1. art and entertainment
2. books and literature

APA STYLE
SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST ENTRIES
GENERAL TIPS
BOOKS:
One Author
Multiple Authors
Edited Works
No Author or Editor
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Revised, Second, Subsequent Editions
Reprinted Articles
Introduction, Preface, Forward, Afterwards
Dictionary or Encyclopedia
Government Publication
Pamphlet or Brochure
Translated Works
Technical or Research Reports
JOURNAL, MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Periodical Articles - Journals or Magazines
Newspaper Articles
Review
Editorial or Letter to the Editor
PAGE
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2
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2
3
3
3-4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
FULL-TEXT
Aggregated Databases
netLibrary
InfoTrac/Gale
SIRS
Newsbank
LexisNexis Academic
8-10
8
8-9
10
10
10
Journals, Magazines, Newletters
Online Book, Part of Book, or Government Publication
All Other Websites
11
12
12
INTERNET
ELECTRONIC DISCUSSION SOURCES
13
AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA
Television Program
Music or Audio Recording
Motion Picture, Videotape, or DVD
13
14
14
OTHER MATERIALS
Classical Works
Personal Communications (including interviews)
Performances, Lectures, Speeches, Addresses, Radio Programs
Music Videos
15
15
15
15
1
APA SYTLE
SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST ENTRIES
The information in this handout is available in the Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association, 5th edition. General and specific information on citing sources is covered in Chapter 4. The
numbers at the examples refer to the section of the Manual where more information can be found. You may
also access the website at www.apastyle.org for updates and changes in style, policies and procedures, and
www.apastyle.org/elecref.html for further assistance with electronic references.
GENERAL TIPS
1. Capitalize only the first word in the title of a book or article unless the word is a proper name or is the
first word after a colon (:). Use upper and lower case letters for periodical titles.
2. If there is no author given, list the title of the work or part of the work (ex. poem, short story, etc.) and
then give the publication date in parentheses. The date always follows the first section of information,
whether that information is the author’s name (and title, such as Ed., etc.), the title of the work, or the
title of part of the work.
3. Use only one space after periods.
4. Article and chapter titles are typed as is, without quote marks before the first word or after the last word.
5. Book and periodical titles are italicized, not underlined.
6. Do not use the words Company, Inc., or Publishers in the publisher’s name. Do use the words Press
or Books when they are part of the publisher’s name.
(Right: Gale Research
Greenhaven Press
Chelsea House
Wrong: Gale Research, Inc.
Greenhaven Press, Inc.
Chelsea House Publishers)
7. If the publisher is a university with the name of the state in its name, do not put the state in the publisher
location. (Right: Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press
Wrong: Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.)
8. For the location of the publisher, use the first location listed or the location of the publisher’s home
office. Always abbreviate the names of the U.S. states with the official U.S. Postal Service abbreviation.
9. When alphabetizing the entries, remember to go letter by letter and follow the rule “nothing precedes
something.” (Ex., Thomas, T. J. comes before Thomason, C. L.)
10. Some material may be cited in the text of your paper, but cannot be listed in the Reference List.
Examples of some of these types of materials are discussed on page 15 of this handout.
11. If you cannot find an exact example for your reference, find one that is most like your source. When in
doubt, include more information rather than less.
2
BOOKS
General information is found in sections 4.08 - 4.10 and 4.12 - 4.14. More specific information is found in
sections 4.16.23 - 4.16.40.
1.
One author:
Last name, initial of first name. (date of publication). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.
ex. Sparks, N. (2001). A bend in the road. NY: Warner Books.
2.
Multiple authors:
For two to six authors:
Last name, initial of first name, & last name, initial of first name. (date of publication). Title of book.
Place of publication: Publisher.
ex. Hornsby, T., & Warkoczeski, L. (2000). New roles for leaders. Franklin, TN: Hillsboro
Press.
ex. Oberg, E., Jones, F. D., Horton, H.L., & Ryffell, H. H. (2000). Machinery’s
handbook. (26th ed.). NY: Industrial Press.
For more than six authors, list the first six as indicated above and then add a comma and the word et al.
after the name of the sixth author and before the date of publication.
