Verification of Performance – Sensor Perfect 1000 Power Metrics International
Verification of Performance Power Metrics International – Sensor Perfect 1000 (Model A) Power Factor Correction System KCE-140315 Engineering Report, August 2014 Green Energy Management, Inc. 2029 Lemoine Avenue Fort Lee, New Jersey 07024 United States Tom Spinelli & Hamid Pishdadian Power Metrics International, Inc. 1961 Richmond Terrance Staten Island, New York 10302 United States Joe & Melissa Guiddo and Paul Pape American Energy Solutions, Inc. 1961 Richmond Terrance Staten Island, New York 10302 United States KCE Engineering Project Manager P. Keebler KCE Engineering, LLC 3202 Tazewell Pike; Knoxville, Tennessee 37918 USA 865-660-9915 [email protected] DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES THIS DOCUMENT WAS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION(S) NAMED BELOW AS AN ACCOUNT OF WORK SPONSORED BY GREEN ENERGY MANAGEMENT, INC., AMERICAN ENERGY SOLUTIONS, INC. AND KCE ENGINEERING, ANY SUBCONTRACTOR, THE ORGANIZATION(S) BELOW, NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM: (A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I) WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR (II) THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANY PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR (III) THAT THIS DOCUMENT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S CIRCUMSTANCE; OR (B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF KCE OR ANY KCE REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTION OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT. ORGANIZATION(S) THAT PREPARED THIS DOCUMENT KCE Engineering, LLC NOTE For further information about KCE Engineering, please call 865-660-9915 or email [email protected]. KCE Engineering LLC and IMPROVING OUR WORLD…ONE TECHNOLOGY AT A TIME are pending registered service marks of the KCE Engineering, LLC. Copyright © 2014 KCE Engineering, LLC. All rights reserved. CITATIONS This report was prepared by KCE Engineering, LLC 3202 Tazewell Pike Knoxville, Tennessee 37918 Principal Investigator P. Keebler [other employee] [employee first name initial and last name] This report describes the results of a photometric site analysis sponsored by Green Energy Management, Inc., Power Metrics International, Inc., and American Energy Solutions, Inc. and conducted by KCE Engineering, LLC. This publication is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following manner: Verification of Performance: Power Metrics International – Sensor Perfect 1000 (Model A). Green Energy Management, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ: 2014. KCE-140315. iii CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1-1 2 TEST LOADS FOR THE LOAD BANK .................................................................................. 2-1 3 NOMINAL VOLTAGE TESTS ................................................................................................ 3-1 4 OTHER TEST RESULTS ....................................................................................................... 4-1 5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 5-1 A BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... A-1 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 The PMI SP1000 Model A Test System ................................................................... 1-2 Figure 2-1 Multi-Channel Linear and Non-Linear Load Bank .................................................... 2-2 vii 1 INTRODUCTION The continued growth of electrical/electronic products in customer facilities is improving peoples’ lives but increasing grid load at tremendous rates. Many of today’s products are aimed at increasing energy efficiency and intelligent use of electronic loads. The purpose of these two activities is to counterbalance load growth and postpone the construction of power plants. Modern electrical/electronic products have non-linear load (NLL) characteristics which place a strain on building electrical systems and the grid. NLLs range from a few watts (e.g., your cell phone charger) to thousands of watts (e.g., a power supply for a large server) and are specialized electronic circuits that convert AC grid energy to energy (AC or DC) to power modern electronic devices. Today’s modern electronic loads are called NLLs because they utilize a series of switching power transistors that simply act as switches to control the flow of current from the facility (grid) to charge a series of capacitors. These capacitors act as energy “tanks” to provide energy to the microelectronic circuits that make up our electronic loads. Economic sustainability for any customer today is largely a function of reducing the cost of operating their facilities. Customers demand lower energy and maintenance costs and increased productivity, therefore improving the bottom line to sustain profits. Currently, the largest growth in non-linear loads is seen in energy-efficient technologies—electronic lighting, variable speed drives (VFDs, also called adjustable speed drives), and smart appliances to name a few. Rapid growth in consumer electronic equipment (e.g., LED, plasma and LCD televisions) also continues to rapidly increase non-linear grid load. Load research indicates that facility loads are nearly all non-linear. Moreover, the linear loads that are still in use today are being transformed into essentially non-linear loads by adding power electronics on the front end to increase efficiency. Aside from increased use of energy-efficient technologies and consumer electronics is the increased use of renewable energy resources (RER), also called distributed energy resources (DER) or distributed generation resources (DGR) systems. These resources include wind turbines, microturbines, photovoltaic (PV) solar systems and fuel cells among others. While the primary purpose of these systems is to convert mechanical, thermal or solar power to electrical power at large power levels (i.e., high power energy conversion system), they also utilize power to carry out the energy conversion process. Power electronic systems (e.g., converters, inverters, etc.) change the energy they capture and inject it back into the grid. This process generates steady-state and transient electrical disturbances including harmonic currents which flow back into the grid and into the customer facility. The tremendous growth in the use of these resources is causing a rapid increase in harmonics and distortion in the quality of voltage and current. Any electrical system that produces harmonic currents also affects the quality of the voltage which 1-1 Introduction adds harmonics to the voltage. Increases in harmonic voltage distortion add reactive power demand to a customers’ electrical system. An additional concern is the growing need for petroleum-free vehicles which is spawning the growth in development, manufacture and use of electric vehicles (EV). EVs require charging