.2008 .97 123 ,7 ,
:
1
!
!
!
"
11
?
"
–
." ! "
%
%
!
2
"
2,1
,
% ,
" ?
" % "
% "
" !
"
! "
,
" ! & % ' !
" !
! .
" ! #
!
#
!" .
% #
" ! #
!
#
! # !
"
!
#
" ! #
!
#
"
%
!
" ! #
!
%
!
#
#
"
#
!
"
#
"
"
"
,"
"
."
!
"
"
"
"
!
! %
!
."
&
"%
% !
–
"
" ! #
"%
!
#
"
,"
."
!
% ! ." ! #
!
!
"
& "
! " "
% !
,"
"
"# !
! + %
"
"
" "
" " !
,+ ! .
#
" "
! 3 %
! % ,
"
"
" ! #
" ! #
"!
" ,"
."
# )
!
#
?
.
,Predicate argument Structure – PAS
"
"
,"
1
!
"
!
3 % (
," ! " #
"
"
% !
!
%
%
" #!
." ! #
!
"
!
"
&
"
.(
!
'
!
)
" "
! "# ) .
#
#
.(
," ! #
," ! #
! :
%
#%
!
"
#
#
" #! "
!
!
!
,
%
."
. %
#
.
"
"
! ! ?
! ! ;
.
"
" ! #
!
"
! !
!
#
!
,
!
# +
!
–
"% "
!
" & !
98
;# !
–
#
!
"
"
–"
"
," ! #
!
% "
!
"
! ! ; !
" !
:
"
–
" ! #
" "!
"!
"
." ! #
#
. %
"
%
!
!
% (predicate argument structure – PAS) " ! #
!
"
%
!
! #
.(
," ! #
! #
,
,
. !
! %
,(
"
/
–"
,
!*,
!
(x,y)
! !
(x,y,z)
! #
, (1
" z y" ! #
"
%
!
,
," + "
! #
:
+
! #
:" ! #
.
(1 )
! .
! :" ! #
.#
# )" ! #
.( #
"
,"
%
(x)
.
)
)
!
+
(x)
! " ! #
! #
! *,
!
"
"
"! "
. (# 1 1
# )
)" ! #
%
! #
!
+
. (+
!%
#
" ! #
"
.
! !
!
!
" !
" ! ")
"
!
.
, #
)
#%
" ! #
!
#
!
,(Levelt, 1989, 1992; Shapiro, 1997, 2000; Shapiro, Zurif, & Grimshaw, 1987
.(Haegeman, 1994)
thematic)
"
.
"
.
"
+
"!
"!
"
" ! #
,
– (agent)
%
%
+
"
, #
!
"
"! ! "
"
"
– (theme)
Chomsky, 1986; Grimshaw, 1979, 2006;)
" ! " (# 1 )
.
"
!
"#
!
"!
" ! #
(grid
"
"
" ( -roles ,- theta roles)
"
"
, !
.
" #
"
%
+
– (goal)
.(Pesetsky, 1991; Shapiro, Zurif, & Grimshaw, 1987, 1989
" ! " ,
" ",
%
99
! #
"
:
, !
"
"
%
"
"
!
"
.
,
.(Chomsky, 1981; Haegeman, 1994; Shapiro, 2000)
"
! "
" #! ,
"
!
"
–
%
! #
!%
" #! "
.( #!
"
"
,'
! %
)"
%
.(Reinhart, 2001; Reinhart & Siloni, 2004) "
,
"
"
,
,
.
( #! , !)
"
– (reduction) ! #
! #
! #
"
! #
!
! ,
! #
%
!
"
!
,!% ,
! #
%
#
#
, %
#
#
#%
Chomsky, 1965; Friederici, 1995;)
%
!!
#
"
+ %
"
"
.( 2 )
"
"
!"
.(3
% #
, % #
# ) (CP)
)
.( 2
#
(NP , "%)
)"
"
,
"
.(CP , ,
"%]
"%]
+
[
."
]
%
!
.
[ " %] [ " %]
! .#
%
,"
" !" "
(NP) "% "
– %
[
[
.
[ " %]
!
!
"
)"
[ " %] +
! !
"#
%
"
!
"%]
!
!
!
"%]
[ !
# ! ."
"
#!
.( 2 ) #
!
,(PP , "%)
"
% + ! .(#2 # ) "
,
[
"
%
" !"
% " !
[
"!
"
.(Grimshaw, 1979
,
% ,
"
[
!
"
.(Haegeman, 1994; Shapiro, 2000)
, #
+ % ! + %–"
% !
"#
"
"
,
#
!
"
"
"+ "
+ !
"
" ! #
"
,(SVO
!
+ %
,
"
!
!
"
#
[ ]
.
#
,
%
(2 )
"
#
" ," + "
#
%
"%]
! ! .
]
! ! .
(3 )
100
"
("
)" ! #
"!
"
%–"
"
,
#
&
."
!" 4
.
! "#
,
," !
"
#
" ! %
"
" #
"!
" ,
"!
+ !
%
"
][
#%
Shapiro, Gordon, Hack,)
"
"
[
"
" ! #
% , #
]
"
!
!
! ," ! #
#
(4 )
#!
"
! ,
.(& Killackey, 1993
" ! #
:
"
"
" ! #
#
, ! #
+ % #
.
