1. science
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3. pollution

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TITLE OF PROPOSED PROJECT:
Hydrologic Variability and Organic Matter Dynamics in a Desert Watershed-Reservoir Ecosystem
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36 months
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Civil Engineering
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Page 2 of 2
Project Summary
Surface water storage reservoirs are a vital part of human ecosystems in arid climates. As
the world's population suffering from chronic water stress increases 10-fold over the next 35
years, they will become even more important. Despite their importance, desert watershedreservoir ecosystems have barely been studied. Of particular interest is their extraordinary
hydrologic variability: for medium-size watersheds, the ratio of peak flow:average flow is
10 times higher for Arizona's rivers than for eastern or midwestern rivers. Desert reservoirs
that one year experience raging floods become nearly dry in periods of drought.
This study examines a key ecosystem function -- organic matter supply -- in relation
to extreme hydrologic variability in desert reservoirs. In lakes and reservoirs, organic matter
(OM) comes from the watershed (allochthonous) or is produced internally (autochthonous).
Because variation in runoff will alter inputs of allochthonous OM while simultaneously
altering in situ productivity, the ratio of allochthonous:autochthonous production should shift
in a predictable way as a function of hydrologic regime. A partial OM budget will be
developed to test this hypothesis: OM sources to be measured include soluble and particulate
OM entering the reservoir via streams, arroyos, and atmospheric deposition; and OM
produced by phytoplankton production within the reservoir. The relative contribution of
allochthonous: autochthonous OM sources in supporting the reservoir food web will be
determined by first developing isotopic signatures of allochthonous OM and internallyproduced OM (phytoplankton). The isotopic signatures of organisms higher in the food chain
should reflect their food sources, so that ultimately we will quantify the relative importance
of allochthonous and autochthonous OM in supporting reservoir consumers and how this
changes with shifts in hydrologic regime. Extensive analysis of (513C, 615N, and Ò34S of input
OM, phytoplankton, and all trophic guilds will be developed for this purpose.
Sediment coring will be conducted to reconstruct past hydrologic regimes using a 67year hydrologic record for calibration. Carbonate (5' 80 and (513C and diatom flora (riverine
versus planktonic) are expected to shift predictably with hydrologic regime and will provide
historical markers of major shifts in hydrologic regime. These hydrologic shifts should be
correlated with the changes in the isotopic signature of sediment OM, which reflect historical
changes in the ratio of allochthonous:autochthonous organic matter supplies.
This study will expand our theoretical understanding of the effect of hydrologic
regime on ecosystem function. It will also be useful in forecasting potential impacts of
global climate change, developing approaches for evaluating watershed pollution mitigation
efforts, and expanding the toolbox of ecological indicators that could be used in regional
ecological monitoring.
NSF Form 1358(1/94)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
For font size and page formatting specifications, see GPG Section II. C.
Section
Total No. of Pages In Section*
Cover Sheet (NSF Form 1207- Submit Page 2 with original proposal only)
A Project Summary (NSF Form 1358)(not to exceed 1 page)
1
B
1
Table of Contents (NSF Form 1359)
C Project Description (NSF Form 1360)(including Results From Prior NSF Support)(not to exceed 15 pages)
(Exceed only if approved in advance of proposal submission by NSF Assistant Director or Program
Announcement/Solicitation)
D
Bbliography (NSF Form 1361)
E
Biographical Sketches (NSF Form 1362)(Not to exceed 2 pages each)
F
Summary Proposal Budget
15
4
10
7
(NSF Form 1030, including up to 3 pages of budget justification)
G
Current and Pending Support (NSF Form 1239)
7
H
Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources (NSF Form 1363)
2
I
Special Information/Supplementary Documentation
3
J
Appendix (List below)
(Include only if approved in advance of proposal submission by NSF
Assistant Director or Program Announcement/Solicitation)
Appendix Items:
*Proposers may select any numbering mechanism for the proposal.
NSF FORM 1359(1/94)
C. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
I. Introduction
Surface water reservoirs are vital for the maintenance of human populations in the
arid Southwest. In the western U.S., 68% of the municipal water supply for cities with
populations >50,000 comes from lakes or reservoirs. Surface water reservoirs in arid
climates will become an even more critical part of future human ecosystems: the global
population experiencing chronic water stress is projected to increase from 335 million in
1990 to 3.0 billion in 2025 (Engleman and LeRoy, 1993).
Despite the importance of water supply reservoirs, their ecosystem functions are
poorly understood. This is especially true for reservoirs in arid climates. A fundamental
difference between desert reservoirs and lentic systems in temperate climates is that stream
inputs are vastly more variable. The Arizona climate is essentially a climate of extreme
events. For example, the ratio of peak flow/mean flow in 1000-2000 mi2 watersheds in
central Arizona is 660:1; throughout midwestern and eastern states this ratio is <70:1. For
the same-sized watersheds, the ratio of maximum annual/average annual discharge is 6.2 for
central Arizona but <3.0 for midwestern and eastern states (Linsley et al., 1982). Because
of this hydrologic flashiness, a large fraction of sediment, nutrient, and organic matter
inputs to reservoirs occurs in brief periods characterized by high turbidity. The turbidity
also limits algal growth, sometimes for weeks. At the opposite extreme, during frequent
periods of prolonged low precipitation, combined effects of reduced stream inflow and
increased human demand results in tremendous drawdown, sometimes to near dryness.
These extreme hydrologic conditions create unique lentic environments that have
barely been studied. We will examine relationships between hydrologic regime and a key
ecosystem function: organic matter (OM) supply. Our central hypothesis is that the relative
importance of allochthonous (externally supplied) and autochthonous (internally fixed) OM
changes with hydrologic conditions.. A partial OM budget (inflows, precipitation, 14-C
fixation, outflow) will be developed to determine dominant sources of utilizable OM. We
will simultaneously develop stable isotope (613C, 615N, and 634S) signatures for allochthonous
and autochthonous organic matter. Inferences developed from stable isotopes will be
compared with the OM budget. An approach for identifying historical hydrologic regimes in
high-sedimentation environments using paleomarkers (6180; diatoms, etc.) will also be
developed. After verifying the isotope method and paleolimnological approaches, we will
examine stable isotope composition of deposited sediments to develop inferences regarding
changes in allochthonous and autochthonous OM supply over the past 67 years in relationship
to past hydrologic regimes.
To develop inferences as to how hydrological changes may alter the relative
importance of external and internal OM, we will examine variations in inputs of nutrients,
suspended solids, and related variables in stream inflows in conjunction with
paleolimnological variables. By correlating historical changes in trophic variables with
changes in hydrologic regime and upstream land use (modest agricultural development) we
expect to be able to determine the relative importance of natural hydrologic variability and
cultural watershed impacts on the carbon supply and trophic character of the reservoir.
Linking hydrologic variation with a fundamental ecosystem function - OM supply --
C-1
will have substantial practical application for a variety of issues ranging from fisheries
management (Adams et al. 1983) to the management of lake eutrophication and drinking
water quality. For example, organic carbon supply is directly related to taste and odor
problems, trihalomethane (THM) precursors, and hypolimnetic anoxia and associated
problems (e.g., H2S formation; reduction of Fe, Mn, and As)(Baker, in press). Results from
this study will be useful for developing site-specific water quality standards and loading
criteria for carbon (BOD) and nutrients and for integrating watershed and fisheries
management strategies. A better understanding of relationships between hydrologic variation
and trophic conditions would be extremely useful in long-term monitoring programs and for
developing criteria by which to assess mitigation of regional-scale water quality problems
(e.g., grazing, logging). If we are successful our study will also provide the basis for
developing sediment indicators of hydrologic status (drought and wet cycles, using 518 0,
VC, diatoms, and other variables) and organic matter supply (using organic 613C, S' 3 N, and
634S) that could be used in regional monitoring programs.
The study team includes L.A. Baker (biogeochemistry; environmental engineering),
J.J. Elser (stoichiometric limnology); W.L. Minckley (fisheries); L.L. Benson (isotope
geochemistry; paleoecology), and D.F. Charles (diatoms; paleoecology).
II. Hypotheses
Our central hypothesis is that hydrologic variability alters the relative importance of
allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter (OM) in reservoir metabolism. Specific
predictions to be tested with the proposed work are as follows.
1. Lake-wide, inter-annual scale: Imported OM will be relatively more important in
wet years; conversely, in situ primary production (PPr) will be relatively more important in
dry years. Shifts will occur due to changes both in input of allochthonous OM as a function
of flow (high discharges produce higher OM input from the watershed) and in the amount of
in situ PPr as a function of inflow quality (high discharges increase turbidity, shading
phytoplanlcton). In situ productivity may alternatively resist change due to inflow-driven
turbidity if high discharge is accompanied by high nutrient (N, P) loading, relieving potential
nutrient limitation and promoting in situ PPr despite shading effects. Direct quantification of
in situ PPr and light penetration along with nutrient loading will help separate these
alternatives. We predict that stable isotope signals of reservoir OM will resemble riverine
OM and terrestrial vegetation during years of high input but approach the signature of
reservoir phytoplanlcton in years of low input. As already suggested, these shifts are likely
to occur via changes in both allochthonous OM input and in situ PPr as a function of river
discharge.
2. Within-lake. intra-annual scale: Consistent with the concept of reservoirs as
"river-lake hybrids," (Thornton et al., 1990), contributions of in situ PPr of "up-lake" vs.
"down-lake" reaches to the OM budget will shift seasonally and between years as a function
of inflow. During high inflow, advective transport and high turbidity will reduce in situ PPr
in "up-lake" reaches compared to "down-lake" on any given date. During low inflow
periods, greater light penetration and longer residence times will permit sustained PPr
throughout. We also predict that OM in uplake reaches will have stable isotope signals
resembling those of riverine OM and terrestrial vegetation while near-dam, "lake-like,"
C-2
reaches will be dominated by OM with signatures more characteristic of phytoplankton.
These patterns will shift both longitudinally and temporally as a function of flood events and
seasonal inflow changes.
3. Whole-lake. inter-annual scale: Stable isotope signals of reservoir consumers (in
particular, those with life spans < 1 year; e.g. bacteria, zooplankton, invertebrate predators,
short-lived and young-of-the-year fishes) will resemble riverine OM and terrestrial vegetation
in years of high inflow but approach the signature of reservoir phytoplankton during
low-discharge years. Such changes reflect a shift in energy pathways between a
"conventional" food web (phytoplankton -> zooplankton -> fish) and a "microbial loop"
(detritus -> bacteria -> microzooplankton -> zooplankton -> fish). Stable isotope signals
of larger, longer-lived consumer species (shad, bass, carp) will reflect time-integrated
average importance of allochthonous vs. autochthonous OM during their life-spans.
4. Within-lake, intra-annual scale: Stable isotope signals of reservoir consumers (in
particular, those consumers with life spans <<1 year; e.g. bacteria, zooplankton) will
resemble riverine OM and terrestrial vegetation in regions of the lake more strongly
influenced by riverine inputs.
5. Whole-lake. decadal scale: Reconstruction of past reservoir events using sediment
cores will allow us to determine the hydrologic history of the reservoir and the relative
importance of allochthonous and autochthonous carbon supply. We predict a consistent
relationship between carbon source, as inferred from isotopic ratios, and hydrologic regime,
inferred from 518 0 shifts and other paleoecological markers (discussed below).
III. Study Site
San Carlos Reservoir on the Gila River, central AZ (Figure 1), stores water from a
30,000 km' watershed (Figure 1A). About 90% of the inflow is from the Gila River; the
remaining 10% comes from the San Carlos River. The Gila River originates at —3000 m in
the rugged White Mountains along the Arizona-New Mexico border. The last 200 km above
the reservoir is a broad, alluvial valley that supports extensive agriculture. A substantial
fraction of the flow of the Gila River is diverted for irrigation; return flows contribute to
increasing TDS. The Safford Valley (Gila River) is Arizona's first Nonpoint Source
Management Area (AZDEQ 1994) and has been declared Arizona's "most threatened river".
There are also documented impacts from mining at higher elevations in the watershed.
Grazing occurs throughout the watershed. The population of the basin is around 20,000,
mostly concentrated near Safford, AZ. The area immediately surrounding the reservoir, and
much of the lake's watershed, is part of the San Carlos Apache Reservation.
The regional climate includes a biseasonal pattern of summer-winter precipitation and
spring-autumn drought (Sellers 1964). Winter precipitation is generally distributed. Summer
rains are convectional and localized, largely occurring as monsoons in July-August.
Precipitation ranges from 32 cm at —1000 m to 75 cm on highest peaks (Sellers 1964).
Average runoff from the watershed is a mere 1 cm/yr, resulting a mean flow of 9 m3/sec.
The distribution of flow is extremely variable: the river has been dry at times and is a
torrent at others, with a peak flow of 4,225 m3/sec during its measured history.
San Carlos Reservoir (Figure 1B) is formed by the Coolidge Dam, built in 1928. The
reservoir is about 40 km long. Maximum capacity is 1.4 x 10' m3 , yet the reservoir
C-3
Globe
o
Figure 1.
A. The San Carlos
Reservoir- Gila River
watershed, AZ-NM.
The total drainage area
is 30,000 km 2.
San
Carlos
01
20K
• = USGS
gauging station
• = Primary sampling stations
o = Auxiliary sampling stations
Dry washes
San Carlos River
B. San Carlos Reservoir.
Locations of primary and
auxiliary stations to be
sampled are indicated.
0 1000m
has been nearly dry at times. Water level changes >30 m are not uncommon and the
reservoir is known to have become nearly dry several times during its history. The reservoir
is a famous recreational fishery, widely known for its 8 lb bass and 5 lb crappie.
Recreational fishing is an important source of income to the San Carlos Apache Nation.
Inflows to the reservoir are characterized by high TDS (-2000 mg/L for 1989). The
water is a Ca-Mg type water accompanied by a NaC1 signature derived from saline springs.
