroleum
Development Limited N.Z. Inst.Geol. Nuclear Sci. unpubl. open-file Petroleum Report, No. 303
Wilson, I.R. (1985) Galleon-1 geological completion report, for BP, Shell, Todd (Canterbury) Services
Limited N.Z. Inst.Geol. Nuclear Sci. unpubl. open-file Petroleum Report, No. 1146
10
iSAS/IODP Site Summary Forms:
Form 1 - General Site Information
(Submitted with Preliminary Proposal)
New
Please fill out information in all gray boxes
Revised
Section A: Proposal Information
Title of Proposal: Global and local controls on continental margin depositional cyclicity: Canterbury
Basin, eastern South Island, New Zealand
Date Form
Submitted:
Site Specific
Objectives with
Priority
(Must include general
objectives in
proposal)
1 October 2001
1) Sample facies landward of clinoform breakpoints of progradational upper
Miocene – Pliocene sequence boundaries 5 and 6 to determine paleoenvironments.
2) Sample earliest Neogene sediments in shelf sediment prism to constrain erosion
history of Southern Alps.
3) Sample sediments in proximity to the Marshall Paraconformity.
List Previous ODP Site 1119 (Leg 181)
Drilling in Area:
Section B: General Site Information
Site Name: CBNZ-01A
If site is a reoccupation Area or Location: Canterbury
Bight, eastern
(e.g. SWPAC-01A)
of an old DSDP/ODP
South Island, New Zealand
Site, Please include
former Site #
Latitude:
Longitude:
Coordinates
System:
Priority of Site:
Deg: 44
S
Deg: 171
X
Min: 53.55
E
WGS 84,
Primary:
X
Min: 45.15
Other (
Alt:
Jurisdiction: New Zealand
Distance to Land:
46 km
)
Water Depth:
110 m
Section C: Operational Information
Sediments
Proposed
2180
Penetration:
(m)
Basement
~3000 m
What is the total sed. thickness?
Total Penetration:
2180
m
General Terrigenous siltstone and silty mudstone with
Lithologies: intervals of very fine-grained sand and mud
Coring Plan: 1-APC, XCB, RCB
(Specify or Circle)
1-2-3-APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry
Wireline
Logging Plan:
Standard Tools
HRGB
Special Tools
Neutron-Porosity
LWD
Borehole Televiewer
Formation Fluid Sampling
Nuclear Magnetic
Borehole Temperature &
Resonance
Pressure
Gamma Ray
Geochemical
Borehole Seismic
Acoustic
Resistivity
Side-Wall Core Sampling
Others (
Others (
Litho-Density
Density-Neutron
Resistivity-Gamma Ray
Acoustic
Formation Image
Max.Borehole Expected value (For Riser Drilling)
Temp. :
)
)
°C
Mud Logging: Cuttings Sampling Intervals
(Riser Holes Only)
from
m
to
m,
m intervals
from
m
to
m,
m intervals
Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m
Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 11.7
Logging: 1.8
Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan
Total On-Site:
Hazards/ Please check flowing List of Potential Hazards
Weather:
Shallow Gas
Complicated Geological
Structures
Hydrothermal Activity
Hydrocarbon
Soft Seabed
Landslide and Turbidity Current
Shallow Water Flow
Irregular Seabed
Methane Hydrate
Abnormal Pressure
Currents
Diapir and Mud Volcano
Man-made Objects
Fractured Zone
High Temperature
H2S
Fault
Ice Conditions
CO2
High Dip Angle
13.5
What is your Weather window?
(Preferable period with the
reasons)
Minimum wave heights
occur
in
January-February. This
is important because of
the relatively shallow
water depths (as little as
110 m) at some drill
sites.
iSAS/IODP Site Summary Forms:
Form 1 - General Site Information
(Submitted with Preliminary Proposal)
New
Please fill out information in all gray boxes
Revised
Section A: Proposal Information
Title of Proposal: Global and local controls on continental margin depositional cyclicity: Canterbury
Basin, eastern South Island, New Zealand
Date Form 1 October 2001
Submitted:
Site Specific 1) Sample facies landward of clinoform breakpoints of aggradational
Objectives with Plio-Pleistocene sequence boundaries 9 to 12 to determine paleoenvironments.
Priority
(Must include general
objectives in
proposal)
List Previous ODP Site 1119 (Leg 181)
Drilling in Area:
Section B: General Site Information
Site Name: CBNZ-02A
If site is a reoccupation Area or Location: Canterbury
Bight, eastern
(e.g. SWPAC-01A)
of an old DSDP/ODP
South Island, New Zealand
Site, Please include
former Site #
Latitude:
Longitude:
Coordinates
System:
Priority of Site:
Deg: 44
S
Deg: 171
X
Min: 56.40
E
WGS 84,
Primary:
X
Min: 49.27
Other (
Alt:
Jurisdiction: New Zealand
Distance to Land:
54 km
)
Water Depth:
125 m
Section C: Operational Information
Sediments
Proposed
539
Penetration:
(m)
Basement
~3000 m
What is the total sed. thickness?