3.
For an edited work, follow the above examples except add (Ed.). or (Eds.). after the
editor(s) name(s) and before the publication date (4.16.25):
ex. McQuillan, M. (Ed.). (2001). Deconstruction: A reader. NY: Routledge.
4.
If there is no author or editor, begin your bibliographic citation with the name of the book, poem, essay,
short story, article, etc., follow the examples above, and alphabetize the entry by the title (4.16.26):
ex. The Hutchinson dictionary of world history. (1993). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
ex. Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1997). Springfield: MA: MerriamWebster.
3
5.
Article or chapter in an edited book (14.16.34 – 14.16.36):
Last name of author, initial of first name of author. (date of publication). Name of article, chapter, poem,
essay or short story. In initial of first name of editor last name of editor (Ed.), Name of
anthology.
{No period after the name of the anthology if there is a volume number or page numbers. If there
is a volume number, then Name of anthology: Vol. number. If there are page numbers, then
Name of anthology (page numbers).} (Edition number {if applicable}, pp. page numbers). Place
of publication: Publisher.
ex. Glancy, D. (1998). Polar Breath. In N. Baym (Ed.), The Norton anthology of American
literature. (5th ed., pp. 2261-2264). NY: W. W. Norton.
ex. Tensei, K. (1989). Triceratops. In D. G. Hartwell (Ed.), The world treasury of science
fiction (pp. 92-103). Boston: Little, Brown.
ex. Woodard, P. (1986). The library of Babel. In F. N. Magill (Ed.), Masterplots II: Short story
series: Vol. 3. (pp. 1342-1344). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem Press.
ex. McFarland, R. (1996). The ponder heart. In F. N. Magill (Ed.), Masterplots: Vol. 9. (Rev. 2nd
ed., pp. 5236-5239).Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem Press.
6.
Revised, second, or subsequent edition (4.16.27):
Follow the appropriate example for author, editor, anthology, etc., and then identify the edition in
parenthesis after the title. Use the abbreviations 2nd ed., 3rd ed., etc., or Rev. ed. for “Revised edition”.
ex. Bogart, D. (Ed.). (2001). The Bowker annual: Library and book trade almanac (46th ed.).
New Providence, NJ: R. R. Bowker.
ex. Williams, T. I. (2000). A history of invention: from stone axes to silicon chips (Rev. ed.).
New York: Checkmark Books.
7.
Reprinted Articles:
Reprinted articles have been previously published elsewhere. The most common examples are articles
from the Gale Literary Criticism series and the Opposing Viewpoints, Current Controversies, and At
Issues series. A reprint bibliographic citation includes the original publication information as well as the
reprint publication information (4.16.39 – 4.16.40).
Last name of author, initial of first name of author. (date of publication). Title of article or chapter. In
initial of first name of editor last name of editor (Ed.), Name of the book where the source
appears. {No period after the name of the book if there is a volume number or page numbers. If
there is a volume number, then Name of book: Vol. number. If there are page numbers, then
Name of book (page numbers).} (Edition number {if applicable}, pp. page numbers). Place of
publication: Publisher. (Reprinted from name of original book source, pp. page numbers, by
initial of first name last name, Ed. {if applicable}, place of publication: publisher) or (Reprinted
from name of original journal source, volume number(issue number, if applicable), page
numbers) {DO NOT put a period after the parenthesis when citing the reprint information.}
4
ex. Weinberg, H. (2001). J. D. Salinger’s Holden and Seymour and the siritual activist hero. In J. W.