;(
#
#
#
#
" ! #
,
%
"
!&
%
" ! #
.
"
"
% " ! #
"
!
Shapiro et al., 1987, 1989,)
,"
! )
#
;
#
" !
"
%
#%
#
!
% !"
.(1991, 1993; Shapiro & Levine, 1990; Shetreet, Palti, Friedmann, & Hadar, 2007
" !
#
," ! # !
%
!
%
"
,
" "
! "# % " .
&
" –" ! #
!
#
"
" "
! % ,"
%
."
#
,
,
,
" ! #
" !
% !
!
.(Shapiro & Levine, 1990, Shapiro et al., 1993) " % " ! #
% Shetreet et al. (2007) .
)
" ! # !
%
# ,wh movement
+ %
!
!
"
%
,+ ! .( %
Ben-Shachar, Palti, & Grodzinsky, 2004; Grodzinsky,)
Shetreet et)
!
–"
!
#
" %
"
%
# ,
!
#
%
" ! #
!
,(2000
#
.(al., 2007
ERP
" ! #
" ! #
!
,
"
" !
#
"
!
%
!
" .Rubin, Newhoff, Peach, & Shapiro (1996)
! ."
" ! # ! !
"
! .CMLD
! ," #
"
%–
!
#
%
101
& ,
!
"
,
%
#
"
"
%
% ,
P300
P300
#
." #
% %
% ! .P300
#
.
%
"
"
# !
"
%
"
,
" %
.
" " !
% "!
" ! #
!
"
"
% (Kim & Thompson, 2000; Thompson, Lange, Schneider, & Shapiro, 1997) ("
" ! #
"
# "
! ,"
" ! #
/" ! " "
" ! #
! #
! " "
"
% " ! #
.(three-place verbs) " ! #
"
:
"
,
!
." ! #
!
% " –
" "
.(
!
)"
" ! #
!
% !
"
.Edwards (2002) "
% , !
."
"
!
!
#
" ! #
" "
! % " ! #
" "
!3 % " ! #
"
" ! #
!
Abney (1989) ?"
! "
% +
) ."
!
)"
"
! .
! " "
%
#
"
%
)"
,
"
"
! "#
."
"
" "
&
."
.
! % ("% "
% " ." !
!
!
% !,
"
! "
!" "
!
!
!
"
! !
" %
,
" "
"
Zurif, Lanzoni, & Cermak (1992)
, #
"
%
!
#
&
" "
"
!
"
"
"
+ %
)"
"
! %
!"
."
"
! !
&
Shapiro, McNamara, ."
"
&
!
self-paced reading :
.
!
"
Clifton, Speer, & Abney (1991) .(
! "
#
#
" %
!
–"
"
" ! #
(two-place verbs)
" "
%
# )
("
! "
"
"# ,(
" ! "
"
! "
"
%
%
#
%
." !
%
"
!
102
–
"
Lederer & Kelly (1991)
! "
! " ."
! "
+ %
"
!
,
!
.("
85
"
!
8 16 ! )
, !
"
%
.
,"
! "
,"
% !
! ,"
."
#
,
" " !
!
" ,
%
." !
"
%
" "
–
" ! #
,
."
"
!
"
!
!
#
! % "
"
!
!
%
!
!
"
#
%
% !" % "
,"
" ! #
,
% !
"
%
" #!
!
"
"
"
,
,
"
–
!
.
!
"
," ! #
%
!
"
#
#
"
"
."
"
,"
"
!
"
#
50
"
!
"
!
(RT)
.( ! 19 8
10 % ." ! 3 "
%
(AL
!!
RA) " !
"
"
!
.( ! 73 32
!
." ! 44
!
!!
"
! .
"
#
("
&
!
"
!
%
# )
"
!
!
!!
.
" "
!
!) " !
.
(Shechter, 1965) "
"
%
% ,
%
!) " ! 4
,(Friedmann, 1998) "
%
:
!
,
"
! 11
(AE)
" ! , !
.( ! 13
"
" "
" #. !
,
"
!) " ! 13
"
"
#8,
!
!
!
"
"
."
103
,
!
"
,"
"
"
,"
&
"
!
,
#
"
."
," #
"
!
4
!
!
&
"
"
" #
."
.
!
."
%
" # ." ! 31 "
# 10 ,
"
! 41
,"
!
#
%
:
%
.( ! 61
19
!) " ! 36
.
#
!
&
"
"!
"
.
"
&
"%
"
!
!
"
,
"
!
–
"
+
,
!"
(Friedmann, 2003 ," # ! "
,
% %
"
"
,(Biran & Friedmann, 2004)
&
(Friedmann & Gvion, 2003 ,
"
.(Friedmann & Gvion, 2002 ,
! ,
!
(AO, SM) "
&
"
(HY, AL) "
–
.# !
!
" !
AL
"#
)
"
"
&
"
&
" "
!5 !
" (YD, ND, MK) "
4 ,# !
&
,"
! ! :
,# !
"
" #
.(Friedmann, 1998 ,"
!
)
)
)
!
,
"
"
! 3 ,# !
"
" (RA, RT, AE, GR) "
.
,
"
!
# !
–
PAS Tests for) PASTA
!
"!
6 ,
" "
"
"
"
!
."
&
"
" ! #
!"
"
!
"
"
!
!
#
#
.
"
!
!
& %
.(Aphasia
!
