Tables for draft section 3.4: Claydon Pike environmental report Table 1: Sample Size for Invertebrate and Waterlogged Plant Remains Sub-sample (kg.) examined for: Sample Waterlogged macroscopic plant remains only Waterlogged macroscopic plant remains, insects & molluscs Waterlogged insect remains Pollen Molluscs only 961 - - - - 1.13 965 1.13 - - - - 464/A 0.23 - - - - 371/D/3 - - - - 1.13 153/CC/5 - - - - 1.13 577/A - 0.70 2.20 - - 0.70 - - - 577/N/4 1528/A/3 - 0.70 3.85 - - 1704/C/5 - 0.70 3.85 + - 2490 - 0.70 3.85 + - 6 - 1.13 4.80 - - 962/A - 0.70 3.85 + - 766/6 - 0.70 3.85 + - 2160/B/5 - 0.70 3.85 + - 1202/15 - 0.70 - - - 1318/C/3 - 0.70 3.85 + - 2839/A/5 - 0.70 - - - 2867/A/6 - 0.70 - - - 2906/4 - 0.70 0.70 - - 1487/A - 0.70 - - - 2495/A/2 - 0.70 1.35 + - 502/7 - 0.70 3.85 + - 700/S/3 - 0.70 0.70 + - 1989/B - 0.70 3.85 - - 2721/6 - 0.70 0.70 - - 2721/3 - 0.70 - - - Sample 3 - - - - 1.00 Sample 2 - - - - 1.00 Sample 1 - - - - 1.00 456 - - - - 1.13 696/3 - 0.70 2.75 + - 696/2 - 0.70 2.75 + - 1 Table 2: Phase 3 Waterlogged Samples (c AD 125 - late 3rd/early 4th century AD) Sample Feature Type Trench Location 766/2 well 13 main settlement 2160/B/5 pit 13 main settlement 1202/15 water-hole / well 17 main settlement 1318/C/3 well 17 main settlement 2839/A/5 water-hole / well 29 main settlement 2867/A/6 water-hole / well 29 main settlement 2906/4 water-hole / well 29 main settlement 1487/A roadside ditch 32 c 80 m west of main settlement 2495/A/2 field ditch 31 c 100 m west of main settlement Table 3: Phase 4 Waterlogged Samples (4th century AD) Sample Feature Type 502/7 well 700/5/3 inner enclosure ditch 1989/B tank 2721/6 } pit / well 2721/3 2 Table 4: Glacial seeds Number of Seeds GLACIAL SEEDS Ranunculus Sect. Ranunculus sp. Ranunculus cf. lingua L. Ranunculus S. Batrachium sp. Ranunculus sp. Rorippa islandica type Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. P. anserina L. Epilobium sp. Umbelliferae gen. et sp. indet. Betula pendula Roth or pubescens Ehrh. B. nana L. Betula sp. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Lycopus europaeus L. Potamogeton sp. Zannichellia palustris L. Juncus bufonius L. J.articulatus gp. Juncus sp. Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla Carex spp. Cyperaceae gen. et sp. indet. Gramineae gen. et sp. indet. Ignota Context / Sample 965 464 buttercup greater spearwort water-crowfoot buttercups etc yellow-cress marsh cinquefoil silverweed willow-herb 48 3 2 1 14 - 3 1 9 2 15 1 1 1 11 8 169 33 1 20 110 60 2 1 1 2 68 451 birch dwarf birch birch bogbean gipsywort pondweed toad rush rush rush bulrush sedge grass Total Table 5: Other glacial plant remains OTHER GLACIAL PLANT REMAINS Number of Items Betula nana L. (dwarf birch) B. nana L. (dwarf birch) Bryophyta (moss) Chara sp. (stonewort) Chara sp. (stonewort) Characeae gen. et sp. indet. Salix sp. (willow) Context / Sample 965 464 female cone scale leaf stem with leaves stem fragments oospores oospores bud scale 3 8 + + c. 200,000 - 225 12 + present Number of Chara oospores in Sample 965 derived from a 1/100 sub-sample 3 Table 6: Late Glacial and Early Post-Glacial Mollusca LATE GLACIAL AND EARLY POST-GLACIAL MOLLUSCA Minimum No. of Individuals in Sample Context / Sample 961 Lymnaea truncatula (Müll.) Succinea or Oxyloma sp. Columella sp. Vertigo sp. Pupilla muscorum (L.) Vallonia sp. Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.) 