Hunter (Vol. Ed.), Contemporary literary criticism: Vol. 138. (pp. 202-209). Detroit: Gale
Group. (Reprinted from J. D. Salinger, pp. 63-79, by H. Bloom, Ed., 1987, Chelsea House)
ex. Marti, B. (1995). Seneca’s tragedies: A new interpretation. In L. J. Trudeau (Vol. Ed.), Drama
criticism: Vol. 5. (pp. 287-297). Detroit: Gale Research. (Reprinted from Transactions and
Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 76, 216-245)
ex. Olivares, J. (2000). The streets of Gary Soto. In A. S. Nesbitt & S. Salas (Vol. Eds.), Poetry
criticism: Vol. 28. (pp. 382-389). Detroit: Gale Group. (Reprinted from Latin American
Literary Review, 18(35), 32-49)
ex. Anderson, W. (1998). End child labor: Buy their products. In G. E. McCuen (Ed.), Modern slavery
and the global economy (pp. 111-115). Hudson, WI: G. E. McCuen. (Reprinted from Kathie
Lee’s children, The Free Market, pp. 1, 7, 1996 September)
ex. Zuckerman, M. B. (1997). Television violence contributes to juvenile crime. In A. E. Sadler (Ed.),
Juvenile crime: Opposing viewpoints (pp. 52-55). San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press.
(Reprinted from The victims of tv violence, U.S. News & World Report, 1993, August 2)
ex. Litz, A. W. (1987). Ithaca. In H. Bloom (Ed.), James Joyce’s Ulysses (pp. 39-56). NY: Chelsea
House. (Reprinted from James Joyce’s Ulysses: Critical essays, by C. Hart & D. Hayman, Eds.,
1974, University of California Press)
8.
For an introduction, preface, forward, or afterward (4.10):
Suggested general format for citing this information, as there are no specific examples:
Last name of writer, initial of first name of writer. (date of publication). Title of the part.{if given} [Part
cited]. Title of the work (pp. page numbers of the part cited). Place of publication: Publisher.
ex. Bruccoli, M. J. (Ed.). (1989). [Preface]. The short stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald (pp. xiii-xix).
NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
ex. Safire, W. (1980). The great permitter. [Introduction]. On language (pp. xi-xv). NY:
Times Books.
9.
An article in a dictionary or encyclopedia should be cited as follows (4.16.30 & 4.16.38):
ex. Samurai. (2002). In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 10, p. 383). Chicago: Encyclopaedia
Britannica.
ex. Izalco. (2000). In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 15, p. 634). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
ex. Greenfield, S. M. (1996). Godparenthood. In D. Levinson & M. Ember (Eds.), The encyclopedia of
cultural anthropology: Vol. 2. (pp.541-544). NY: Henry Holt.
5
10.
Government Publication (4.16.24, 4.16.41, 4.16.44, 4.16.45):
Name of Government Name of Agency. Or Last name of author, initial of first name of author. (date of
publication). Title of part or article.{if any}. Title of publication {if there is a report number, etc.,
put the information in parenthesis immediately after the title) (pp. page numbers if applicable).
Place of publication: Publisher. {If the author and the publisher are the same, put the word
Author as the name of the publisher.}
ex. United States Census Bureau. (2000). Earnings by highest degree earned: 1999. In
Statistical abstract of the United States: 2000. (p. 158). Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
ex. United States Department of Education. (1999). 1999-2000 Reauthorization training:
Participant’s guide. Washington, DC: Author.
ex. Harrington, H. (1999). The adventures of Julia and Robbie: The disaster twins. Washington,
DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency.
ex. National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness
(DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office.
11.
Cite a pamphlet or brochure (4.16.33):
ex. National Institute on Aging. (1998, May). Ginko Bilboa. [Pamphlet]. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
12.
For a translated work (4.16.32 & 4.16.39):
Last name of author, initial of first name of author. (date of publication). Title of book Initial of first
name and last name of translator, Trans.). Place of publication: Publisher. (Original work
published year of publication if available) {DO NOT put a period after the parenthesis when
citing the original publication information.}
ex. Camus, A. (1988). The Stranger (M. Ward, Trans.). New York: A. A. Knopf. (Original
work published 1946)
ex. Courtois, S. (1999). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression.
(J. Murphy, Trans., & M. Kramer, Ed. & Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
ex. Yevtushenko, Y. (1991). Unrequited Love. (M. Glenny, Trans.). In A. C. Todd (Ed.),
The Collected Poems: 1952-1990 (pp. 300-302). New York: Henry Holt.
6
13.
For technical and research reports (4.16.41 – 4.16.48)
Last name of author, initial of first name of author. (date of publication). Title of report (If available,
the Report, monograph or contract number assigned to the report by the issuing organization).