"
#
"
4
"
#
&
% #
."
"
"!
%
!
," ! #
,"
"
"
#
."
%
#
%
#%
" ! #
104
"
!
"
"
41
#%
"
–
.1
.
"
57 – (CP)
"
!
"
"
"
.
."
,+ ! .
"
"
"
"
44 – "
" "
, # !
!
" "
#
#%
"
5
"
!
!
–"
!
"
%
.2
!
"
"
"
" "
!
"
" ! %
"
" "
"
."
"
"
"
.3
"
!
# ! "
, # !
,
!
!
" "
"
"#
"
"
!
,
"
!
.4
"
"
"
#
." !
"
"
!
"!
"
#
"
!
!
"
!
"
%
"
!
%
." !
!
,
"!
. !
#
.
:
.
!
)"
"
" "
# ! :"
!
" ! #
)"
! , ("
% 45
"
"
!
"
,
"
!
" ! #
!
!
"
) "
! & ! !
. !
#
!
%
,( " % ,
"
" "
!
!
"
"
# ! "
.(
" ! #
" !
"
:
(CP)
"
100
! ,"
."
,"
,"
CP "
%
45
.(
"
,
"
% !
!
,"
# !
5) "
"
"
"
,
,"
"
)"
"
."
"
" CP "
"
CP "
55
"!
!
! –"
#
" "
%
% ! "
"
"
!
!
" ! #
!,
"
,"
,
" (#
.
"
# ! :"
,
!
."
10 ,"
,"
, ("
" "
1
"
,"
!
,(
,"
, "% "
!
77
)"
!
,
"
! – !
"
7 ,"
#
,"
"
%
"
! )"
,(IP)
" "
"
"
%
,"
"
,"
! "
"
"
1
105
)
"
! "
" #%
"
"
" "
!
"
,"
"
) "% "
"
"% "
"% "
"
"
"
"
"!
.
!"
#%
# ! "
!
"
.("
&
!
, "% "
"
"% "
, "% "
"
"
" #%
!
"
"
!
"
. ("
: "%
%
.
"
"
"
!
"
"
!
" (#
8) "
–
!
! "
,
"
%
%
"
" "
," ! #
." ! #
#%
,
"
&
!
!
–"
!
#
!
! !
"
"
"
!
!
"!
#
" "
"
#
!
,#
"
"
" "
#%
!
!&
,
"!
"
,"
!
!
"
,"
"
" ."
,
"
!
,"
"
,"
! !
.
#% "
! "
#
."
"
%
! &
." ! #
!
#
" ! #
"
!
,
80
/"
#%
.
!
"
RA
,"
MK
"
! 11
AL
,
) ."
.(
!
(C2)
!
%
!
"
#!
!
."
" #
(ANOVA)
!
%
"
"
"
3,
!
"
!
! 41 &
7
+ %"
.
%
:
.(0.84 " )
2 3"
,
.
. !
"
"
"
!
"
% :
%
! 99%
!
%
106
%
#
" ! #
!
#
"
–
.
?
," %
" ! #
!
#
"
– "
,
! "
!
,
–
!
.
!
Crawford & Howell,
%
.
! 85%
t
%
"
,
% %
%
# Willmes, 1990
%
)
"
"
.(
"
!
) t-tests
!
%
(1998
! 99%
" %
85%
%
HY, AL :(aPASia)
.RT
!
"#
!
% !
"
– " ! #
.(1
" ! #
)
!
AO
MK
ND
YD
RA
AE
GR
RT
HY
AL
1
2
0
4
0
2
2
8
3
10
4
0
1
0
0
0
3
2
2
5
4
6
15
53
41
55
31
49
53
68
39
61
48
94% 100% 93% 100% 90% 93%
93%
85% 79%
"
% "
77% 79%
"
1
2
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
"
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
"
34
80
99
51
90
100
79
77
%
, %
#
" ! #
) !
"
!
,
% & ,
!
GR
" ! #
!
.
%
%
#
!
!
%
.
#
RT
#
!
&
%
"
% "
#
" ! #
% "
%
"
96% #100% 84%
& , ! 85% ,
" #
"
0
% (2007 ,
."
"
!
%
"
2
99%
"
"
0
98% 100%
#
"
0
100% 100%
!
.1
SM
93%
!
!
"
!
%
,
" ).
!
% ! RT %
" ! #
–
.
!
#
107
, %
#
#
%
–
#
.(
," ! #
!
#
,
! 11
!,
–" ! #
&
."
!
"
! !
"
"
#
! % , "
"
+
"# "
.
–
%
!
,( !
!
%
& & % , %
+ %
%
#
# "
+ %
)
. (2
)
%
!
%
&
,
– "!
%
"
%
+ % ! + %
," ! #
!
#
!
.(Dotan & Friedmann, 2008 , # !
,
% "
"
!
"
" #
%
"
#
%
,
,!
+ %
"
2/2) AO %
(
+ %
+ %
"
":
%
(" "
" .!
+ %
."
#
"
,"
#
"
+ %
)
," "
! + %
)
) !
+ %
+ %
%
.("
1/3) GR %
3/7 ,
.(
(
"#
) "% "%
#
! "%
.
HY, RT,)
3
18 ,
"
"
AL,)
" "
Friederici, Schönle, &
" !
#! )"
2
!
"#
(AL)
(RT
!