Total Penetration:
539
m
General Terrigenous siltstone and silty mudstone with
Lithologies: intervals of very fine-grained sand and mud
Coring Plan: 1-APC, XCB, RCB
(Specify or Circle)
1-2-3-APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry
Wireline
Logging Plan:
Standard Tools
HRGB
Special Tools
Neutron-Porosity
LWD
Borehole Televiewer
Formation Fluid Sampling
Nuclear Magnetic
Borehole Temperature &
Resonance
Pressure
Gamma Ray
Geochemical
Borehole Seismic
Acoustic
Resistivity
Side-Wall Core Sampling
Others (
Others (
Litho-Density
Density-Neutron
Resistivity-Gamma Ray
Acoustic
Formation Image
Max.Borehole Expected value (For Riser Drilling)
Temp. :
)
)
°C
Mud Logging: Cuttings Sampling Intervals
(Riser Holes Only)
from
m
to
m,
m intervals
from
m
to
m,
m intervals
Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m
Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 2.1
Logging: 0.8
Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan
Total On-Site:
Hazards/ Please check flowing List of Potential Hazards
Weather:
Shallow Gas
Complicated Geological
Structures
Hydrothermal Activity
Hydrocarbon
Soft Seabed
Landslide and Turbidity Current
Shallow Water Flow
Irregular Seabed
Methane Hydrate
Abnormal Pressure
Currents
Diapir and Mud Volcano
Man-made Objects
Fractured Zone
High Temperature
H2S
Fault
Ice Conditions
CO2
High Dip Angle
2.9
What is your Weather window?
(Preferable period with the
reasons)
Minimum wave heights
occur
in
January-February. This
is important because of
the relatively shallow
water depths (as little as
110 m) at some drill
sites.
iSAS/IODP Site Summary Forms:
Form 1 - General Site Information
(Submitted with Preliminary Proposal)
New
Please fill out information in all gray boxes
Revised
Section A: Proposal Information
Title of Proposal: Global and local controls on continental margin depositional cyclicity: Canterbury
Basin, eastern South Island, New Zealand
Date Form 1 October 2001
Submitted:
Site Specific 1) Sample distal slope facies between sequence boundaries 3-6 for lowstand
Objectives with sediments and age control.
Priority
(Must include general
objectives in
proposal)
List Previous ODP Site 1119 (Leg 181)
Drilling in Area:
Section B: General Site Information
Site Name: CBNZ-03A
If site is a reoccupation Area or Location: Canterbury
Bight, eastern
(e.g. SWPAC-01A)
of an old DSDP/ODP
South Island, New Zealand
Site, Please include
former Site #
Latitude:
Longitude:
Coordinates
System:
Priority of Site:
Deg: 44
S
Deg: 171
X
Min: 58.35
E
WGS 84,
Primary:
X
Min: 52.08
Other (
Alt:
Jurisdiction: New Zealand
Distance to Land:
55 km
)
Water Depth:
138 m
Section C: Operational Information
Sediments
Proposed
1806
Penetration:
(m)
Basement
~3000 m
What is the total sed. thickness?
Total Penetration:
1806
m
General Terrigenous siltstone and silty mudstone with
Lithologies: intervals of very fine-grained sand and mud
Coring Plan: 1-APC, XCB, RCB
(Specify or Circle)
1-2-3-APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry
Wireline
Logging Plan:
Standard Tools
HRGB
Special Tools
Neutron-Porosity
LWD
Borehole Televiewer
Formation Fluid Sampling
Nuclear Magnetic
Borehole Temperature &
Resonance
Pressure
Gamma Ray
Geochemical
Borehole Seismic
Acoustic
Resistivity
Side-Wall Core Sampling
Others (
Others (
Litho-Density
Density-Neutron
Resistivity-Gamma Ray
Acoustic
Formation Image
Max.Borehole Expected value (For Riser Drilling)
Temp. :
)
)
°C
Mud Logging: Cuttings Sampling Intervals
(Riser Holes Only)
from
m
to
m,
m intervals
from
m
to
m,
m intervals
Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m
Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 9.2
Logging: 1.6
Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan
Total On-Site:
Hazards/ Please check flowing List of Potential Hazards
Weather:
Shallow Gas
Complicated Geological
Structures
Hydrothermal Activity
Hydrocarbon
Soft Seabed
Landslide and Turbidity Current
Shallow Water Flow
Irregular Seabed
Methane Hydrate
Abnormal Pressure
Currents
Diapir and Mud Volcano
Man-made Objects
Fractured Zone
High Temperature
H2S
Fault
Ice Conditions
CO2
High Dip Angle
10.8
What is your Weather window?