Place of publication: Publisher.
ex. Craig, J. W. (1970). Design of lossy filters (M.I.T. Rep. No. 19). Cambridge, MA: M.I.T.
Press. (Original work published as Theory and design data for uniformly dissipative,
doubly terminated bandpass and lowpass filters, by Lincoln Laboratory, 1966, Tech.
Rep.
No. 411)
ex. Garland, P. H. (1985). Serving more than students: A critical need for college student
personnel services. Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education.
JOURNAL, MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
General information is found in section 4.11. More specific information is found in sections 4.16.1 - 4.16.22.
TIPS:
Italicize the name of the journal and the volume number.
If there is no volume number, use the month or season with the year.
Capitalize all of the major words in the periodical title.
Only include the issue number (in parentheses after the volume number), if each issue of the
journal begins with page 1.
Only with newspapers, use p. or pp. before the page number(s).
Use (n.d.). if no publication date is available
1.
Periodical articles – Journals or Magazines (4.16.1 – 4.16.8):
Last name of author, initial of first name of author {if available}. (date of publication). Title of article.
Name of Periodical, volume number(issue number if applicable), page numbers.
ex. Leonard, J. A., Wayne, R. K., Wheeler, J. Valadez, R. Guillen, S., & Vila, C. (2002, November 22).
Ancient DNA evidence for old world origin of new world dogs. Science, 298, 1613-1616.
ex. Simons, R. L., Lin, K.H., Gordon, L. C., Brody, G. H., Murry, V., & Conger, R. D. (2002).
Community differences in the association between parenting practices and child conduct
problems. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 331-345.
ex. Watson, E., & Martin, D. (2000). The miss America pageant: Pluralism, femininity, and
Cinderella all in one. Journal of Popular Culture, 34(2), 105-126.
ex. Piore, A. (2001, July 30). A nuke train gets ready to roll. Newsweek, 138, 26-28.
ex. Young, G. (2001, July). Sackbuts and spectrograms. Electronic Musician, 17, 96-109.
7
2.
Newspaper articles (4.16.9 – 4.16.11):
Last name of author, initial of first name of author {if available}. (date of publication). Title of article.
Name of newspaper, p. page number.
ex. Davidson, P. (2000, October 23). More businesses turn to instant messaging. USA Today, p. 1B.
3.
Review (4.16.63 – 4.16.64):
Last name of reviewer, initial of first name of reviewer {if available}. (date of publication). Title of the
review. [Review of the book Title of the work reviewed]. Name of periodical in which review
appeared, volume number(issue number if applicable), page number(s){if given}.
ex. Perry, L. (2002). [Review of the book The Universalist movement in America, 1770-1880].
William & Mary Quarterly, 59, 527-530.
ex. Hitchens, C. (2002, June). A man of permanent contradictions. [Review of the book The long
recessional: The imperial life of Rudyard Kipling]. Atlantic Monthly, 289, 96-103.
5.
Editorial or Letter to the Editor (4.16.11):
Last name of author, initial of first name of author {if available}. (date of publication). Title. [Editorial].
or [Letter to the editor]. Name of journal, magazine or newspaper in which review appeared, volume
number(issue number if applicable), page number(s){if given}.
ex. Goodbye, Dolly. (2002, May 21). [Editorial]. Christianity Today, 36-37.
ex. Sage, W. M. (2002, June 12). Putting the Patient in Patient Safety: Linking Patient Complaints and
Malpractice Risk. [Editorial]. JAMA, 287, 3003-3005.
ex. Baumgartner, F. (2002, June 14). [Letter to the editor]. Science, 296, 1967-1968.
ex. Feldbaum, C. B. (2002, June 14). [Reply to letter of F. Baumgartner]. Science, 296, 1968.
8
FULL-TEXT
In full-text databases, the entire article can be printed from the computer. For more information on citing fulltext material, please refer to the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition,
sections 4.15 and 4.16 I (4.16.71 - 4.16.95).
If you cannot find some of the information, cite what is available.
ONLINE DATABASES
Aggregated databases (4.16.88 & 4.16.90):
The following information pertains to examples from the on-line databases accessible through Northeast State.