HY)
)
%
! "#
%
#
!
!
" "
,
8 – ( "% "%
%
" & ,(GR, AE
,
!
.(RA
,
,Garrett, 1982; Grodzinsky, 1984
. ("
#
"%
!
" !
"
, %
!
#
.
108
%
SM AO
MK
ND YD RA
.2
AE
GR
RT HY
AL
2
0
0
0
0
2
3
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
5
7
2
3
1
0
1
0
2
1
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
% "
( "% "%
% "
)
"%
"%
("
% "
( "% "%
% "
"%
)
)
"%
("
"
0
)
="
.
"
" "
.
!
,
"
!
& .
."
,
!
–
,
," !
"
!
.
!
!
,"
,
,
.
,
"
!
–
"
!
!
%
! % .
+ %
: #
! "–
+ %
;"
" %
% '
!#
!
."
%
+ ! ) ." % %
.(" ! #
%
. %
"–
! ..
,
"
!
"
,
"–
!
;"
"
"
"# % !
2,
% %
;"
!
("
'
"
,
#
!
!
#
%
,
%–
(
'
."
! %
" ! #
!
!
:
," %
"
" ! #
" ! #
;"
.. ..
,
"
!
#
#
"
!#
"–
,HY % ,"
–
% #
.. # ..
"–
!
4&
.. ,
!
"
,
,"
,
!
!
%
#
"
! "
.
%
# )
'
" "
#
) "
#
!
"
"
#
#
!
%
.CP "
!
"
,
"
" .
%
#%
,CP
"
#"
,
109
"
"
!
! % .CP "
"
"
"
,
"
% ." '
"
!
! ' ..
"
–
& " "
.. ..
" ! #
,
–
"
" ;"
!
"
!
": #
..
#
!
& ,(CP "
!
%
.
," ! #
!
#
"
! 11 &
"
,
.( %
&
–
"
(RA, AE, GR)
#
%
;"..
,
!
"
!
"
#
"
)" ! #
!
)
,"
%
!
.
#
% ,"
.
? %
#
" %
"
,(RT
%
"
,!
"
#
" ! #
% ! "
."
!
!
" %
"! "# "
!
#
"#
"
!
"! !
) " ! #
!#!
–
!
%
HY,AL) " ! #
" ! #
,
!
!
!
& ," ! #
" "
! %
AL
,
!
"
!
"
"
!
!
!
" ! #
%
."
"
!
"
#
)" ! #
!
#
.
!
!
!#!
%
" "
#
%
" "
,
#
!
# )
!
" ! #
#
"
, ("
# !
"
,
! "
!
) (" ! #
HY
–
.# !
%
,
!
%
, %
)" ! #
!
& & % .(
!
!
#
!#!
!
% .
!
,# !
," ! #
!
!3
.(2007 ,
RT
.
,
!
," !
!
,
% "
.
"
"
"
#
!
"
"
" ! #
% " #% 3
(""
""
!
110
.
& % "
"
,(
)
"!
"#
" "
"
!
"
."
( ! %) " !
#
"
"
RT
HY
RT
HY
AL
75
63
63
63
75
88
100
88
100
50
25
13
38
25
17
13
75
29
60
60
20
17
0
25
100
17
20
40
0
83
50
33
25
25
67
20
44
33
33
0
100
80
100
0
60
60
0
60
67
40
50
50
0
,
!
"
"
?"
" "
#%
%
!
%
!
!
% .3
"
# !
"
!
"% "
"
!
%
%
"
!
"
"
# ! "
!
IP "
CP "
"
" "
!
"
"
!
–"
" "
"
.1
! "
! " "
?"
:"
"
" "
,
"# .(p > .05 ,C2
" –"
#
( "% ,
+ "
"
#
!
)"
!
) "
"
"
+
%
%
!
% !
%
"
!
# ! "
" "
% !
"# – "
!
."
+
%
"
"
"
!
,"
"
"
.
+
%
!
#
"
%
% !
–
# !
,
"
!
!
%
%
%
!
" "
!
# ! "
!
!
! 100%
"
"
" "
!
)"
# !
" "
% ! – ("
." #
"
&
#
""
"
!
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
,
!
"
,+
!
!
111
,p > .05 ,C2
)"
!
"
!
" % "# ,
!
"
"
+
"
!
%
.
% !
–
!
"
,
%
"
"
!
!
)"
%
!
"
2
!
"
+
% "
% !
!
.("
% !
# !
"
!
%
" "
"
!
%
,p > .05 ,C
!
"
# !
"
"
.("
% &
%
!
!
!
#
+
"
,
!
! %
,
."
"
! " "
! "
"
#
:"
–"
!
"
"
" "
!
%
% !,
,
"
!
,C2 = 16.3, p < .001 ,"
"
!
!
"
!
! ) GR % "
!
.(p < .01 ,C2
)"
"
!
!
% ,
"
% ! ,"
#
"
"
"!
% #
" "
%
,
" #
Tukey) "
"
ANOVA
!
" "
– CP "
?"
"
,
% ! ,"
" "
NP "
"
#
+
"
!
,"
+ %#
"
!
" "
! " "
!
"
"
!
%
!
"
!
.2
% .NP, PP, IP, CP – "
#
,F(3) = 3.62, p = .02 ,"
!
%
!, "
!
! %
–
! %
,"
,
"
!
!
