T T ^ P C I T M T T W J2 O l i l l UXh R o b b i e A r c h i t e c t s Inc. 174 St George street Toronto Ont COVER SHEET Tef(4i6)92*8 1025(416)9283 2 0 5 DATE: fyCJL TO: NAME: ' FIRM: (aimu , 7ty<AtM>£e*,t (M vd&dtfongderrv CITY: FAX NUMBER: 0 n -lt ‘4 '-'( '*t3 0 - ^ FROM: f a llu t , tfo h lo jjL /b iU zd jL cU Ifo t. TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES /J INCLUDING COVER MESSAGE: ____________________ a^Lal^ /2jfck£AAn£*Lrfa. 7 # L n Jj)L /£ #Tt- /uZAJ-t. /L&Ujj j^/M t+ n A L A ijstl, ^ L q ' JrAS>W*UALA*£A&u. A/tCeL* # Q B & i e IF YOU DO NOT POSSIBLE. I 0 0 ' 3D«d RECEIVE ALL PA G E S , PLEASE : ----- CALL s i D a i i H D a u aiaaoa woad BACK AS SOON AS it'-si ea, l\ adb THE TORONTO SKYDOME FACT SHEET For Information contact: Nicola Robbie (416)928-1025 Architectural and Structural Engineering Design: Rod Robbie & Mike Allen Architects and Engineers: The Ran Consortium. 40 University Ave., Toronto, Canada Design/Build Contractor: Ellis Don Ltd. The RAN CONSORTIUM: is a joint venture made up of: P Mne/Sane Architects Inc.* /.-.jeleian Allen Rubeli Limited Consulting Engineers NORR Partnership Limited Architects Engineers (♦Robbie/Young + Wright Architects for future stadium projects.) The consortium was formed to design and build the Robbie/Allen**award winning design for the retractable roofed Toronto SkyDome stadium. For work outside Canada - RAN International has been established. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION: Innovation: The extensive use of computer generated and solid geometric analytical modelling has allowed the design professionals to systematically assess and confirm accurate sightlines for all sitin g in the stadium. The marriage of architecture and engineering in this project has been ^ p ip le te and highly successful. The strict requirements of the complex structural design of the roof and its supporting structure have been integrated with the equally important functional and aesthetic demands of such an enormous structure. Hie new standards of stadium and retractable roof design established with this facility will revolutionize future development of stadia throughout the world. 6 Versatility: This is a multi-use facility providing the following: a venue for major league baseball, 53,400 seats, 42,000 between foul poles a 55,500 seat venue for Canadian Football (the field for CFL football is slightly larger than soccer, and 62% larger than (US) National Football) Club with 5,800 fully upholstered seats. 161 private boxes each with its own seating balcony a venue for concerts for 10,000 to 67,500 spectators 150,000 square feet of exhibition space with connection to the Toronto Convention Centre, using the stadium field Skyvision, the largest scoreboard/replay screen in the world 10.6 x 34.8 metres (35* x 115’). Over three times the size of any other existing stadium video scoreboard, the first 350 suite luxury hotel to be fully integrated into a stadium, including 70 suites directly overlooking the field, a 600 seat tiered restaurant with all seats looking directly over the field, a 350 foot long bar overlooking the field, a Subway Bar, Homeplate Bar and a Hard Rock Cafe, a health club with squash and racquetball courts, a gymnasium, swimming pool, and a 680 metre running track, offices for the Toronto Blue Jays Baseball Club and the Ontano Stadium Corporation, as well as other companies associated with the stadium *00 ■ 39yd s i D a i i H D d y aiaaoa woad 0S: ei 68. LI ddy a Founder’s Club a full TV station for Dome Productions and two large press suites, each with accommodation for 106 media representatives A Family Sports and Entertainment area surrounding the north east comer, SkyPlace. FACTSHEET: The SkyDome is the key project for the human and urban renewal of the Toronto waterfront and railway lands. Financial Statistics: The SkyDome is owned by a unique Consortium of public and private sector partners. Funds have been provided by the Government of Ontario, the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto and 28 private corporations. It is operated by the Ontario Stadium Corporation, a crown corporation. The SkyDome will have 200+ days of full operation per year. The project will have created