20080624a.pdf
IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Cover Sheet
Trial: 2007 WA
Researcher(s) Gary Chastagner
Affiliation:
Washington State University
Pullayup
WA
PhoneNumber: (253) 445-4528
[email protected]
Email:
ProjectTitle:
Protocol #:
Phytophthora Efficacy
07-001
PR#
Research Target
Crop/Plant
Product
EPA Reg. # Production Site
28021
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron
Actinovate
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron sp.
Streptomyces lydicus WYEC Natural Industri
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron
Adorn 4F
59638-140
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron sp.
V-10161
Valent
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron
Agrifos
72499-1
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron sp.
Dipotassium phosphonate +
AgBio
28024
Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron
Rhododendron sp.
Aliette WDG
Fosetyl Al
28022
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron sp.
26855
Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora cactorum
28025
Greenhouse
C
Greenhouse
C
Greenhouse
C
432-890
Bayer
Greenhouse
C
Alude
71962-1-1001
Greenhouse
C
Potassium phosphite
Cleary
Rhododendron
Rhododendron sp.
Disarm 480SC
Fluoxastrobin
66330-64
OHP
Greenhouse
C
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron
Fenstop
432-1389-5980 Greenhouse
C
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron sp.
Fenamidone
Bayer
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron
Heritage
100-1093
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron sp.
Azoxystrobin
Syngenta
28026
Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron
Rhododendron sp.
Insignia 20WG
Pyraclostrobin
28027
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron sp.
28028
Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora cactorum
26934
26932
28023
-
Status
Greenhouse
C
7969-184
BASF
Greenhouse
C
Magellan
228-387
Greenhouse
C
Mono- and Dibasic Sodium,
Nufarm
Rhododendron
Rhododendron sp.
NOA 446510
Mandipropamide
Syngenta
Greenhouse
C
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron
Segway
71512-13
Greenhouse
C
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron sp.
Cyazofamid
ISK
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron
Stature DM
241-419-67690 Greenhouse
C
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron sp.
Dimethomorph
SePro
28030
Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron
Rhododendron sp.
Subdue MAXX
Mefenoxam
100-796
Syngenta
Greenhouse
C
28031
Phytophthora cactorum
Azalea, & Rhododendron
Terrazole 35%WP
400-416
Greenhouse
C
Phytophthora cactorum
Rhododendron sp.
Etridiazole
OHP
Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora cactorum
Azalea, & Rhododendron
Rhododendron sp.
Vital 4L
Potassium phosphite
42159-24
Luxembourg
Greenhouse
C
26933
28029
28032
IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Project Title: PH-707; Efficacy of Management Tools for Soil Borne Phytophthora cactorum
Protocol #:
07-001
Narrative Summary (Results/Discussion)
Disease Ratings – During the course of this experiment, no disease symptoms developed on the
plants. The red discoloration that developed on the lower, older leaves did not appear to be
related to disease. Discoloration ratings ranged from 1.0 to 2.4 (Table 1) and there was no
significant difference in the ratings between any of the treatments. The discoloration may have
resulted from the flooding that was given the plants in an attempt to increase disease
development.
Phytotoxicity Ratings – Limited injury symptoms developed during this test. The only plants that
show any evidence of injury were those treated with Alude, V-10161, the high rates of Subdue
MAXX and Heritage, the low rate of Insignia, and the low and intermediate rates of Disarm
(Table 1). However, because of the low levels of injury and its variability, there was no
significant difference between any of these treatments and the treatments that had no injury
symptoms (Table 1).
Plant Growth – The initial average height and width of the plants used in this experiment was 5.8
cm and 6.9 cm, respectively. The increase in plant height and width during the experiment
ranged from 3.4 to 6.7 cm and 6.2 to 10.8 cm, respectively (Table 2). However, none of the
treatments had any significant effect on the growth of the plants.