(Preferable period with the
reasons)
Minimum wave heights
occur
in
January-February. This
is important because of
the relatively shallow
water depths (as little as
110 m) at some drill
sites.
iSAS/IODP Site Summary Forms:
Form 1 - General Site Information
(Submitted with Preliminary Proposal)
New
Please fill out information in all gray boxes
Revised
Section A: Proposal Information
Title of Proposal: Global and local controls on continental margin depositional cyclicity: Canterbury
Basin, eastern South Island, New Zealand
Date Form 1 October 2001
Submitted:
Site Specific 1) Sample distal slope facies between sequence boundaries 4-12 for lowstand
Objectives with sediments and age control.
Priority
(Must include general
objectives in
proposal)
List Previous ODP Site 1119 (Leg 181)
Drilling in Area:
Section B: General Site Information
Site Name: CBNZ-04A
If site is a reoccupation Area or Location: Canterbury
Bight, eastern
(e.g. SWPAC-01A)
of an old DSDP/ODP
South Island, New Zealand
Site, Please include
former Site #
Latitude:
Longitude:
Coordinates
System:
Priority of Site:
Deg: 45
S
Deg: 171
X
Min: 01.62
E
WGS 84,
Primary:
X
Min: 56.85
Other (
Alt:
Jurisdiction: New Zealand
Distance to Land:
61 km
)
Water Depth:
674 m
Section C: Operational Information
Sediments
Proposed
1942
Penetration:
(m)
Basement
~3000 m
What is the total sed. thickness?
Total Penetration:
1942
m
General Terrigenous siltstone and silty mudstone with
Lithologies: intervals of very fine-grained sand and mud
Coring Plan: 1-APC, XCB, RCB
(Specify or Circle)
1-2-3-APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry
Wireline
Logging Plan:
Standard Tools
HRGB
Special Tools
Neutron-Porosity
LWD
Borehole Televiewer
Formation Fluid Sampling
Nuclear Magnetic
Borehole Temperature &
Resonance
Pressure
Gamma Ray
Geochemical
Borehole Seismic
Acoustic
Resistivity
Side-Wall Core Sampling
Others (
Others (
Litho-Density
Density-Neutron
Resistivity-Gamma Ray
Acoustic
Formation Image
Max.Borehole Expected value (For Riser Drilling)
Temp. :
)
)
°C
Mud Logging: Cuttings Sampling Intervals
(Riser Holes Only)
from
m
to
m,
m intervals
from
m
to
m,
m intervals
Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m
Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 10.4
Logging: 1.7
Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan
Total On-Site:
Hazards/ Please check flowing List of Potential Hazards
Weather:
Shallow Gas
Complicated Geological
Structures
Hydrothermal Activity
Hydrocarbon
Soft Seabed
Landslide and Turbidity Current
Shallow Water Flow
Irregular Seabed
Methane Hydrate
Abnormal Pressure
Currents
Diapir and Mud Volcano
Man-made Objects
Fractured Zone
High Temperature
H2S
Fault
Ice Conditions
CO2
High Dip Angle
12.1
What is your Weather window?
(Preferable period with the
reasons)
Minimum wave heights
occur
in
January-February. This
is important because of
the relatively shallow
water depths (as little as
110 m) at some drill
sites.
iSAS/IODP Site Summary Forms:
Form 1 - General Site Information
(Submitted with Preliminary Proposal)
New
Please fill out information in all gray boxes
Revised
Section A: Proposal Information
Title of Proposal: Global and local controls on continental margin depositional cyclicity: Canterbury
Basin, eastern South Island, New Zealand
Date Form 1 October 2001
Submitted:
Site Specific 1) Sediments in moat between shelf-edge-parallel sediment drift and paleoslope.
Objectives with 2) Sample top of underlying drift and boundary between drifts.
Priority
(Must include general
objectives in
proposal)
List Previous ODP Site 1119 (Leg 181)
Drilling in Area:
Section B: General Site Information
Site Name: CBNZ-05A
If site is a reoccupation Area or Location: Canterbury
Bight, eastern
(e.g. SWPAC-01A)
of an old DSDP/ODP
South Island, New Zealand
Site, Please include
former Site #
Latitude:
Longitude:
Coordinates
System:
Priority of Site:
Deg: 44
S
Deg: 172
X
Min: 39.22
E
WGS 84,
Primary:
X
Min: 31.03
Other (
Alt:
Jurisdiction: New Zealand
Distance to Land:
83 km
)
Water Depth:
255 m
Section C: Operational Information
Sediments
Proposed
1335
Penetration:
(m)
Basement
~3000 m
What is the total sed. thickness?