an estimated 12,000 person years of employment for the Province of Ontario upon the completion of the project. Roof: The revolutionary rigid retractable roof is constructed of tubular steel parabolic framed arches with a skin of single PVC membrane on thermal insulation and precoated insulated acoustic steel deck. The roof will span 205 metres (674 ft.) at the widest point and will be 87 metres (285 ft) above the ground at centre field. The roof can be opened or closed in 20 minutes with 100% the field and 91% of the seats exposed to the open sky. The retraction of the roof involves W th linear telescoping and rotational nesting movements. The roof panels which are 4.2 metres thick contain 6348 metric tonnes of structural steel and covers an area of 3.24 hectares (8 acres). Movement of the roof panels is carried out by 54, 14 ton to 40 ton bogies, electrically powered along rails. Very close construction tolerances had to be achieved in order to ensure the success of the movement system. Strict safeguards against roof truss failure have resulted in design requirements that prevent progressive failure in the roof structure, as has been seen in other types of roof systems. A thirty (30-) foot hole may occur in the roof structure, without progressive failure. The loads blocked by the hole would be transferred down alternate pathways into the structure then into the ground. Construction: The Design/Build Contractor Ellis Don Ltd. under the leadership of Don Smith, George Davis and Walter Woloshyn have undertaken to build the SkyDome in 30 months. Co ordination of a crew 1000 workers comprising approximately 15 subtrades, 16 cranes, both stationary and mobile, ranging from 15,000 to 400,000 tons, as well as the constant flor of enormous amounts of construction material has been a constant challenge. The opening of the SkyDome in Spring 1989 will coincide with the 100th anniversary of the opening of the Eiffel Tower. Excellence in design was heralded in the 19th Century, in the 20th Century, excellence in design must also satisfy rigorous standards of applied function as well. The Toronto SkyDome is a shining example of both excellence in design and innovation and function grounded in sound economic viability. ** (Stadium and retractable roof design Robbie/Allen copyright 1988. Stadium and roof design protected by United States of America patent. Canadian and European patents pending.) £ 0 0 • 39yd s i D 3 i i H D a y aiaaoa woaj ISiGI 68. L 1 ddy The Toronto SkyDome A v ^ v tst , ir4CL5^WKg^«lv 'b .C . ROBBIE/ADJELEIAN/NORR CONSORTIUM Toronto, Ontario, Canada * ’****r* *• , Al left: SkyDome Construction photo Summer 1987 1 View along the Esplanade 2 SkyDome Inn 3 SkyOome: Retractable Rool New under construction m the heart oI the city. SkyDome. the world s irsl major stadium featuring a tully retractable rool, will add yet another ramahc structure to the Toronto skyltne when completed in 1989. This revolutionary entertainment complex will accommodate not only major league baseball and football, but will also provide versatile facilities lor large exhibitions, trade shows, concerts and other events of all types, regardless of the weather. The SkyOome will be a showpiece lor architectural and engineering design and construction technology. *0 ^ ^ “ Expected to host over 4 million spectators annually, SkyOome w« be an exciting new attraction for Toronto's residents and visitors alike. ^ Schedule Jjj Official ground-breaking took place on 3 October 1986 Target tor opening is April, 1989 Facts ^ Roof Fully retractable - 91% open 20 minutes to open or close 31 storeys high above playing field Covers 8 acres (3.2 hectares) in area - 674 It. {205 m) span at widest point ° ^ § ® ~ Constructed of framed steel parabolic arches, with a skin of single PVC membrane on insulated acoustic steel deck Provides utmost comfort in climate-controlled environment Seating ^ o X BASEBALL-5 3,426 seals FOOTBALL - 55,190 seals CONCERTS AND SPECIAL EVENTS - 10,000-70.000 seals Spectacular views in all directions from seating on lour different levels At Field Level. 21,564 seats in moveable sections will be positioned in a v lor baseball games, and will be re-arranged lo run parallel to the gridiron sidelines for football. Club Level. 