Last name of author, initial of first name of author {if available}. (date of publication). Title of article.
Name of Periodical, volume number(issue number if applicable), page numbers. Retrieved month day,
year, from name of database. {Optional: you may include an item, record, or accession number in
parenthesis after the name of the database. This number, if given, is found at the top or bottom of the
article.} No internet address is needed.
or
Last name, initial of first name. (date of publication). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.
Retrieved month day, year, from name of database. {Optional: you may include an item or accession
number in parenthesis after the name of the database. This number, if given, is found at the top or
bottom of the article.} No internet address is needed.
netLibrary:
ex. Bench, J. (1999). The complete idiot’s guide to baseball. NY: Alpha Books. Retrieved July 18,
2003, from netLibrary.
ex. Hyland, A. (1996). The medieval warhorse from Byzantium to the crusades. Conshohocken, PA:
Combined Books. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from netLibrary.
ex. Patel, N. V. (2003). Adaptive Evolutionary Information Systems. Hershey, PA: Idea Group
Publishing. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from netLibrary.
InfoTrac/Gale:
ex. Gordon, B. B. (2001, April). Murder in outer space? Astronomy, 29, 6. Retrieved July 18, 2003,
from InfoTrac Web InfoTrac OneFile. (A75106294). {⇐ This record number is optional.}
ex. Harmon, R. J. (2001). Infant and toddler mental health. Journal of the American Academy of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(1), 7. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from InfoTrac Web Expanded
Academic ASAP.
9
ex. Kaplan, D. E. (2002, April 15). Many leads, many dead ends: FBI’s probe of Anthrax attacks.
U.S. News & World Report, 24. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from InfoTrac Web Expanded
Academic ASAP.
ex. Farrell, T. (2002, March). A ticket to ride: The rapid rise of snowboarding. USA Today Magazine,
48. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from InfoTrac Web General Reference Center Gold.
ex. Mersmann, J. (1981). Allen Ginsberg. In American writers (pp. 307-333). Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Retrieved July 18, 2003, from InfoTrac Web Literature Resource Center.
ex. Unrue, D. H. (n.d.). Systems and patterns. In Short story criticism: Vol. 31. (Reprinted from Truth
and vision in Katherine Anne Porter’s fiction, pp. 60-105, 1985, University of Georgia Press)
Retrieved July 18, 2003, from InfoTrac Web Literature Resource Center.
ex. Levy, L. B. (1975). The problem of faith in Young Goodman Brown. JEGP: Journal of English
and Germanic Philology, 74(3), 357-387. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from InfoTrac Web
Literature Resource Center.
ex. Dawn song. (1995). In Merriam-Webster’s encyclopedia of literature. Retrieved July 18, 2003,
from InfoTrac Web Literature Resource Center.
ex. Gabriel Garcia Marquez. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2003, from InfoTrac Web Contemporary Literary
Criticism—Select. Gale Group Databases.
ex. Wood, D. S. (1986). Female heroism in the ice age: Jean Auel’s earth children. Extrapolation,
27(1), 33-38. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from InfoTrac Web Contemporary Literary Criticism—
Select.
ex. Smith, G. (2002, September 9). The design fad that won’t go away. Electronic Engineering Times,
54. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from InfoTrac Web Computer Database.
ex. Rea, P. J., McLaughlin, V. L., & Walther-Thomas, C. (2002). Outcomes for students with learning
disabilities in inclusive and pullout programs. Exceptional Children, 68, 203. Retrieved July 18,
2002, from InfoTrac Web Professional Collection.
ex. Anderson, J. B. (2001). Rabies. In D. Olendorf, C. Jeryan, & K. Boyden (Eds.), The Gale
encyclopedia of medicine. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Research. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from
InfoTrac Web Health &Wellness Resource Center.
ex. Safran, S. P. (2001). Asperger syndrome: The emerging challenge to special education.