of their batteries, both at the place where the vehicle is typically parked (e.g., a residence or business) at the end of a driving period and at vehicle stopping points. EV charging systems, whether they are part of the on-board electrical system inside the vehicle or stand-alone charging stations, also use inverters that change AC power to DC power to charge the batteries. If a utility dispatches the need for energy stored in EV batteries in parked vehicles, energy is again inverted and injected back into the grid. This process also generates harmonics and distortion which can easily combine with other harmonics on the grid and in a facility. What is a Sensor Perfect (SP) 1000? The Sensor Perfect (SP) 1000 system is an intelligent electronic system developed and manufactured by Power Metrics International (PMI) in Staten Island, New York. This system electronically senses several electrical power quality conditions and specific characteristics of a facility electrical system at its point-of-installation. Each SP1000 product utilizes a set of microprocessors to sense these conditions and characteristics and make specific decisions to provide dynamic control of one or more sets of internal capacitor banks available at each phase (A, B, and C). Figure 1-1 The PMI SP1000 Model A Test System 1-2 Introduction The SP1000A Specifications The current specifications for the SP1000A units tested are shown in Table 1-1. The SP1000A is a three-phase system designed for 208Y/120V facility electrical systems. Each unit contains 180 microfarads per phase which can be switched into and out of each phase in increments. Each unit can provide as little as 0.05 kVARs of power factor correction or as much as 3 kVARs of correction per phase. Each unit contains immunity protection against voltage surges on each phase. (Evaluation of surge protection was not included in this project.) Because the SP1000A (and the other SP1000 products) contains multiple micro-electronic components including three microprocessors, high-performance surge protection of the SP1000A electronics is critical to its proper operation and life. For these and other safety reasons, the performance of its surge protection should be evaluated by a third-party engineering firm. The SP1000A requires overcurrent protection at 30 amps per phase. Table 1-1 SP1000A Technical Specifications 1-3 Introduction The above specifications indicate that the losses (i.e., power to operate the SP1000A) are 1.2 watts per kVAR. Thus, for correction at 3 kVAR, the maximum losses should be 3.6 watts. The power consumption with the SP1000A in its quiescent state (i.e., with no correction taking place) was measured and is reported in Chapter 3 – Nominal Voltage Tests. Spider Software Used during Testing The Spider software used during the testing was Version 5.4. Non-Linear Loads (NLLs), Harmonic Currents and Reactive Power Operation of NLLs on any facility electrical system today produces dynamic power quality problems which result in waste of electrical energy. The dynamic power quality problems that occur in these systems occur because NLLs draw irregularly sine-wave shaped (or distorted) current on each phase, NLLs draw unbalanced distorted current on each phase, Facility electrical systems were not designed to support NLLs very well (e.g., losses and heating result from harmonic currents flowing in conductors and transformers), Harmonic currents produced by NLLs cause harmonic voltages to develop in transformers (facility and utility). Electrical energy waste occurs and cost the customer money because 1-4 Harmonic currents drawn by NLLs must flow through the facility electrical system (i.e., conductors and transformers). This flow of unwanted current causes I2R heating in conductors and transformers which consumes power and results in the drop and distortion of voltage at the end of the system where the loads are connected. Harmonic currents flowing in a facility electrical system combine in an upstream fashion with the highest harmonic currents being at the main service entrance where the utility revenue meter is located. Some harmonic current cancellation occurs within the facility electrical system, but the overall result is that some amount (typically large) of reactive power must be provided to the NLLs. This results in a demand for reactive power that the utility must provide to ensure the system operates correctly according to the laws of physics. The utility cannot provide reactive power to a facility for no cost. Utilities have different policies and rules for measuring how much reactive power is required and how to bill customers for it. Harmonic currents (individually and summed) can be higher than the usable 60-hertz current that performs work (i.e., turns motors and lights lamps). The 60-hertz current is the only current that performs work for the customer. Harmonic currents perform no work and only add to the cost of operating a facility. High harmonic currents equate to Introduction high reactive power demands. When harmonic currents are high, power cables and transformers experience higher temperatures. Higher temperatures not only reduce the life of cables and transformers, but also add to the building heat load which airconditioning systems must work against. NLLs require reactive power to operate, and they do not care where it comes from. Providing reactive power to NLLs via the utility power grid can be costly and results in a higher usage of power to cover the losses that reactive power flow imposes on facility electrical systems. Providing a reactive power source (i.e., the SP1000) closer to the NLL is a much more cost effective approach that providing it from the utility or from fixed capacitor banks staged out across a facility electrical system. 1-5 2 TEST LOADS FOR THE LOAD BANK The loads in commercial and industrial facilities are made up of a complex arrangement of loads. Some of the loads are linear and some non-linear. The ratio of linear to non-linear loads depends on a number of factors related to the type of business the customer is carrying out in their facility. Most of today’s loads are non-linear. Non-linear loads draw non-linear current and reactive power from the utility power system. Drawing non-linear current causes harmonic currents to flow from the utility which also circulate in the facility electrical system. Allowing non-linear current to enter a facility and circulate in a facility electrical system causes energy losses both in the utility power system and in the customer’s facility electrical system. Designing and implementing a controlled electrical environment is a requirement when testing any electrical or electronic system or device in a laboratory testing environment. When testing a system designed to provide reactive power to a customer’s facility electrical system, laboratory control over the load is required. Loads in customer facilities vary too much to determine or verify any