Researcher(s): Gary A. Chastagner, Washington State University
PRNumber(s):
Protocol 07-001 26855, 26933, 26934, 26932
1
IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Results Table
Table 1. Effect of treatments on foliage phytotoxicity and red discoloration ratings
Treatment/Product
Inoculated check
Heritage WG 50
Subdue MAXX FV
V-10161 4FL
Heritage WG 50
Alude
Subdue MAXX FV
V-10161 4FL
NOA 446510
Non-inoculated check
Disarm 480SC
BioPhos
Chipco Aliette 80 WG
Insignia 20.4 %
Magellan
Ranman 400 SC
Terrazole 35 WP
Disarm 480SC
Insignia 20.4 %
Actinovate SP
Fenstar
NOA 446510
Ranman 400 SC
Stature DM 50 WP
Vital
Disarm 480SC
Heritage WG 50 + Subdue MAXX FV
1
Rate/100 gal
n/a
1.8 oz
1 fl oz
60 ml
0.9 oz
12.7 fl oz
2 fl oz
120 ml
8 fl oz
n/a
4.0 fl oz
64 fl oz
12.8 oz
12 oz
12 fl oz
3.0 fl oz
8 oz
2.0 fl oz
8 oz
10 oz
14.0 fl oz
4 fl oz
6.0 fl oz
12.8oz
4pts
8.0 fl oz
0.9 oz + 1 oz
Application
Interval
(days)
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
14
28
28
14
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
14
28
28
28
28
28
Red coloration
rating (0-4)
AUPC
1
0.0 a
5.6 a
0.0 a
12.9 a
0.0 a
23.2 a
13.0 a
9.9 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
2.6 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
11.6 a
5.2 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
0.0 a
2.4 a
2.2 a
2.0 a
1.8 a
1.8 a
1.6 a
1.6 a
1.6 a
1.6 a
1.6 a
1.4 a
1.4 a
1.4 a
1.4 a
1.4 a
1.4 a
1.4 a
1.2 a
1.2 a
1.2 a
1.2 a
1.2 a
1.2 a
1.2 a
1.2 a
1.0 a
1.0 a
Numbers in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different, P=0.05, Tukey’s
Studentized Range Test
Researcher(s): Gary A. Chastagner, Washington State University
PRNumber(s):
Protocol 07-001 26855, 26933, 26934, 26932
0
IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Table 2. Effect of treatments on increase in plant height and width (cm)
1
Treatment/Product
Actinovate SP
Heritage WG 50 + Subdue MAXX FV
BioPhos
Disarm 480SC
Non-inoculated check
Chipco Aliette 80 WG
Vital
Stature DM 50 WP
Ranman 400 SC
Subdue MAXX FV
Terrazole 35 WP
Insignia 20.4 %
Alude
NOA 446510
NOA 446510
Magellan
V-10161 4FL
Fenstar
V-10161 4FL
Ranman 400 SC
Heritage WG 50
Heritage WG 50
Disarm 480SC
Subdue MAXX FV
Insignia 20.4 %
Inoculated check
Disarm 480SC
Rate/100 gal
10 oz
0.9 oz + 1 oz
64 fl oz
8.0 fl oz
n/a
12.8 oz
4pts
12.8oz
6.0 fl oz
1 fl oz
8 oz
12 oz
12.7 fl oz
4 fl oz
8 fl oz
12 fl oz
60 ml
14.0 fl oz
120 ml
3.0 fl oz
0.9 oz
1.8 oz
2.0 fl oz
2 fl oz
8 oz
n/a
4.0 fl oz
Application
intervals
28
28
14
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
14
14
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
Researcher(s): Gary A. Chastagner, Washington State University
PRNumber(s):
Protocol 07-001 26855, 26933, 26934, 26932
Height
(cm)
Width (cm)
6.7 a1
7.0 a
6.5 a
9.7 a
6.3 a
10.8 a
6.2 a
8.5 a
a
9.8
a
6.1
6.1 a
8.3 a
8.9 a
5.9 a
5.9 a
8.4 a
5.6 a
9.1 a
5.5 a
7.4 a
5.4 a
8.8 a
5.2 a
8.8 a
5.2 a
8.3 a
a
8.4
a
5.0
7.2 a
5.0 a
4.9 a
8.6 a
4.3 a
7.6 a
4.2 a
9.3 a
4.2 a
9.0 a
4.2 a
8.5 a
4.1 a
9.2 a
4.0 a
6.3 a
3.7 a
7.1 a
3.7 a
6.3 a
3.7 a
6.2 a
3.5 a
7.0 a
3.4 a
7.4 a
Numbers
in columns
followed
by the
same letter
are not
significant
ly
different,
P=0.05,
Tukey’s
Studentize