Exceptional Children, 67, 151. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from InfoTrac Web Health & Wellness
Resource Center.
ex. Crandall, C. (2002, August). Osteoporosis in men: Where do we stand with screening and
treatment? Consultant, 42. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from InfoTrac Web Health Reference Center
Academic.
ex. Truett, R. (2002, September 16). Electrovan dodged the crusher. Automotive News, 34. Retrieved
July 18, 2003, from InfoTrac Web General Business File International.
10
SIRS:
ex. Miller, R. (2002, June 7). Archaeologists unearth 2,000 year-old canal system in Florida.
Sun-Sentinel [Ft. Lauderdale, FL]. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from SIRS Knowledge Source SIRS
Researcher.
ex. Bright, C. (2001, November/December). Chocolate could bring the forest back. World Watch,
17-28. Retrieved July 15, 2003 from SIRS Knowledge Source SIRS Researcher.
ex. McCammon, S. L. (2002, May). Ensuring safe food. Economic Perspectives, 9-11. United States
Department of State. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from SIRS Knowledge Source SIRS Government
Reporter.
ex. Johnson, V. (2002, April/May). Symmetry in the garden. Old-House Interiors, 72-75. Retrieved
July 15, 2003, from SIRS Knowledge Source SIRS Renaissance.
NewsBank:
ex. Cheek, D. (2003, April 13). Bill aims to prevent escalating road rage. The Tennessean [Nashville,
TN], p. 1A. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from NewsBank NewsFile.
ex. Harwood, W. (2003, June 11). NASA launches first of two Mars rovers. The Washington Post,
p. A14. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from NewsBank NewsFile.
ex. Epstein, A. (1985, September 15). New computer network to watch citizens’ money. The Miami
Herald. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from NewsBank Retrospective.
ex. Kilpatrick, C. (1974, September 10). Nixon pardon stirs outcry against Ford. The Washington Post.
Retrieved July 15, 2003, from NewsBank Retrospective.
LexisNexis Academic:
ex. Lafee, S. (2001, August 22). AI’s missing link may be in the gut. San Diego Union-Tribune,
p. F3. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from LexisNexis Academic News.
ex. Stasio, F. (Host). (2003, May 16). Budget shortfalls in many states in the nation. [Transcript of radio
episode]. In Talk of the Nation. National Public Radio. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from LexisNexis
Academic News.
ex. Defenders of Wildlife v. Dalton. (2000). 97 F. Supp. 2d. 1197. No. 00-02-00060. United States
Court of International Trade. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from LexisNexis Academic Legal
Research.
ex. Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C.S. § 12102. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from
LexisNexis Academic Legal Research.
ex. Tennessee. (1998). World Almanac of the U.S.A. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from LexisNexis
Academic Reference.
ex. Marfan syndrome: Cure sought for tall people’s disease. (2002, May 24). Genomics & Genetics
Weekly, 16. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from LexisNexis Academic Medical.
11
INTERNET
Use (n.d.). if no publication date is available.
If no page numbers are given, do not assign any page numbers or use the abbreviation n.p.
Do not put a period after, or underline, the Internet address.
If you view an article on the Internet that has a printed version, add [Electronic version]. after the article
title.
If you have to break a URL that goes on another line, break the address after a slash or before a period.
Do not insert a hyphen at the break.
1.
Journals, Magazines, or Newsletters (4.16.71 – 4.16,74 & 4.16.89):
Last name of author, initial of first name of author {if available}. (date of publication if available;
otherwise, put n.d.). Title of article. Name of Periodical, volume number(issue number if
applicable), page numbers{if available}. Retrieved month day, year, from internet address
ex. Newspaper Article
Babinek, M. (2003, July 15). Hurricane Claudette nears Texas coast. The Washington Post
Online. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from http://washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/
A57777-2003Jul15.html?nav=hptoc_n
ex. Magazine Article
Easterbrook, G. (2000, November). Hybrid vigor: A funny thing happened on the way to the
demise of the plug-in car. [Electronic version]. Atlantic. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from
http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2000/11/easterbrook.htm
ex. Scholarly Journal
Korgen, K., Odell, P., & Schumaker, P. (2001). Internet use among college students: Are there
differences by race/ethnicity? Electronic Journal of Sociology, 5(3). Retrieved July 15, 2003,
from http://www.sociology.org/content/vol005.003/korgen.html
12
2.