electrical-related performance of the SP1000A. The SP1000A is designed to monitor electrical conditions on a circuit, determine when injection of reactive power is required on that circuit and switch banks of capacitors in and out of the circuit. The switching of the capacitors inside the SP1000A is under microprocessor control and occurs very frequently when an SP1000A is installed inside an actual facility. Real linear and non-linear loads are used in the CLB. Although the power drawn by any load will drift, using fewer loads in a test load bank subjects the SP1000A to a much lesser degree of drift. This enables the investigator to more precisely determine the performance of the SP1000A. The Load Bank Figure 2-1 illustrates the multi-channel load bank custom-designed for the SP1000A testing project. This load bank is operated at 208 volts and is comprised of linear and non-linear loads. The power chain shown illustrates the flow of power from the voltage source to the load bank. The voltage source is a standard 50-kVA multi-tap transformer which is the most common drytype transformer used in commercial and industrial facilities. The voltage derived from the transformer is fed to a 5.5-kVA power amplifier. The power amplifier maintains the integrity of the voltage during the testing. (The amplifier is kept in idle mode (i.e., direct power passthrough) during Test 1 – Nominal Voltage Tests.) The purpose of the amplifier is to inject voltage distortion into the voltage waveform when necessary during Test 4 – Voltage Distortion Tests. The three-phase power meter measures the power parameters during the testing. This measurement documents the performance of the SP1000A during testing as the load in the load bank is varied. The power from the meter flows into the Load Switching Network (LSN). The 2-1 Test Loads for the Load Bank LSN is designed to switch a number of linear and non-linear loads into and out of the circuit which varies the load detected by the SP1000A (when it is connected to the circuit). The SP1000A can also be switched into and out of the load bank circuit. This is the approach used to determine the performance of the SP1000A. The LSN can accommodate up to five SP1000A units so they can be operated in parallel. Figure 2-1 Multi-Channel Linear and Non-Linear Load Bank Loads in the Load Bank The most common loads in any facility are lighting loads, computer loads, mechanical (e.g., motors), purely resistive heater loads and miscellaneous non-linear loads. Lighting loads are quickly becoming non-linear loads. The majority of fluorescent lighting fixtures use electronic ballasts which contain switch-mode power supplies. High-intensity discharge (HID) lighting fixtures still primarily use magnetic (i.e., inductive) ballasts—transformers that draw non-linear current shifted from the voltage. Electronic ballasts are frequently used in HID lighting to improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption but have still not captured the market share. Induction lighting fixtures, a form of fluorescent lighting, all use electronic ballasts because reentry point into the market came when it was not practical to use magnetic ballasts. Lightemitting diode (LED) fixtures also all use electronic ballasts (frequently called electronic drivers) to power their LEDs. With lighting becoming all electronic, the increase in reactive power requirements from the utility grid and the degradation of power factor will continue. This will increase the need for the SP1000 technologies. For these reasons, the load bank incorporates three metal halide lamps driven by magnetic ballasts rated at 1,000 watts each and three 400-watt induction lamps driven by electronic ballasts. 2-2 Test Loads for the Load Bank All computer loads are non-linear loads as all computers contain a switch-mode power supply (SMPS). Computers are no longer operated by transformer-based power supplies. The load bank incorporates six SMPS-based computer power supplies rated at 650 watts each. The load bank also incorporates two forms of mechanical loads—pure electric motor load rated at three horsepower powered directly from the AC line and a 15 horsepower motor powered by an adjustable-speed drive (ASD) rated for this motor. The load bank also contains three high-power rheostats to increase the ratio of linear to nonlinear load. Power Parameters Measured In the area of energy and power quality performance, a number of power parameters can be measured. Two of the most important parameters are real power and true power factor. Real power is measured in watts and is what consumers pay for at the end of the day. In commercial and industrial facilities, commercial and industrial customers sometimes pay for exceeding a utility-prescribed limit on either true power factor, reactive power or apparent power or any combination of these parameters. In this testing project, the following parameters were measured for each phase (A, B and C) Real power (in watts) True power factor (no units) Line voltage (in volts) Line current (in amps) Voltage distortion (in percent) Reactive power and apparent power can be calculated from knowing the real power and true power factor. If the SP1000A provides reactive power to the load (as it is designed to do) instead of allowing it to be supplied from the utility, the power meter should show a reduction in real power and an increase in power factor. (If reactive power is reduced, true power factor will increase and real power will decrease; thus resulting in energy savings over time.) Potential purchasers of SP1000 technologies will be looking to see if their energy bills can be reduced by installation of these technologies at the correct locations within their electrical systems. Performance of the SP1000A can be verified in a mixed (or any load environment containing non-linear loads) load environment by examining the real power and true power factor at the SP1000A installation point. Power Factor Generally speaking, power factor is a unit less measurement. It defines how the ratio between the three power parameters: real power (in watts), reactive power (in VARs) and apparent power (in volt-amperes). Non-linear loads cannot operate without reactive power—a source of reactive 2-3 Test Loads for the Load Bank power must exist in any power system. However, the source of reactive power does not have to be the utility. There are two types of power factor: true power factor and displacement power factor. Displacement power factor is a measure of the shift between the voltage and current. (The voltage and current are in phase (i.e., shift in time is equal to zero) if the load is purely linear (i.e., contains no electronic components). However, in all of today’s facilities—residential, commercial and industrial—no pure linear load exists. The majority, if not all, of the load is nonlinear. 