d Range
Test
1
IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Materials & Methods/Recordkeeping
Crop History
Crop Cultivar/Variety:
Date of Seeding:
Date of Emergence:
Date of Transplanting:
Rhododendron ‘Nova Zembla’
NA
NA
10/8/07
Planting mix composed of 50% Grower Professional Media
from Specialty Soils, Inc. and 50% fine bark from Puyallup
Potting Mix:
Bark
Pot size & spacing:
2.5” x 2.5” (200 ml capacity)
Row spacing:
~ 6” on center
Product(s) applied prior to start of experiment:
Product
Rate
Application
Date of
Crop Growth
Application
Type
Application
Stage
Volume
Apex Micromax 4 tsps
Incorporation 10/08/07
2.5” potted
1 cu ft fine
Nutrients
plants
bark &
18-6-12
Growers
Media
Experiment Information
Experimental Design:
Number of Reps:
Randomized complete block
5
Materials & Methods:
Experiment design consisted of 27 treatments with 5 replications per treatment. Replications
were assigned based on initial plant height. All of the plants were drenched with various rates of
17 different fungicides 2 days prior to inoculation (Tables 3 and 4). All of the treated plants and
the inoculated checks were inoculated on November 1, 2007. For this inoculation, P. cactorum (#
348) was plated on corn meal agar amended with ampicillin, rifampicin, and pimaricin (CARP).
Once fully colonized, 41 plates of the inoculated media were ground in a blender along with 7 L
distilled water to make a slurry suspension. Each plant was inoculated by pouring 50 mls of the
solution directly into the soil of the potted plant by making a hole in the soil (approx. 1 inch
deep) around the base of each plant. Following inoculation, the plants were maintained in a
greenhouse with 18 hours of light per day. Greenhouse temperatures were set on 12 hours
intervals of 77-85F during the day and 65-75F at night. Each pot received approximately 75 mls
of distilled water every 2.85 days via hand watering. On December 6, 2007 the plants were
submerged in individual cups of water for a 24- hour period in an effort to facilitate disease
symptoms.
Researcher(s): Gary A. Chastagner, Washington State University
PRNumber(s):
Protocol 07-001 26855, 26933, 26934, 26932
2
IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Application Equipment:
the drench treatments.
A graduated cylinder was used to measure out the suspensions for
Table 3. Product(s) applied during experiment (including treatments, fertilizers, etc):
Names and sources of products tested
PRODUCT/CODE
COMMON NAME
Actinovate SP
Streptomyces lydicus
Alude
Phosphorous Acid Gen.
BioPhos
Phosphorous Acid Gen.
Chipco Aliette 80 WP
Fosetyl Al
Disarm 480SC
Fluoxastrobin
Fenstar
Fenamidone
Heritage WG 50
Azoxystrbin
Insignia 20.4%
Pyraclostrobin
Magellan
Phosphorous Acid Gen.
NOA 446510
Mandipropamid
Ranman 400SC
Cyazofamid
Stature DM 50 WP
Dimethomorph
Subdue MAXX FV
Mefonaxam
Terrazole 35 WP
Etridiazole
V-10161 4FL
Flupicolide
Vital
Phosphorous Acid Gen.
Researcher(s): Gary A. Chastagner, Washington State University
PRNumber(s):
Protocol 07-001 26855, 26933, 26934, 26932
MANUFACTURER
Natural Industries
Cleary
AgBio
Bayer
Arysta
Bayer
Syngenta
BASF
Nufarm
Syngenta
Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd.