High turbidities (>10 g/1) are associated with floods in the Gila River, especially when
runoff is from fine-grained valley floors. During extreme floods, large amounts of logs and
debris accumulate on the surface of the reservoir. The reservoir itself is monomictic, neither
freezing in winter nor unusually warm in summer. Strong summer stratification is
accompanied by hypolimnetic oxygen depletion.
The upper Gila River basin has been studied over many years and a variety of
descriptive information is available regarding its ecosystems, hydrology, and history
(Cockerell 1987,1900; US Army Corps of Engineers 1914; Olmstead 1919; Schwennesen
1919; Gatewood et al. 1950; Hem 1950; McDonald 1956; Low 1961; Culler 1975; Turner
1974; Burkham 1970,1976; Minckley and Sommerfeld 1979).
We have recently met with Mr. Paul Nosie, Sr., head of the San Carlos Apache
Recreation and Wildlife Department, and other members of the San Carlos Apache
community. Mr. Nosie expressed support for the project and has initiated procedures for
obtaining approval from the tribal council so that we can be issued the proper permits and
develop specific agreements regarding our collaboration with the tribe in this study. We
have also met with members of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service who are involved in
monitoring the San Carlos fisheries. USFWS personnel expressed a strong interest in
working together with us to the greatest extent possible to assure the success of our project
and to enhance their own studies of fish dynamics and contaminant levels in game fish in San
Carlos Lake.
IV. Approach
Hydrologic Budget
A long-term hydrologic budget will be constructed from available data. Inflows from
the Gila and San Carlos rivers are gauged, as is the Gila River below the reservoir. Lake
evaporation losses will be estimated using published seasonally-adjusted open evaporation
water rates for Arizona lakes in conjunction with lake area. These data will be sufficient to
develop a 70-year water budget that is adequate for evaluating changes in hydrologic regime.
Potential errors will be evaluated using a chloride or TDS budget (Baker 1994).
Organic Matter Budgets
A partial organic matter (OM) budget will include watershed inputs from perennial
streams and ephemeral washes, atmospheric deposition, phytoplankton primary productivity
(PPr), and outflow from the reservoir. In addition to elemental analysis of particulate
matter, we will also examine inputs and pools of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), major
nutrients (NO3-, NH4 -', SRP, and Si) and several other water quality parameters
(conductivity, suspended matter, temperature, major anions and cations, etc.) to explain
C-5
patterns of organic matter fluxes. OM from all sources will be analyzed for isotopic content
(below).
Perennial streams. Water samples will be collected frequently from the Gila and San
Carlos rivers. To better represent effects of high flows, chemical sampling will be flowstratified (Reckhow and Chapra 1983, Stevens and Smith 1978) using existing hydrologic
information. We anticipate sampling 20-30 times per year. Several approaches will be
evaluated to estimate annual constituent loadings, starting with regression approaches and the
Beale's ratio method (Stevens and Smith 1987, Dolan et al. 1981, reviewed in Baker, in
press). Both of these approaches are designed to make maximum use of information
contained in daily flow data in sampling programs with "sparse" concentration data. For a
nearby river (the Verde), we have already found that either approach works well for arsenic
(which has a groundwater source) and that regression analysis is not appropriate for TOC
because there is no simple relationship between flow and TOC (Baker et al. 1994). We are
therefore starting to examine alternative approaches for predicting stream constituent
concentration from hydrologic information, including the use of simple "lumped parameter"
models (e.g., Hornberger et al. 1994). Of initial interest has been the effect of antecedent
conditions (Tate and Meyer 1983). In work now underway, we have found that peak TOC
levels (-40 mg/L) in several Arizona rivers occur in late July, coincident with the first
monsoon rains. These alternative models will be extensively explored in this study.
Dry washes. Although numerous dry washes that enter the reservoir drain a small
part (<10%) of the total reservoir watershed, their direct connection to the reservoir may
make them a significant input of bioavailable OM. Two washes traversed by a road will be
surveyed to determine cross-sectional areas at various stages. At various times during storm
events, stream velocity and stage will be measured using a flow meter suspended from the
bridge using standard protocols (Linsley et al. 1982). Samples for chemical parameters will
be collected along with velocity measurements. Flow and concentration data will be
integrated to develop an event loading for each storm event. We hope to develop loadings
for a dozen storms over three years, but recognize the difficulty in achieving this. If we are
successful, we will use the event-loading relationship to estimate volume and chemical
loading from continuously measured precipitation. Inputs from unmeasured washes will
estimated by extrapolation based on drainage area.
Precipitation. Precipitation to the lake surface is probably only around 3% of the
total inflow to the reservoir. However, Fisher and Grimm (1985) suggest that TOC of bulk
precipitation in this area is quite high - ca. 5-6 mg/L; the significance of atmospheric inputs
may be higher during dry years (dust input) or if this input is a readily degradable form of
carbon. We will measure atmospheric inputs at the reservoir using a Aerochemetrics wet/dry
collector, modified by replacing the plastic buckets with metal buckets. This will enable us
to isolate dust inputs from "wet" precipitation inputs. We will use the protocols from the
National Atmospheric Deposition Survey (NADP); dry bucket inputs will be screened to
remove contaminated or otherwise unusable sample (Gatz et al. 1988, Baker 1991). The
deposition collector will be placed on site, collocated with a recording raingauge.
Discharge from the reservoir: Losses of OM from the dam's hypolimnetic outlet will
be estimated by combining data on discharge rates (and outflow depths) with bi-weekly
measures of DOM and POM in water layers at a near-dam station.
C-6
Production and Standing Stocks of OM in the Reservoir
We will sample the reservoir bi-weekly during most of the year and weekly in
response to floods. Four primary sites will be sampled throughout the study; surface
samples at 5 others will be sampled determine spatial heterogeneity (Figure 1B). Early
results will be used to modify the program if necessary. Parameters to be monitored at
primary sampling stations are in Table 1. All water samples will be passed through a 83-gm
mesh screen to remove large zooplankton and large detrital particles and held in darkened
coolers until processing.
Table 1: Parameters to be measured at primary sampling stations. Details of
approaches are in text. b = biweekly; m = monthly.
Parameter
Intensity
Approach
Temp, pH, D.O., conductivity
1-m intervals"
Hydrolab sensor array
Light penetration
0.5 to 1.0 m intervals"
Licor submersible
quantum sensor
NO3- , NH4 , SRP
7-depth profile"
Autoanalyzer
procedures
Chlorophyll and POM ( < 1 gm; > 1
AnlY
7 depth profile"
Fluorometry; LOT
POM (613C,S15N,e1S): < 1 gm; > 1
gma
3 integrated samples'
Elemental analyzer;
Europa mass
spectrometer
Primary productivity
1 integrated euphotic
zone sample'
"C PPr versus light
intensity
determinations.
DIC; S'3C of DIC
1 integrated euphotic
zone sample'
Infrared analysis; mass
spec.
DOC
3 integrated euphotic
zone samples'
Dorhmann C analyzer
or Shimazu C analyzer;
mass spec. for (313C
ZooplanIcton community biomass
Zooplankton stable isotopes'
Vertical net tows"
Microscopic
enumeration; mass
spec.
'See text for description of size fractionation procedure.
Complete vertical profiles of suspended chlorophyll provide an assessment of algal
biomass that are readily accomplished, inexpensive, and rapid. POM will be routinely
determined from loss-on-ignition (LOI) after developing a LOI-POM relationship based on
elemental analysis. Monthly stable isotope analyses will generally be performed on depthintegrated composite samples. Composite samples will also be used for PPr determinations.
C-7
Samples will be size-fractionated for analyses of POM, chlorophyll, and stable
isotopes. Samples will be passed through a 1.0-Am cartridge or membrane filter and then
onto a large diameter (4.5 cm), pre-combusted GF/F filters (nominal pore size 0.7 Am). In
other lakes the 1.0-Am filter permits passage of >90% of free-living bacteria whereas
filtration on GF/F filters retains >90% of the cells (Elser et al. 1995); additional checks will
be performed for our system. If necessary, the <1.0 Am filtrate will be concentrated via
tangential flow filtration to obtain sufficient quantities of material for isotopic analysis.
The > 1.0-pm fraction will be collected on large diameter GF/C filters (nominal pore size
1.2 Am) to collect particles >1.0 Am. Samples for dissolved chemical analyses (NO3-,
NH4 , SRP, DOC, DIC, and Si) will be filtered through 0.2-Am polycarbonate filters.
The laboratory-incubation approach of Fee (1990) will be used to estimate
phytoplankton PPr. Euphotic zone samples from the four primary sampling stations will be
placed in simulated light gradients (7 light levels; 0% to 60% incident irradiance) at ambient
lake temperature for 3-4 h incubations with '4C-HCO3. For each sample, P and a will be
determined from the PPr vs. light intensity (I) relationship; these parameters will be used in
conjunction with field measures of light extinction and continuous surface irradiance records
to estimate daily PPr in all euphotic zone layers. These data will be used with morphometric
data to estimate whole-system PPr.
Sedimentation of OM in the reservoir: Triplicate sediment traps of a design employed
by Elser et al. (in review) will be installed near the dam to collect sedimenting POM for
stable isotope analysis. Biweekly samples will be used primarily to develop stable isotope
signatures for composite sedimentary material; even so, traps will be designed according to
protocols intended for quantitative flux measurements (Halcanson and Jansson 1983,
Blomqvist and Kofoecl 1981).
Stable Isotope Approaches
Stable isotope approaches have come into widespread use in ecosystem studies
(Peterson and Fry 1987). The technique has been successfully applied to trace sources of
OM in streams (Rounick and Winterbourn 1986, Junger and Planas 1994), salt marshes
(Peterson et al. 1985), marine and freshwater pelagic food webs (Sholto-Douglas et al. 1991,
Fry and Sherr 1984), and mangrove estuaries (Zieman et al. 1984), among others.
However, to our knowledge, no one has used this approach to elucidate sources and
transformations of OM in an arid climate river-reservoir system.
Variations in isotopic ratios in various ecosystem compartments occur as the result of
differences in the isotopic ratios of inorganic elements used in primary production or from
subsequent isotopic discrimination during biogeochemical processing within the system of
interest (Peterson and Fry 1987). Of particular value at the primary producer level are
differences in 613C as a function of photosynthetic pathway (C3 vs. C4 metabolism), in 6345 as
a function of sulfate source (especially deviations due to sulfate reduction in water-logged
soils or sediments), and in 615N due to degree of dependence of N2 fixation. For consumers,
stable isotope signals for 613C and 634S largely reflect signatures of producers at the bottom
of the food web, but 615N depends on trophic level, with a 3-4 °/oo increase in S' 51•1 with
each trophic transfer. Thus, by combining 615N data for trophic level with 613C and 634S for
OM source, a picture of food web structure is obtained. In this study we will use stable
C-8
isotopic signatures to determine how various consumers differ in their reliance on internal vs.
externally produced OM, and how that reliance changes as a function of hydrologic
variability.
Our ability to accomplish these tasks is uniquely enhanced by a state-of-the-art
isotope-ratio mass spectrometer in ASU's Zoology Department (JJE was co-PI on an NSF
Instrumentation Grant funding its purchase), which allows numbers of determinations without
high per-sample charges typically encountered in applying this approach. Current charge per
sample of plant tissue for analysis of VC, a15N, and b'S at Woods Hole Ecosystems Center,
for example, is $160. Our per-sample cost for this project is <$10, roughly the same cost
as elemental analyses, because technician support for the mass spec. is covered directly by
the department. Our direct access to the isotope ratio mass spec and modest sample will
make it possible to analyze thousands of samples in the course of this project.
Methods of acquisition, handling, preservation, and analysis of samples for stable
isotope analysis will follow standard procedures detailed in Schimel (1991), Coleman and Fry
(1991), and Knowles and Blackburn (1993). Stable isotope signatures of inflowing riverine
POM, reservoir POM, and outflow POM are to be characterized during analyses of
particulate OM required for the reservoir OM budget (above).
Stable isotope signatures of the following (in addition to riverine and reservoir POM,
just described) will be characterized: (1) riverine and lake DOM; (2) dominant watershed
plants; (3) lake bacteria and phytoplankton; (4) components of the lake food web
(zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, dominant fishes, especially young-of-the-year); and (5)
inorganic C pools used by terrestrial producers and lake phytoplankton.
1. Riverine and lake DOM: Two methods will be used to collect DOM samples for isotopic
analysis. First, we will fractionate DOM using sequential adsorption columns (XAD-8 for
hydrophobic acids and XAD-4 for hydrophilics) followed by lyophilization (Aikens et al.,
1992). This method has been shown to collect 30-85% of DOC; it is also insensitive to the
effects of salinity and inorganic anions, which is an advantage for the Gila River. We will
also analyze the isotopic content of bioavailable DOM by growing bacteria on enriched river
water, as described by Coffin et al. (1989) (see below). After culturing, the bacteria are
easily collected on filters for isotopic analysis. This will provide an isotopic signature for
bioavailable OM. Bioavailable DOM will back-calculated from bacterial carbon using
published values for assimilation efficiency. Traditional BOD experiments will also be
conducted for comparison. These experiments will be conducted for 10-20 times per year.
34
Analysis of 613C and 615N of DOM will be made regularly; because determinations of Ò S
require more material, these analyses will be performed less often.
2. Inorganic C pools: Isotopic fractionation of CO2 occurs as the result of evaporation and
algal photosynthetic assimilation; analysis of (513C in various compartments is an additional
interpretive tool. Atmospheric CO2 will be sampled on several occasions during the first year
to establish that atmospheric CO2 in this region is similar to published values. Composite
river and euphotic zone samples collected on a monthly basis will be precipitated and
preserved with NH4SrC13. (513C will be determined by acidifying and evacuating containers
containing the precipitated SrCO3. 513C in sediment carbonates will be analyzed in a similar
C-9
manner.