"
% !& , %
!
%
% &
%
"# ,
% !
.
"!
"
"
"
+
" "
"
% !
"
!
!
"
.C = 14, p < .001 ,(
,"
# !
" "
"
"
2
"
"
.C = 5.76, p = .01 ,AL %
!
% !
."
2
,
" "
!
% ,
" "
!
"
PP "
" "
NP "
#
NP "
" "
.(Test
112
PP "
NP "
"
"
% ! & ,(p > .05) PP "
"
% !
,
+
% ,"
!
"
"
%
C2
%
NP "
!
"
,CP
"
" "
"
" "
"
!"
"
#
NP "
+
–
%
"
!
! "
,
%
#
"
"
!
"
."
"
.
.PP "
#
"
!
#
!
"
% !
."
"
!
"
%
"
% !,
,CP
!
,
PP
.CP "
"
"
,
!
"
" ,"
, %
!
#
"
,
"
#
+ %
! "
% !
"
!
"
!
% !" %
"
!
,
,
,
!
!
"
!
& & %
,NP, PP, IP, CP – "
%
& ,(p < .001) (17%) CP "
!
"
NP "
!
!
" %
.
4"
"
NP "
!
&
NP "
NP "
"#
CP "
"!
,&
.CP "
% !
.C2 = 9.15, p = .002 ,CP "
!
" "
%
!
(p < .05) (27%) PP "
%
(39%) NP "
!
.(29%) IP "
(29%) NP "
!
% !
" "
"
"
& ,(33%) NP "
" !
,
"
!
%
"#
& ,C2= 4.94, p = .02 ,(10%) CP "
NP "
PP "
"
(29%) IP "
(53%) IP "
,CP PP
,
! .(21%) PP
" .CP
NP "
.
2
.C = 10.9, p < .001
& !
%
%
!
,
"
"
! .
4
.
CP "
"
"
% ! CP "
"
#
CP "
"
NP "
CP "
% !
"
.
"
!
" "
"
,"
! , %
"
!
%
"
!
%
,C2= 18.15, p < .001
CP "
% !+ % #
% !
"
"
,"
!
% ."
113
"
!
,PP "
%
" "
CP "
" "
.CP "
% !,
%
NP "
" "
NP "
"
" "
% !
"
+ % #
+
.NP "
?" ! #
–" ! #
!
!
%
,"
%
,
%
#
"
"
.(p > .05 ,"
" #
%
+
" "
!
."
"
%
ANOVA
"
"
"
" "
!
+
"
!
"
"
"
" "
"
?"
"
" "
"
% "% "
"
" "
!
"
!
."
"
% !"
"
."
9
" % "
!
.
2) "
!
"
) ."
!
"
" "
–
"
! "
!
"
,C = 16.47, p < .001 ,"
."
"
" %
"
"
!
!
:
"
–"
!
" "
" % !"
# " %
.(
"
! "
!
" )"
"
"
% !
,
"
!
,
" "
"
"
"
,"
!
"
.(C2 = 5, p = .02 "
.
.4
!
%
8 % !,
%
2
!
"
!
,
# ! "
" "
+
"
"
!
,(
# !
,
%
"
!
"
"
!
,
"
" "
"
!
"
! "
!
% !
"
! %
.C2 = 4.36, p < .05 ,
" "
"
!
,
,"
# ! "
! "
" "
" "
%
) HY –
!
("
"
%
.3
% !
, !
. ("
+
!
"
, !
! "
)
!
! "
" "
"
"
!
%
#
!
!
)
!
%
!
."
!
"% "
" "
"
!
"
% "
"
" "
% !
,"
.(p > .05) "
%
# !
,"
!
!
! "
!
!
! "
114
" ," ! #
4
. %
#
.
!
#
" ! #
%
!
" "
–
!
!
,"
# "
!
!
#%
#
" ! #
!
%
"
"!
"#
" %
!
.4
"
!
"
–"
% "
!
!
"
# !
"
! *
% ) AL
GR
(
–"
"
!
"
!
.1
# !
"
! *
"
NP "
CP
*
NP "
CP
PP
PP
NP "
% #
.2
*
%
.3
*
"
%
"
"
" #! "
" %
"
"
&
! "
!
,"
"
%
"
.
" "
,"
!
!,
"
"
,"
!
.
,
! "
" #! "!
.#
–
,"
!
"
# !
%
#
% #
" #! "
! #
, %
,& " ,
#
"
!
!
"!
!%
" #! ,"
,
%
%
#
.
)
" ! #
"
"
" "
! %
%
–" ! #
%
,( %
"!
%
?
,
"
" ! #
%
–
!
%
! %
."
"
."
! "
"
"
.
"
"
" "
!
%
.
%
"
,
"
!
,
!
115
%
" #! "
"
# ! "
" "
! "
" "
?
%
%
" #! "!
" #! ,"
"
"
!
!
%
%
,"
!
"
,"
% !
#
"
%
,(C2 = 4.41, p < .05) HY %
% !
."
% !"
"
% & ," !
!
" #! "!
! #
" !
+
!
%
! #
"
"
.(
"
! "
! "
" "
! #
"
% !
"
! #
,HY AL % ! #
"
"
.("
4
% .HY
!
"
!
50%
!
–
& ,
! #
! "
"
!)
!
! #
!
