Bench face profiling and planning of blasts using 3D images 3G Software & Measurement MOTIVATION Consequences of poor measurement 18/11/2010 Underestimated Burden Overestimated Burden Tight digging Boulders High D&B Costs Fly-rock Air blast DMVP Slovenija 2 MOTIVATION Consequences of poor measurement 18/11/2010 Underestimated Height Overestimated Height Toe, High Bottom Hard Digging High D&B Costs Excessive Vibration Bench damage DMVP Slovenija 3 MOTIVATION Economical consequences of poor measurement 18/11/2010 Poor fragmentation High specific explosives consumption Poor crusher throughput Higher energy consumption for crusher Higher efforts for strip mining services DMVP Slovenija 4 MOTIVATION Manual Measurement Difficult to obtain Unsafe Inaccurate 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 5 MODERN APPROACH: 3D IMAGES COMPONENTS Principle: 3D images (Stereo-Photogrammetry + Computer Vision) Calibrated SLR camera (zoom lens, interchangeable), at present 12 MPix 18/11/2010 Hardware-elements for referencing DMVP Slovenija Computer with software for generating 3D images, measurements, and planning of blast layouts 7 3D IMAGE GENERATION Setup of marking elements We need: 2 Range Poles 2 discs at known distance Vertical Somewhere around the area to blast usually at the floor level 2 Delimiters Vertical marker with 1 disc Top level Defines reference line 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 8 3D IMAGE GENERATION Take first image (freehand) Off-the-shelf SLR camera (calibrated) 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 9 3D IMAGE GENERATION Take second image (freehand) No need to survey imaging locations 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 10 3D IMAGE GENERATION Freehand taken pictures Software 3D image 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 11 3D IMAGE GENERATION Composition of a 3D image 3D points - 3D surface - 3D image Complete, dense acquisition of object surface 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 12 3D IMAGE GENERATION Larger and complex areas are taken with overlapping images 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 13 3D IMAGE GENERATION Merging bases on visual data and geometry Merges up to six 3D images (in standard configuration), i.e 450 m length 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 14 2D PROFILING ISSUES 2D PROFILING 2D profiling – oblique profiles 0 Altura [m] -5 Correct profile -10 Oblique profile -15 Correct profile -20 Oblique profile Measurement location -15 -10 -5 Latitud [m] 0 The closer the 2D profiler to the bench face the larger the error within the oblique profile (apparent burden). 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 16 2D PROFILING Cavity Mud zone No picture 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 17 BLAST DESIGN WITH 3D IMAGES BLAST DESIGN WITH 3D IMAGES Offset to reference line Mean burden 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 19 BLAST DESIGN WITH 3D IMAGES Comparison between profile and minimum burden diagram 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 20 BLAST DESIGN WITH 3D IMAGES Comparison between profile and minimum burden diagram 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 21 BLAST DESIGN WITH 3D IMAGES Comparison between profile and minimum burden diagram 3,79 2,68 3,66 3,10 3,39 3,24 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 22 BLAST DESIGN WITH 3D IMAGES Topography and documentation of the bench face Minimum burden over the entire face Light burden < 3,0 m 3,0 – 4,0 m > 4,0 m 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 23 BLAST DESIGN WITH 3D IMAGES Optimisation of boreholes based on the actual bench face geometry Position, Inclination, Azimuth, Length Hole per hole basis or multiple holes at once 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 24 BLAST DESIGN WITH 3D IMAGES Topography and documentation of the bench face Minimum burden over the entire face LightLight burden burden avoided Minimum burden after relocating holes < 3,0 m 3,0 – 4,0 m > 4,0 m 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 25 BLAST DESIGN WITH 3D IMAGES Import of borehole data Borehole collars determined by GPS, total station, or tape measure Down-the-hole probes (e.g. Pulsar, Boretrak) 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 26 STOCKPILES VOLUME CALCULATION Aerial imagery Highly recommended for large stockpiles Might be taken also from balloon 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 28 VOLUME CALCULATION Aerial imagery 593.955 m3 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 29 VOLUME CALCULATION Smaller stockpile (imaged from elevated location) 12.319 m3 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 30 VOLUME CALCULATION Terrestrial – more efforts Many imaging locations Occlusions more likely 233 m3 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 31 ROCK MASS CHARACTERISATION USING 3D IMAGES ROCK MASS CHARACTERISATION Rock mass characterisation Visual assessment of rock mass quality Weak zones (e.g. seams, highly fractured rock) Rock quality (e.g. open joints, loose blocks) Geological mapping 18/11/2010 Measurement of spatial discontinuity information, joint spacing, higher level rock mass parameters DMVP Slovenija 33 ROCK MASS CHARACTERISATION Virtual mapping Position of discontinuity orientations Size of areas, lengths of traces Definition of sets Hemispherical plots 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 34 HIGHER LEVEL FEATURES Hemispherical plots (clustering) Spacing (set, normal set, total) GSI Roughness profiles Contour plots 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 35 ROCK MASS CHARACTERISATION Qualitative assessment of the geological and geotechnical conditions Seam Potentially failing block Highly fractured rock 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija Relatively large discontinuity surface 36 CONCLUSIONS 3D images Provide geometric and visual data of bench face Allow to assess geometry and geology at the same time Allow for optimised planning a blast layout Technological advantages Full 3D coverage Minimum burden design Increased safety Economic advantages Quick and easy application Inexpensive hardware Reduced production costs 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 37 Used in 30 countries worldwide 18/11/2010 DMVP Slovenija 38 3G Software & Measurement GmbH Plüddemanngasse 77 A-8010 Graz Austria www.3GSM.at
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