3. Watershed plants: Watershed plants will be sampled seasonally over the first year in
order to characterize taxa likely contributing OM from the watershed to the reservoir. Three
times during year 1 we will sample 5-10 individuals of the 4-5 dominant species from each
major biotic community in the watershed (Brown 1994): Lower Sonoran desert, Upper
Sonoran, Semi-desert Grasslands/Chaparral, Woodlands, Montane Conifer Forest, and
Subalpine Conifer Forest, along with the corresponding riparian zones. Particular attention
will be paid to short-lived but productive annuals that appear following summer and winter
rains. Our goal here is simply to characterize the extent of variation in o"C among
watershed plants, especially between high-elevation C3 vs. low-elevation C4 plants; the
isotopic signature of riverine POM and DOM will also be characterized directly (1).
4. Reservoir phytoplankton and bacteria: To determine the isotopic content of bacteria we
will follow Coffin et al. (1989), in which lakewater is filtered with 0.2-Am filters to remove
all particles, inoculated with a preparation of lake bacteria (<1.0-Arn size fraction, free of
bacterivores), and incubated at ambient temperature in darkness until sufficient growth on
DOC substrates occurs (-24 h) to permit stable isotope analysis.
Determination of phytoplankton stable isotope signatures is critical in distinguishing
allochthonous from autochthonous OM. Many workers assume that filtered suspended
particulate matter (prefractionated with coarse filters) represents phytoplankton biomass
(Michener and Schell 1994). This approach is fraught with difficulty, especially in reservoirs
where allochthonous debris is substantial. We will expend considerable effort assessing
stable isotope signals specific to phytoplankton using the following complementary
approaches. As with other compartments, determinations of S'S will be less frequently than
determinations of .3"C or (5 15 N. The three methods will be carefully compared.
(i) Routine size-fractionation of seston: The 83 Am-prescreened, > 1.0 Am fraction
roughly represents phytoplankton-sized particles. This fraction of lakewater will be analyzed
monthly for isotopic content. We will use C:chl ratios to assess potential detrital
contributions (Cifuentes et al. 1988). This approach has recently been used to study sources
and fates of OM in San Francisco Bay (Wienke and Cloern 1987, Canuel et al. 1995).
Stable isotope ratios of the least detritally-influenced samples will be considered indicative of
the phytoplankton signature.
(ii) In situ algal culturing: We will grow reasonably pure algal cultures in situ at
ambient 513C, thus obtaining VC values for a pure sample of autotroph biomass. Algae will
be grown in clear plexiglass tubes ( — 250-mL) with ends covered with large-diameter,
0.2-Am polycarbonate filters, which permit exchange of water and dissolved material while
preventing passage of algae and other particles (Sterner 1986). These chambers will be filled
with 0.2 Am-filtered reservoir water and inoculated with nutrient-replete Scenedesmus acutus
from laboratory culture. After 4-5 d of in situ incubation at moderate light intensity, algae
will be filtered and analyzed for stable isotope ratios. Heat-killed Scenedesmus in control
chambers will also be filtered and analyzed to correct for possible contributions from initial
biomass and control for potential leakage of lake OM into the chamber. These experiments
will be conducted 8 times per year.
(iii) Stable isotope signature of phytoplankton chlorophyll: A third strategy for
defining the phytoplanlcton isotope composition will be to measure the isotopic content of
chlorophyll only, thereby minimizing detrital or bacterial influence. A reasonable
assumption is that allochthonous chlorophyll has been degraded by the time it reaches the
reservoir. As chlorophyll contains C and N but not S, this approach will yield information
only on VC and VIsT of reservoir autotrophs.
We will determine the stable isotope signature of reservoir chlorophyll eight times per
year. Replicate epilimnetic water samples will be collected near the dam and large quantities
of POM will be filtered on 4.25-cm GF/D filters (2.7 Am effective pore size). Frozen filters
will be extracted in 100% HPLC-grade acetone. Pigment extracts will be filtered to remove
particulates, then evaporated under a continuous N2-stream (Carpenter et al. 1986) until a
small quantity of acetone-pigment extract remains. Concentrates will be spotted on
glass-fiber filters; after evaporating the remaining acetone the filters will be frozen until
analysis. We will use laboratory cultures of Scenedesmus to determine if signatures of
chlorophyll extracted in this manner are similar to those for whole cells.
5. Higher trophic levels: We will determine stable isotope signatures of mixed zooplankton
communities, key zooplankton tam, and short-lived and young-of-year fishes on a regular
basis. At each primary sampling station, zooplankton will be sampled using vertical net tows
using a metered 153-Am net. Samples will be split into two aliquots; one will be preserved
for microscopic enumeration and size determination of taxa and the other will be filtered onto
a pre-weighed glass-fiber filter for stable isotope determination after drying and reweighing.
Animals for isotopic determination will be held in filtered lakewater to permit gut clearance
prior to filtration. Other samples will be collected to isolate 3-4 dominant tan by
hand-picking or selective screening (Elser et al., in press).
Non-indigenous fishes introduced for food, sport, or forage dominate San Carlos Lake
(Minckley 1973); no indigenous species remain abundant enough to sample effectively.
Diversity is nonetheless relatively high, comprised of 10 common to abundant taxa (Minckley
1973) that include largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), threadfin shad (Dorosoma
petenense), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), and
bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). All 10 fish species are abundant enough to sample
effectively at any time of year with standard fisheries techniques (e.g., seines, gillnets,
electrofishing). This equipment is readily available; our sampling will be performed in
conjunction with ongoing fisheries assessment programs being conducted by the San Carlos
Apache Recreation and Wildlife Department and the U.S. Fisheries and Wildlife Service in
the lake. Stable isotope signatures will be determined for subsamples of whole-body
homogenates of freeze-dried fish after removal of their digestive tracts.
Sampling of dominant species will be performed at various hydrologic regimes along
a longitudinal gradient to assure that all consumer guilds and most species are represented.
Young-of-year fish will be collected seasonally to examine their isotope signatures as a
function of season. Two-year-old and three-year-old individuals of longer-lived species will
be captured in autumn of years 2 and 3, respectively, to determine relative amounts of
allochthonous-derived versus autochthonous-derived food consumed during the preceding
interval. In year 3, 8-10 large (old) adults of four longer-lived species will be analyzed for
isotopic signature to determine OM sources over longer time periods. Aging older fish by
otolith examination (scales become unreliable at greater ages), although often inaccurate in
low-elevation habitats in Arizona, will provide a time-frame (± a few years) for
interpretation of patterns.
Sediment Coring and Analysis
Sediment cores will be collected at four sites along the longitudinal axis of the reservoir
using a 6-foot Kullenberg piston corer operated from a specially modified 24-foot pontoon
boat. High and irregular sedimentation rates dictate special coring procedures. First, a
seismic survey will be conducted to determine areas with stable sedimentation, major
incongruities in layering, and depth to base. Inspection of core strata will reveal preliminary
information that will be the basis for guiding further sample selection. For example, thick
bands of well-sorted material are unlikely to provide useful diatom samples, whereas
narrower bands of more organic material are likely to be richer in diatoms and precipitated
CaCO3. We will rely upon a suite of analyses to date sediments, since 210Pb dating would
not be successful in a sediment with such high deposition rate (total sediment accumulation is
likely to exceed 15 m). However, because we know the hydrologic history of the reservoir,
we hope to be able to reconstruct the sediment history, starting at the base of the core, from
a suite of other markers, including particle size distribution, pollutant chemical analysis
(e.g., Pb; DDT), diatom community composition, and isotopic analysis (especially 6'80;
carbonate 613C). Diatom assemblages, to be analyzed and interpreted by Dr. Don Charles,
will be analyzed to determine the proportion of planktonic diatoms (reservoir) and riverine
diatoms washing in from tributaries. This proportion should be a direct indicator of the
balance between allochthonous and autochthonous OM. Although diatoms in the upper Gila
River have been characterized in detail (Minckley and Sommerfield 1979), several collections
will be made upstream of the reservoir to characterize habitats in which the more common
taxa are found. In particular, it will be important to collect samples from various tributaries
because the chemical composition of the tributaries varies considerably. We also expect
changes in planktonic diatoms in relation to changes in salinity (e.g, Fritz 1990; 1991) that
must occur in response to tremendous changes in lake volume between wet and dry periods.
Diatom sampling and preparation will be performed according to standard procedures at the
Academy of Natural Sciences. Selected core samples will be analyzed for 6180 and 613C in
carbonates and organic 613C, 6151\1, and 634S. Of direct interest with respect to reconstructing
hydrologic regime are 6180 and 6'3C. One of us (L. Benson) has been involved with the
development of 6180 as an isotopic signature of hydrologic regime (Benson et al. 1990,
Benson 1994, Hostetler and Benson 1994, Benson and White 1994, Hostetler and Benson
1990) and will simultaneously be analyzing cores from five other Great Basin lakes and
several Antarctic Dry Valley lakes. We expect that 6'80 will increase during periods of
drought and decrease during wetter periods. We recognize the difficulty in reconstructing
paleoecological histories in high-sedimentation environments; however note that three of us
(L. Benson, D. Charles, and L. Baker) have been involved in sediment reconstructions in a
variety of environments. The effort is worthwhile because the methods developed here will
give us a powerful tool for testing our central hypothesis.
C-12
C. Significance of Proposed Work
This study will greatly expand our knowledge regarding relationship between
hydrologic variation and ecosystem function. Desert reservoirs experience extraordinary
hydrologic extremes, making them end member hydrologic environments that are ideally
suited for this examination. This study will be unique in linking long-term hydrological data
to the question of organic matter supply in aquatic systems. In addition to determining
relationships between hydrologic variability and a key ecosystem function (OM supply), we
will be collecting a suite of ancillary data (e.g., nutrient inputs; suspended solids) to
determine the mechanisms by which hydrological variation controls OM supply.
Development of paleoecological indicators of hydrologic regime using isotopic composition in
conjunction with diatoms and physical-chemical characteristics would be of tremendous value
to EPA and other agencies involved in assessing changes in ecosystems (Charles and Smoll
1994; Charles et al., 1994).
This knowledge is essential in developing better predictive capability regarding the
factors that drive long-term changes in ecosystems. The results from this study are likely to
be useful in predicting effects of global climate change on desert ecosystems because it is
precisely these marginal environments where the most deleterious effects of climate shifts are
likely to occur. In the arid western U.S., for example, climate warming is expected to cause
drier conditions and wider shifts in streamflow patterns (Carpenter et al. 1992).
A better understanding of the effects of hydrologic regime on chemical transport
would also be of use in developing chemical loading criteria (e.g., for nutrients or BOD) and
in setting regional water quality standards (e.g., "ecoregions", Hughes and Larsen 1988).
Finally, understanding relationships between hydrologic regime and surface water
chemistry is essential if we want to be able to evaluate the efficacy of pollution mitigation
efforts, especially at regional scales. To date, monitoring programs intended to measure
effects of environmental mitigation efforts have almost totally neglected the influence of
hydrologic variability and as a result, have been largely inconclusive (reviewed by Baker
1992). The role of hydrologic variability in assessing long-term changes due to changes in
agricultural practices and other mitigation efforts is especially important the arid west, where
hydrologic variation is so extreme. In this regard it is significant that the Gila River above
San Carlos Reservoir is a designated Nonpoint Source Management Area (AZDEQ, 1994).
The results of this study will also be of direct practical use to the San Carlos Apache
Nation.
Results of Prior NSF Support (since 1990).
L.A. Baker - none since 1990.
J.J. Elser
1. "Community mechanisms for ecosystem variability in Castle Lake, California", NSF
BSR-9017579, with C.R. Goldman, P.J. Richerson, and C. Luecke, August 1990-July 1994,
$83,210 (JJE's component only).
Papers, theses, and manuscripts citing this grant (only those involving JJE listed):
C-13
Elser, J.J., C. Luecke, M.T. Brett, and C.R. Goldman. 1995. Effects of food web
compensation after manipulation of rainbow trout in an oligotrophic lake. Ecology
76: 52-69.
Elser, J.J., and D.L. Frees. 1995. Microconsumer grazing and sources of limiting nutrients
for phytoplankton growth: application and complications of a nutrient deletion /
dilution gradient technique. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40: 1-16.
Elser, J.J., F.S. Lubnow, M.T. Brett, E.R. Marzolf, G. Dion and C.R. Goldman. 1995.
Abiotic and biotic factors associated with inter- and intra-annual variation of nutrient
limitation of phytoplankton growth in Castle Lake, California. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci. 52: in press.
Brett, M.T., K. Wiackowski, F.S. Lubnow, A. Mueller-Solger, J.J. Elser, and C.R.
Goldman. 1994. Diacyclops, Daphnia, Diaptomus, and Holopedium effects on
planktonic ecosystem structure in Castle Lake, California. Ecology 75: 2243-2254.
Elser, J.J., C. Junge, and C.R. Goldman. 1994. Population structure and ecological effects
of the Pacific crayfish, Pacifasticus lenisculus, in Castle Lake, California. Great
Basin Nat. 54: 162-169.
Frees, D.L. 1994. Intraguild predation in the pelagic zone: impacts of Diacyclops predation
on contrasting zooplanlcton communities. M.S. thesis, Arizona State University (J.J.
Elser, advisor).
Elser, J.J., and N.B. George. 1993. The stoichiometry of N and P in the pelagic zone of
Castle Lake, California. J. Plankton Res. 15: 977-992.
Sterner, R.W., D.O. Hessen, and J.J. Elser. 1992. Stoichiometric relationships among
producers, consumers, and nutrient cycling in pelagic ecosystems. Biogeochemistry
17: 49-67.
Dobberfuhl, D., R. Miller, and J.J. Elser. Effects of a cyclopoid copepod (Diacyclops
bicuspidatus thomasi) on phytoplankton and the microbial food web. Limnol.
