Externally assessed 4 credits Apply geographical concepts and skills to demonstrate understanding of a given environment 4 AS 91243 Geography 2.4 Achievement Standard 91243 (Geography 2.4) AS 90067 The maps most geographers work with are maps of understanding 1:50 000, and these contouraspects: lines which indica Achievement Standard 91243 (Geography 2.4) requires knowledge and of show the following or topography sointerpretation, these maps are knowntopographical as (or topo) • geographic skills – mapping,and visual graphing, statistical and valuing skillsmaps . The 1 represents the dist on the map, and 50000 represents the distance on the ground. • geographic concepts – the ideas that geographers use to interpret and represent information about the world; You are expected toand estimate the scale of another map or satellite photograph using the s key geographical concepts are to thebe bigable ideas understandings a topographical map. • given environment – a specific setting unified by place, geographic characteristics, or themes. Calculation of area formula area is: Use the checklistThe at the end offor thisworking chapter out to ensure you have completed all the skills. Historically, the area AS 91243 examination hasorbeen = length × breadth A = divided l × b into three sections: • Question One: photographs and images 2 orsatellite TheMaps, answer will be in km m2 • Question Two: Graphs, tables and statistics Examples • Question Three: Application of geographic concepts. A block of land on a topo map measures 3.6 cm by 4.2 cm This chapter will follow the same format. Sample only 4.2 3.6 × square kilometres = 1.8 × 2.1 = 3.78 km 2 2 2 This area represents Question One: Maps, photographs and satellite images Topographical maps3.3A: Scale and distance Activity Topographical maps are maps ofthe a scale of 1:50table. 000 and have contour lines which show relief. They also contain 1. complete following symbols which explain the natural and cultural features of the area. A key gives the meaning of the symbols. Representative Latitude and longitude and/or grid references help you plot and describe the location of features on a map. fraction or ratio Scale in words Linear or line scale Mapping skills Scale and distance 1:250 000 0 a. 2.5 5 7.5 km A map represents a given area on the ground. Scale is a ratio and shows how 0 much 0.5the real 1 world 1.5has kmbeen 1 cm to 0.5 km b. ‘reduced’ to fit onto the map. Map scale is important because it tells you about the size of features and distances between the features. The larger the reduction, the greater the ratio and the smaller1the scale map. 3 km 2 of the 1 cm to 1 km c. The maps most geographers work with are maps of 1:50 000, and these show contour lines which indicate relief 0 The51 represents 10 15 or topography and so these maps (or topo) maps. thekm distance on d. are known as topographical e. the map, and 50 000 represents the distance on the ground. 2. to a. A road measures cm on a map ofmap scale 1:50 000. Calculate how long road is. on You are expected be able to estimate the1scale of another or satellite photograph using thethe scale given a topographical map. b. The same road measures 2 cm on another map ‘X’ of unknown scale. orkW out the scale of map ‘X Calculation of area Example The formula for working out area is: area = length × breadth or A = l × b A block of land on a topo map measures 3.6 cm by 4.2 cm 3.6 4.2 This area represents × square kilometres = 1.8 × 2.1 2 2 The answer will3.be in or 2 Calculate how much area= a square 3.78 kmkilometre occupies on the following maps. km2 m2 a. 1:25 000 map: © ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd, Freephone 0800-372 266 b. 1:50 000 map: AS 90067 2 Achievement Standard 91243 (Geography 2.4) Ans. p. 47 Activity: Scale, distance and area 1. Complete the following table. Representative fraction or ratio Scale in words Linear or line scale 1:250 000 a. 02.557.5 km b. 1 cm to 0.5 km 0 c. 1 cm to 1 km d. e. 0 0.5 1 1.5 km 1 2 3 km 5 10 15 km 2.a. A road measures 1 cm on a map of scale 1:50 000. Calculate how long the road is. b. The same road measures 2 cm on another map ‘X’ of unknown scale. Work out the scale of map ‘X’. 