5 50 2 1 52 1 1 Total 112 Table 7: Middle Iron Age Mollusca Minimum No. of Individuals in Sample MIDDLE IRON AGE MOLLUSCA Context / Sample 371 153 Valvata cristata (Müll.) Carychium sp. Aplexa hypnorum (L.) Lymnaea truncatula (Müll.) L. peregra (Müll.) Lymnaea sp. Anisus leucostoma (Mil.) Succinea or Oxyloma sp. Cochlicopa sp. Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.) V. pygmaea (Drap.) Pupilla muscorum (L.) Vallonia pulchella (Müll.) V. pygmaea (Drap.) Vallonia sp. Limax or Deroceras sp. Helicella itala (L.) Trichia hispida agg. Arianta or Cepaea sp. Pisidium sp. 1 2 81 48 7 1 2 4 3 4 1 1 8 1 5 1 - 7 32 10 69 17 8 2 3 1 1 9 2 2 18 3 3 20 1 1 Total 170 209 4 Table 8: 1st Century AD Pollen and Spores 1ST CENTURY AD POLLEN AND SPORES Context / Sample SPORES Sphagnum sp. Lycopodium clavatum L. Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. Polypodium sp. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Filicales POLLEN Pinus sylvestris L. Ranunculus tp. Thalictrum tp. Nuphar tp. Cruciferae Lychnis tp. cf. Spergularia tp. Chenopodiaceae Acer tp. Filipendula sp. Umbelliferae 3 Rumex acetosa L. Ulmus sp. Betula sp. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaert. Corylus avellana L. Quercus sp. cf. Quercus sp. Salix sp. Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull Plantago media / media tp. Plantago lanceolata L. cf. P. lanceolata L. Scabiosa columbaria L. Bidens tp. Aster tp. Anthemis tp. cf. Carduus sp. Cirsium sp. Centaurea nigra tp. Compositae - Liguliflorae Cyperaceae Triticum tp. cf. Avena tp. Gramineae bog moss clubmoss clubmoss bracken pine buttercups etc meadow rue yellow water-lily maple dropwort sorrel elm birch alder hazel oak oak willow heather plantain ribwort plantain ribwort plantain small scabious mayweed thistle thistle knapweed sedges wheat oats grass Total tree pollen Total shrub pollen Total identified pollen Unidentified pollen type X 5 No. of Pollen Grains and Spores Percentage of Identified Pollen 1704/C/5 2490 962/A 1704/C/5 2490 962/A 1 2 1 2 1 1 19 13 1 6 6 1 2 1 2 1 1 15 10 1 6 6 5 2 1 1 10 2 2 1 1 5 1 1 6 9 1 3 1 4 16 11 33 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 7 1 1 31 43 1 1 23 6 1 5 1 2 1 5 1 3 5 2 2 3 1 28 22 2 16 4 2 1 1 9 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 5 8 1 3 1 3 14 9 28 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 6 1 1 25 34 1 1 18 6 1 5 1 2 1 5 1 3 5 2 2 3 1 26 21 2 15 6 2 116 8 1 125 18 5 106 5 2 100 6 1 100 17 5 100 3 - - 3 - - Table 9: 1st Century AD Waterlogged Seeds Number of Seeds 1ST CENTURY AD WATERLOGGED SEEDS Context / Sample Ranunculus cf. acris L. R. cf. repens L. R. parviflorus L R. flammula L. Ranunculus S. Batrachium sp. Thalictrum flavum L Papaver rhoeas L., dubium L., lecoqii Lamotte or hybridum L. P. argemone L. Fumaria sp. Brassica rapa L. ssp. sylvestris (L.) Janchen Thlaspi arvense L. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Cruciferae gen. et sp. indet. Viola S. Viola sp. Viola S. Melanium sp. Hypericum sp. Cerastium cf. fontanum Baumg. Stellaria media gp. Sagina sp. Arenaria sp. Montia fontana L. ssp. chondrosperma (Fenz.) Walt. Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. C. polyspermum L. C. album L. C. ficifolium Sm. C. cf. rubrum L. Atriplex sp. 6 meadow buttercup creeping buttercup small-flowered buttercup lesser spearwort water crowfoot meadow rue poppy poppy fumitory wild turnip field penny-cress shepherd's purse water cress violet pansy St. John's wort mouse-ear chickweed chickweed pearlwort sandwort blinks good King Henry all-seed fat hen goosefoot red goosefoot orache 577/A 577/N/4 1528/A/3 1704/C/5 2490 6 962/A 10 1 1 1 1 7 11 106 217 82 36 3 1 5 115 621 27 58 5 21 5 5 1 3 2 7 15 62 85 13 4 39 5 1 1 5 2 1 1 1 10 2 5 21 16 53 71 7 3 2 38 3 9 1 2 7 8 8 1 1 20 2 1 10 61 8 13 1 10 25 1 4 40 1 4 1 3 549 4 3 10 11 26 + 1 3 + 4 1 5 1 - Number of Seeds 1ST CENTURY AD WATERLOGGED SEEDS Context / Sample Chenopodiaceae gen. et sp. indet. Linum catharticum L. Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Rubus fruticosus agg. Potentilla anserina L. P. cf. erecta (L.) Räuch. P. cf. reptans L. Aphanes arvensis agg. Sanguisorba minor Scop. Crataegus cf. monogyna Jacq. Lythrum salicaria L. Epilobium sp. Myriophyllum Callitriche sp.sp. Cornus sanguinea L. Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. Anthriscus caucalis Bieb. Aethusa cynapium L. Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. Daucus carota L. Polygonum aviculare L. P. persicaria L. P. lapathifolium L. Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Löve Rumex conglomeratus Mur. R. maritimus L. Rumex sp. Urtica urens L. U. dioica L. Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae gen. et sp. indet. fairy flax meadowsweet blackberry silverweed tormentil creeping cinquefoil parsley piert salad burnet hawthorn purple loosestrife willow-herb water-milfoil starwort dogwood pennywort bur chervil fool's parsley fool's watercress wild carrot knotgrass red shank pale persicaria black bindweed sharp dock golden dock dock small nettle stinging nettle scarlet pimpernel 7 577/A 577/N/4 1528/A/3 1704/C/5 2490 6 962/A 14 1 5 68 1 14 2 1 1 1 10 1 26 21 97 1 1 19 1 13 3 1 32 135 1 14 23 62 - 8 2 25 2 204 1 8 3 1 6 16 6 14 3 38 135 1 1 21 2 1 45 172 1 2 10 15 13 1 7 1 6 26 79 - 2 1 8 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 3 14 15 6 9 38 171 3 10 9 18 1 1 1 1 4 + 1 3 3 1 143 - 2 25 + 1 + + 18 1 2 1 1 24 - Number of Seeds 1ST CENTURY AD WATERLOGGED SEEDS Context / Sample Hyoscyamus niger L. Solanum cf. nigrum L. Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange Odontites verna (Bell.) Dum. Mentha cf. aquatica L. Lycopus europaeus L. Prunella vulgaris L. Ballota nigra L. Lamium sp. (not album) Lamium cf. album L. Galeopsis tetrahit agg. Glechoma hederacea L. Plantago major L. Galium cf. palustre gp. Sambucus nigra L. Valerianella dentata (L.) Pol. Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bern. Eupatorium cannabinum L. Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. B. Arctium sp. Carduus sp. cf. Cirsium sp. Onopordum acanthium L. Lapsana communis L. Leontodon sp. Sonchus oleraceus L. S. asper (L.) Hill Alisma sp. Zannichellia palustris L. Juncus effusus gp. J. bufonius gp. henbane black nightshade small toadflax red bartsia water mint gipsywort selfheal black horehound dead nettle white dead nettle hemp-nettle ground-ivy great plantain marsh bedstraw elder corn salad fleabane hemp agrimony scentless mayweed burdock thistle thistle cotton thistle nipplewort hawkbit sow thistle sow-thistle water-plantain horned pondweed tussock rush toad rush 8 577/A 577/N/4 1528/A/3 1704/C/5 2490 6 962/A 4 2 1 1 2 220 270 1 1 1 1 5 1 11 320 590 1 13 9 1 1 1 4 20 1 4 2 8 6 1210 420 18 1 1 3 2 54 1 1 28 3 1 1 4 4 1 1 430 370 14 5 3 1 1 1 2 1 14 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 1 920 840 2 1 1 + 6 3 4 1 1 11000 680 + + 1 + 14 + 8 + 1 4 5 350 152 Number of Seeds 1ST CENTURY AD WATERLOGGED SEEDS Context / Sample J. articulatus gp. Juncus spp. Luzula sp. Iris pseudacorus L. Lemna sp. Sparganium erectum L. Typha sp. Eleocharis S. Palustres sp. Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Br. Carex spp. cf. Triticum sp. Gramineae gen. et sp. indet. Ignota rush rush woodrush yellow flag duckweed bur-reed reedmace spike rush brittle scirpus sedge wheat grass Total Seeds + present 9 577/A 577/N/4 1528/A/3 1704/C/5 2490 6 962/A 680 150 3 3 4 11 - 480 330 8 26 24 4 830 240 51 78 31 24 1090 290 1 33 85 10 3 200 160 1 1 15 52 1 5 11 1360 5481 14 1 101 45 5 830 40 1 63 1 19 18 1 2,089 2,937 3,652 3,084 2,743 19,545 1,648 Table 10: Other 1st Century AD Waterlogged Plant Remains Number of Items OTHER 1ST CENTURY AD WATERLOGGED PLANT REMAINS Context / Sample Bryophyta Bud scale Chara sp. Crataegus or Prunus sp. Leaf abscission pad Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Salix sp. Trifolium sp. Triticum spelta L. (moss) stem with leaves (stonewort) (hawthorn or sloe) oospore thorny twig bracken (willow) (clover) (spelt wheat) frond fragment bud calyx and flower glume base + present 10 577/A 577/N/4 1528/A/3 1704/C/5 2490 6 962/A - - + 3 1 + 1 1 - + - + + - + 3 9 + 1 - Table 11: 1st Century AD Coleoptera Minimum Number of Individuals 1ST CENTURY AD COLEOPTERA Context / Sample 577/A 577/N/4 1528/A/3 1704/C/5 Nebria brevicollis (F.) Notiophilus sp. Dyschirius globosus (Hbst.) Clivina collaris (Hbst.) or fossor (L.) Trechus obtusus Er. or quadristriatus (Schr.) Bembidion properans Step. B. gilvipes Sturm B. biguttatum (F.) B. guttula (F.) B. lunulatum (Fouc.) Bembidion sp. Pterostichus cf. gracilis (Dej.) P. melanarius (Ill.) P. nigrita (Pk.) P. vernalis (Pz.) P. versicolor (Sturm) Calathus fuscipes (Gz.) C. melanocephalus (L.) Agonum muelleri (Hbst.) A. viduum (Pz.) Amara sp. Harpalus rufipes (Deg.) Harpalus S. Ophonus sp. Badister bipustulatus (F.) Chlaenius nigricornis (F.) or nitidulus (Schr.) Brachinus crepitans (L.) Haliplus sp. Hydroporus sp. Agabus bipustulatus (L.) Agabus sp. (not bipustulatus) Colymbetes fuscus (L.) Dytiscus sp. Georissus crenulatus (Ros.) Helophorus aquaticus (L.) H. cf. obscurus Muls. H. grandis Ill. H. aquaticus (L.) or grandis Ill. H. rufipes (Bosc.) H. porculus Bed. or rufipes (Bosc.) Helophorus spp. (brevipalpis size) Coelostoma orbiculare (F.) Sphaeridium bipustulatum F. S. lunatum F. or scarabaeoides (L.) Cercyon analis (Pk.) C. atricapillus (Marsh.) C. haemorrhoidalis (F.) C. pygmaeus (Ill.) C. sternalis Sharp. Cercyon spp. Megasternum obscurum (Marsh.) 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 13 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 8 2 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 2 2490 6 962/A 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 4 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 2 5 2 8 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 2 1 7 2 3 1 2 4 4 2 1 1 5 1 1 18 1 1 2 1 3 Species Group 6a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 Minimum Number of Individuals 1ST CENTURY AD COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Cryptopleurum minutum (F.) Hydrobius fuscipes (L.) Laccobius