Oceanogr.: in review.
2. "Food web structure and the stoichiometry of N and P in the pelagic food web", NSF
DEB-9119269 to J.J. Elser (project director, Arizona State Univ.) and NSF
DEB-9119781 to R.W. Sterner and T.H. Chrzanowski. (Univ. of Texas-Arlington).
$400,000 ($200,000 ASU component, $200,000 UTA component). LTER
supplement: "Stoichiometric processes in marine and freshwater plankton
ecosystems", $48,000 to JJE.
Papers, theses, and manuscripts citing this grant:
Chrzanowski, T.H., R.W. Sterner, and J.J. Elser. 1995. Nutrient enrichment and nutrient
regeneration stimulate bacterioplankton growth. Microb. Ecol.: in press.
Sterner, R.W., T.H. Chrzanowski, J.J. Elser, and N.B. George. 1995. Sources of
nitrogen and phosphorus supporting the growth of bacterio- and phytoplankton in an
oligotrophic Canadian Shield lake. Limnol. Oceanogr.: in press.
Elser, J.J, R.W. Sterner, T.H. Chrzanowski, J.H. Schampel, and D.K. Foster. 1995.
Elemental ratios and the uptake and release of nutrients by phytoplankton and bacteria
C-14
in three lakes of the Canadian Shield. Microb. Ecol:. 29: 145-162.
Sterner, R.W., J.J. Elser, T.H. Chrzanowslci, J.H. Schampel, and N.B. George. 1995.
Biogeochemistry and trophic ecology: a new food web diagram. In: M.J. Vanni and
G. Polis (eds.), Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics, Chapman and
Hall.
Sterner, R.W. 1995. Elemental stoichiometry of species in ecosystems. In: C.G. Jones and
J.H. Lawton (eds.), Linking Species and Ecosystems, Chapman and Hall.
Sterner, R.W., and D.O. Hessen. 1994. Algal nutrient limitation and the nutrition of
aquatic herbivores. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25: 1-29.
Elser, M., and R.P. Hassett. 1994. A stoichiometric analysis of the
zooplankton-phytoplankton interaction in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Nature
370: 211-213.
George, N.B. 1994. Nutrient stoichiometry of piscivore-planktivore interactions in two
whole-lake experiments. M.S. thesis, University of Texas-Arlington.
Kyle, M. 1994. Stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in Pseudomonas
fluorescens. M.S. thesis, University of Texas-Arlington.
Elser, J.J., D.K. Foster, and R.E. Hecky. Effects of zooplanIcton on sedimentation in
pelagic ecosystems: theory and test in two lakes of the Canadian Shield.
Biogeochemistry: in review.
Elser, J.J., D.R. Dobberfuhl, N.A. MacKay, and J.H. Schampel. Organism size, life
history, and N:P stoichiometry: towards a unified view of cellular and ecosystem
processes. BioScience: in review.
Elser, J.J., L.B. Stabler, and R.P. Hassett. Nutrient element limitation of bacterial growth
and rates of bacterivory in lakes and oceans: a comparative study. Mar. Microb.
Food Webs: in review.
Hassett, R.P., B. Cardinale, L.B. Stabler, and J.J. Elser. Ecological stoichiometry of N and
P in lakes and oceans with emphasis on the zooplankton-phytoplankton interaction.
Limnol. Oceanogr.: in review.
Foster, D.K, and J.J. Elser. Food web structure, zooplankton communities, and N and P
sedimentation in lakes of the Canadian Shield. Limnol. Oceanogr.: in prep.
George, N.B. and R.W. Sterner. Nutrient content of cyprinid minnows: relationships
between fish species, size, condition, season, and lake of origin, and C, N and P
contents. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.: in prep.
Sterner, R.W. Macro- and microzooplankton as sources of mortality and as sources of N
and P to the algae in an oligotrophic lake. Ecoscience: in prep.
Sterner, R.W. The ratio of N:P in fore- and hindguts of cyprinid minnows: homeostasis and
the role of fish in qualitative shifts in nutrient cycles in lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci.: in prep.
W.L. Minkley
"Inbreeding Depression and Adaptive Genetic Variation in Gila Topminnows" $334,514,
beginning late 1994 (co-PI with P.W. Hedrick).
This is a new award.
C-15
D. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adams, S.M., B.L. Kimmel, and G.R. Ploskey. 1983. Sources of organic matter for
reservoir fish production: a trophic dynamics analysis. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:
1480-1495.
Aiken, G.R., D.M. McKnight, K.A. Thorn, and E.M. Thurman. 1992. Isolation of
hydrophilic organic acids from water using nonionic macroporous resins. Org.
Geochem. 18: 567-573.
AZDEQ, 1994. Arizona Water Quality Assessment, 1994. Arizona Department of
Environmental Quality, Phoenix, AZ, EQR 94-3.
Baker, L.A. 1991. Regional estimates of dry deposition. Appendix B in Acidic Deposition
and Aquatic Ecosystems, edited by Don Charles. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp.
645-652.
Baker, L.A. 1992. Introduction to nonpoint source pollution in the United States and
prospects for wetland use. Ecological Engineering 1: 1-26.
Baker, L.A., T. Qureshi, and L. Farnsworth. 1994. Sources of arsenic in the Verde
and Salt rivers, Arizona. Proc. 67th Water Environ. Federation Meeting, Paper
#AC942402, Chicago (also "in prep" as journal ms).
Baker, L.A. "Lakes and Reservoirs", in Handbook of Water Resources, edited by L. Mays,
McGraw-Hill Books (in press).
Benson, L.V., Currey, D.R., Dorn, R.I., Lajoie, K.R., Oviatt, C.G., Robinson, S.W.,
Smith, G.I., and Stine, S.. 1990. Chronology of expansion and contraction of four
Great Basin lake systems during the past 35,000 years, in "Paleolakes and Paleooceans", P.A. Meyers and L.V. Benson, eds., Palaeogeography, Paleaoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 78: 241-286.
Benson, L.V.. 1994. Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River-Pyramid
Lake surface-water system. 1. Data analysis and extraction of paleoclimatic
information. Limnology and Oceanography 39: 344-355.
Benson, L.V. and White, J.W.C. 1994. Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the
Truckee River-Pyramid Lake surface-water system. Part 3. Source of water vapor
over Pyramid Lake, Nevada: Limnology and Oceanography 39: 1945-1958.
Blomqvist, S., and C. Kofoed. 1981. Sediment trapping -- a subaquatic in situ experiment.
Limnology and Oceanography 26: 585-589.
Brown, D.E. (ed.) 1994. Biotic Communities: Southwestern United States and Northwestern
Mexico. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
Burkham, D.E. 1970. Precipitation, streamflow, and major floods at selected sites in the
Gila River drainage above Coolidge Dam. US Geol. Surv. Prof Pap. 655-B: 1-33.
Burkham, D.E. 1976. Flow from small watersheds adjacent to the Gila River phreatophyte
project, Arizona. US Geol. Surv. Prof Pap. 655-i: 1-19, 1 map.
Canuel, E.A., J.E. Cloern, D.B. Ringelberg, J.B. Guckert, and G.H. Rau. 1995.
Molecular and isotopic tracers used to examine sources of organic matter and its
incorporation into the food webs of San Francisco Bay. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40:
67-81.
Carpenter, S.R., M.M. Elser, and J.J. Elser. 1986. Chlorophyll production, degradation,
D-1
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inferences from biotic remains in the sediment record. Pp. 3-31 in Baker, L.A. (ed.)
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Elemental ratios and the uptake and release of nutrients by phytoplankton and bacteria
in three lakes of the Canadian Shield. Microb. Ecol. 29: 145-162.
Elser, J.J., F.S. Lubnow, M.T. Brett, E.R. Marzolf, G. Dion and C.R. Goldman. 1995.
Abiotic and biotic factors associated with inter- and intra-annual variation of nutrient
limitation of phytoplankton growth in Castle Lake, California. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci. 52: in press.
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Desert watershed during three consecutive cloudburst floods. J. Arid Environments 9:
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North Dakota: test of a diatom-based transfer function. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:
1771-1781.
Fritz, S.C., S. Juggins, R.W. Battarbee, and D.R. Engstrom. 1991. Reconstruction of past
D-2
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Hostetler, S.W., and Benson, L.V. 1994. Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the
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and d2H in Pyramid Lake. Limnology and Oceanography 29: 356-364.
Hostetler, S.W., and Benson, L.V. 1990. Paleoclimatic implications of the high stand of
Lake Lahontan derived from models of evaporation and lake level. Climate Dynamics
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Hornberger, G.M., K.E. Bencala, and D.M. McKnight. 1994. Hydrologic controls on
dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma,
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Hughes, R. and D.P. Larsen. 1988. Ecoregions: an approach to surface water protection.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 60:486-493.
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determine the trophic base of invertebrate communities in a boreal forest lotic
system. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 52-61.
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D-3
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trace the flow of organic matter in estuarine food webs. Science 227: 1361-1363.
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E. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
LAWRENCE A. BAKER, PH.D.
Department of Civil Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306.
Phone: 602-965-0575; FAX: 602-965-0557.
EDUCATION
1973 B.S. Biology, Pennsylvania State University (emphasis in aquatic ecology).
1979 M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University.
1984 Ph.D. Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida.
HONORS
1995 Faculty Advisor, Chi Epsilon (National Civil Engineering Honor Society)
1994 Wakonsee Fellowship Program (teaching excellence).
1989 "Best Journal Article", Corvallis Environmental Research Lab
1981-2 Sommerfield Fellow, University of Minnesota, 1981-82.
POST-Ph.D. EMPLOYMENT
1984-1986 Post-doc., Dept. of Civil and Mineral Engineering, U. of Minnesota.
1987-1992 Research Associate, University of Minnesota (on loan to EPA 1989-92).
1989-1991 Technical Director, "Synthesis and Integration Project", EPA Environmental
Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon.
1992
Assistant Professor, Depart. of Civil Engineering, Arizona State University.
RESEARCH FUNDING (since 1992)
1992 Improved methods for measuring pollutant fluxes from sediments (Faculty Grant-inAid program, Arizona State University (P.I., $5,500).
1993 Can arsenic inputs to the Salt River Project watershed be controlled? (P.I., $70,000)
1994 THM precursors in Arizona Reservoirs and Canals (P.I., $18,000).
Groundwater recharge with high quality water (co-Pd., $56,797)
Coalition to Increase Minority Degrees (P.1., $4,000).
GOVERNMENTAL ADVISORY AND TASK GROUPS
• Primary Technical Contributor, Integrated Assessment Task Group, National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program, 1989-90.
• Chairman, Human Health Committee, AZ Comparative Environmental Risk Project
(1994-95).
• Merit Review Panelist, National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program, U.S.
Department of Agriculture (1994).
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B. Publications (out of 40+)
1. Five most closely related to proposed project:
Baker, L.A., T. Qureshi, and L. Farnsworth. 1994. Sources of arsenic in the Verde
and Salt rivers, Arizona. Proc. 67th Water Environ. Federation Meeting, Paper
#AC942402, Chicago (also "in prep" as journal ms).
Baker, L.A. "Lakes and Reservoirs", chapter to appear in Handbook of Water
Resources edited by L. Mays, McGraw-Hill Books (in final revision).
Baker, L.A. J.M. Eilers, R.B. Cook, P.R. Kaufmann, and A.T. Herlihy. 1991.Interregional
comparison of surface water chemistry and biogeochemical processes. Chapter 17 in
Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems, edited by Don Charles, Springer-Verlag,
New York.
Baker, L.A., D.E. Engstrom, and P.L. Brezonik. 1992. Recent sulfur enrichment in the
sediments of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37: 689-702.
Webster, K., A.D. Newell, L.A. Baker, and P.L. Brezonik. 1990. Climatically induced
rapid acidification of a softwater seepage lake. Nature: 347: 374-376.
2. Five others:
Baker, L.A. (editor). 1994. Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs, Advances
in Chemistry #237, American Chemical Society Books.
Sherman, L.A., L.A. Baker, P.L. Brezonik, and E.P. Weir. 1994. Sediment porewater
dynamics of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin: Geochemical processes and seasonal and
spatial variability. Limnology and Oceanography (July, 1994).
Baker, L.A., A. Herlihy, and P. Kaufmann. 1991. Acidic lakes and streams in the United
States: role of acidic deposition. Science 252: 1151-1154.
Baker, L.A., and P.L. Brezonik. 1988. Dynamic model of in-lake alkalinity generation.
Water Resources Research 24: 65-74.
Baker, L.A., N.R. Urban, and P.L. Brezonik. 1989. Sulfur cycling in Little Rock Lake.
Chapter 7 in Biogenic Sulfur in the Environment, edited by W. J. Cooper and E. S.
Saltzman, ACS Sympos. Series 393, American Chemical Soc., Washington, D.C.
C. Collaborators in the past 48 months (other than those cited above): Peter Fox (ASU),
Jim Anderson (ASU), Peter Buseck (ASU), Jim Mayer (ASU), Barry Wilkens (ASU), Alan
Herlihy (EPA, Corvallis, OR), Noel Urban (?), L.A. Sherman (U. of Wis.). Collaborators
on this proposal include J.J. Elser, W.L. Minckley, D.F. Charles, and L. V. Benson.
D. Graduate and Post-Graduate Advisors and Advisees
Pat Brezonik (Ph.D. chair); Jim Heaney (Ph.D. co-chair); Dean Adams (M.S. advisor).
Advisees: Taqueer Qureshi (Ph.D.); Leslie Farnsworth (M.S.); Todd Ingersoll (M.S.); Stuart
Parks (M.S.); Gary Lohse (M.S.) (all current; none completed).
E-2
JAMES J. ELSER, PH.D.
Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501. Phone: 602965-9747; FAX 602-965-2519
Education
Ph.D., 1990, Ecology, University of California, Davis.