3. Calculate how much area a square kilometre occupies on the following maps. a. 1:25 000 map: Sample only b.1:50 000 map: 4. This question refers to the colour map and key on pages 9, 42. a. What is the straight-line distance between the Surf Club at Red Beach and the Surf Club at Orewa? b.What is the straight-line distance from the bridge on SH17 at 518482 northward to the small bridge at the end of Orewa Beach just before Hatfields Beach? c. Give the area of the Orewa CBD in km2. © ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd, Freephone 0800-372 266 Apply geographical concepts and skills to demonstrate understanding of a given environment 3 Location is indicated on a map by latitude and longitude and by grid references. Latitude and longitude • Latitude is the angular expression of the distance north or south from the equator. The equator is 0° latitude, and from the equator is south to the South Pole at 90° S latitude, and north to the North Pole at 90° N latitude. • Longitude is the angular expression of the distance east or west from the imaginary line known as the prime meridian. The prime meridian is at 0° longitude. In the eastern hemisphere, the longitude is given in degrees east; in the western hemisphere, it is given in degrees west. The 180 degree meridian is known as the International Date Line. Each degree (°) is divided into 60 minutes (‘), each minute is divided into 60 seconds (“). Latitude is always given first and is found on the sides of the map. For New Zealand maps, latitude is read from the top of the map and increases towards the bottom as latitude is measured from the equator 0° and New Zealand is south of the equator. Longitude is found at the bottom of a map and in New Zealand it is read from left to right as New Zealand is east of the prime meridian from which latitude is measured. Six-figure grid references Topographic maps are divided into a square grid with grid lines numbered sequentially from the bottom left of the map. The grid numbers on the: • east-west (horizontal) axis are called eastings and represent the value of the vertical lines • north-south (vertical) axis are called northings and represent the value of the horizontal lines. Sample only On 1:50 000 Topo50 maps, the distance between adjacent lines is 2 cm, which represents 1 000 metres. The squares formed by intersecting eastings and northings are called grid squares. On Topo50 maps, each square represents an area of 100 hectares or one square kilometre. © ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd, Freephone 0800-372 266 AS 91243 Location AS 90067 4 Achievement Standard 91243 (Geography 2.4) Activity: Location 1. The following map is from a 1:50 000 Topo50 map. 46 No. 1 dairy farm d i Roa u Paran Paranui Ans. p. 47 45 church Paranui Community Hall 44 43 Blue Gorge Farm Kowhai Bush Reserve Blu 42 eG or d oa ra R ge 67 Ro Sample only a ap Par 68 69 70 ad 71 41 72 a. Give the 6-figure grid references for: i. the church ii. Blue Gorge Farm iii. the intersection between Blue Gorge Road and Parapara Road iv. the Paranui village water reservoir. b. Remembering that the distance between each line is 2 cm which represents 1 000 m, work out the area that the map represents. c. Determine the approximate area, in hectares, of Kowhai Bush Reserve. 2. This question refers to the colour map and key on pages 9, 10. a. On which coast of the North Island is Orewa? b. Give the latitude and longitude of point A on the map. c. What road is to be found at grid reference 495495? d. What cultural feature is to be found at grid reference 513490? e. What cultural feature is to be found at grid reference 477510? © ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd, Freephone 0800-372 266 Apply geographical concepts and skills to demonstrate understanding of a given environment 5 Direction N NNE NE ENE WNW W E ESE WSW SW Further divisions to make eight are NE, NW, SE and SW. AS 91243 NW There is no ‘Up’ or ‘Down’ on a map, only compass directions. The four cardinal points of the compass in order are NESW. NNW SSW SSE SE S Activity: Direction y Fair Lake Rotorua ngs Spri d Roa 1.a.In which direction would you be travelling: i.along Fairy Springs Road into Rotorua if you were coming from the South? Ans. p. 47 ii.on a plane flying directly from Kairau Park to Smallbone Park? Owhatiura Bay Kairau Park iii.on a plane flying directly from Smallbone Park to Owhatiura Bay? Rotorua Sample only Smallbone Park Lynmore Whakarewarewa b. Give the direction from Kairau Park to: i.Whakarewarewa ii. Smallbone Park iii.Lynmore iv. Owhatiura Bay. 2. This question refers to the colour map and key on pages 9, 10. a.i. Give the height of the highest point on the map. ii. Give the general location of the highest land. iii. Explain the relationship between steepness of slope and land use in