% .(9.7%
50%
+
%
.33% RT % ,40% AL
"
%
"
"
!
' !
!
" "
!
!
–
!
% .(10%) "
!
! #
,
! #
! #
! "
"
"
"
"
. ("
%
"
! "
"
"
–
"
,"
" "
"
!
! #
)
"
", #
% !,
AL %
"
#
.2
#!
% –"
! "
)"
"
.
!
" "
,(2.5% ,1/40) "
! "
! #
" "
" #! "
%
& "
! "
50%
.("
! #
!
%
+ !#
!
& ) ! #
!
4/40
!
!
"
", #
#!
%
! "
"% " "#
"
! "
"
# –
" "
,4/41) "
("
!
"
.
–"
" "
! # "
! ! #
"
! #
"
%
% "
"
%
!
# !
)"
"
.
,
"
! #
"
"
"
%
% !,
"#
"
,
%
"
,
"
?
!
%
!
.(
.+
–
+
!
"
!
,
!
(C2 = 9, p = .002) AL % ,"
.(C2 = 7.54, p = .006) AL % "
" ! %
%
"
"
.1
"
!
"
"
!
", # )"
%
116
#
"
!
"#
#
,
,
%
,
!
" .
%
#! !
%
.
%
%
"
."
(HY
AL
! #
+
%
! "
! "
" "
" "
+
"
!
! "
Spec VP
)
!
)
! ) Wh
%
#
#
!
"
,
!
,"
%
!
! "
"
!
"
"
VS
"
)A
!
"
#
!
!
"
&
! "
% "
"
,
! .(Piñango, Zurif, & Drai, 1999
A
! . %
!
"
%
'
# " %
,'
"
,
" "
"
"
(HY, AE) "
" !
%
,SV
"
,
,SV
%
#
"
#
!
.
!
!
," !
.
"
# "
% #
!
" %
," ! #
%
,A
!
"
2
.C = 9.65, p = .001
(CP ,
–
"
#
+
"
%) '
#
! & & % ." !
."
"
!
.SV
4,
!
" ! #
#
"
"
"
"
"
"# .(p < .05)
!
,"
!
"
% ! %
# "
"
% ,Spec CP
#
.
VS
!
! ( "% ) ! #
! .(
(SV
!"
!
%
!
Caramazza, & Zurif, 1976; Grodzinsky, 1989; Grodzinsky,) ('
"
!
" "
#! SV
!
/
"
! %
!
%
!.
! ,"
! " "
! "
!
,
!
,'
"
"
! )A
!,
.(VS
VS
#
%
% !
!
" "
!
" "
!) SV
,(Spec IP
"
"
% "#
."
,( !
"
! #
.
#!"
) "
" !
!
"
"
!
%
–"
%
! ," !
!
#
" ! #
117
,
." ! #
!
#
(2007 ,
"
#
"
"
!
! %
"
) !
" "
"
"
% "
! %
!
#
% %
! %
%
" ! #
!
,
#
"!
–
!–
# !
" "
!3"
!
%
"
"
& ,"
"
!
+
"
#
!
"
."
"
" ! #
! –(
!
!
"
"
"
#
"
!
"
"
% !
" !
%
%
,
%
"
%
"
)
!
%
%
)
"
! !
% !
+
,
! ." ! #
! ,AL :"
!
.( #
&
"
!
&
!#!
% !
! !
,GR
% !" !
%
,
#
." ! " #
"
%
!
."
!
"
!
,
("
!
!
"
," ! #
," ! #
!
% –
% & )
%
% "#
."
!
"
"
"
!#!
"
,
.
"
% !
!
!
&
# !
"
" "
!
." ! #
!
%
&
,
%
,
& ,(
)"
!
!
."
" ! #
!
"
"
Shapiro et al., 1987, 1989, 1991,) CMLD
," ! #
.
"!
" ! #
!
" "
%
! %
!
."
"
%
%
"!
"
%
!
"
"
,
.
#
% ,(1993; Shapiro & Levine, 1990
" ! %
,
&
#
#
%
"
% !
"
"! "# " %
(Kim & Thompson, 2000; Thompson et al., 1997) "
%
" %
"
! %
%
!
"
.
# "
" ! #
"
! %
(
! %
" ! #
" ! )"
118
"
"
!
(Shetreet et al., 2007)
"
"!
% ! " ! #
,(L-STG)
"!
'
+!
"
"
," !
"
"
" "
"
% ! "
"
"
" !
"
"%
% ," !
" #%
"
' " " #%
#%
: !
"
,
% "%
.'
#%
" #%
"
"
"
"
,
,
%
"
"% !
" " #%
%
%
,
–
%
!
,
,"
&
,"
!
(
%
"%
"
,
!
"
)"%
& %
,
"
"
!
!
" %
%
!
. CP "
,"
%
"
" %
NP "
% !"
"
"
."
,
!
#
% ! ," !
!
"
%
"
!
–
"
– NP "
!
" "!
%
"
NP "
,
"
" .
"
"
"
"#
"
!
"
" .CP "
"# ,
#
,
"
,CP
%
%
& !
"
!
% CP "
!
"#
" "
!
)
,
!
"
NP "
("
.
.CP "
"
'
NP "
"
,( %
% !
CP "
%
) + % #
"
! %
,
,& !
%
!
!
"
%
PP "
"%
,"
" "
"
" # ,"
%
"
" !