Total Penetration:
1335
m
General Terrigenous siltstone and silty mudstone with
Lithologies: intervals of very fine-grained sand and mud
Coring Plan: 1-APC, XCB, RCB
(Specify or Circle)
1-2-3-APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry
Wireline
Logging Plan:
Standard Tools
HRGB
Special Tools
Neutron-Porosity
LWD
Borehole Televiewer
Formation Fluid Sampling
Nuclear Magnetic
Borehole Temperature &
Resonance
Pressure
Gamma Ray
Geochemical
Borehole Seismic
Acoustic
Resistivity
Side-Wall Core Sampling
Others (
Others (
Litho-Density
Density-Neutron
Resistivity-Gamma Ray
Acoustic
Formation Image
Max.Borehole Expected value (For Riser Drilling)
Temp. :
)
)
°C
Mud Logging: Cuttings Sampling Intervals
(Riser Holes Only)
from
m
to
m,
m intervals
from
m
to
m,
m intervals
Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m
Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 6.9
Logging: 1.3
Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan
Total On-Site:
Hazards/ Please check flowing List of Potential Hazards
Weather:
Shallow Gas
Complicated Geological
Structures
Hydrothermal Activity
Hydrocarbon
Soft Seabed
Landslide and Turbidity Current
Shallow Water Flow
Irregular Seabed
Methane Hydrate
Abnormal Pressure
Currents
Diapir and Mud Volcano
Man-made Objects
Fractured Zone
High Temperature
H2S
Fault
Ice Conditions
CO2
High Dip Angle
8.2
What is your Weather window?
(Preferable period with the
reasons)
Minimum wave heights
occur
in
January-February. This
is important because of
the relatively shallow
water depths (as little as
110 m) at some drill
sites.
iSAS/IODP Site Summary Forms:
Form 1 - General Site Information
(Submitted with Preliminary Proposal)
New
Please fill out information in all gray boxes
Revised
Section A: Proposal Information
Title of Proposal: Global and local controls on continental margin depositional cyclicity: Canterbury
Basin, eastern South Island, New Zealand
Date Form 1 October 2001
Submitted:
Site Specific 1) Sample expanded section, comprising main body of shelf-edge-parallel
Objectives with
sediment drift, since drift initiation.
Priority 2) Sample sediments in vicinity of Marshall Paraconformity.
(Must include general
objectives in
proposal)
List Previous ODP Site 1119 (Leg 181)
Drilling in Area:
Section B: General Site Information
Site Name: CBNZ-06A
If site is a reoccupation Area or Location: Canterbury
Bight, eastern
(e.g. SWPAC-01A)
of an old DSDP/ODP
South Island, New Zealand
Site, Please include
former Site #
Latitude:
Longitude:
Coordinates
System:
Priority of Site:
Deg: 44
S
Deg: 172
X
Min: 41.55
E
WGS 84,
Primary:
X
Min: 33.95
Other (
Alt:
Jurisdiction: New Zealand
Distance to Land:
92 km
)
Water Depth:
405 m
Section C: Operational Information
Sediments
Proposed
2439
Penetration:
(m)
Basement
~3000 m
What is the total sed. thickness?
Total Penetration:
2439
m
General Terrigenous siltstone and silty mudstone with
Lithologies: intervals of very fine-grained sand and mud
Coring Plan: 1-APC, XCB, RCB
(Specify or Circle)
1-2-3-APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry
Wireline
Logging Plan:
Standard Tools
HRGB
Special Tools
Neutron-Porosity
LWD
Borehole Televiewer
Formation Fluid Sampling
Nuclear Magnetic
Borehole Temperature &
Resonance
Pressure
Gamma Ray
Geochemical
Borehole Seismic
Acoustic
Resistivity
Side-Wall Core Sampling
Others (
Others (
Litho-Density
Density-Neutron
Resistivity-Gamma Ray
Acoustic
Formation Image
Max.Borehole Expected value (For Riser Drilling)
Temp. :
)
)
°C
Mud Logging: Cuttings Sampling Intervals
(Riser Holes Only)
from
m
to
m,
m intervals
from
m
to
m,
m intervals
Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m
Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 13.1
Logging: 2.0
Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan
Total On-Site:
Hazards/ Please check flowing List of Potential Hazards
Weather:
Shallow Gas
Complicated Geological
Structures
Hydrothermal Activity
Hydrocarbon
Soft Seabed
Landslide and Turbidity Current
Shallow Water Flow
Irregular Seabed
Methane Hydrate
Abnormal Pressure
Currents
Diapir and Mud Volcano
Man-made Objects
Fractured Zone
High Temperature
H2S
Fault
Ice Conditions
CO2
High Dip Angle
15.1
What is your Weather window?
(Preferable period with the
reasons)
Minimum wave heights
occur
in
January-February. This
is important because of
the relatively shallow
water depths (as little as
110 m) at some drill
sites.