M.S., 1983, Ecology, University of Tennessee.
B.S., summa cum laude, 1981, Biology, University of Notre Dame.
Professional experience
1990- Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology, Arizona State University.
1990 Postdoctoral researcher, University of California, Davis.
1983-86 Assistant research scientist for an NSF-funded whole lake biomanipulation
experiment. S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell, (P.I's).
1983 Research technician on two oceanographic expeditions investigating phytoplankton
growth in Antarctic Seas. W.O. Smith, (P.I.).
1981 Summer research intern, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. B.L. Kimmel (supervisor).
Awards and honors:
1990 Lindeman Award of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, for
the outstanding paper by a scientist under the age of 40.
1989 Special Commendation for quality of dissertation research, Merton Love Student
Seminar Competition, Graduate Group in Ecology, UC-Davis.
1988 National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant.
UC-Davis Jastro-Shields Graduate Research Scholarship.
1987 Sigma Xi Grant-in-Aid of Research.
UC-Davis Jastro-Shields Graduate Research Scholarship.
1986 four-year UC-Davis Graduate Fellowship.
UC-Davis Distinguished Scholar Research Award.
1981 National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship. Phi Beta Kappa honor society,
Notre Dame Chapter. Summa cum laude graduate, University of Notre Dame.
Publications: (40 published or in press)
1. Five most pertinent to proposed research
Elser, J.J., C. Luecke, M.T. Brett, and C.R. Goldman. 1995. Effects of food web
compensation after manipulation of rainbow trout in an oligotrophic lake. Ecology 76:
52-69.
Elser, J.J., and D.L. Frees. 1995. Microconsumer grazing and sources of limiting nutrients
for phytoplankton growth: application and complications of a nutrient deletion/dilution
gradient technique. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40: 1-16.
Elser, J.J, R.W. Sterner, T.H. Chrzanowski, J.H. Schampel, and D.K. Foster. 1995.
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Elemental ratios and the uptake and release of nutrients by phytoplankton and bacteria in
three lakes of the Canadian Shield. Microb. Ecol. 29: 145-162.
Elser, J.J., and R.P. Hassett. 1994. A stoichiometric analysis of the
zooplankton-phytoplankton interaction in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Nature
370: 211-213.
Elser, J.J., and B.L. Kimmel. 1985. Nutrient availability for phytoplankton production in
a multiple impoundment series. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 1359-1370.
2. Selected General Publications
Elser, J.J., E. Marzolf, and C.R. Goldman. 1990. The roles of phosphorus and nitrogen
in limiting phytoplankton growth in freshwaters: A review of experimental enrichments.
Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 1468-1477.
Elser, J.J., M.M. Elser, N.A. MacKay, and S.R. Carpenter. 1988. Zooplankton-mediated
transitions between N and P limited algal growth. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33: 1-14. (*This
paper won the 1990 Lindeman Award of the American Society of Limnology and
Oceanography.)
Elser, J.J. 1992. Phytoplankton dynamics and the role of grazers in Castle Lake,
California. Ecology 73: 887-902.
Elser, J.J. and C.R. Goldman. 1991. Zooplankton effects on phytoplankton in lakes of
contrasting trophic status. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36: 64-90.
Elser, J.J., and S.R. Carpenter. 1988. Predation-driven dynamics of zooplankton and
phytoplankton in a whole-lake experiment. Oecologia 76: 148-154.
Graduate students advised:
D.L. Frees, M.S. completed (Thesis: "Intraguild Predation in the Pelagic Zone: Effects of
Diacyclops on Contrasting Zooplankton Communities"), Fall 1991 - Spring 1994.
N.A. MacKay, Ph.D. candidate, Fall 1992 - present.
D. Dobberfuhl, Ph.D. candidate, Fall 1993 - present.
Advisors: Ph.D. and Postdoctoral: Dr. Charles R. Goldman, University of California,
Davis.
M.S.: Dr. Bruce L. Kimmel, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
The PI has also worked closely with Dr. Stephen Carpenter of the University of Wisconsin.
Collaborators on this proposal include L.A. Baker, W.L. Minckley, D.F. Charles, and L. V.
Benson. I would not consider any other scientists to be compromised by a conflict of interest.
E-4
Wendell L. Minckley, Ph.D.
Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501. Phone: 602965-6518; FAX 602-965-2519
Education:
Ph.D., 1962, Biology, University of Louisville, Kentucky
M.A., 1959, Biology, University of Kansas
B.S., 1957, Wildlife/Fisheries, Kansas State University
Selected Professional Experience:
Academic
1977-pres., Professor, Arizona State University
1969-76, Associate Professor, Arizona State University
1963-68, Assistant Professor, Arizona State University
1962-63, Assistant Professor, Western Michigan University
1970, Visiting Research Professor, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
1971-76, Adjunct Professor, 1971-76, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Non-Academic
1970-73, Acting Director, Colorado River Basin Res. Lab., Arizona State University.
1973-77, Associate Research Professor (joint appt. with Zoology), Center
Environ.Studies, Arizona State University
1977-87, Research Professor, 1977-87 (joint appt. with Zoology) Center Environ.
Studies, Arizona State University.
1984-85, Fisheries Biologist (Interagency Personnel Agreement Act Appointment), U.S.
Fish & Wildlife Service, Dexter, New Mexico.
1991-pres., Aquatic Advisor to Senior Scientist, 1991-pres., Glen Canyon Environ.
Studies (U.S. Bur. Reclam.), Center Environ. Studies, Arizona State University.
Awards and Honors:
1980, Award of Excellence, American Fisheries Society.
1987, U.S. Department of Interior, Service Commendation.
1988, Southwestern & Rocky Mountain Section, American Association for the
Advancement of Science Certificate of Merit.
1990, Certificado de Merito in Ciencias Biologicos, U. Autonoma de Baja California
Norte, Mexico.
1991, Certificate of Appreciation for Outstanding Service, National Research Council,
Water Science & Technology Board.
1990, Outstanding Graduate Mentor, Graduate Teaching Award, Graduate
College/Arizona State University Foundation.
1992-93, Nominee, Pew Scholars Award in Conservation & the Environment.
1994, Nominee, Regent's Professor, Arizona State University.
1. Five pertinent publications:
Rinne, John N., W. L. Minckley, & Peter 0. Bersell. 1981. Factors influencing fish
distribution in two desert reservoirs, central Arizona. Hydrobiol. 80(1): 31-42.
Minckley, W. L. & David E. Brown. 1983. Part 6. Wetlands. Pp. 222-287, 333-351, +
literature cited, in D.E. Brown, editor, Biotic Communities of the American Southwest.
E-5
Hendrickson, Dean A. & W. L. Minckley. 1985. Cienegas--vanishing climax communities
of the American Southwest. Desert Plants (Boyce Thompson Arboretum, Superior, AZ)
6(2): 131-175 + cover photos.
Minckley, W. L. & J.N. Rinne. 1985. Large organic debris in southwestern streams: An
historical review. Desert Plants (Boyce Thompson Arboretum, Superior, AZ) 7(2):
142-153.
Minckley, W. L. & Gary K. Meffe. 1987. Differential selection for native fishes by
flooding in streams of the arid American Southwest. Pp. 93-104 + literature cited, in
W. J. Matthews & D. C. Heins, editors, Ecology and Evolution of North American
Stream Fish Communities. Univ. Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK.
2. Five general publications:
Minckley, W. L. Fishes of Arizona. AZ Game Fish Dept., Phoenix.
Minckley, W. L., Dean A. Hendrickson, & Carl E. Bond. 1986. Geography of western
North American freshwater fishes: Description and relationships to intracontinental
tectonism. Pp. 516-613 + literature cited, in Charles H. Hocutt & Edward 0. Wiley,
editors, Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes. J. Wiley., New York.
Minckley, W. L. 1991. Native fishes of the Grand Canyon region: An obituary? Pp.
124-177, in Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management, Proceedings of a
Symposium, May 24-25, 1990, Santa Fe, NM. National Academy of Science Press,
Washington, DC.
Minckley, W. L. & James E. Deacon, editors 1991. Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish
Management in the American West. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 517 pp.
Minckley, W. L. 1995. Translocation as a tool in conserving imperiled fishes: Experiences
in southwestern United States. In A.J. Crivelli & P.S. Maitland, Eds., Endemic
freshwater fishes of the northern Mediterranean basin: Status, taxonomy and
conservation. Biological Conservation, in press.
Graduate Students Advised (Selected for stream and reservoir ecology only)
Ph.D.: J.E. Johnson (1969); J.N. Rinne (1973); R.M. McNat (1977); N.B. Grimm (1985);
Michael Horn (in progress).
M.S./M.N.S.: P.O. Bersell (1973); D.Portz (1973); Gary Edwards (1974); D.A. Burns;
N.B. Grimm (1980); D.C. Schrieber (1978); C. M. Williams (1991) CA).
Collaborators on this proposal include L.A. Baker, J.J. Elser, D.F. Charles, and L. V.
Benson. No other conflicts of interest with aquatic ecosystem scientists not listed above are
expected.
E-6
Don Charles, Ph.D.
Patrick Center for Environmental Research, Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin
Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195.
Phone: 215-299-1090; Fax 215-299-1079; E-mail: [email protected]
Education
Ph.D. 1982 Indiana University (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Limnology)
M.S. 1974 Cornell University (General Ecology; Aquatic Sciences)
B.S. 1971 SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse U.
Professional Experience
1/92-Present Leader, Phycology Section, PCER,ANSP
Director, Patrick Center for Environmental Science (PCER), ANSP
1/92-4/93
3/90-8/90
Senior Technical Consultant, Ecological Statistics Team (acting team leader),
U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR
Aquatic Team Technical Director, U.S. EPA ERL-Corvallis
5/89-3/90
1/87-5/91
Project Coordinator, Regional Case Studies (RCS) Project, funded by the EPA
(—$750 K).
8/82-12/91 Co-Project Coordinator (with D. R. Whitehead), Paleoecological Investigation
of Recent Lake Acidification (PIRLA)(EPRI, $2.7 million).
8/87-12/91 Limnologist, U.S. EPA ERL-Corvallis- through Cooperative Agreement with
Indiana University
9/77-8/87
Research Assistant, Associate Instructor, Research Associate, Assistant
Scientist, and Associate Scientist, Department of Biology, Indiana University.
General Research Interests:
Diatom ecology; use of diatoms to indicate ecological condition and environmental change;
limnology; paleolimnology; community ecology; climate change; effects of acidic deposition
on surface waters; eutrophication; lake management.
Publications (out of 35 peer-reviewed scientific articles and 30 other paper and technical
reports)
1. Five most pertinent
Charles, D.F., J.P. Smol, and D.R. Engstrom. 1994. Paleolimnological approaches to
biological monitoring. Pp. 233-293 in: S. Loeb and A. Spacie (eds.) Biological
Monitoring of Aquatic Systems, CRC Press, Baca Raton, FL.
Charles, D.F., and J.P. Smol. 1994. Long-term chemical changes in lakes: quantitative
inferences from biotic remains in the sediment record. Pp. 3-31 in Baker, L.A. (ed.)
Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs, Advances in Chemistry Series #237,
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
Charles, D.F. 1991. Variability in diatom and chrysophyte assemblages and inferred pH:
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paleolimnological studies of Big Moose Lake, New York, USA. J. Paleolimnology 5:
267-284.
Charles, D.F. 1990. Effects of acid deposition on North American lakes:
paleolimnological evidence from diatoms and chrysophytes. Special volume"
Paleolimnology and Lake Acidification", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society, B 327: 403-412.
Charles, D.R., M.W. Binford, E.T. Furlong, R.A. Hites, M.J. Mitchell. S.A. Norton, F.
Oldfield, M.J. Paterson, J.P. Smol, A.J. Uutala, J.R. White, D.R. Whitehead, and R.J.
Wise. 1990. Paleoecological investigation of recent lake acidification in the Adirondack
Mountains, NY. J. Paleolimnology 3: 195-241.
2. Five other publications
Charles, D.F. and J.P. Smol. 1988. New methods for using diatoms and chrysophytes to
infer past pH of low alkalinity lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33: 1451-1462.
Whitehead, D.R., D.F. Charles, S.T. Jackson, J.P. Smol, and D.R. Engstrom. 1989. The
developmental history of Adirondack (NY) lakes. J. Paleolimnology 2: 185-206.
Charles, D.F. (ed.). 1991. Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Systems: Regional Case Studies.
Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 747 pp.
Charles, D.F. 1985. Relationships between surface sediment diatom assemblages and lake
water characteristics in the Adirondack Mountain (NY) lakes. Ecology 66: 994-1011.
Charles, D.F., and D.R. Whitehead. 1986. The PIRLA project: Paleoecological
Investigations of Recent Lake Acidification. Hydrobiologia 143: 13-20.
Other Professional Experience
I have attended and presented papers at all North American and International Diatom
Symposia from 1979 to 1994, except two. I have also attended at least 10 special workshops
dealing with diatom ecology. I have been performing research on Adirondack lakes since
1977. I am an Associate Editor of the Journal of Paleolimnology.
Recent Collaborators
John Smol, Sushil Dixit, Richard Battarbee, Brian Cumming, Dan Engstrom, John Birks,
Keith Camburn, Timothy Sullivan, Joseph Eilers, Jack Cosby, David Hart, and Richard
Horwitz.
Graduate and Post-Doc Advisors
Donald Whitehead, David Frey, David Parkhurst, Michael Tansey, Raymond Olgesby,
Lawrence Hamilton.