Online Book, Part of a Book, or Government Publication (14.16.75 -14.16.77, 14.16.80, & 14.16.91):
Last name of author, initial of first name of author {if available}. (date of publication if available;
otherwise, put n.d.). Title of the part {if applicable}. Name of work. Retrieved month day, year,
from internet address
ex. Online Book
Khayyam, O. (n.d.). The Rubaiyat. (Fitzgerald, Trans.), (5th ed.). Retrieved July 15, 2003, from
http://www.arabiannigts.org/rubaiyat/index2.html
Hardy, T. (1878). Return of the native. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from http://elf.chaoscafe.com/
hardy/native
ex. Part of an Online Book
Poe, E.A. (n.d.). A tale of the ragged mountains. In Selected works of Poe. Retrieved July 15,
2003, from http://elf.chaoscafe.com/poe/works
ex. Government Publication
United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). 2001 annual report. Retrieved July 15, 2003,
from http://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/2001/ar01toc.htm
3. All other Websites including Scholarly Projects, Professional or Personal Sites (4.16.75 – 4.16.84):
Last name of author, initial of first name of author {if available}. (date of publication if available;
otherwise, put n.d.). Title of the part. Name of work {if applicable and available}. Retrieved month
day, year, from internet address
ex. Underground railroad. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2003, from http://historychannel.com/
ex. Panel: Smallpox vaccine not for everyone. (2002, June 20). Retrieved July 15, 2003, from
http://www.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/conditions/06/20/smallpox.vaccine/index.html
ex. Jumping Mouse. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2003, from www.encyclopedia.com/html/j1/
jumpingm.asp
ex. Potter, N. (2002, June 19). Icebound: Russian scientists stranded on ship in Antarctic ice.
Retrieved July 15, 2003, from http://abcnews.go.com/sections/wnt/DailyNews/
antarctic_rescue020619.html
ex. Keyes, B. (1996, April 15). Nostradamus. Retrieved July 15, 2003, from www.activemind.com/
Mysterious/Topics/Nostradamus/
13
ELECTRONIC DISCUSSION SOURCES
If the source is not accessible over time (archived), does not have scholarly value, or is not peer
reviewed, it cannot be listed in the Reference List.
Most electronic discussion sources are not suitable for inclusion in the Reference List; however, if the
information is retrievable and scholarly, follow the example below:
Newsgroups, Online Forums, Discussion Groups, Mailing Lists (4.16.85 – 4.16.87)
Last name of author, initial of first name of author. (date of posting). Subject line of the message.
Message posted to internet address
ex. Rinehart, R. (2002, May 6). Archiving the Avant Garde: Documenting and preserving variable
media art. Message posted to http://lists.village.virginia.edu/lists_archive/Humanist/
v16/0000.html
AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA (4.16.65 – 4.16.70)
1.
Television Program (4.16.66 – 4.16.68):
For a single episode from a series:
Last name, initial of the first name of the writer (Writer), & last name, initial of the first name of the
director or producer or both (Director or Producer). (year of broadcast). Title of episode or
segment [Television series episode]. In first initial of first name last name (Producer), Title of
series. City of the network: Name of the network.
For a broadcast or series:
Last name, initial of the first name of the writer or director or both (Writer or Director). (broadcast
date or year of series). Title of series or broadcast [Television series or broadcast]. City of the
network: Name of the network.
ex. Rye, R. (Director). (2002, June 10). Oliver twist [Television series episode]. In C. Sarson, J.
Wilson, & R. Eaton (Producers), ExxonMobil masterpiece theatre. Alexandria, VA: PBS.
ex. Pratt, C. (Executive Producer). (2003, May 4). Face the nation [Television broadcast]. Washington,
DC: CBS Broadcasting, Inc.
ex. Johnston, K. (Producer). (2003). Law & order [Television series]. New York: Wolf Films.
14
2.