2-4 3 NOMINAL VOLTAGE TESTS Utility grids do not deliver nominal steady-state voltage to any customer load. The old adage with respect to voltage and current states, “The voltage belongs to the utility, and the current belongs to the customer.” In electrical engineering, students are taught that voltage is the stimulus (i.e., like water pressure) and current is the response (i.e., like water flow). Without loads, there would be no current, and the utility line voltage could be set to provide the exact voltage needed which would never change, meaning that the voltage at any receptacle would be the same at the substation. Zero current in a power cables means that the voltage at the end of the cable is the same as that at the beginning of the cable. If no current flows in a power cable, no voltage is dropped along that cable. The utility power system employs a series of subsystems to monitor the voltage and adjust it up and down as the load on the grid varies. Around 5:00 pm, utility customers are returning home to cook dinner. Everyone is using a series of appliances everywhere. The load on the grid rises as more current flows. More NLLs are operated resulting in a high demand for reactive power. Utilities must provide a source of reactive power, typically at a substation or part of the service entrance to a facility where power factor correction (PFC) correctors are used. Two principle methods of providing voltage control originate from the operation of tap-changing transformers located in substations and capacitor banks located at carefully selected points along the power distribution system. Tap-changing transformers can step the voltage up and down in present increments. Utilities carefully set up the operation of these transformers in efforts to automatically control the voltage. Capacitor banks are typically switched on or off the grid through automated (i.e., timed) switches. In many cases, capacitors in today’s system are switched manually by a utility employee. Switching a bank of capacitors into a power distribution line in a utility grid provides voltage support to the power system which is a source of reactive power. Characterization of the energy and power quality parameters under nominal voltage conditions must be accomplished in order to provide useful and realistic comparison data when applying real-world steady-state voltages to the SP1000A under real-world load conditions. Within Test 1, KCE Engineering applied nominal steady-state voltage to a Custom Load Bank (CLB). The Load Switching Network (LSN) was designed to accompany two SP1000A units. Power quality parameters were measured at the input to the CLB at each loading point characteristic of the loads found in various commercial and industrial facilities. Selected power quality parameters were measured at the SP1000A interface point downstream of the voltage source (transformer) upstream of the LSN and CLB. The nominal voltage for these tests was 208 volts. 3-1 Nominal Voltage Tests Single-Load Tests A single-load test is defined as a test where the power parameters are measured with a single load type turned on with the SP1000A disconnected from the load bank and then the SP1000A connected to the load bank. No multiple load configurations are included in this test set. Lighting Load – Magnetically-Ballasted Metal Halide Lamps Three 1,000-watt magnetically-ballasted metal halide lamps are the single load for this lighting load test. Each ballast has a power loss of about 100 watts. From the results in the table, one can see that the measured reduction in real power was about 14 % and measured improvement in true power factor was about 40 %. Table 3-1 Single-Load Tests – Magnetically-Ballasted 1,000-Watt Lamps SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 120 29.1 3,495 0.57 1 – On 120 25.3 3,041 0.78 Savings (%) - - 12.9 36.8 2 – Off 120 29.1 3,495 0.57 2 – On 120 24.6 2,953 0.84 Savings - - 15.5 47.4 3-2 Nominal Voltage Tests Lighting Load – Electronically-Ballasted Induction Lamps Three 400-watt electronically-ballasted induction lamps are the single load for this lighting load test. Each ballast has a power loss of about 20 watts. From the results in the table, one can see that the measured reduction in real power was about 12 % and measured improvement in true power factor was about 4%. Table 3-2 Single-Load Tests – Electronically-Ballasted Induction Lamps SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 120 10.5 1,260 0.96 1 – On 120 9.5 1,140 0.99 Savings - - 9.5 3.1 2 – Off 120 10.5 1,260 0.96 2 – On 120 9.1 1,090 1 Savings - - 13.5 4.2 3-3 Nominal Voltage Tests Lighting Load – Magnetically-Ballasted Metal Halide Lamps and Electronically-Ballasted Induction Lamps Three 1,000-watt magnetically-ballasted metal halide lamps and the 400-watt electronicallyballasted induction lamps are the single load for this lighting load test. From the results in the table, one can see that the measured reduction in real power was about 12 % and measured improvement in true power factor was about 14 %. Table 3-3 Single-Load Tests – Combined Lamp Loads 3-4 SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 120 39.6 4,755 0.76 1 – On 120 35.3 4,232 0.89 Savings - - 11.0 17.1 2 – Off 120 39.6 4,755 0.76 2 – On 120 34.6 4,157 0.83 Savings - - 12.6 9.2 Nominal Voltage Tests Computer Load – One Computer Power Supply One 650-watt loaded computer power supply is the single load for this computer load test. The computer power supply has an efficiency of about 85 percent. From the results in the table, one can see that the measured reduction in real power was about 7 % and measured improvement in true power factor was about 6 %. Table 3-4 Single-Load Tests – One Loaded Computer Power Supply SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 120 5.3 634 0.94 1 – On 120 5.0 594 0.99 Savings - - 6.3 5.3 2 – Off 120 5.3 634 0.94 2 – On 120 4.8 581 1 Savings - - 8.4 6.4 3-5 Nominal Voltage Tests Computer Load – Six Computer Power Supplies Six 650-watt loaded computer power supplies are the single load for this computer load test. The computer power supply has an efficiency of about 85 percent. From the results in the table, one can see that the measured reduction in real power was about 9 % and measured improvement in true power factor was about 3 %. Table 3-5 Single-Load Tests – Six Loaded Computer Power Supplies 3-6 SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 120 32.3 3,874 0.95 1 – On 120 29.8 3,572 0.97 Savings - - 7.8 2.1 2 – Off 120 32.3 3,874 0.95 2 – On 120 28.9 3,471 0.99 Savings - - 10.4 4.2 Nominal Voltage Tests Mechanical Load – Three-Horsepower Electric Motor One three-horsepower electric motor is the single load for this mechanical load test. The electric motor is rated for 208-volts has an efficiency of about 70 percent. From the results in the table, one can see that the measured reduction in real power was about 15 % and measured improvement in true power factor was about 31 %. Table 3-6 Single-Load Tests – Three-Horsepower Electric Motor SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 