E-8
Larry Benson
I PERSONAL
Birth: Feb. 6 1944, Pontiac, Michigan
Citizenship: USA
Home: 602 Pine St., Boulder, Colorado 80302
Work: U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine St., Boulder CO 80303-1066
Telephone: (303) 541-3005
Social Security Number: 491-46-5608
II EDUCATION
1 966 BS Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois
1 974 Ph.D. Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
III EMPLOYMENT
1 973-1974: Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
1 974-1976: Principal Investigator, Desert Research Institute and Associate Research
Professor, University of Nevada, Reno
1 976-1977: Visiting Scientist, University of California at Berkeley
1 977-1982: Staff Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
1 982-1994: Project Chief and Research geochemist with the Water Resources Division of
the U.S. Geological Survey
IV RESEARCH INTERESTS
Application of geochemical and numerical techniques to problems in the fields of
paleoclinnatology and paleohydrology; physics and chemistry of surface-water systems
V FIVE PUBLICATIONS RELEVANT TO THE PROPOSED RESEARCH
Benson, L.V., Currey, D.R., Dorn, R.I., Lajoie, KR., Oviatt, C.G., Robinson, S.W., Smith,
G.I., and Stine, S., 1 990, Chronology of expansion and contraction of four Great Basin lake
systems during the past 35,000 years: in "Paleolakes and Paleo-oceans", P.A. Meyers and
L.V. Benson, eds., Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 78, p. 241-286.
Benson, L.V., 1994, Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River-Pyramid
Lake surface-water system. 1. Data analysis and extraction of paleoclimatic information:
Limnology and Oceanography 39, 344-355.
Hostetler, S.W., and Benson, L.V., 1994, Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the
Truckee River-Pyramid Lake surface-water system. 2 . A predictive model of 61 8 0 and 62 H
in Pyramid Lake: Limnology and Oceanography 29, 356-364.
Benson, L.V. and White, J.W.C., 1994, Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the
Truckee River-Pyramid Lake surface-water system. Part 3. Source of water vapor over
Pyramid Lake, Nevada: Limnology and Oceanography 39, 39, 1945-1958.
Hostetler, S.W., and Benson, L.V., 1990, Paleoclimatic implications of the high stand of
Lake Lahontan derived from models of evaporation and lake level: Climate Dynamics 4, p.
207-217.
VI FOUR OTHER RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Benson, L.V., and Klieforth, H.K., 1988, Stable isotopes in precipitation and ground water in
the Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada: paleoclimatic implications: in "Aspects of
Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas", D. Peterson, ed., American
Geophysical Union Monograph 55, p. 41-59.
Benson, L.V., Meyers, P.A., and Spencer, R.J., 1991, Change in the size of Walker Lake
during the past 5000 years: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 81, p.
1 89-214.
Benson, L.V., 1994, Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 1. Sequence of
formation and elevational distribution of carbonate deposits (tufas): Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 109, 55-87.
Benson, Larry, Kashgarian Michaele, and Rubin, Meyer, 1995, Carbonate deposition,
Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 2. Lake levels and polar jet stream positions reconstructed
from radiocarbon ages and elevations of carbonate deposits (tufas): Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (in press).
VII OTHER COLLABORATIVE ASSOCIATES
Steve Hostetler, USGS, Corvallis, Oregon; James Burdett, USGS, Denver Colorado: James
White, University of Colorado, Boulder; Michaele Kashgarian, LLNL; Berry Lyons, University
of Alabama; Steve Lund, University of Southern California.
VIII Pl's ADVISOR (PhD)
R.K. Matthews, Brown University
IX GRADUATE STUDENTS
None
PROPOSAL BUDGET
Summary
FOR NSF USE ONLY
ORGANIZATION
PROPOSAL NO.
DURATION (MONTHS)
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
Proposed
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR
Granted
AWARD NO.
PI: L. Baker
A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-liTs, Faculty and Other Senior Associates
(List each separately with title; A.6, show number in brackets)
NSF FUNDED
FUNDS
FUNDS
PERSON-MOS
REQUESTED BY
GRANTED BY NSF
CAL
ACAD
SUMR
PROPOSER
(IF DIFFERENT)
1.
PI: L. Baker
o.00
1.00
$18,075
2.
Co-PI: J. Elser
0.00
1.00
$15,011
3.
Co-PI: W. Minckley
0.00
0.50
$11,407
0.00
0.00
$0
0.00
2.50
$44,493
4.
-
Co PI:
OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)
6.(
) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-5)
3
0.00
B. EL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)
,) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES
I.(
I
12.00
$79,590
24.00
$133,711
2
) OTHER PROFESSIONAL (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.)
3. (
I
) GRADUATE STUDENTS
4.50
1.50
4. (
0
) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
0.00
0.00
5. (
0
) SECRETARIAL - CLERICAL
2. (
0.00
$302,973
TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A+B)
(25% of A6) + (3% of B3 + B4) + (30% of B1 + B2 + 85)
FRINGE BENEFITS
$76,470
TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A+B4C)
D.
E.
$379,443
PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000)
TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT
$20,300
TRAVEL I. DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)
$24,883
$0
2. FOREIGN
F
PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS
I. STIPENDS
$0
2. TRAVEL
$0
3. SUBSISTENCE
$0
4. OTHER
$0
$0
TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS
G.
SO
$0
) OTHER
6.(
C.
545,179
OTHER DIRECT COSTS
I. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
$69,359
2. PUBLICATION COSTS/DOCUMENTATION/DISSEMINATION
$4,000
3. CONSULTANT SERVICES
$22,500
4. COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES
$0
$84,600
5. SUBCONTRACTS
6. OTHER
$5,959
TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS
H.
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)
I.
INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY RATE AND BASE)
$101,818
$611,044
26.0% of MTDC
TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS
$157,848
J.
TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H+I)
$768,892
K.
RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS SEE GPM 252 AND 253)
L.
AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (1) OR (J MINUS K)
$768,892
I AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT $
M. COST SHARING: Proposed Level $
PI/PD TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE*
DATE
INST. REP. TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE*
DATE
FOR NSF USE ONLY
INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION
NSF Form 1030 (1/94)
Supersedes An Previous Editions
Date Checked
Date of Rate Sheet
*SIGNATURES REQUIRED ONLY FOR REVISED BUDGET (GPM 233)
Initials - DGC
Year 1
PROPOSAL BUDGET
FOR NSF USE ONLY
ORGANIZATION
PROPOSAL NO.
DURATION (MONTHS)
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
Proposed
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR
Granted
AWARD NO.
PI: L. Baker
A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: P1/PD, Co-Pt's, Faculty and Other Senior Associates
NSF FUNDED
(List each separately with title; A.6. show number in brackets)
PERSON-MOS
CAL
I.
ACAD
PI: L. Baker
o.00
SUMR
FUNDS
FUNDS
REQUESTED BY
GRANTED BY NSF
PROPOSER
(IF DIFFERENT)
1.00
$5,678
2. Co-PI: J. Elser
0.00
1.00
$4,715
3. Co-PI: W. Minckley
0.00
0.50
$3,583
4. Co-PI:
0.00
0.00
$0
0.00
2.50
$13,976
OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)
6. (
3
) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-5)
0.00
B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)
......I. (
l
) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES
12.00
$25,000
2. (
2
) OTHER PROFESSIONAL (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.)
24.00
$42,000
3. (
I
) GRADUATE STUDENTS
4.50
1.50
$14,359
4. (
0
) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
0.00
0.00
$0
5. (
0
) SECRETARIAL - CLERICAL
0.00
50
) OTHER
6.(
TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A+B)
C.
$95,335
(25% of A6) + (3% of B3 + 04) + (30% of B1 + B2 + B5)
FRINGE BENEFITS
$24,025
TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A+B+C)
D
$119,360
PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000:)
Ball mill @ $1,500
Two Immersion Refrigeration Circulators @ $2,300/each
E.
Flowmeter @ $3,000
Recording Raingauge @ 51,500
Licor Radiometer @ $1,700
S Analysis Converter (413,500
Wet/Dry Collector @ $1,500
TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT
Computer Pentium @ $3000
$20,300
TRAVEL I. DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)
$4,000
2. FOREIGN
F
SO
PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS
I. STIPENDS
$0
2. TRAVEL
$0
3. SUBSISTENCE
$0
4. OTHER
$0
TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS
G.
SO
OTHER DIRECT COSTS
1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
$25,450
2. PUBLICATION COSTS/DOCUMENTATION/DISSEMINATION
$500
3. CONSULTANT SERVICES
$7,500
4. COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES
$0
5. SUBCONTRACTS
$45,800
6. OTHER
$1,950
TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS
H.
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)
I.
INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY RATE AND BASE)
$35,400
$228,910
26.0% of MTDC
TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS
J.
$42,331
TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H+I)
K.
RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS SEE GPM 252 AND 253)
L.
AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K)
M.
COST SHARING: Proposed Level $
$295,286
$295,286
I AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT $
PI/PD TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE*
DATE
FOR NSF USE ONLY
INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION
INST. REP. TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE*
NSF Form 1030 (1/94)
DATE
Supersedes All Previous Editions
Date Checked
Date of Rate Sheet
*SIGNATURES REQUIRED ONLY FOR REVISED BUDGET (GPM 233)
Initials - DGC
PROPOSAL BUDGET
Year 2
FOR NSF USE ONLY
ORGANIZATION
PROPOSAL NO
DURATION (MONTHS)
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
Proposed
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR
Granted
AWARD NO.
PI: L. Baker
A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-PI's, Faculty and Other Senior Associates
(List each separately with title; A.6, show number in brackets)
NSF FUNDED
FUNDS
FUNDS
PERSON-MOS
REQUESTED BY
GRANTED BY NSF
PROPOSER
(IF DIFFERENT)
CAL
ACAD
PI: L. Baker
SUMR
000
1.00
$6,018
2. Co-PI: J. Elser
0.00
1.00
$4,998
3. Co-PI: W. Minckley
0.00
0.50
53,798
4. Co-PI:
0.00
0.00
50
0.00
2.50
$14,814
I.
OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)
-
B.
)
3
6. (
TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-5)
0.00
OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)
I. (
I
) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES
12.00
2. (
2
)
24.00
3. (
I
) GRADUATE STUDENTS
4.50
1.50
$15,060
4. (
0
)
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
0.00
0.00
50
5. (
0
)
SECRETARIAL - CLERICAL
OTHER PROFESSIONAL (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.)
$26,500
$44,520
0.00
50
) OTHER
6.(
TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A+B)
C.
$ 100,894
(25% of A6) + (3% of B3 + B4) + (30% of B I + B2 + B5)
FRINGE BENEFITS
$25,462
TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A+B+C)
D.
$126,356
PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000)
50
TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT
E
$8,292
TRAVEL I. DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)
2. FOREIGN
F
$0
PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS
1. STIPENDS
$0
2. TRAVEL
$0
3. SUBSISTENCE
$0
4. OTHER
$0
$0
TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS
G.
OTHER DIRECT COSTS
$21,630
I. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
2. PUBLICATION COSTS/DOCUMENTATION/DISSEMINATION
$1,500
3. CONSULTANT SERVICES
$7,500
4. COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES
50
$38,800
5. SUBCONTRACTS
$ 1,986
6. OTHER
TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS
H.
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)
I.
INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY RATE AND BASE)
$32,616
$206,064
26.0% of MTDC
$43,489
TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS
J.
TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H+I)
K.
RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS SEE GPM 252 AND 253)
L
AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (3) OR (I MINUS K)
M.
COST SHARING Proposed Level $
$251,758
$251,758
I AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT $
PI/PD TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE*
DATE
FOR NSF USE ONLY
INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION
INST. REP. TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE*
NSF Form 1030(1/94)
DATE
Supersedes All Previous Editions
Date Checked
Date of Rate Sheet
*SIGNATURES REQUIRED ONLY FOR REVISED BUDGET (GPM 233)
Initials - DGC
PROPOSAL BUDGET
Year 3
FOR NSF USE ONLY
ORGANIZATION
PROPOSAL NO.
DURATION (MONTHS)
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
Proposed
PRINCIPAL I NVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR
Granted
AWARD NO.
PI: L. Baker
A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: P1/PD, Co-FTs, Faculty and Other Senior Associates
(List each separately with title; A.6. show number in brackets)
NSF FUNDED
FUNDS
FUNDS
PERSON-MOS
REQUESTED BY
GRANTED BY NSF
CAL
ACAD
I. PI: L. Baker
2. Co-PI: J. Elser
3. Co-PI: W. Minckley
4. Co-PI:
-
B
,---.
PROPOSER
(IF DIFFERENT)
1.00
$6,379
0.00
1.00
$5,298
0.00
0.50
$4,026
0.00
0.00
00
0.00
2.50
$15,703
.
) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)
5.(
6. (
SUMR
0.00
3
)
TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-5)
0.00
OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)
I. (
i
) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES
12.00
2. (
2
)
24.00
3.(
i
) GRADUATE STUDENTS
4.50
1.50
$15,760
4.(
0
)
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
0.00
0.00
$47,191
5. (
0
)
SECRETARIAL-CLERICAL
OTHER PROFESSIONAL (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.)
$28,090
$47,191
0.00
SO
) OTHER
6. (
$106,744
TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A+B)
C.
(25% of A6) + (3% of B3 + B4) + (30% of B I + B2 + B5)
FRINGE BENEFITS
$26,983
TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A+B+C)
D.
$133,727
PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000;)
TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT
E.
$O
$8,541
TRAVEL I. DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)
2. FOREIGN
F
SO
PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS
I. STIPENDS
$0
2 TRAVEL
$0
3. SUBSISTENCE
$0
4 OTHER
$0
$0
TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS
G.
OTHER DIRECT COSTS
1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
$22,279
2. PUBLICATION COSTS/DOCUMENTATION/DISSEMINATION
$2,000
3. CONSULTANT SERVICES
$7,500
4. COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES
SO
5. SUBCONTRACTS
$0
6. OTHER
$2,023
TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS
H.
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)
I.
I NDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY RATE AND BASE)
$33,802
$176,070
26.0% of MTDC
TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS
$45,778
J.
TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H+I)
K.
RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS SEE GPM 252 AND 253)
L
AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (I MINUS K)
$221,848
$221,848
M COST SHARING: Proposed Level S
I AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT S
P1/PD TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE*
DATE
FOR NSF USE ONLY
INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION
INST. REP, TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE
NSF Form 1030(1/94)
DATE
Supersedes All Previous Editions
Date Checked
Date of Rate Sheet
*SIGNATURES REQUIRED ONLY FOR REVISED BUDGET (GPM 233)
Initials - DGC
F. BUDGET JUSTIFICATION
Salaries: We request only 1 month of summer salary for LAB and BE and 0.5 for WLM.
Support for a post-doctoral researcher is requested; this post-doe will be a critical
contributor to the project's success as the post-doe will ensure complete coordination among
the three project PI's and two sub-contractors during the execution of the somewhat complex,
year-round research program. The post-doe will also play an important role in coordinating
our sampling with officials of the San Carlos Apache nation. Support for two research
technicians is also requested. This level of technical assistance is required for this project in
order to successfully accomplish the bi-weekly field sampling and to complete extensive
laboratory analyses and preparations (water chemistry, stable isotope sample preparation,
zooplanlcton enumeration, scintillation counting) in a timely fashion in a continuous,
year-round field season. Finally, we request support for one Ph.D. student. This student will
assist in field sampling activities, contribute towards sample processing and laboratory
analyses, and execute a thesis project on an aspect of the ecology of Gila River-San Carlos
Lake watershed ecosystem. Annual salaries are adjusted for cost-of-living increases.
ASU will contribute substantial personnel costs to this project. In particular, ASU's
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences will provide complete salary for a full-time technician
who runs and maintains the Europa Scientific mass spectrometer. The only cost to the
proposed NSF project for isotope analysis is for per-sample consummables, plus some
equipment (below). Engineering Lab Services also contributes effort for the fabrication of
samplers and related experimental apparatus, at no expense to NSF or EPA.
A considerable proportion of the funding requested in this proposal is in support of
post-graduate and graduate education and training. The work to be performed also offers
many opportunities for undergraduate students to acquire expertise in a variety of research
areas, from watershed hydrology to food web dynamics or from fisheries biology to
microbial ecology. ASU's Zoology Department has a particularly well-developed program
for undergraduate research funded by the Hughes Biomedical Institute, NSF (ECOREU
program; a program with 50% minority involvement), and NIH (MARC; Minority Access to
Research Careers; a program with 100% minority involvement that includes a San Carlos
Apache student). We anticipate active involvement by undergraduates in this project. This
is particularly important given our proposed association and cooperation with the San Carlos
Apache nation where San Carlos reservoir and its watershed are located. We plan to actively
involve local Apache citizens as best we can in our research program. One important way
that we will do this is to hire Apache high school or college students to assist us in field
sampling during the summer. The initial response to our proposed study by the San Carlos
Apache Nation has been enthusiastic.
Capital Equipment. Funds are requested for purchase of several items critical to successful
completion of the proposed work. These include funds for two immersion refrigeration
circulators (Lauda model Super RMT-6; $2,300 each) for use in creating controlled
temperature water baths for PPr measurements, $1,700 for a Licor LI-1000 data-logging
quantum radiometer, $3,500 to equip the Europa Scientific biological sample converter for S
F-1
analysis, $1,500 for a ball mill to grind vegetation samples, $1,500 for a recording
raingauge, $1,500 for a wet/dry collector, $3,000 for a computer to serve as a dedicated file
server, and $3,000 for a Gurley-type flow meter.
Travel. We will travel to San Carlos Reservoir and vicinity, located 120 miles from
campus, around 40 times per year. For the three-year project, we therefore request $12,519
in-state travel. We request around $4,000 per year for out-of-state travel, around four trips
per year. Most of this travel in the first half of the project will be to visit our off-site
collaborators (L. Benson and D. Charles) or to have them visit us. In the latter half of the
study, most of this travel funds will be used to attend conferences and present results from
the study.
Other Direct Costs: Ready access to the Zoology Department's Europa Scientific mass
spectrometer makes the work proposed a "bargain" compared to other studies using stable
isotope approaches that face >$100 sample charges. We estimate that we will process
— 1,500 samples per year on the mass spectrometer to determine stable isotope signatures of
particulate and dissolved organic matter in river and lake, inorganic C pools, watershed
vegetation, food web components, and sediment samples. At $10 per sample, this
amounts to $15,000 per year.
Other supply costs include large numbers of glass-fiber and membrane filters we require for
performing size-fractionations, preparation of large volumes of filtered lake water, and
preparation of seston OM and chlorophyll. We have also budgeted $2,250 for autoanalyzer
samples (1,125 samples per year at $2 per sample for NO3-, NH4 +, and SRP). Finally, the
supply budget in year 1 includes $1200 for purchase of water sampling devices and
zooplankton nets, $1000 for construction of three PVC sediment trap arrays, $1500 for
purchase of vacuum pumps and filtration manifolds, and $750 for purchase of safety
equipment for the new ASU sampling boat to be used in this study.
ASU will contribute substantially to this project by paying the full amount of the annual
service contract ($10,000 per year) for the Europa Scientific mass spectrometer and
associated hardware.
Subcontracts: The three PI's are well-qualified to successfully execute contemporaneous
studies of watershed runoff chemistry, reservoir limnology, and fisheries biology proposed in
this document. However, we have invited the participation of two scientists to assist in
proposed studies via sub-contract. Dr. Larry Benson, USGS-Boulder, has extensive
experience in paleolimnogical studies of lake biogeochemistry and is particularly well-suited
to contribute to sediment core isotope studies as well as the design and execution of
contemporaneous studies of stable isotope signatures in river and reservoir ecosystem
components (see attached c.v.). Because Dr. Benson is a federal employee, his participation
comes at no cost to NSF. His subcontract covers mainly the costs of coring using the
Kullenberg corer ($10,500, mostly for field technicians), related 180/DIC analysis ($15,600),
a seismic survey of sediments ($7,000), publication costs ($1500), and several trips to visit
F-2
with ASU collaborators ($1,500)
A second subcontract will involve Dr. Don Charles, an internationally-recognized
expert in the area of diatoms and paleolimnology (c.v. attached). His participation will
provide us with a unique set of paleoecological tools for assessing long-term dynamics of
autochthonous and allochthonous production in this system. A total of $50,000 is requested
for this sub-contract. Costs include 2 weeks salary/year for Dr. Charles, additional
taxonomic assistance from C. Rheimer, and diatom counts for around 120 samples ($200
each). Travel costs are included in the ASU budget.
These budgets are sufficient to allow Drs. Benson and Charles to fully participate in
the interpretation phase of the project. In an intellectual sense, they are "co-PIs" on this
project.
An important component of our proposed work is successful cooperation with the San
Apache
nation. We request $7,500 per year in subcontract so that we can arrange for
Carlos
on-reservation guides and assistants for our sampling trips and arrange for on-site assistants
that can provide rapid response for sampling the arroyos and perennial rivers during
hydrologic episodes. On-site Apache personnel will also assist with weather monitoring and
maintenance of field experiments in the absence of project personnel. It is our hope that we
will be able to recruit young Apache students with interest in attending ASU to participate in
our program in these ways and thus make a small contribution towards attracting Native
Americans to university education and potential science careers.
Overhead. Because this project involves a very large field effort, the off-campus overhead
rate of 26% has been used.
The total (3-year) project cost is $768,892.
F-3
CURRENT AND PENDING SUPPORT
The following information should be provided for each investigator and other senior personnel. Failure to provide this information may delay consideration of this proposal.
Other agencies (including NSF) to which this proposal has been/will be submitted.
Lawrence Baker
none
Investigator:
Support:
n Pending
I I Current
[j]Submission Planned in Near Future
I *Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Fate and transport of Arsenic in groundwater recharge projects
Source of Support:
Arizona Dept of Water Resources
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
68,488
Period Covered 8/95-8/97
Location of Project:
Arizona State
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
Cal:
[j]Current
I
x I Pending
Acad:
Submission Planned in Near Future
Summ:
1 mo./yr
LI''Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Scholarship for Water Conservation and Reuse
Source of Support:
Arizona Department of Water Resources
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
31,000
Period Covered: 8/95 - 8/96
Arizona State
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
fl Current
Cal:
I Pending
1
Aced:
Submission Planned in Near Future
Summ:
I
I *Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Support for Diagnostic/Feasibility Study
Source of Support:
U.S. EPA
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Period Covered: 12/94-9/95
40,000
Arizona State
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
ICurrent
I
Cal:
I x I Pending
Acad:
Summ:
Submission Planned in Near Future
0.8 mo.
I *Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Arsenic cycling in a desert reservoir
Source of Support:
National Science Foundation
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
198,147
Period Covered: 6/95 - 6/98
Location of Project:
Arizona State
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
x Current
Cal:
I I
Pending
Project/Proposal Title:
Acad:
LI
Submission Planned in Near Future
Summ:
I
2 mo./yr
I "'Transfer of Support
Can Arsenic in the SRP watershed be controlled?
Source of Support:
Salt River Project (utility)
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Arizona State
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
70,000
Period Covered: 6/93 - 5/95
Cal:
Acad:
Summ:
1 mo.
If this project has previously been funded by another agency, please list and furnish Information for immediately preceding funding period.
NSF Form 1239(1/94)
USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS AS NECESSARY
CURRENT AND PENDING SUPPORT
The following information should be provided for each investigator and other senior personnel. Failure to provide this information may delay consideration of this proposal.
Other agencies (including NSF) to which this proposal has been/will be submitted.
none
Lawrence Baker
Investigator:
I
x Current
Support:
'Pending
1
fl*Transfer of Support
ISubmission Planned in Near Future
Project/Proposal Title:
Control of THM precursors in Arizona's canals and reservoirs
Source of Support:
Arizona Water Resources Research Center
Period Covered: 6/94 - 5/95
13,535
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Arizona State
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Cal:
I
dCurrent
Support:
1 Pending
Summ:
Acad:
1 mo.
*Transfer of Support
FISubmission Planned in Near Future
Project/Proposal Title:
Groundwater recharge with high quality groundwater
Arizona Department of Water Resources
Source of Support:
Period Covered: 11/94 - 10/96
56,797
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Arizona State
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
I
Cal:
Current
x 1 Pending
Acad:
Summ:
1
HSubmission Planned in Near Future
1.1 mo./yr
I *Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Utilization of a wetland/recharge system to reclaim and store nitratecontaminated groundwater
Source of Support:
Arizona Dept. of Water Resources
Period Covered: 8/95 - 8/97
109,177
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Arizona State
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
1
I Current
Cal:
x Pending
I
Acad:
Summ:
1 mo./yr
fl*Transfer of Support
'Submission Planned in Near Future
Project/Proposal Title:
This proposal.
Source of Support:
National Science Foundation -Environmental Protection Agency
Period Covered: 6/95 - 6/98
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
1
I Current
Cal:
Pending
Summ:
Acad:
I
U Submission Planned in Near Future
l*Transfer
1 mo./yr
of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Source of Support:
Salt River Project (utility)
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Period Covered:
Cal:
Acad:
Summ:
1 mo.
*If this project has previously been funded by another agency, please list and furnish information for immediately preceding funding period.
NSF Form 1239 (1/94)
USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS AS NECESSARY
CURRENT AND PENDING SUPPORT
The following information should be provided for each Investigator and other senior personnel. Failure to provide this information may delay consideration of this proposal.
Investigator:
Other agencies (including NSF) to which this proposal has been/will be submitted.
none
James J. Elser
riCurrent
Support:
L Pending
riSubmission Planned in Near Future
I
I *Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title.
Food web structure and the stoichiometry of N and P in the pelagic food web
National Science Foundation (DEB)
Source of Support:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
$200,000 (total 3 years)
Period Covered: 3/92-2/95
Location of Project:
Experimental Lakes Area, Canada
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
I
x 'Current
Cal:
Pending
8.3-17%
Aced:
Submission Planned in Near Future
Summ:
Li*Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Research Experience for Undergraduates in Ecology (ECOREU);
(with 5 co-Pl's in Zoology Department)
Source of Support:
National Science Foundation (DEB)
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Period Covered: 11/93 - 4/96
249,932 (4 year total)
Tempe, Arizona
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
I
x 'Current
Cal:
—
I
I Pending
1
Acad:
Submission Planned in Near Future
Summ:
1
] Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Analytical laboratory for research in environmental biology
Source of Support:
National Science Foundation
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
150,000
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
Period Covered: 5/93-10/95
Aced:
Cal:
Li
7Submission Planned in Near Future
Current
Pending
Particulate stoichiometry across gradients of lakes size and geochemistry:
1
Project/Proposal Title:
Summ:
*Transfer of Support
causes and consequences
(co-Pl's: R.W. Sterner, T.H. Chrzanowski)
Source of Support:
National Science Foundation Ecosystems Program
447,385 (ASU only)
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Ontario, Canada; Minnesota
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
I
!Current
I
x ' Pending
Period Covered: 6/95 - 5/99
Cal:
Acad:
8.3%
1 —ISubmission Planned in Near Future
Summ:
H*Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
US- Mexico collaboration: environmental biology of deserts and oceans (workshop)
(E. Pfeiler,
Source of Support:
co-PI)
National Science Foundation International Programs
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Guaymas, Mexico
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
17,580
Period Covered: 9/95 - 1/96
Cal:
0
Acad:
Summ:
if this project has previously been funded by another agency, please list and furnish information for immediately preceding funding period.
NSF Form 1239(1/94)
USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS AS NECESSARY
CURRENT AND PENDING SUPPORT
The following information should be provided for each investigator and other senior personnel. Failure to provide this information may delay consideration of this proposal.