Music or Audio Recording (4.16.69 – 4.16.70):
For a music recording:
Last name, first initial of writer. (copyright date). Title of song [Recorded by first initial of artist last
name of artist if different from the writer]. On Title of album [Medium – CD, record, cassette,
etc.]. Location: Name of label. (Recording date if different from the copyright date)
ex. Conneff, K. (Arranger). (2000). Jack of all trades [Recorded by The Chieftains]. On Water from the
well [CD]. NY: RCA Victor/BMG Classics.
ex. Keys, A. (2001). Piano & I. On Songs in A minor [CD]. NY: J Records, LLC.
ex. Lamar, H. & Bentley, S. (2000). These are the days [Recorded by J. D. Messina]. On Burn [CD].
Nashville, TN: Curb Records.
For an audio recording:
Last name, first initial of originator or contributor. (Function of originator or contributor). (copyright
date). Title of recording [Medium – CD, cassette, etc.]. Location: Name of distributor.
ex. Hesse, H. (Author). (1986). Siddartha [Read by D. Jacobi]. [Cassette recording]. Auburn, CA:
Audio Partners.
ex. Dubois, W.E. B. (Author/Speaker). (1992). The souls of black folk [Cassette recording].
Portsmouth, RI: JimCin Recordings.
ex. Brown, S. (Author). (2002). A kiss remembered [Read by K. Ziemba]. [CD]. NY: Audioworks.
3.
Motion Picture, Videotape or DVD (4.16.65):
Last name, initial of the first name of the producer or director or both (Producer or Director). (year of
release). Title of the work [Motion picture, Videorecording, DVD]. Country of origin{where it
was primarily made and released}: Name of the studio.
ex. Liman, D. (Producer & Director). (2002). The Bourne Identity [Motion picture]. United States:
Universal Pictures.
ex. Shadyac, T. (Director). (1999). Patch Adams [Videorecording]. United States: Universal Studios.
ex. Rigas, E. & Miller, R. (Producers), & Greenwald, M. (Writer/Director). (2000). Songcatcher [DVD].
United States: Songcatcher Films, LLC.
15
OTHER MATERIALS
The APA Publication Manual’s purpose is to provide uniform information for preparing, presenting and
publishing scientific research and technical reports. Because some sources may not be considered as providing
scholarly, recoverable data, they cannot be included in the Reference List.
The following types of sources do not have specific guidelines for citation. Suggestions for proper citation are
included where possible, but they are only suggestions based on the Manual’s guidelines and are not an
indication that the source should be included in the Reference List. Some sources are specifically identified as
unacceptable for inclusion in the Reference List. Use your best judgment as to the scholarly nature of the item
before including it. When in doubt, please discuss the source with your instructor. Although they cannot be
included in the Reference List, the sources may be cited in the text of the paper.
Classical Works (3.100 – 3.101):
Major classical works, including ancient Greek and Roman works and the Bible, are not included in the
Reference List. Include the version used in the first citation in your paper and use the numbers of the books,
chapters, verses, lines, etc., instead of page numbers when referring to a specific part of the work. Do not use
page numbers even with a direct quote.
ex. Mark 9:4 (King James Version)
ex. (Euripides, Helen, trans. 1994, line 58)
Personal Communications (including interviews) (3.102):
Personal communications include e-mail, nonarchived electronic discussion groups or bulletin boards, personal
interviews, telephone conversations, letters, memos, etc. These sources are considered unrecoverable and/or not
scholarly. They may be cited in the body of the paper only.
ex. (J. G. Smith, personal communication, April 16, 2003)
Performances (concerts, plays, operas, ballets); Lectures, Speeches, Addresses; Radio Programs:
There are no specific guidelines for these sources. They could be considered unrecoverable since each event is
unique every time. Although the source should not be included in the Reference List, it can be cited in the body
of the paper. If the source is commonly available because it is recorded (on videotape, audiocassette, CD, or
DVD), or there is a transcript, then it may be included in the Reference List. Please refer to citation guidelines
for the appropriate way to cite the source. When in doubt, consult your instructor.
Music Videos:
There are no specific guidelines for citing music videos. They can be cited in the body of the paper. They may
be included in the Reference List following the example of a television program episode or the videorecording
or DVD examples. Please consult with your instructor before including a music video in the Reference List.
Last updated 18 July 2003