sp. Chaetarthria seminulum (Hbst.) Acritus nigricornis (Hof.) Onthophilus striatus (Forst.) Hister bissexstriatus F. H. cf. bissexstriatus F. Histerinae gen. et sp. indet. Ochthebius bicolon Germ. O. minimus (F.) Ochthebius spp. Limnebius papposus Muls. Ptenidium sp. Silpha laevigata F. S. obscura L. Micropeplus porcatus (Pk.) Lesteva longoelytrata (Gz.) Lesteva sp. Omalium sp. Bledius cf. gallicus (Grav.) Carpelimus bilineatus Step. C. cf. corticinus (Grav.) C. cf. rivularis (Mots.) Platystethus arenarius (Fouc.) P. cornutus gp. P. nitens (Sahl.) P. nodifrons (Man.) Anotylus nitidulus (Grav.) A. rugosus (F.) A. sculpturatus (Grav.) Oxytelus sculptus Grav. Stenus spp. Lathrobium sp. (not longulum) Rugilus erichsoni (Fauv.) Gyrohypnus angustatus Step. G. fracticornis gp. Xantholinus linearis (Ol.) X. linearis (Ol.) or longiventris Heer Philonthus intermedius (B. & L.) or laminatus (Creutz.) Philonthus spp. Gabrius sp. Staphylinus aeneocephalus Deg. or fortunatarum (Wol.) Tachyporus spp. Tachinus spp. Aleocharinae gen. et sp. indet. Geotrupes vernalis (L.) Geotrupes sp. Colobopterus erraticus (L.) Aphodius contaminatus (Hbst.) 577/A 577/N/4 1528/A/3 1704/C/5 2490 6 962/A 1 4 11 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 - 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 - 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 5 1 2 1 - 1 1 2 2 6 17 7 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 5 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 - - 1 - 1 1 - - 2 - 6 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 - 1 1 4 2 2 - 1 3 2 4 1 4 1 1 3 1 1 4 2 - 3 1 3 2 12 Species Group 7 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 7 2 2 2 Minimum Number of Individuals 1ST CENTURY AD COLEOPTERA Context / Sample A. fimetarius L. A. foetidus (Hbst.) A. granarius (L.) A. cf. prodromus (Brahm) A. cf. pusillus (Hbst.) A. rufipes (L.) A. rufus (Moll.) A. cf. sphacelatus (Pz.) Aphodius spp. Oxyomus sylvestris (Scop.) Onthophagus ovatus (L.) O. cf. similis (Scrib.) Onthophagus sp. (not ovatus) Hoplia philanthus (Fues.) Phyllopertha horticola (L.) Dascillus cervinus (L.) Heterocerus sp. Limnichus pygmaeus (Sturm) Dryops sp. Agrypnus murinus (L.) Athous haemorrhoidalis (F.) Actenicerus sjaelandicus (Müll.) Agriotes lineatus (L.) A. obscurus (L.) A. sputator (L.) Agriotes spp. Cantharis rufa L. Cantharis sp. Cantharis or Rhagonycha sp. Anobium punctatum (Deg.) Malachius cf. vulneratus Ab. Brachypterus urticae (F.) Meligethes sp. Monotoma sp. Atomaria spp. Olibrus cf. aeneus (F.) Orthoperus sp. Coccidula rufa (Hbst.) Coccinella septempunctata L. Lathridius minutus gp. Enicmus transversus (Ol.) Corticariinae gen. et sp. indet. Anthicus antherinus (L.) Bruchus or Bruchidius sp. Donacia sp. Chrysolina haemoptera (L.) C. polita (L.) Gastrophysa polygoni (L.) G. viridula (Deg.) Phaedon sp. Hydrothassa marginella (L.) Prasocuris phellandrii (L.) 577/A 577/N/4 1528/A/3 1704/C/5 2490 6 962/A 1 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 1 - 2 1 17 3 2 4 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 - 4 1 3 2 2 1 2 1 6 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 10 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 - 2 12 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 3 6 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 7 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - 13 Species Group 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 1 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 8 8 8 Minimum Number of Individuals 1ST CENTURY AD COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Phyllotreta atra (F.) P. nigripes (F.) P. nemorum (L.) or undulata Kuts. P. vittula Redt. Aphthona nonstriata (Gz.) Longitarsus spp. Altica sp. Crepidodera ferruginea (Scop.) C. transversa (Marsh.) Chaetocnema concinna (Marsh.) Chaetocnema sp. (not concinna) Psylliodes sp. Apion urticarium (Hbst.) Apion spp. (not urticarium) Trachyphloeus bifoveolatus (Beck) Phyllobius sp. Strophosomus faber (Hbst.) Sitona hispidulus (F.) S. sulcifrons (Thun.) Sitona sp. Cleonus piger (Scop.) Hypera punctata (F.) Hypera sp. (not punctata) Alophus triguttatus (F.) Tanysphyrus lemnae (Pk.) Bagous sp. Notaris acridulus (L.) Pseudostyphlus pillumus (Gyl.) Ceutorhynchus litura (F.) Ceuthorhynchinae gen. et sp. indet. Tychius sp. Mecinus pyraster (Hbst.) Gymnetron pascuorum (Gyll.) Totals 577/A 577/N/4 1528/A/3 1704/C/5 2490 6 962/A 2 2 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 - 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 - 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 6 1 4 1 12 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 9 2 - 84 30 122 114 + present 14 139 120 273 Species Group 3 3 3 5 Table 12: Other 1st Century AD Insects Minimum Number of Individuals OTHER 1ST CENTURY AD INSECTS Context / Sample Forficula auricularia L. Trichoptera gen. et sp. indet. larval case Heterogaster urticae (F.) Saldula S. Saldula sp. Heteroptera gen.et sp. indet. Philaenus or Neophilaenus sp. Megophthalmus scanicus (Fal.) or scabripennis Ed. Aphrodes bicinctus (Schr.) A. histrionicus (F.) A. cf. fuscofasciatus (Gz.) Aphrodes sp. Aphidoidea gen. et sp. indet. Homoptera gen. et sp. indet. Myrmica scabrinodis gp. female M. scabrinodis gp. worker Lasius flavus gp. worker L. niger gp. worker Lasius sp. male Hymenoptera gen. et sp. indet. (not Formicidae) Chironomid larval head capsule Bibionidae gen. et sp. indet. Dipteran adults (not Bibionidae) Musca cf. domestica L. puparia Dipteran puparia 577/A 577/N/4 1528/A/3 1704/C/5 2490 6 962/A - 1 - - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 - 2 1 1 9 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 19 5 5 3 7 1 2 + 1 - 1 1 - + 3 + 1 - + 1 4 + 2 1 + present 15 Table 13: 1st Century AD Mollusca Minimum Number of Individuals 1ST CENTURY AD MOLLUSCA 577/A 577/N/4 1528/A/3 2490 6 962/A Aplexa hypnorum (L.) Lymnaea truncatula (Müll.) L. palustris (Müll.) L. peregra (Müll.) Lymnaea sp. Anisus leucostoma (Mil.) Armiger crista (L.) Succinea or Oxyloma sp. Cochlicopa sp. Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.) V. pygmaea (Drap.) Pupilla muscorum (L.) Vallonia pulchella (Müll.) V. excentrica Sterki Vallonia spp. Trichia plebeia (Drap.) or hispida (L.) Pisidium sp. 6 95 1 2 - 1 3 2 3 - 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 5 1 1 25 1 1 5 9 8 1 2 1 1 7 1 - 6 1 1 1 3 - Total 104 9 24 28 35 12 Context / Sample + present 16 Table 14: Early Roman Pollen and Spores No. of Pollen Grains and Spores EARLY ROMAN POLLEN AND SPORES Context / Sample SPORES Sphagnum sp. Lycopodium clavatum L. Polypodium sp. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Filicales POLLEN Pinus sylvestris L. Ranunculus tp. Thalictrum tp. Sinapis tp. Hornungia tp. cf. Cruciferae Chenopodiaceae Geranium sp. Filipendula sp. Umbelliferae 2 Umbelliferae 3 Oxyria tp. Rumex acetosa L. Rumex sp. Ulmus sp. Betula sp. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaert. Corylus avellana L. Quercus sp. bog moss clubmoss bracken pine buttercups etc meadow rue crane's-bill dropwort sorrel dock elm birch alder hazel oak Percentage of Identified Pollen 766/6 2160/B/5 1318/C/3 2495/A/2 766/6 2160/B 1318/C/3 2495/A/2 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 4 6 - 1 3 1 4 7 - 1 2 3 - - 18 3 - - 13 1 2 9 1 1 2 2 5 1 1 3 1 1 9 15 1 4 1 5 1 3 3 3 3 9 1 1 2 1 3 2 17 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 2 2 6 1 2 10 1 1 2 2 6 1 1 4 1 1 11 18 1 5 1 6 1 3 3 3 3 8 1 1 2 1 2 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 17 No. of Pollen Grains and Spores EARLY ROMAN POLLEN AND SPORES 766/6 2160/B/5 1318/C/3 2495/A/2 766/6 2160/B 1318/C/3 2495/A/2 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 - 1 4 1 1 - 3 2 1 4 18 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 - 1 4 1 1 - 2 1 1 3 13 1 1 - pondweed 3 1 10 6 14 - 3 9 - 3 21 4 - 2 1 6 1 3 1 11 7 16 - 4 11 - 3 19 4 - 1 1 4 1 reedmace sedges wheat cereal grass 3 21 4 2 14 1 16 3 30 14 1 38 3 23 5 2 16 1 14 3 27 10 1 28 11 1 90 4 7 85 3 2 111 19 5 138 12 1 100 5 8 100 3 2 100 14 4 100 Context / Sample Salix sp. Fraxinus excelsior L. cf. Digitalis purpurea L. Rhinanthus tp. Lamium tp. Plantago major / media tp. P. lanceolata L. Galium tp. Scabiosa columbaria L. S. columbaria L. or Succisa pratensis Moen. Bidens tp. Anthemis tp. cf. Artemisia sp. Centaurea scabiosa L. C. nigra tp. cf. Compositae - Tubuliflorae Compositae - Liguliflorae cf. Potamogeton Sect. Eupotamogeton sp. Typha latifolia L. Cyperaceae Triticum tp. cf. Cerealia Gramineae Total tree pollen Total shrub pollen Total identified pollen Percentage of Identified Pollen willow ash foxglove yellow rattle plantain ribwort plantain bedstraw etc small scabious scabious mayweed mugwort greater knapweed knapweed 18 Table 15: Early Roman Waterlogged Seeds Number of Seeds EARLY ROMAN WATERLOGGED SEEDS 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 kingcup meadow buttercup creeping buttercup small-flowered buttercup lesser spearwort water crowfoot meadow rue poppy 17 9 1 2 - 2 10 - 3 9 1 1 2 6 4 18 2 2 1 1 8 41 1 - 10 - 5 60 - 3 8 3 14 70 3 - poppy opium poppy fumitory wild turnip 7 1 5 - 3 1 + - 1 1 - 1 1 - 2 - 18 wild radish swine cress shepherd's purse yellow rocket water cress hedge garlic dyer's rocket pansy St. John's wort white campion ragged robin corn cockle mouse-ear chickweed 5 1 4 1 1 1 1 + 1 2 3 - 1 1 1 2 - 1 12 - 4 - 2 1 2 + 1 1 - 2 10 1 - Context / Sample Caltha palustris L. Ranunculus cf. acris L. R. cf. repens L. R. parviflorus L R. flammula L. Ranunculus S. Batrachium sp. Thalictrum flavum L Papaver rhoeas L., dubium L., lecoqii Lamotte or hybridum L. P. argemone L. P. somniferum L. Fumaria sp. Brassica rapa L. ssp. sylvestris (L.) Janchen Brassica sp. Raphanus raphanistrum L. Coronopus squamatus (Forsk.) Asch. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) C.&G. Reseda luteola L. Viola S. Melanium sp. Hypericum sp. Silene cf. latifolia (Poir.) (alba) Lychnis flos-cuculi L. Agrostemma githago L. Cerastium cf. fontanum Baumg. 