9,534 seals, the middle tier ol sealing, will be access.blc via separate entrances, and will provide 5,186 extra wide lully uphol stered theatre style club chairs in addition to 4.348 regular seals. 122 Private Boxes provide excellent viewing ol all events. Sliding glass doors lead to 12 theatre-slyie chairs on a 2-tier balcony. The Upper Circle serviced by a separate concourse, provides 18,000 seats with intimate overviews ol the field below h m H 01 Additional Facilities By way ol several enhancements being incorporated into the stadium, i| will become a year-round people place, where viators will enjoy them solves in an extraordinary entertainment environment. 450 room hotel, with 71 ol the rooms overlooking the field 3-level entertainment centre featuring: indoor goB and sports store theatre family restaurant and fas) food outlets 600 loot bar overlooking the field Health Club and sports medicine facilities, including: swimming pool and squash and tennis courts gymnasium and aerobics area and jogging track Rentable meeting rooms for special functions and sales meetings. 3 u D ® CD ROBBIE/AQJELEIAN/NORR CONSORTIUM Concept The Robbie/Allen Design* Architects and Structural Engineers ROBBIE/ADJELEIAN/NORR CONSORTIUM, comprising; Robbie, Sane Architects (Robbie/Young + Wright Architects) Adjeleian Aden Rubeli Ltd., Consulting Engineers NORR Partnership Limited Architects Engineers Contractor Ellis-Don Limited, Toronto ROBBIE/ADJELEIAN/NORR CONSORTIUM Penthouse 40 University Avenue Toronto. Ontario Canada M5J2G3 Skydome: Retractable Roof Telex: 06-23265 Fax:(416)977-1733 Telephone: (416) 977-6226 ' (Stadium and root design protected by US. Canadian and European patents pending). Printed in Canada The Toronto SkyDome • ' - ;v V '; E c o n o m ic S u ^ ^ tc t/lo r o K ^ D . d b A J u j o l 1^8^ RAN CO NSO R TIU M Toronto. Ontario, Canada. i s i i Elevation/section ol Colosseum, Rome. Construction shot. Mpy I98& Ita ly . Elevation o l St Paul s Cathedral London. England SkyDome is the world's first major stadium with a fully retractable roof. The roof, which can open or close in twenty minutes, provides protection against the weather all year round. The architectural and engineering technology developed to operate the root has made a significant contribution to stadium design. Although used here on a very large building, the technology is applicable to any scale The engineering, pioneered in the building of SkyDome, will be pivotal to the design and construction of all future facilities ol this type. HJ— L 7 <3 co n 3 o ® ™ m x> ? ARCHI TECTS SkyDome is both functional and versatile. The building has four primary seating configurations tor baseball, football, large concerts or exhibitions. 17,000 field seals in rotating sections can be positioned to provide optimum viewing of each event. The 52,000 baseball seals are arranged in a "V pattern, while the 54.000 seats tor football are placed parallel to the field As many as 70.000 people can be accommodated for concerts or special programmes and as few as 10.000 tor small scale productions. ^ ROBBI E SkyDome is enormous The retractable roof covers 8 acres and spans 674 feet al its widest point It could enclose a 3? house sub-division or a 31 storey apartment building. If we could convey St. Peter's, the largest church in the Christian world, from Rome to Toronto, alt but the dome would fit between SkyDome's walls; only the spire of St. Paul's Cathedral in London would pierce SkyOome's roof; and Rome's Colosseum would lit comfortably under the Dome. SkyOome is truly a monument of the twenty-first century. *"* FROM Foolbal Mode . X> ^ 1 *m o m The versatility of the structure is enhanced by SkyTent, a concept that uses acoustical banners to form walls and a ceiling within the Dome. This gives the feeling of intimacy vital to certain types of theatrical and concert productions. The material is translucent and very sympathetic to film projection. Therefore it can be used to create a wide variety of multimedia. graphic and lighting effects for advertising, sports, concerts, theatre, pre-event displays and performances of all kinds. SkyTent can be set up quickly permitting small events to be scheduled back to