% !" !
."
"
% " !
!
,
!
"
,
"
.
!,
.
%
%
,
,"
"
.'
%
.
" !
.(precuneus
" % "
+ %
,
!
%
"
–
"
%
% !
anterior cingulated)
: %
!
% !
!
!
"#
!
%
&
CP "
&
"
.
%
"
& ,CP "
"
"
!
" "
PP "
%
+
+ % #
,&
&
) NP "
"
!
% !
%
– (IP "
119
NP "
,CP
,NP "
PP "
" "
IP "
"
" ,
"
! .
."
." !
,HY ,
" ,
% "# ,"
% !"
! %
"
# ! "
!
&
! "
,"
"
!
.
"
# !
– "
"
"!
& ,"
"
!
!
"
!
"
!
.(
"#
!" "
"
!
!
– "
"
.
"
"!
"
"
"
" "
"#
" "
!
!
" ! "#
"# ,"
"
" #! "
"#
"
"
!
%
!
, "% "
!
!
)
.
!
!
"# "
"
,
!
!
! "
.
%
! ."
%"
"
!
34
"
!
!
"
"
! , " ,&
"
!
" "
" "
,"
"
"
!
" "
–"
"
"– %
!
:
!
)"
,
!
&
!
,
#
.
! "
#
#
!
"
!
"
!
.
!
# +
"
"
"
"
# ! "
" "
!
,"
,
#! !
"
"
%
%
%
% !
"
"
."
–
" "
"
"
!
! "
"
!
" "
!
"
!
" #! "
" %
+ !
"
."
%
# !
"#
,
,(".. ! #
?
!
!
#%
!
4 ! )
."
#
!
"
"
! "
(
"
!
,HY %
!
" #! "!
,
AL % "
% .AL % "
"
,+
! "
–
"
,! %
"
!
!
"
! "
"
!
,"
%
!
"
# !
!
"
.
120
! #
"
!
.
!" ,
% !
(HY AL
%
! #
)"
."
!
"
"
"
!
#
+
!
%
"
,"
! "
"
"
,
! #
" # ,
!
.+
%
" "
"
" %
%
" #! !
&
"
"% "
,
! #
"#
,
" #
!
. "% "
%
"#
"
," ! #
!
"
#
!
"
% %
,
%
! #
% ! ,
,
%
! %
.
.
"#
"
" "
!
! " ) SV
,(
!
(
#
"
'
#
%
"
! "
&
"
!
) VS
&
!
,
" "
% " %
."
# "
"
% .
! – Wh
%
# " %
! "
!
.(Friedmann, 2001, 2006) " % " # '
! % A
!
" "
%
,
,"
#! !
%,
!,
%
,RT %
!
%
"
% !
.
!
." ! #
#
& (85% & !)
%
!
!
,
"!
.
"
%
#
"
%
!
%
" "& %
& ,(Franklin, Buerk, & Howard, 2002
! ,"
3 4 ! ,!!
,"
"
!
,
–
"
!
+
,"
,
–
!
!
)"
"
!
,
%
"
,
"
!
"
"
.
#
"
!
"
.# !
% # ,
)
" "
!
! %
" "
"
"
! %
,
!
!,
%
( % #
"
%
"
) "
. (" ! #
121
#
%
!
#
," ! #
!
"
:
," !
. %
,6 ,
."
"!
"
%
"
#%
,
"
#% :
" %
#
#
"
"
!
!
.(2007) .! ,
"
. ,
.18 29
Abney, S. P. (1989). A computational model of human parsing. Journal of Psycholinguistic
Research, 18, 129-144.
Ben-Shachar, M., Palti, D., & Grodzinsky, Y. (2004). Neural correlates of syntactic
movement: Converging evidence from two fMRI experiments. NeuroImage, 21, 13201336.
Biran, M., & Friedmann, N. (2004). SHEMESH: Naming a hundred objects. Tel Aviv
University.
Caramazza, A., & Zurif, E. B. (1976). Dissociation of Algorithmic and Heuristic Processes in
Language Comprehension: Evidence from Aphasia. Brain and Language, 3, 572-582.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on government and binding. Dordecht: Foris.
Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin, and Use. New York:
Praeger.
Clifton, C., Speer, S., & Abney, S. P. (1991). Parsing arguments: Phrase structure and
argument structure as determinants of initial parsing decisions. Journal of Memory and
Language, 30, 251-271.
Crawford, J. R., & Howell, D. C. (1998). Comparing an individual’s test score against norms
derived from small samples. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 482-486.
Dotan, D., & Friedmann, N. (2008, June). From seven dwarfs to four camels: Differences in
the processing of number words and other words in conduction aphasia. Presented at the
Language and Neurons - Theoretical Approaches conference, Bar-Ilan University.
Edwards, S. (2002). Grammar and fluent aphasia. In E. Fava (Ed.), Clinical Linguistics:
Theory and Applications in Speech Pathology and Therapy (pp. 249-266). John
Benjamins, Philadelphia.
Franklin, S., Buerk, F., & Howard, D. (2002). Generalised improvement in speech production
for a subject with reproduction conduction aphasia. Aphasiology, 16, 1087-1114.
Friederici, A. D. (1995). The time course of syntactic activation during language processing:
A model based on neuropsychological and neurophysiological data. Brain and Language,
50, 259-281.