the Orewa District. b. What is the direction from the Orewa Surf Club to: i. the bridge over the Orewa River? ii.Silverdale? iii. the interchange on SH1 at Grand Drive? © ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd, Freephone 0800-372 266 AS 90067 6 Achievement Standard 91243 (Geography 2.4) Using a key A key enables us to interpret a topographical map. The key which accompanies a map gives an explanation of all the symbols used. The symbols are divided into various types, such as: • cultural – roads, buildings, urban development, railways, airports • hydrography (associated with water) – symbols are blue, e.g. lakes, rivers, streams, swamps • relief – mountains, valleys, slopes • vegetation – indigenous (such as natural bush) as well as exotic (such as plantations, vineyards and orchards). Calculation of height A topographic map has three ways of showing height above mean sea level – contours, spot heights and beaconed trig stations (or trig beacons). Contours Contours are lines joining places of equal height above sea level. A contour interval or spacing is chosen between contour lines depending on the topography (e.g. contour lines might represent 20 vertical metres or 50 vertical metres, etc.). The contour interval does not vary across the map and the contour interval is always given, often with the key. On topo50 maps contour lines are brown; every 4th line is dark brown. The spacing between contours indicates how flat or steep land is. The closer the contours are together, the steeper the slope. The further apart the contours, the flatter the land. Sample only In the following map, the contour interval is 25 m and thus the dark lines represent contour lines of multiples of 100 m – such as 700 m and 800 m. Slopes are described as follows: 700 convex 800 concave 90 0 900 uniform Contours show relief features. Rivers cut into the land and are shown by contours that ‘point’ towards higher land. Ridges ‘point’ towards lower land. Spot heights and beaconed trig stations Spot heights are heights above sea level given across the map. Beaconed trig stations have beacons erected by surveyors on prominent heights and marked on the map by a triangle – they are shown on the map as ▲. Rid 560 ge River Waterfall of 20 m valle y 540 Do wn 520 str eam 500 The reference number and height of the trig beacon are given in italics. Relief shading helps you visualise the terrain. Hills and valleys are shaded as if they were lit up from the northwest, so the southeast slopes are shaded. © ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd, Freephone 0800-372 266 Apply geographical concepts and skills to demonstrate understanding of a given environment 7 AS 91243 Activity: Map interpretation 1. Ans. p. 47 Sample only Find the beaconed trig station. a. The identification code is: b. The height is: 2. NW B A a. Give one natural reason why the area shown lacks settlement. © ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd, Freephone 0800-372 266 8 Achievement Standard 91243 (Geography 2.4) AS 90067 b. In which direction is Prices Stream (shown as A) flowing? c. What is the feature marked at B? d. What are the highest and lowest points on the map? Highest point: Lowest point: e. In which general direction does the land slope? 3. This question refers to the colour map and key on pages 9, 10. a. Name the only two entries into Orewa. b. Explain the location of settlement in the Orewa area. c. T he main road north originally went through Orewa, which created congestion. To bypass Orewa, the Northern Gateway Toll Road was built and completed in January 2009. There were numerous environmental problems the road engineers had to face in constructing the road, as seen along the stretch from Grand Drive northwards. Problems were also created for locals who lived in Hillside Road on the western side of the (then) proposed new freeway. Explain the problems road engineers had in building the Northern Gateway Toll Road, and how they overcame these problems. Sample only d. Explain the location of the airstrip at grid reference 477510. e. Explain the location of the bridge at 518484 over the Orewa River on the Hibiscus Coast Highway, SH 17. © ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd, Freephone 0800-372 266 Colour resources 9 Topographic map of Orewa, North Island, New Zealand Sample only © ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd, Freephone 0800-372 266 AS 90067 Colour resources AS 90067 10 Level 2 Geography Learning Workbook Sample only © ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd, Freephone 0800-372 266 Answers Achievement Standard 91243 (Geography 2.4) Activity: Scale, distance and area (page 2) 1.a. 1 cm on the map represents 2.5 km on the ground b. 1:50 000 c. 1:100 000 d. 1:500 000 e. 1 cm on the map represents 5 km on the ground 2.a. 50 000 cm = 500 m Since 1 km = 1 000 m, and 1 m is 100 cm, 1 km = 1 000 × 100 = 100 000 cm; it thus follows that 50 000 cm represents 0.5 km Thus when you measure a distance in cm on a topo map, to convert to km simply divide by 0.5 The feature has doubled in size so the map scale is larger by 2. Thus map ‘X’ is 1:25 000 4 cm by 4 cm b. 2 cm by 2 cm 4.a. 2.4 cm = 1.2 km b. 5 cm = 2.5 km c. 1 cm × 1.3 cm = 0.5 km × 0.65 km = 0.325 km2 Activity: Location (page 4) 1.a.i.696448 Go along until exactly under the church, 6/10ths of the ‘69–70’ square is 696, then go up and across exactly from the church in 8/10ths of the ‘44–45’ square is 448; thus the six-figure grid reference becomes 696448 ii.708428 c. Grand Drive d. School e. Airstrip 1.a.NNW b. SW c. NE 2.a.SSE b. SSW c. ESE d. ENE 3.a.i. 157 m ii.North/northwest iii.Urban centres such as Orewa are found on flat land. The steeper slopes to the north and northwest are used for farming and larger rural subdivisions, as the land is too steep to take intensive housing. b.i.SSW ii.SW iii.WNW Activity: Map interpretation (page 7) 1.a.A9K8 b. 134 m 2.a.There are many ridges and river valleys with steep slopes, which make farming and settlement difficult due to the lack of flat land. b. SW c. A ridge. d.i. Highest point is 785 m iii.699424 ii. Lowest point is 399 m iv.693447 e. b. Eastings is 67 – 72 = 5 grid units, 1 grid unit = 1 km, 5 grid units = 5 km 3.a. In a SW direction. Grand Drive from SH1, and the Hibiscus Coast Highway. b. Most settlement is on flat land close to the coast. c. Kowhai Bush Reserve covers about 3 squares, and on Topo50 maps, each square represents an area of 100 hectares, so Kowhai Bush Reserve covers about 300 hectares. As seen from the map, road engineers faced steep slopes and numerous river valleys that had to be crossed – such as the Nukumea Stream and Otanerua Stream – in building SH1. These streams were crossed by constructing viaducts – seen at 494514 and 504527, respectively. Local existing roads also proved a problem; for example, Hillcrest Road – from the map, it can be seen SH1 is lowered (as shown by the cutting) and a bridge has been built to allow access over the freeway for locals to the western side of Hillcrest Road (497518). d. Or each square is 1 km × 1 km, so 3 squares = 3 km2, and since 1 km2 = 100 hectares, 3 km2 = 300 hectares On flat tableland, elevation of 100 m – for ease of landing and take-off of planes and away from built-up areas for safety. e. Narrowest part of river / links Orewa and Whangaparaoa Peninsula / avoids rocky and steep area at mouth of river. Or map is 10 cm wide, 2 cm = 1 km Northings is 41 – 46 = 5 grid units, 1 grid unit = 1 km, 5 grid units = 5 km 36° 35´ S, 174° 40´ E. Sample only Each centimetre is 250 m (250 m × 2 = 500 m). 3.a. East coast b. Activity: Direction (page 5) For ‘topo’ maps which have a scale of 1:50 000, 1 cm represents 50 000 cm b. 2.a. Or map is 10 cm deep, 2 cm = 1 km Area map represents is 5 km × 5 km = 25 km2 c. 300 hectares © ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd, Freephone 0800-372 266 Activity: Cross-sections and précis maps (page 9) 1.a. 20 m b. A is a sea cliff, B a waterfall. c. C is convex, D concave. d. In the sea. e. F f. Cross-section from E to F Height in metres 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 End point must be between 180 m and 200 m E F 2. To correctly position and size an object on a précis map, imaginary gridlines which line up the feature with other important features on the map can be used. For the Précis map of Orewa, the trig beacon lines up with the middle of the headland on the coast and is positioned a quarter of the width of the précis map. Gridlines help position object Sample only Trig beacon same symbol as used on the Topographical Map, and proportionate to map size Two areas of Orewa Proportions and the position in the estuary must be correct Key Urban area of Orewa Crocodile Island (Te Motu-o-Marae-Ariki) Coastal rocks to the south of Orewa Trig beacon A9KB 134m in the NW Interchange on SH1 at Grand Drive © ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd, Freephone 0800-372 266
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