back with large ones. clearances o l the moving root sections. PAGE.012 A lest model ot the stadium root was developed to verily the SkyOome is not just a stadium, but an entertainment complex of great diversity. The building includes a 350 room hotel, with 70 rooms overlooking the field, restaurants, bars, a health club with a swimming pool, squash courts, a gym. the largest Video Scoreboard in a stadium, offices, a Founder's Club, and television studios. The RAf nsortium was formed in 1985 to design and build Rod Rot>- j and Mike Allen's award winning concept tor a stadium with a fully retractable root The Consortium consists of three firms. Robbie/Young + Wright. Architects Planners, Adjeleian Allen Rubeli Limited, Consulting Engineers and NORR Partnership Limited. Architects Engineers. Since the firm's incorporation the principals have worked with 20 consultants, three levels of government, a contractor with a 650 man construction crew and the owner of SkyDome, the Stadium Corporation of Ontario, to orchestrate this unique project. At left, the three principals of RAN. Rod Robbie. Mike Allen and Bill Neish stand on one of the 54,14 to 40 ton bogies which will make SkyOome’s roof open and close RAN CONSORTIUM Architects Engineers Penthouse 40 University Avenue Toronto. Ontario Canada M5J 2G3 Tetex: 06-23255 Fax. <416) 977-1733 Telephone: (416) 977-6226 Design/Build Contractor Ellis-Oon Limited ** TOTAL P A G E . 013 ** * (Stadium and retractable rool design Robbie/Allen Copyright« 1968 Stadium and tooI design protected by Uniled Stales o l America patent with Canatfon and European patents pending.) Printed in Canada left to flight. Rod Robbie. Mike Allen. B ill Neish o l RAN Consortium RAN International Architects & Engineers A Partnership of Corporations LONDON - JULY 10, 1988 RAN CONSORTIUM ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS PENTHOUSE 40 UNIVERSITY AVENUE TORONTO, ONTARIO CANADA, M5J 2G3 Telephone: (416) 977-6226 Rod Robbie: Design Architect Mike Allen: Structural Engineer Bill Neish: Managing Architect (The following is subject to world copyright U.S., ECC, and Canada Patents and Patents Pending) PROPOSAL FOR UK NATIONAL UNITY PROGRAMME IN SPORTS. CONCERT. SPECTACLES. REGIONAL/TRADE/HOME/CONSUMER EXHIBITIONS & GRAND THEATRE/OPERA/MUSICAL SHOWS/LIGHT AND SOUND SHOWS. COMPRISING A SERIES OF REGIONAL FORUMS AND A NATIONAL FORUM, WHERE EACH FORUM SITE WOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING FEATURES: IN MULTI-USE PROJECTS. (C) 1988 A Retractable Rigid Roofed Stadium of the same Type as the Toronto SkyDome, having moveable field stands from 40,000 to 85,000 fully plastic tip-up seats, removable artificial turf, a very large full Video/TV scoreboard system interconnected between the 10 stadia. Stadia built for 100 year life. A SkyTent for Half-Mode events (TM) (C) with up to 30,000 seats. A large restaurant with full view of the field. A large bar with full view of the field. A large Bar with full view of the field. Gub Seats (Fully Upholstered). Private Boxes with Private Balconies Ceremonial Boxes. Dance Clubs, Casinos, Night Clubs. 3 0 0 • 39dd SIDBlIHDdb BISSOd WOdd 0P'L\ 68 < L\ d'1 RAN International Architects & Engineers A Partnership of Corporations Hotel with up to 100 rooms overlooking the field Family Games and Entertainment Areas - including "Space Theatre." Fast Food Concessions Throughout Complex. Very large number of public washrooms - especially for women. A Theatre with 1500 seats (with Flytower) for regional popular events. Offices for Teams and others. Retail Mall. Gardens & Strolling Areas with Bistros, Main Access Squares & Plazas. Arena for Ice Hockey/Basketball as an option. Parking for up to 5,000 cars, 400 coaches, 50 tracks, track docks and field access. TV, Radio Studios, and TV truck facilities, satellite dish site. Higft capacity puouc Kau/ivuau xiausu, wuu receive wide bodied short haul aircraft «< acie to Police, Security, First and Facilities. Handicapped Facilities. It is suggested that the minimum site area for each stadium be a 15 acres square plus area for all other facilities. The Proposed National network of multi-use rigid Retractable Roofed Stadia - forming nnififtH sports and entertainment League of