208 10.6 2,215 0.65 1 – On 208 9.3 1,924 0.84 Savings - - 13.1 29.2 2 – Off 208 10.6 2,215 0.65 2 – On 208 8.8 1,836 0.87 Savings - - 17.1 33.8 3-7 Nominal Voltage Tests Mechanical Load – Adjustable-Speed Drive-Powered 15 h.p. Electric Motor One 15-horsepower electric motor powered by an adjustable-speed drive is the single load for this mechanical load test. The electric motor is rated for 11-kW has an efficiency of about 88 percent. From the results in the table, one can see that the measured reduction in real power was about 11 % and measured improvement in true power factor was about 32 %. Table 3-7 Single-Load Tests – ASD-Powered 15 h.p. Electric Motor 3-8 SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 208 52.7 10,953 0.61 1 – On 208 47.4 9,852 0.79 Savings - - 10.1 29.5 2 – Off 208 52.7 10,953 0.61 2 – On 208 46.2 9,618 0.82 Savings - - 12.2 34.4 Nominal Voltage Tests Mechanical Load – Three-Horsepower Electric Motor and Adjustable-Speed DrivePowered 15 h.p. Electric Motor One three-horsepower electric motor and one 15-horsepower electric motor powered by an adjustable-speed drive are the single loads for this mechanical load test. From the results in the table, one can see that the measured reduction in real power was about 12 % and measured improvement in true power factor was about 32 %. Table 3-8 Single-Load Tests – Combined Electric Motor Load Test SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 208 62.9 13,076 0.63 1 – On 208 57.1 11,874 0.81 Savings - - 9.2 28.6 2 – Off 208 62.9 13,076 0.63 2 – On 208 54.3 11,289 0.84 Savings - - 13.7 33.3 3-9 Nominal Voltage Tests Mixed-Load Tests A mixed-load test is defined as a test where the power parameters are measured with mixed load types turned on with the SP1000A disconnected from the load bank and then the SP1000A connected to the load bank. No single-load configurations are included in this test set. Mixed Load Test – All Non-Linear Load A mixed load test with all non-linear loads is the mixed load for this test. This mixed load includes the three 1,000-watt metal halide lamps, the three 400-watt induction lamps, the six loaded computer power supplies, the three-horsepower electric motor and the ASD-powered 15h.p. electric motor. From the results in the table, one can see that the measured reduction in real power was about 11 % and measured improvement in true power factor was about 7 %. Table 3-9 Mixed-Load Tests – All Non-Linear Loads SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 208 103.7 21,562 0.77 1 – On 208 92.6 19,264 0.81 Savings - - 10.7 5.2 2 – Off 208 103.7 21,562 0.77 2 – On 208 90.3 18,783 0.84 Savings - - 12.9 9.1 3-10 Nominal Voltage Tests Mixed Load Test – Primarily Non-Linear Load with Some Linear Load A mixed load test with primarily non-linear loads and some linear load (2,000 watts) is the mixed load for this test. This mixed load which is primarily non-linear loads includes the three 1,000-watt metal halide lamps, the three 400-watt induction lamps, the six loaded computer power supplies, the three-horsepower electric motor and the ASD-powered 15-h.p. electric motor. The linear part of the load is represented by a rheostat loaded on each phase. From the results in the table and one can see that the measured reduction in real power was about 8 %, measured improvement in true power factor was about 4 %. Table 3-10 Mixed-Load Tests – Primarily Non-Linear Load with Some Linear Load SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 208 113.3 23,562 0.79 1 – On 208 104.1 21,652 0.8 Savings - - 8.1 1.3 2 – Off 208 113.3 23,562 0.79 2 – On 208 102.6 21,349 0.82 Savings - - 9.4 3.8 3-11 4 OTHER TEST RESULTS The remaining three tests that were conducted on the Model SP1000A power factor correction units were Long-term undervoltage test Long-term overvoltage test Voltage distortion test Surprisingly, the test results for these three test configurations were very acceptable and are summarized in the following Table 4-1 through 4-3. These were conducted only for the combined mixed load test with all non-linear loads active in the load bank. Table 4-1 Summary of Three Remaining Tests – Long-Term Undervoltage Test SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 187.2 116.1 21,732 0.78 1 – On 187.2 103.2 19,327 0.82 Savings - - 11.1 5.1 2 – Off 187.2 116.1 21,732 0.78 2 – On 187.2 101.5 18,993 0.84 Savings - - 12.6 7.7 4-1 Other Test Results Table 4-2 Summary of Three Remaining Tests – Long-Term Overvoltage Test SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 228.8 91.6 20,963 0.75 1 – On 228.8 85.3 19,522 0.81 Savings - - 6.9 8.0 2 – Off 228.8 91.6 20,963 0.75 2 – On 228.8 84.5 19,329 0.83 Savings - - 7.8 10.7 Table 4-3 Summary of Three Remaining Tests – Voltage Distortion Test 4-2 SP1000A Line Voltage (volts) Line Current (amps) Real Power (watts) True Power Factor (no units) 1 – Off 208 109.3 22,734 0.71 1 – On 208 95.5 19,873 0.82 Savings - - 12.6 15.5 2 – Off 208 109.3 22,734 0.71 2 – On 208 94.9 19,732 0.84 Savings - - 13.2 18.3 5 CONCLUSION The SP1000 Model A system is a power factor correction (PFC) system. Its purpose is to sense the degree of non-linearity in the voltage and current waveforms produced by the operation of non-linear loads and apply a dynamic correction to a customer’s facility electrical system. Given the nature of non-linear operation and the operation of these loads in today’s facility electrical systems, integration of the SP1000 technologies overlaid onto an electrical system, energy savings ranging from a few percent up to as much as 20 to 25 % can be realized in real customer environments. The results of the tests conducted in this study revealed that savings ranging from about 5 to 17 % were realized when the SP1000 Model A was applied to a load bank of real non-linear loads. A slightly smaller amount of energy savings were realized using this exact same test configuration when real-world electrical conditions were applied to the load bank with SP1000 Model A technologies actively providing power factor correction. The SPIDER software was also evaluated during these tests. This evaluation was centered around functionality of the SP1000 Model A not as an energy-savings measurement system. The SPIDER software is designed to verify that the SP1000 technology is functioning correctly when installed in a facility as a ground of PFC systems. If energy savings verification is needed for an individual SP1000 installation (i.e., one unit installed in a facility even if the facility contains 100 units), then that should be done using a calibrated laboratory-grade instrument specifically designed for energy savings measurements. Lastly, the SP1000 Model A technology is by far the most advanced and dynamic PFC system designed to invoke energy savings in a customer’s facility electrical system when operating nonlinear loads such as computers, electronic or magnetic lighting, electric motors and variable frequency drives to name a few. 5-1 A BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. “SC-410 - Test Protocol for System Compatibility: Electronic Fluorescent Ballasts Used in Indoor and Outdoor Lighting Systems”, EPRI Power Electronics Applications Center, Knoxville, TN: 1995. 