Friederici, A. D., Schönle, P. W., & Garrett, M. F. (1982). Syntactically and semantically
based computations: processing of prepositions in agrammatism. Cortex, 18, 525-534.
Friedmann, N. (1998). BAFLA: Friedmann’s battery for agrammatism. Tel Aviv University.
Friedmann, N. (2001). Agrammatism and the psychological reality of the syntactic tree.
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30, 71-90.
Friedmann, N. (2003). BLIP: Battery for assessment of phonological abilities. Tel Aviv
University.
Friedmann, N. (2006). Speech production in Broca's agrammatic aphasia: Syntactic tree
pruning. In K. Amunts & Y. Grodzinsky (Eds.), Broca’s region. Oxford University Press.
Friedmann, N., & Gvion, A. (2002). FriGvi: Friedmann Gvion battery for assessment of
phonological Working Memory. Tel Aviv University.
122
Friedmann, N., & Gvion, A. (2003). TILTAN: Battery for the diagnosis of dyslexias. Tel Aviv
University.
Grimshaw, J. (1979). Complement selection and the lexicon. Linguistic Inquiry, 10, 279-326.
Grimshaw, J. (2006). Words and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Grodzinsky, Y. (1984). The syntactic characterization of agrammatism. Cognition, 16, 99120.
Grodzinsky, Y. (1989). Agrammatic comprehension of relative clauses. Brain and Language,
37, 480-499.
Grodzinsky, Y. (2000). The neurology of syntax: Language use without Broca's area.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 1-71.
Grodzinsky, Y., Piñango, M., Zurif, E., & Drai, D. (1999). The critical role of group studies in
neuropsychology: Comprehension regularities in Broca's aphasia. Brain and Language,
67, 134-147.
Haegeman, L. (1994). Introduction to government & binding theory. (2nd ed.). Oxford:
Blackwell.
Kim, M., & Thompson, C. K. (2000). Patterns of comprehension and production of nouns and
verbs in agrammatism: Implications for lexical organization. Brain and Language, 74, 125.
Lederer, A., & Kelly, M. (1991). Prosodic correlates to the adjunct/complement distinction in
Motherese. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development, 30, 55-63.
Levelt, W. J. M. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Levelt, W. J. M. (1992). Accessing words in speech production: Stages, processes and
representations. Cognition, 42, 1-22.
Pesetsky, D. (1991). Zero Syntax. Vol. 2: Infinitives. Material intended for Zero Syntax but
not included in the final publication. http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/www/pesetsky/infins.pdf.
Reinhart, T. (2001). A synopsis of the Theta system. OTS Working Paper in Linguistcs,
University of Utrecht.
Reinhart, T., & Siloni, T. (2004). Against the unaccusative analysis of reflexives. In A.
Alexiadou E. Anagnostopoulou & M. Everaert (Eds.), The unaccusativity puzzle: Studies
on the syntax-lexicon interface. Oxford University Press.
Rubin, S. S., Newhoff, M., Peach, R. K., & Shapiro, L. P. (1996). Electrophysiological
indices of lexical processing: The effects of verb complexity and age. Journal of Speech
and Hearing Research, 39, 1071-1080.
Shapiro, L. P. (1997). Tutorial: An introduction to syntax. Journal of Speech, Language, and
Hearing Research, 40, 254-272.
Shapiro, L. P. (2000). An introduction to syntax. In Bastiaanse, R., and Grodzinsky, Y. (Eds.),
Grammatical disorders in aphasia. A neurolinguistic perspective. Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Shapiro, L. P., Brookins, B., Gordon, B., & Nagel, N. (1991). Verb effects during sentence
processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17,
983-996.
Shapiro, L. P., Gordon, B., Hack, N., & Killackey, J. (1993). Verb-argument structure
processing in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. Brain and Language, 45, 423-447.
Shapiro, L. P., & Levine, B. A. (1990). Verb processing during sentence comprehension in
Aphasia. Brain and Language, 38, 21-47.
Shapiro, L. P., McNamara, P., Zurif, E., Lanzoni, S., & Cermak, L. (1992). Processing
complexity and sentence memory: Evidence from amnesia. Brain and Language, 42, 431453.
Shapiro, L. P., Nagel, N., & Levine, B. A. (1993). Preferences of a verb’s complements and
their use in sentence processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 32, 96-114.
Shapiro, L. P., Zurif, E., & Grimshaw, J. (1987). Sentence processing and the mental
representation of verbs. Cognition, 27, 219-246.
Shapiro, L. P., Zurif, E., & Grimshaw, J. (1989). Verb processing during sentence
comprehension: Contextual impenetrability. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 18,
223-243.
123
Shechther Y. (1965). ILAT - Israeli Loewenstein Aphasia Test. Loewenstein Hospital,
Rehabilitation Center.
Shetreet, E., Palti, D., Friedmann, N., & Hadar, U. (2007). Cortical representation of verb
processing in sentence comprehension: Number of complements, subcategorization, and
thematic frames. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 1958-1969.
Thompson, C. K., Lange, K. L., Schneider, S. L., & Shapiro, L. P. (1997). Agrammatic and
non-brain-damaged subjects’ verb and verb argument structure production. Aphasiology,
11, 473-490.
Willmes, K. (1990). Statistical methods for a single-case study approach to aphasia therapy
research. Aphasiology, 4, 415-436.