secular cathedrals would be located as shown on the attached Map (3) and Outline Schedule. (4) 000 ■30bd SlDBlIHDad BIBBOa WO^d \b'-L\ 68. L\ add ' THE U X NATIONAL FORUMS & RETRACTABLE ROOFED STADIUMS & ARENAS 1. SCOTTISH FORUM 60,000 2. NORTH ENGLAND FORUM 40,000 3. EAST ENGLAND FORUM 60,000 4. WEST ENGLAND FORUM 60,000 5. SOUTH CENTRAL ENGLAND FORUM 60,000 6. WELSH FORUM 40,000 7. WEST ENGLAND FORUM 50,000 8. EAST ENGLAND & NORTH LONDON FORUM 60,000 9. SOUTH ENGLAND, SOUTH LONDON & EURO-FORUM 60,000 10. NATIONAL FORUM S t CENTRAL LONDON (DOCKLANDS) FORUM 85,000 NATIONAL SIMULTANEOUS AUDIENCE * 575,000 C RAN INTERNATIONAL 40 University Ave. Toronto, Cl * 0 0 ' 39bd S I D 3 1 1 HDdb 3IEE0d WOdd I P :L I 68. LI ddtf r o % oo © £ ci xn *0 \© vo $ i 10 \© \ 8 5 $ § * 18 ■« * a a a 3 3 4 II *4 s! II 11 Is 5» 8t 6 a 1 1 2 * 3I" ° * " * * % » " e8‘ M ^ J iif m I3 i po w g ^ | S 3@ a s s Q 8 Cfl MlgS K 09 41,<100 U> © o £ c? <* ->0 s s 5 Lft Lft 00 00 52Q to 2,560 8 & NO Lft OS in & § § U> 00 Lft s O U) to ‘8 ON 94,300 K.} U> Lft VS SIO>OOOQ Lft g RAN International Architects & Engineers A Partnership of Corporation* Toronto SkyDome Projecting: 1. 2. Clearance of Bank Debt in S Years. On annual Revenues of $C45 Million. 'J i , vT lik1 U.u1 A M M nni n U U IM M Wit n f «#• tPOS Millirvn —T i i A i i V ! * Ontario Govt With 56% shares on C$30,000,000 invested would make C$14,000,000 per year cany financial risks. 1R rnrnorate Partners with 44% of shares on C$28 x 5 = C$140,000,000 invested would C$11,000,000 plus free boxes, parking and advertising and promotion rights * C$393,000 (C$5,000,000 share per year or 7.86% (in 1987 dollars) Comparable incomes and profits on straight statistical basis would be Stadium Seating Capacity Income ($C) In L Millions Profit ($C) in L Millions 40.000 Not including 50.000 Seating 60.000 on Fields 85.000 (32.7) (40.9) (49.1) (69.5) (18.1) (22.7) (27.3) (38.6) 16.4 20.45 24.6 34.8 9.1 11.4 13.7 19.3 It is proposed that the 10 stadia/forums have the same retractable roof systems to achieve mavimnm building and operating efficiencies at minimum cost However that each stadium differ from the rest in Architectural treatment and Decor to give each a unique "Sense of Place", and each a unique destination on the 10 stadium tour network. For RAN CONSORTIUM Rod Robbie London: July 10, 1988 <100 1 3 0 b d S1D31IHDdd 3IHH0d WOdd e t ’- L l 68 i L\ ddd ROBBIE /• ADJELEIAN / ■ ■ NORR"" CONSORTIUM Penthouse 40 University Ave. Toronto, Ontario Canada M5J 2G3 (416) 977-6226 STATEMENT BY ROD ROBBIE ARCHITECT 11 JULY 1988 ONTARIO STAOIUM PROJEC A ©» A<C*tt«CU •« E n g m * w i to* t t t • St*d»um h o im M OtBK/TPUMO ♦ WMOH ARCHITECTS Hi Jotftt « M w • ft AOJCUkAM M iX N ftJB E U U M n t » • • NOR* PAATNCftSHlP UMITC A M X IU C T S CNOiNCERS 800 '39bd S103 1 I H D d b 3 IggOd WOdd ff.-il 68, L I ddb I am here today to suggest the Lime has arrived for construction of a major domed stadium in the United Kingdom. And, I would argue, the best model available — the only major stadium with a fully retractable roof -- is the SkyDome, nOw undsr construction on th® Tftfftnfo waterfront. 4-via nood I® hptft. While we in Toronto are subjected to uncertain weather conditions, including winter snow, no weather in the world is more unpredictable than Britain's The recent rain-out of the men's tennis final at Wimbledon demonstrated mu a L dira.Statically hcv disruptive irhe elements can be to international sporting events staged in Britain. The demand that the games must go on has seldom v ..r ---ater Mil 1 ’ons <*>f viewers around the wuiiu — not insignificantly, hundreds of corporate sponsors — and, are often deprived of television signals because weather intervenes. BvVJico That is no longer necessary in the case of -f *ij-ij . V4 4 ■ onri mnHrtrentertainment • undertakings. The answer is a stadium along the lines of the SkyDome, which next spring will begin offering a venue of spectacular appeal, where athletic events and shows will be staged 600 '30bd on schedule — regardless ot tne-weather. s i D B i i H D a b siaaoa woad s p -l i 68. n adb 1. Whv Build A Retractable Roofed Stadium. With very few exceptions major sports should be played out of doors before a live audience. The