2. Keebler, P.F., Gilleskie, R., In-rush currents of electronic ballasts and compact fluorescent lamps affect lighting controls, Record of the 31st IEEE Industry Applications Conference (IAS) Annual Meeting, 1996, Vol. 4, pp. 2201-2208. 3. “SC-415 - Test Protocol for System Compatibility: Electronic HID Ballasts Used in Indoor and Outdoor HID Lighting Systems”, EPRI Solutions, Knoxville, TN: 2000. 4. “SC-425 - Test Protocol for System Compatibility: Electronic Drivers Used in Indoor and Outdoor LightEmitting Diode (LED) Lighting Systems”, EPRI Solutions, Knoxville, TN: 2005. 5. “SC-435 - Test Protocol for System Compatibility: Electronic Induction Radio-Frequency Generators Used in Indoor and Outdoor Induction Lighting Systems”, EPRI, Knoxville, TN: 2008. 6. Assessment of Electrical, Efficiency, and Photometric Performance of Advanced Lighting Technologies: Dimmable Advanced Lighting Technologies – Electronic Fluorescent, High-Intensity Discharge, and Light-Emitting Diode. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2008. 1016078. 7. Assessment of Electrical, Efficiency, and Photometric Performance of Advanced Lighting Technologies: Dimmable Advanced Lighting Technologies – Electronic Linear Fluorescent Ballasts. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2008. 1018476. 8. Assessment of Electrical, Efficiency, and Photometric Performance of Advanced Lighting Technologies: Dimmable Advanced Lighting Technologies – Electronic (Hot and Cold Cathode) Compact Fluorescent Ballasts and Lamps. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2008. 1018477. 9. Assessment of Electrical, Efficiency, and Photometric Performance of Advanced Lighting Technologies: Dimmable Advanced Lighting Technologies – Electronic High-Intensity Discharge Ballasts. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2008. 1018479. 10. Assessment of Electrical, Efficiency, and Photometric Performance of Advanced Lighting Technologies: Dimmable Advanced Lighting Technologies – Electronic Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Fixtures, Lamps, and Drivers. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2008. 1018480. 11. Determination and Resolution of Electromagnetic Interference Problem with Cable Testing Apparatus. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. A-1 Bibliography 12. Effects of Temporary Overvoltage on Residential Products, Part II: System Compatibility Research Project. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2005. 1010892. 13. Electronic Radio-Frequency (Electrodeless) Induction Lamps: A Fluorescent Technology. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 1016199. 14. Ensuring Adequate Surge Protection for Basic and Advanced End-Use Electronics – Surge Protection Workshop. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 15. Failure Analysis of a Flexible Drop-Cord Lighting Cable Used with Electronic HID Ballasts in a Warehouse Merchandiser. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2005. 16. Keebler, P.F., and Phipps, K.O., Understanding and selecting antennas for measuring in congested electromagnetic environments, Record of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 1-6. 17. First Comprehensive Voltage Sag Immunity Testing of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging System: Understanding the Relationship between Voltage Sags, Failures and Error Codes. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 18. Forensic Analysis of Magnetic HID Ballasts in a Large Warehouse. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 19. In-Situ Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Measurements of Electric Arc Cutting and Welding Equipment at Duke Oconee Nuclear Power Station: Preparations for Cutting and Welding and Avoiding Equipment Failures in the Control Room. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 20. Keebler, Philip F., “New Electronic HID Ballast Technologies to Reduce Power Quality Problems in Commercial and Industrial Environments” EPRI Power Quality Applications Conference, Vancouver, 2004. 21. Keebler, Philip F., “System Compatibility Research, Failure Analysis, and Enhanced Performance of Electronic Fluorescent Ballasts”, EPRI, Knoxville, TN. 1995. 22. Keebler, Philip F., “System Compatibility Research, Failure Analysis, and Enhanced Performance of Electronic Compact Fluorescent Lamps”, EPRI, Knoxville, TN. 1996. 23. Keebler, Philip F., “System Compatibility Research, Failure Analysis, and Enhanced Performance of Electronic HID Ballasts”, EPRI, Knoxville, TN. 2001. 24. Keebler, Philip F., Phipps, Kermit O., and Howe, Bill, “The Importance of Power Quality on Appliance Safety—The Union between Appliance Controls and Safety-Related Systems” Electrical Power Quality and Utilization Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2006. 25. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Application No. 9: “Resolving Compatibility Problems Between Electronic Fluorescent Lighting and Automatic Clock Systems,” (July, 1997). A-2 Bibliography 26. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Brief No. 19: “Evaluation of Electromagnetic Incompatibility Between Electronic Ballasts and a Hearing Aid,” (April, 1994), EPRI PEAC Corporation. 27. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Brief No. 22: “Energy Performance and Emissions of Electronic Ballasts Powering Four-Foot Fluorescent Lamps,” (July, 1994), EPRI PEAC Corporation. 28. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Brief No. 23: “Light Flicker in Compact Fluorescent Lamps Caused by Voltage Fluctuations,” (August, 1994), EPRI PEAC Corporation. 29. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Brief No. 24: “The Effects of Flicker on Human Observers,” (September, 1995), EPRI PEAC Corporation. 30. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Brief No. 25: “The Effects of Lamp Dimmers on Light Flicker,” (September, 1995), EPRI PEAC Corporation. 31. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Brief No. 31: “Energy Performance of Compact Fluorescent Lamps,” (November, 1995), EPRI PEAC Corporation. 32. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Brief No. 32: “Harmonic Distortion and Immunity Performance of Compact Fluorescent Lamps,” (December, 1995), EPRI PEAC Corporation. 33. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Brief No. 36: “Lamp Flicker Predicted by Gain-Factor Measurements,” (July, 1996), EPRI PEAC Corporation. 34. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Brief No. 37: “Lamp Flicker in Compact Fluorescent Lamps and FourFoot Fluorescent Lamps,” (August, 1996), EPRI PEAC Corporation. 35. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Brief No. 38: “Inrush Current of Electronic Ballasts Driving Four-Foot Fluorescent Lamps,” (December, 1996), EPRI PEAC Corporation. 36. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Brief No. 8: “Electronic Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Used in 4-Foot Fixtures,” (December, 1992), EPRI PEAC Corporation. 37. Keebler, Philip F., PQTN Solution No. 4: “Solving the Clash of Electronics Technologies,” (August, 1995), EPRI PEAC Corporation. 38. Laboratory Forensic Investigation of Failed Electronic Induction Ballasts and Lamps: High-Efficiency and Long-Life Fluorescent Lighting. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 39. LED Street and Area Lighting Technologies – Executive Summary. EPRI White Paper, Palo Alto, CA: 2008. 40. LED Street and Area Lighting Technologies – White Paper. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2008. 1016982. 41. LED-Based Signals for New York Subways: A System Compatibility Study to Increase Reliability. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2005. A-3 Bibliography 42. Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting and Systems: The Lighting of the Digital Age. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 1016201. 43. On-Site Power Quality and Wiring and Grounding Investigation at Dickinson College: Electronic HID Ballast Failures. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 44. Partial Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Survey at Duke Catawba Nuclear Power Station: Digital Control System Upgrade – Surveying the Control Room, OAC and TTF to Avoid EMI-Related Failures with the New Digital Control System. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 45. Phipps, Kermit O., Keebler, Philip F., and Connatser, Bradford R., “Understanding MOVs for Applying Robust Protection Against Surges” Interference Technology EMC Directory & Design Guide, 2005. 46. Phipps, Kermit O., Keebler, Philip F., and Connatser, Bradford R., “Isolation transformers: Are they worth it?” Interference Technology EMC Directory & Design Guide, 2001. 47. Phipps, Kermit O., Keebler, Philip F., and Connatser, Bradford R., “Improving the way we measure insertion loss: A proposed set of new test methods may provide more accurate attenuation data” Interference Technology EMC Directory & Design Guide, 2002. 48. Phipps, Kermit O., Keebler, Philip F., and Nastasi, Doni., “Distinguishing between surge- and temporary overvoltage-related failures of metal oxide varistors in end-use equipment designs” Interference Technology EMC Directory & Design Guide, 2006. 49. Phipps, Kermit O., Keebler, Philip F., and Nastasi, Doni., “Power quality effects on the reliability and susceptibility of EMI filters: EMI filter performance plays a critical role in limiting emissions and also impacts the immunity of end-use equipment to disturbances” Interference Technology EMC Directory & Design Guide, 2007. 50. Power Quality Encyclopedia – Conducting a Power Quality Audit: Identifying PQ Problems and Equipment Failures. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2005. 51. Power Quality Encyclopedia – Lamp Flicker. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2006. 52. Power Quality Encyclopedia – Voltage Sags. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2005. 53. Power Quality Study and Failure Analysis Report of Failed Electronic HID Lighting Ballasts in a Rubber Roofing Materials Plant. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 54. Power Quality Study and Forensic Analysis Report of Failed Electronic HID Ballasts in a US Navy Warehouse. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 55. Power Quality Technical Watch – Avoiding Power Quality Problems and Equipment Failures in Commercial Buildings. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2006. A-4 Bibliography 56. Power Quality Technical Watch - Surge Protection for Electronic Lighting. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 57. Revisiting Power Quality in the Healthcare Environment. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 58. Shedding More Light on Surge Protection for Electronic Ballasts. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2008. 59. Survivability of Electronic Compact Fluorescent Lamps: Failure Analysis, Life Testing, and Surge Testing. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2008. 1016202. 60. Upset of Electronic-Based Household Ranges Caused by Electrical Disturbances: Part 1. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2006. 61. Upset of Electronic-Based Household Ranges Caused by Electrical Disturbances: Part 2. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2006. 62. Keebler, P.F., Phipps, K.O., Shielding effectiveness with a twist, Record (and presented at) of the 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 1-6. 63. Real world ASD interference case study with modeled solutions 64. Phipps, K.O.; Keebler, P.F.; Arritt, R.F.; 65. Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2009. EMC 2009. IEEE International Symposium on 66. Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ISEMC.2009.5284622 67. Publication Year: 2009 , Page(s): 183 - 188 68. Keebler, Philip F., Phipps, Kermit O., Case Studies of EMI Elimination and Ground Noise Reduction Using Ground Noise Filters, Interference Technology EMC Directory & Design Guide, 2009. 69. Forensic Analysis of Magnetic HID Ballasts in a Large Warehouse. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 70. Partial Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Survey at Duke Catawba Nuclear Power Station: Digital Control System Upgrade – Surveying the Control Room, OAC and TTF to Avoid EMIRelated Failures with the New Digital Control System. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 71. Keebler, Philip F., EMI Investigation of an RM-80 Radiation Monitor at Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 72. Power Quality Study and Failure Analysis Report of Failed Electronic HID Lighting Ballasts in a Rubber Roofing Materials Plant. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. A-5 Bibliography 73. Keebler, Philip F., Electronic High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lighting System Demonstration: The University of Hawaii at Manoa – Astronomy Lab. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA and Hawaiian Electric Company: 2009. 74. Power Quality Technology Watch - Surge Protection for Electronic Lighting. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 75. Keebler, Philip F., Lighting Control Systems: Barriers and the Need for Compatibility. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 1020518. 76. Keebler, Philip F., Outdoor LED Digital Signage: A Primer on Electronic Billboards. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 1017890. 77. Keebler, Philip F., Compact Fluorescent Lamps: Harmonics Analysis and Distribution Impact Study. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 1017891. 