Other agencies (including NSF) to which this proposal has been/will be submitted.
none
Investigator:
James J. Elser
!Current
Support:
Li*Transfer of Support
Submission Planned in Near Future
I x I Pending
Project/Proposal Title:
This proposal
National Science Foundation / Environmental Protection Agency
Source of Support:
Period Covered:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Current
Support:
Cal:
LiPending
I
Summ:
Acad:
I
ISubmission Planned in Near Future
1 mo/yr
*Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Source of Support:
Period Covered:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
I
I Current
Cal:
I
I Submission Planned in Near Future
flPending
Summ:
Acad:
*Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Source of Support:
Period Covered:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
I
I Current
Cal:
I
Pending
I
Summ:
Acad:
I
ISubmission Planned in Near Future
I*Transfer
of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Source of Support:
Period Covered:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
I
ICurrent
Cal:
I
I Pending
Acad:
Summ:
fl'Transfer of Support
LiSubmission Planned in Near Future
Project/Proposal Title:
Source of Support:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Period Covered:
Cal:
Aced:
Summ:
*If this project has previously been funded by another agency, please list and furnish information for immediately preceding funding period.
NSF Form 1239 (1/94)
USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS AS NECESSARY
CURRENT AND PENDING SUPPORT
The following information should be provided for each Investigator and other senior personnel. Failure to provide this Information may delay consideration of this proposal.
Other agencies (including NSF) to which this proposal has been/will be submitted.
Investigator:
none
W.L. Minckley
I
x Current
Support:
I Pending
Project/Proposal Title:
Li Submission Planned in Near Future
ri 'Transfer of Support
Inbreeding depression and adaptive genetic variation in Gila topminnows
(co-PI: P. Hedrick)
National Science Foundation
Source of Support:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Period Covered: 6/94 - 5/97
224,600
Arizona State
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
LiCurrent
Support:
Cal:
x
Pending
0
Acad:
Submission Planned in Near Future
Summ:
7 'Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
This proposal.
Source of Support:
National Science Foundation / Environmental Protection Agency
Period Covered:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Tempe, Arizona
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
Current
Cal:
Li Pending
Acad:
LiSubmission Planned in Near Future
Summ:
Li'Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Source of Support:
Period Covered:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
Current
Project/Proposal Title:
u Pending
Cal:
Acad:
LiSubmission Planned in Near Future
Summ:
7 'Transfer of Support
Source of Support:
Period Covered:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
LiCurrent
pi Pending
Cal:
Acad:
LiSubmission Planned in Near Future
Summ:
n 'Transfer of Support
Project/Proposal Title:
Source of Support:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Period Covered:
Cal:
Acad:
Summ:
'If this project has previously been funded by another agency, please list and furnish Information for immediately preceding funding period.
NSF Form 1239 (1/94)
USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS AS NECESSARY
CURRENT AND PENDING SUPPORT
The following information should be provided for each investigator and other senior personnel. Failure to provide this information may delay consideration of this proposal.
Investigator:
Other agencies (including NSF) to which this proposal has been/will be submitted.
none
L.L. Benson
I I Current
Support:
Project/Proposal Title:
I x I Pending
Li *Transfer of Support
LiSubmission Planned in Near Future
Decadal resolution of variation in the hydrologic balance of western North America
Source of Support:
National Science Foundation Atmospheric Division
Period Covered: 6/95-6/98
170000
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Boulder, CO
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
n Current
Support:
Project/Proposal Title:
Cal:
IxI
Pending
0
Acad:
Summ:
I
Submission Planned in Near Future
l*Transfer of Support
This proposal.
National Science Foundation / Environmental Protection Agency
Source of Support:
Period Covered:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Tempe, Arizona
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
Project/Proposal Title:
Li Current
Cal:
I I
Pending
I
Acad:
Summ:
fl*Transfer of Support
ISubmission Planned in Near Future
Source of Support:
Period Covered:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
Project/Proposal Title:
I
ICurrent
Cal:
I I Pending
Acad:
Summ:
I *Transf
Submission Planned in Near Future
er
of Support
Source of Support:
Period Covered:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Support:
Project/Proposal Title:
I
I Current
Cal:
I I Pending
Acad:
Summ:
H *Transfer of Support
Submission Planned in Near Future
Source of Support:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):$
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project.
Period Covered:
Cal:
Acad:
Summ:
*If this project has previously been funded by another agency, please list and furnish information for immediately preceding funding period.
NSF Form 1239 (1/94)
USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS AS NECESSARY
APR. - 6'95IWEDI 16:52
TEL:215 299 10 - 9
ACAD NAT SCI PHILA
Current and Pending Support
Investigator: Donald F. Charles
Current
Support:
Project/Proposal Title: Use of Sediment Diatom Assemblages to Infer Major Increases
in Nitrogen Concentrations in Low-AtIcalinity Lakes
US Dept. of Energy
Source of Support:
23,600
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):
$
Period Covered: 4/94 - 9/95
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Location of Project:
Person-Months Committed to the Project (calendar months):
1
Pending
Support:
Project/Proposal Title: Long-Term Responses of Savannah River Biotic Assemblages to
Watershed Change, and Implications for Environmental Management
NSF/EPA Partnership for Environmental Research
Source of Support:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):
Period Covered: 1/96 - 12/98
5 682,000
Location of Project:
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Person-Months Committed to the Project (calendar months):
3
Support:
Pending
Project/Proposal Title: Integrated Ecological Assessment of the Influence of Watershed
Activites on Stream Ecosystems in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands.
Source of Support
NSF/EPA Partnership for Environmental Research
Period Covered: 10/95 - 9/98
S 898,000
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Location of Project:
9
Person-Months Committed to the Project (calendar months):
Pending
Support:
Project/Proposal Title: Creation of a Diatom Palcolitnnology Data Cooperative
Source of Support:
NOAA Office of Glabal Programs
89,975
Period Covered: 6/95 - 5/98
$
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):
Location of Project:
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
2
Person-Months Committed to the Project (calendar months):
Pending
Support:
Project/Proposal Title: Impacts of Watershed Activities on Water Quality in
Northern Aciirondacics, New York
NSF/EPA Partnership for Environmental Research
Source of Support:
10,500
$
Period Covered: 1/96 - 12/98
Award Amount (or Annual Rate):
Location of Project:
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Person-Months Committed to the Project (calendar months):
0.75
Page 2 of 2
P. 003
APR. -26 95(WED1 16:52
ACAD NAT SC! PH1LA
TEL:215 299 1 (1 9
Current and Pending Support
Investigator: Donald F. Charles
This proposal has not been submitting to other agencies
Current
Support:
Project/Proposal Title: Diatoms as Indicators of Biological Integrity in Streams and Rivers
EPA Assistance Agreement
Source of Support:
Period Covered: 10/93 - 10/95
Award Amount (or Annual Rate): $ 27$,038
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Location of Project:
9
Person-Months Committed to the Project (calendar months):
Current
Support:
Proi;.-ct/Proposal
Title: Algal Sample Analyses for USGS NAWQA Program
USGS contract
Source of Support:
Award Amount (or Annual Rate): $ 213,660
Period Covered: 9/94 - 6/95
Location of Project:
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1
Person-Months Committed to the Project (calendar months):
Current
Support:
Project/Proposal Title: Evaluation of Land Use Impacts on Acid/Base Chemistry
of Lakeviater
Source of Support:
US Dept. of Energy subcontract through E&S Environmental Chem.
Period Covered: 5/94 - 7/95
Award Amount (or Annual Rate): $ 11,500
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Location of Project:
1
Person-Months Committed to the Project (calendar months):
Support:
Current
Project/Proposal Title: Development of Periphyton Bioassessment Criteria and Penphyton
Bioassessment Protocols for Montana Lakes and Wetlands
State of Montana contract
Source of Support:
Period Covered: .5/94 - 6/95
Award Amount (or Annual Rate): $ 40,000
Location of Project:
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1
Person-Months Committed to the Project (calendar months):
Support:
Current
Project/Proposal Title: Use of Sedimentary Diatom Assemblages to Monitor Present and Past
Conditions of Lakes in the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Program - Surface Waters (EMAP-SW)
EPA Assistance Agreement to Queen's University
Source of Support:
Period Covered: 7/94 - 6/97
Award Amount (or Annual Rate): $ 60,586
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Location of Project:
0.5
Person-Months Committed to the Project (calendar months):
Page 1 of 2
P.
002
H. Facilities, Equipment, and Other Resources
Except for items for which capital funds are requested, most of the major laboratory
equipment necessary for performance of this project are already available. Over the past
four years the Environmental Engineering Lab at ASU has undergone major renovation.
Major equipment items include a Perkin-Elmer model 3100 atomic absorption
spectrophotometer with graphite furnace and a MS-10 hydride generation system, a Waters
ion/liquid chromatograph, a Waters Powerline 600 HPLC, a Gow-Mac gas chromatograph, a
Hewlett-Packard 5890 gas chromatograph, a Tekmar LSC 2000 purge and trap accessory, a
Hewlett-Packard diode-array UV-VIS spectrophotometer, a Dorhmann Model 180 carbon
analyzer, a large constant temperature room, several refrigerator-size incubators, an
autoclave, and a variety of standard equipment (pH meters, balances, etc.).
The Zoology Department's laboratories are equipped with research-grade inverted,
epifluorescent compound, and stereo microscopes (Wild/Leitz), split- and dual-beam
spectrophotometers, a submersible quantum sensor (LiCor, Inc.), a data-logging
pH/02 /temperature/conductivity meter (Hydrolab, Inc.), and a Turner Designs filter
fluorometer. A Luebbe-Traacs autoanalyzer (for NO3-, NH, Si, and SRP) is available in
ASU's Goldwater Science and Engineering Center. Facilities for culturing of zooplankton
and phytoplankton exist in JJE's laboratories in the Zoology Department.
ASU's Zoology Department has recently acquired a fully accessorized Europa Scientific
isotope ratio mass spectrometer capable of determinations of natural abundance of .313C, VN,
S'S (but see below), D, and b180. It is equipped with an ANCA-SL biological sample
converter for combustion, separation, and analysis of organically-bound C, N, and S. The
nominal standard deviation on determinations of S' 3C, 6 15N, PS in particulate material (100
1.4g of element) are 0.2°/oo, 0.5°/oo, and Woo, respectively. The instrument is also equipped
with an ANCA-TG automated gas sample handler and thermal desorption interface unit for
analysis
of gaseous CO2. It is also equipped with a 10-port PentaBloc unit for analysis of D
18
and 0. The error on determinations of 513CO2 is 0.24°/oo. This instrument is currently
staffed by a full-time technician whose salary is provided by ASU's College of Liberal Arts
and Sciences. The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences will also pay the annual service
contract. The sole NSF contribution to its operation is for real consumables costs (per
sample charges). The instrument is not currently equipped for , 34S analysis and we request
capital funds to acquire this capability.
Microcomputers are widely available in both departments. In addition, VVLM's lab includes a
Hewlett-Packard workstation networked to various digitizers and scanners. ARCINFO is
available on several workstations in engineering and zoology. Both mini- and mainframe
computers are also available, including both IBM and VAX mainframes and associated
software (e.g . , SAS) .
A Ford F-250 4WD pick-up truck with towing package is NE's dedicated research vehicle.
The Zoology Department has recently committed to purchase of a 22' Sea Skip boat with 90Hi
HP motor and full-size trailer; this boat will be available in summer 1995. We request funds
for a number of safety- and sampling-related accessories in this proposal. The environmental
engineering group (LB) owns a 16' Lowe johnboat with a 30-HP motor that is normally
towed by the department's Chevy Astro minivan.
The Kullenburg corer and customized pontoon boat are available through the U.S. Geological
Survey (L. Bensen). The Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia is well equipped for
diatom analysis.
H2
I. Supplemental Documentation
Letters of intent from Don Charles and Larry Benson
I-1
wa
United States Department of the Interior
Mariswam=
AMERICA
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
INNIIMONO111111.11
MI
3215 Marine Street
Boulder, Colorado 80303 - 1066
Phone: (303)541-3005
Fax: (303)447 - 2505
4/26/95
Dr. Larry Baker
Dept. Civil Eng.
ASU
Tempe AZ 8b287-5306
Dear Larry:
This is to confirm that I will serve as a collaborator/subcontractor on NSF proposal entitled
"Hydrological variability and organic matter dynamics in a desert-watershed-reservoir
ecosystem". My collaboration will include coring of the reservoir and analysis of carbon
and stable isotopes from surface-water and sediment samples. I have adequate support and
facilities to enable coring and sample analysis necessary for thii: fulfillment of the proposed
work.
Sincerely yours,
Larry Benson
Project Chief, Arid Regions Climate
FAX
O2
CS o5S7
AFR. -24' 95 (1ON) 17:0 7
ACAD NAT SCI PH1LA
TEL:215 299 10 - 9
P 002
FOUNDED IN 1812
RESEARCH • MUSEUM- EDUCATION
PATRICK CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
Zi5/299- I 080
(FAX) 2I5/299-1079
April 24, 1995
Dr.Larry Baker
Arizona State University
College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Department of Civil Engineering
Tempe, AZ 85287-0557
Dear Dr. Larry Baker:
This is to confirm that Dr. Donald F. Charles will serve as a consultant to Arizona State
University on "Effects of Hydrological Variability and Watershed Anthropogenic Activities on the
Carbon Supply Status of Desert Reservoirs." The Academy's involvement in this project, through
Dr. Donald Charles and other members of the Phycology Section, will include site visits and
meetings with PIs, counting of diatom assemblages from sediment cores and river and reservoir
sites, and interpretation of data and preparation of manuscripts in collaboration with the principal
investigators. The necessary support staff and facilities will be available to him for this work. We
look forward to collaborating with you on this project.
Sincerely,
• 1,
• /
Louis E. Sage
Vice President
Environmental Research Division
cc:
D. Charles
D. Snyder
file 95-510
THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 1900 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN PARKWAY • PHILADELPHIA, PA. 19103-1195