Kinlaw Library - Asbury College How To Use APA (American Psychological Assoc.) STYLE #6 The following guidelines and examples for the construction of a reference list and the use of the author-date method of citation in text are taken from the 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Ready Reference 808.06615 A54p). CITATION OF SOURCES Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, you must credit the source. For a direct quotation in the text, the type of information provided will vary depending on if the original document is in print or electronic form. For citing print sources, give the author, year, and page number in parenthesis at the end of the quote, the end of the sentence, or at the end of the block quote. (For further examples see p. 118 of the APA Publication Manual) Electronic sources do not have page numbers and the citation should include a paragraph number with either the abbreviation para or the paragraph symbol (¶). Following are some examples of how this would look in a paper. REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT The APA Publication Manual states that the purpose of the reference citation in text is to "identify the source for the reader and enable the reader to locate the source of information in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the article or paper." For additional details and examples, see the APA Publication Manual, Sections 3.94-3.103 (pp. 207-214). One Work By A Single Author Use the author-date method of citation that includes the surname of the author and the year of publication inserted in the text at the appropriate point. Despite originally strong family values, “Latinos in the second generations begin to absorb the worst of America” (Leland and Chambers, 1999, p.20). If the name of the author appears as part of the narrative, cite the year of publication and page number in parentheses. Miele (1993) found that “the placebo effect disappeared only when the behaviors were studied in this manner” (p. 276). One Work By Two Or More Authors When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text. When a work has more than two authors but fewer than six authors, cite all authors the 1 first time the reference occurs. Williams, Jones, Smith, Bradner, and Torrington (1983) found... In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." Williams et al. (1983) found... Corporate Authors The Publication Manual states "the names of corporate authors are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation." When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter. The guiding rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for the reader to locate the entry in the reference list without difficulty. First text citation - (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1981) Subsequent text citations - (NIMH, 1981) Bible Reference entries are not required for major classical works such as the Bible. Simply identify in the first citation in the text the version you used. Parts are numbered systematically across all editions, so use these numbers instead of page numbers when referring to specific parts of your source. In Paul’s love chapter he begins by saying “If I speak in the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I am a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal ” (Revised Standard Version, 1 Cor. 13:1). REFERENCE LIST References cited in your research paper must appear in a reference list which identifies the books, periodicals, and other materials which you have cited or consulted for your paper. These citations are arranged alphabetically by author and appear at the end of your paper. The APA Publication Manual explains that the "reference list at the end of a journal article documents the article and provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source." The examples below include the most common types of materials cited in the reference lists of undergraduate student research papers. For additional details and examples, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Section 4.01 (Reference List). Italics MUST be used for the titles of books, periodicals, or other works. Do not underline. Basic Format Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (date of publication). Title of work. Location: Publisher. 2 No Author or Editor College bound seniors. (1979). Princeton, NJ: College Board Publications. One Author Bernstein, T. M. (1965). The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage. New York: Antheneum. Two Authors Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan. Corporate Author, Author as Publisher American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Edited Book Letheridge, S., & Cannon, C. R. (Eds.). (1980). Bilingual education: Teaching English as a second language. New York: Praeger. Bible Holy Bible: Revised Standard Version (2nd ed.). (1971). Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. ESSAYS OR CHAPTERS IN EDITED BOOKS Elements of a reference to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor, book title, and essay or chapter page numbers. Three Authors Hartley, J. T., Harker, J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary issues and new directions in adult development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 239-252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Two Editors Jacobson, Neil S., Ph.D. (1981). Behavioral marital therapy. In A. S. Gurman & D. P. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy (pp. 556-591). New York: Brunner/Mazel. 3 JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS Journal Article, One Author Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory & Cognition, 3, 635-647. Journal Article, Two Authors Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1-7. Journal Article, More Than Two Authors Horowitz, L. M., Post, D. L., French, R. S., & Siegelman, E. Y. (1981). The prototype as a construct in abnormal psychology: 2. Clarifying disagreement in psychiatric judgments. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 575-585. Magazine Article (not usually a vol or issue # and not continuously paginated) Gardner, H. (1981, December). Do babies sing a universal song? Psychology Today, 70-76. Newspaper Article, No Author Study finds free care used more. (1982, April). APA Monitor, 14. Newspaper Article, Letter to the Editor O'Neill, G. W. (1982, January). In support of DSM-III [Letter to the editor]. APA Monitor, 4. NON-PRINT MEDIA Film Maas, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H. (Director). (1979). Deeper into hypnosis [Film]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Cassette Recording Clark, K. B. (Speaker). (1976). Problems of freedom and behavior modification (Cassette Recording No. 7612). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 4 Computer Program Fernandes, F. D. (1972). Theoretical prediction of interference loading on aircraft stores: Part 1. Subsonic speeds [Computer program]. Pomona, CA: General Dynamics, Electro Dynamics Division. (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Report No. NASA CR-112065-1; Acquisition No. LAR-11249). REVIEWS AND INTERVIEWS Review of a Book Carmody, T. P. (1982). A new look at medicine from the social perspective [Review of Social contexts of health, illness, and patient care]. Contemporary Psychology, 27, 208-209. Review of a Film Bowers, K. S. (1982). Deeper into "Deeper into hypnosis" [Review of Deeper into hypnosis]. Contemporary Psychology, 27, 223-224. Published Interview, Untitled Work Newman, P. (1982, January). [Interview with William Epstein, editor of JEP: Human Perception and Performance]. APA Monitor, pp. 7, 39. LEGAL MATERIALS When citing legal articles in APA format, do not footnote but locate all such references in the reference list. For additional examples of references to court cases and statutes, see the APA Publication Manual, pp. 397-410. U.S. Supreme Court Case (Citation to the United States Reports) O'Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563 (1975). 5 CITING WEB PAGES General Form for Electronic References Note: Some elements of the 5th edition's style guidelines for electronic resources differ from previously published guidelines. Electronic sources include aggregated databases, online journals, Web sites or Web pages, newsgroups, Web - or e-mail-based discussion groups, and Web- or e-mail-based newsletters. Online periodical: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxxxxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source. Online document: Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source. PERIODICALS - INTERNET ARTICLES BASED ON A PRINT SOURCE At present, the majority of the articles retrieved from online publications in psychology and the behavioral sciences are exact duplicates of those in their print versions and are unlikely to have additional analyses and data attached. This is likely to change in the future. In the meantime, the same basic primary journal reference (see Examples 15) can be used, but if you have viewed the article only in its electronic form, you should add in brackets after the article title "Electronic version" as in the following fictitious example: VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. If you are referencing an online article that you have reason to believe has been changed (e.g., the format differs from the print version or page numbers are not indicated) or that includes additional data or commentaries, you will need to add the date you retrieved the document and the URL. VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html Article in an Internet-only journal Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html 6 Article in an Internet-only newsletter Glueckauf, R. L., Whitton, J., Baxter, J., Kain, J., Vogelgesang, S., Hudson, M., et al. (1998, July). Videocounseling for families of rural teens with epilepsy -- Project update. Telehealth News, 2(2). Retrieved from http://www.telehealth.net/ subscribe/newslettr4a.html1 Use the complete publication date given on the article. Note that there are no page numbers. In an Internet periodical, volume and issue numbers often are not relevant. If they are not used, the name of the periodical is all that can be provided in the reference. Whenever possible, the URL should link directly to the article. Break a URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Do not insert (or allow your word-processing program to insert) a hyphen at the break. NONPERIODICAL DOCUMENTS ON THE INTERNET Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/ If the author of a document is not identified, begin the reference with the title of the document. Document available on university program or department Web site Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/ newwine1.html E-Book from a subscription service such as NetLibrary Dronke, P. (1968). Medieval Latin and the rise of European love-lyric. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved March 6, 2001, from NetLibrary: http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=22981 If a document is contained within a large and complex Web site (such as that for a university or a government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon. 7 OTHER ELECTRONIC SOURCES Electronic copy of a journal article retrieved from subscription database (i.e. EbscoHost) Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycINFO database. Lanken. (1996, March-April). When the earth moves. Canadian Geographic, 66-73. Retrieved April 15, 1998 from MasterFile Premier. When referencing material obtained by searching an aggregated database, follow the format appropriate to the work retrieved and add a retrieval statement that gives the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database. The examples in this STUDY GUIDE are based on the 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The APA format is only one of many formats available to writers. If you need another format or writers' manual, please consult with a Reference Librarian if you require additional assistance. Go to: http://noah.asbury.edu/library/style.htm for more info and updated guides. Created: 1/02 Revised: 10/08 JW Kinlaw Library, Asbury College, Wilmore, KY 40390 8