SePRO
Syngenta
Chemtura
Valent
Luxembourg Industries
3
IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Table 4. List of treatments, rates and application intervals
Treatment/Product
Non-inoculated check
Inoculated check
Ranman 400 SC
Ranman 400 SC
Heritage WG 50
Heritage WG 50
Heritage WG 50 + Subdue MAXX FV
Subdue MAXX FV
Subdue MAXX FV
V-10161 4FL
V-10161 4FL
Chipco Aliette 80 WG
Terrazole 35 WP
Stature DM 50 WP
Actinovate SP
Alude
BioPhos
Disarm 480SC
Disarm 480SC
Disarm 480SC
Fenstar
Insignia 20.4 %
Insignia 20.4 %
Magellan
NOA 446510
NOA 446510
Vital
Rate/100 gal
n/a
n/a
3.0 fl oz
6.0 fl oz
0.9 oz
1.8 oz
0.9 oz + 1 oz
1 fl oz
2 fl oz
60 ml
120 ml
12.8 oz
8 oz
12.8oz
10 oz
12.7 fl oz
64 fl oz
2.0 fl oz
4.0 fl oz
8.0 fl oz
14.0 fl oz
8 oz
12 oz
12 fl oz
4 fl oz
8 fl oz
4pts
Application
intervals
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
14
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
14
14
28
All plants were drenched with the equivalent of 2 pints of solution per sq. ft. with the exception of
Alude, which received 1 pint of solution per sq. ft.
Researcher(s): Gary A. Chastagner, Washington State University
PRNumber(s):
Protocol 07-001 26855, 26933, 26934, 26932
4
IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Environmental conditions during the experiment:
See the attached environmental data file (Ph-707; Environmental Data) for specific temperature
relative humidity, and watering schedule.
Researcher(s): Gary A. Chastagner, Washington State University
PRNumber(s):
Protocol 07-001 26855, 26933, 26934, 26932
5
IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Data Collected
Disease and Phytotoxicity: Disease severity was rated on a scale of 1-4; 1= no disease, 2= slight
disease (slight chlorosis), 3= moderate to severe (moderate chlorosis/necrosis), 4= dead plant.
Some plants developed a red discoloration, mainly on the lower leaves. The severity of
discoloring was rated on 12/26/07 on a scale of 1-4; 1 = no discoloring, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate,
and 4 = severe.
During the course of this experiment, there were signs of minor injury (phytotoxicity) to some
plants, particularly on new growth. Necrotic spots on the leaf edges developed causing the leaves
to curl under. The severity of injury was rated on a scale of 0 to 10; 0 = no injury, 1 = 1 to 10%,
2 = 11 to 20%, ..., and 10 = 91 to 100 % of the foliage injured. Phytotoxicity ratings were taken
on day 28 (11/29/029), 42 (12/13/07), and 55 days (12/26/07), after the start of the experiment.
An ‘Area Under Phytotoxicity Curve’ (AUPC) was calculated the same way ‘Area Under
Disease Progress Curves’ (AUDPC) are calculated. AUPC = Σ [(0.5)(Yi + 1 + Yi)(Ti + 1 + Ti)]
where Y = severity of injury at time T, and I = the time of the assessment
(in days numbered sequentially beginning with the initial assessment).
Plant Growth: The height and width of each plant was measured one day before
the plants were inoculated (10/31/07) and at end of the experiment on 12/28/07
(day 57). The height of each plant was measured from the upper most growing
point to the surface of the potting media. Two width measurements were taken on
each plant. These represented the maximum and minimum widths of the plant.
These were then used to calculate the average diameter for each plant. The effect
of each treatment on plant growth was determined by subtracting the initial
measurements from the final measurements to determine the increase in plant
height and width.
Data analysis: Data were analyzed using ANOVA (GLM SAS) and treatments means were
separated using Tukey’s Studentized Range Test.
Raw Data
See attached file: PH-707; Final Rpt Raw Data 6_9_08
Researcher(s): Gary A. Chastagner, Washington State University
PRNumber(s):
Protocol 07-001 26855, 26933, 26934, 26932
6