advent of sports television, both nationally and internationally has created the sports star and super star — and consequently made professional sports very costly to run. To pay, TV must operate to strict schedules, and meet its audience obligations to advertisers. To succeed professional sports clubs must a) Win — hence, expensive players b) Maintain large live audiences — to make money and improve the TV spectacle. Open-air stadiums are weather dependent. Stadiums with fixed roofs eventually lose "gate" income. The solution to the dilemma of watching sports out of doors, maintaining game and television schedules, and hence, income is the retractable roofed stadium. 2) What Will It COSt. The cost is greater than a fixed roof and is extremely design dependent. SkyDome is costing about £20 million more than a fixed root ot comparable size (ovet o project could pay for it in two years (i.e. the extra cost). 3) Roof Structure. Mike Allen, my structural engineering partner and designer of the SkyDome roof and building structure, and I believe that the only fully retractable roofs (that leave na structure over the stadium when open) which are structurally and economically practical are of rigid steel construction. Hence, the SkyDome design. Because of wind, snow, ice, rain and earthquake forces, retractable roofs should be of conservative design. The forces to be handled especially in high winds are very rare Roofs should be fail-safe. SkyDome can open and close in sustained winds up to 40 mph in 20 minutes, and can be closed in sustained winds up to 60 mph. 0 1 0 13 0 b d s id 3 iiH D a u siaaoa woad g q , l i adu -2- 4) i s I t Saf eThe SkyDome is extremely safe. It is designed for a life of 100 years-plus. It is designed for one in 100 year return wind periods — three times as long as the Ontario Building Code. Fail-safe design has been used. That is, the roof has been designed to handle severe localized damage without progressive collapse. None of the roof elements have to move on inclines when operating — removing the risk of spontaneous run-aways. 5) Copyrights and Pateafcfi- SkyDome and its stadium design is protected by world copyrights held by the RAN Consortium Architects and Engineers, Toronto, Rod Robbie and Mike Allen and by, U.S., EEC and Canadian patents held by Rod Robbie and Mike Allen. 6) Brief O u t line of skvdome Financing and Outline C o s t a . The Toronto SkyDome is owned by The stadium Corporation, of Ontario — (STADCQ)• President and Chief Executive Officer — (Chuck) Magwood. Charles The corporation (STADCO) is owned 56% by the Province of Ontario who have underwritten the financial risk of building the retractable roof — and — 44% by 28 corporate partners (private) sector. This is a unique business arrangement for building a major public facility in North America. 1 10*39«d SiD 3 1 1HDdb 3ISB0d WOdd 9P'-<L\ 68. il ddb -3- $CDN The estimated cost is (all figures in millions) 383 £ 196.5 The Province of Ontario has invested (for 56%) 30 The Municipality of Metro Toronto 30 15 140 70 28 private corporations at $CDN 5 each The sale of club seats 5800 @ $4,000 for 10 years paid up front 23 The sale of 125 private boxes (total 161 — rest to corporate partners and governments) at from $1,000,000 to $2,250,000 rent for 10 years. First and last year's rent up front. Average $1.7 million 42.5 $340,000 x 125 ------Difference made by equity investment for hotel and other enhancements and bank loan Annual income on 210 days (already booked) Profit <“•1 i 11.5 21.25 255.5 132.75 117.5 63.75 45 25 22.5 12.5 -Cl Outline of Costs Gross Budget $CDN 383.0 £ 196.5 Stadium 250.0 125.0 Hotel and enhancements 70.0 35.0 Toronto water pumping station Bridges, roads, infrastructure, land costs, soft costs 49.0 29.5 14.0 7.0 eons true tion-De sign Design (final) started Construction started Opening to public Architects & Engineers: RAN Consortium, Toronto Canada ROD ROBBIE, Architect MICHAEL ALLEN, Structural Engineer WILLIAM NEISH, Arch-Eng Management General Contractor: Ell1s-Don Ltd., Toronto, Canada Structural Steel Contractor: Dominion Bridge Ontario Ltd. (a unit of AMCA International.) April October Summer 1986 1986 1989
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