78. Keebler, Philip F., Development and Demonstration of Advanced Lighting Technologies for Energy Efficiency and Demand Response Applications: Research, Testing, and On-Site Demonstrations. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA and Bonneville Power Administration: 2010. 79. Keebler, Philip F., Investigation of an Electromagnetic Interference Problem Involving LED Street Lights and an Amateur Radio Transceiver: Identifying the EMI Mechanism and Solution. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2010. 80. Keebler, Philip F., Partial Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Survey at Duke Catawba Nuclear Power Station Digital Control System Upgrade – Surveying the Control Room and OAC after the Upgrade. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2010. 81. Phipps, K., Cooke, T., Dorr, D., Keebler, P., Frequency Phenomenon and Algorithms for Arc Detection. Record (and presented at) of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Electromagnetic Compatibility. Pp. 183-188, August, 2010. Ft. Lauderdale, FL. 82. Keebler, Philip F., Compatibility and Reliability are Key Factors in the Design of LED Lighting Devices and Systems. LED Magazine. September/October 2010. 83. Ciranny, Craig, Braun, Sidney, Keebler Philip F., Demonstration of Dimmable Electronic HID Lighting with Daylight Harvesting inside a Chinook Air Hangar at a US Army Base in Fort Lewis, WA. Presented at the 2010 Energy Expo. Dallas, TX. October 2010. 84. Keebler, P.F., Dols, J., Fortenbery, B., Application of the EPRI System Compatibility Concept to Improve the Performance and Reliability of LED Systems. Presented at the 2010 IES Annual Conference. November, 2010. Huntington Beach, CA. 85. Keebler, Philip F. and H. Stephen Berger, Going from Analog to Digital: Radiated Emissions Performance of a Nuclear Plant Control System from 10 kHz to 6 GHz, Seventh American Nuclear A-6 Bibliography Society International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control and HumanMachine Interface Technologies (NPIC&HMIT) 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada, November 7-11, 2010, on CD-ROM, American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, IL (2010). 86. Keebler, Philip F., Phipps, Kermit O., Sharp, Frank D., System Compatibility: An Essential Ingredient for Achieving Electromagnetic Compatibility and Power Quality for Lighting Control Systems. Interference Technology EMC Directory & Design Guide, Fall 2010. 87. Keebler, Philip F., System Compatibility Testing Improves Reliability of LED Lighting Devices and Systems. LED Magazine. November/December 2010. 88. Keebler, Philip F., Advanced Lighting Technologies: New Electronic Light Sources for Sustainability in a Greener Environment. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2010. 1020127. 89. Keebler, Philip F., System Compatibility of Modern Lighting Control Systems: Part 1: Evaluating Performance Enabling a Greener Environment. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2010. 1020141. 90. Keebler, Philip F., Sharp, Frank D., Dols, Jeff D., 7 Myths of Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Technology, EPRI Press Release, January 2011. 91. Keebler, Philip F., The Need for Compatible and Reliable Performance for DR-Ready Appliances, EPRI White Paper, January 2011. 92. Keebler, Philip F., Sharp, Frank and Jeff Dols, 7 Myths of Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Technology, EPRI Press Release, February 2011. 93. Keebler, Philip F., Research at a Glance: EPRI Testing Identifies Problems with LED Lighting Products, EPRI Press Release, February 2011. 94. Keebler, Philip F., CFLs Continue to Illuminate the Future of Energy Savings, EPRI White Paper, March 2011. 95. Keebler, Philip F., Examining the Economic Benefits of Applying Compatibility Testing to LED Lighting Devices and Systems, LED Magazine, March/April 2011. 96. Keebler, Philip F., The Need for Compatible and Reliable Performance for DR-Ready Appliances, Appliance Design Magazine, April 2011. 97. Keebler, Philip F. and H. Stephen Berger, Going from Analog to Digital: Radiated Emissions Performance of a Nuclear Plant Control System from 10 kHz to 6 GHz, ITEM Design Guide, April 2011. 98. Keebler, Philip F., New Test Methods to Determine the Shielding Effectiveness of Small Enclosures Defined in IEEE P299.1, IN Compliance Magazine, April 2011. A-7 Bibliography 99. Keebler, Philip F., Recent Advancements in HID Lamps, Electrical Construction & Maintenance (EC&M) Magazine, April 2012. 100. Keebler, Philip F. (EPRI) and Kermit O. Phipps (AMS Technology Center), Equipping Instrumentation & Control Engineers with the Right Knowledge to Address EMI Problems in Their Plants, Eighth American Nuclear Society International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control and Human-Machine Interface Technologies (NPIC&HMIT) 2010, San Diego, CA., July 22-26, 2012, on CD-ROM, American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, IL (2012). 101. Keebler, Philip F. (EPRI) and Frank D. Sharp (EPRI), Eliminating the Need for Exclusion Zones in Nuclear Power Plants: What are the New Boundaries?, Eighth American Nuclear Society International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control and Human-Machine Interface Technologies (NPIC&HMIT) 2010, San Diego, CA., July 22-26, 2012, on CD-ROM, American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, IL (2012). 102. Keebler, Philip F. (EPRI) and H. Stephen Berger (TEM Consulting), Wireless: Its Advantages and Disadvantages – Future Connectivity in Nuclear Power Plants, Eighth American Nuclear Society International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control and Human-Machine Interface Technologies (NPIC&HMIT) 2010, San Diego, CA., July 22-26, 2012, on CD-ROM, American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, IL (2012). 103. Keebler, Philip F. (EPRI) and H. Stephen Berger (TEM Consulting), Interconnecting the Elements of an Effective EMC Management Program for Nuclear Power Plants, Eighth American Nuclear Society International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control and Human-Machine Interface Technologies (NPIC&HMIT) 2010, San Diego, CA., July 22-26, 2012, on CD-ROM, American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, IL (2012). 104. Keebler, Philip F., D. Michael Evans and Nathan A. Reid, Practical Reasons for Shifting to the Application of Dielectric-Independent EMI Filters with Integral Surge Protection in Product Designs, ITEM Design Guide, October 2012. 105. Keebler, Philip F. D. Michael Evans and Nathan A Reid, Induction Lighting – Nikola Tesla’s Initial Path to a Promising Light Source, Electrical, Construction & Maintenance (EC&M) magazine, February 2013. 106. Keebler, Philip F. D. Michael Evans and Nathan A Reid, Dropping the Ball, or Dropping the Lights, Electrical, Construction & Maintenance (EC&M) magazine, March 2013. A-8
© Copyright 2024