19 Number of Seeds EARLY ROMAN WATERLOGGED SEEDS 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 common mallow flax fairy flax buckthorn vetch or vetchling black medick meadowsweet blackberry silverweed creeping cinquefoil parsley piert rose bullace, damson 1 1 5 1 11 2 4 6 8 - 5 16 9 6 1 1 4 1 + 3 13 4 5 4 1 2 4 3 2 1 2 - 5 1 6 31 3 3 - 1 7 7 3 1 1 2 2 7 1 - 9 22 4 1 1 3 8 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - plum, bullace etc. cherry hawthorn pear purple loosestrife willow-herb starwort pennywort + 1 - 3 22 - 1 2 - 1 - 1 1 3 7 - 3 12 40 1 - 1 2 14 - Context / Sample Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moen. Stellaria media gp. Spergula arvensis L. Chenopodium polyspermum L. C. album L. C. cf. rubrum L. Atriplex sp. Chenopodiaceae gen. et sp. indet. Malva sylvestris L. Linum usitatissimum L. L. catharticum L. Rhamnus catharticus L. Vicia or Lathyrus sp. Medicago lupulina L. Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Rubus fruticosus agg. Potentilla anserina L. P. cf. reptans L. Aphanes arvensis agg. Rosa sp. Prunus domestica L. cf. ssp. insititia (l.) Schn. P. domestica L. P. avium L. Crataegus cf. monogyna Jacq. Pyrus pyraster Burg. Lythrum salicaria L. Epilobium sp. Callitriche sp. Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. water chickweed chickweed corn spurrey all-seed fat hen red goosefoot orache 20 Number of Seeds EARLY ROMAN WATERLOGGED SEEDS Context / Sample Chaerophyllum temulentum L. Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoff. Scandix pecten-veneris L. Coriandrum sativum L. Sium latifolium L. Berula erecta (Huds.) Cov. Oenanthe aquatica gp. Aethusa cynapium L. Conium maculatum L. Apium graveolens L. A. nodiflorum (L.) Lag. Anethum graveolens L. Angelica sylvestris L. Pastinaca sativa L. Heracleum sphondylium L. Torilis cf. nodosa (L.) Gaert. Torilis sp. Daucus carota L. Bryonia cretica L. ssp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin Euphorbia exigua L. Polygonum aviculare L. P. persicaria L. P. lapathifolium L. Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Löve Rumex obtusifolius L. R. conglomeratus Mur. Rumex sp. Urtica urens L. U. dioica L. Corylus avellana L. rough chervil cow parsley shepherd's needle coriander water parsnip water parsnip water-dropwort fool's parsley hemlock celery fool's watercress dill wild angelica wild parsnip cow parsnip hedge parsley hedge parsley wild carrot white bryony dwarf spurge knotgrass red shank pale persicaria black bindweed broad-leaved dock sharp dock dock small nettle stinging nettle hazel 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 3 4 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 + 1 4 1 8 1 16 3 3 5 10 1 1 2 1 2 1 138 7 1 2 1 4 5 5 2 19 - 2 1 1 1 4 2 3 5 9 - 9 1 6 1 3 178 - 1 1 1 6 75 - 20 5 46 2 2 + 17 3 3 2 19 22 396 1 3 1 3 7 - 1 4 1 - 21 Number of Seeds EARLY ROMAN WATERLOGGED SEEDS 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 cowslip or oxlip scarlet pimpernel 1 8 - 1 2 3 - 1 - - - 2 brookweed ash forget-me-not henbane woody nightshade brooklime or water speedwell red rattle yellow rattle red bartsia water mint gipsywort selfheal hedge woundwort woundwort black horehound dead nettle white dead nettle hemp-nettle ground-ivy bugle great plantain ribwort plantain goosegrass bedstraw elder 8 1 - 3 1 - 2 1 - - 1 - 5 30 2 10 - 1 - 20 - 4 6 + 6 1 6 1 1 2 5 7 1 3 4 1 20 5 9 6 7 2 1 1 - 13 2 + 72 2 1 3 1 1 3 6 9 2 1 1 3 85 2 1 2 1 7 1 1 2 8 1 4 9 117 4 1 1 3 3 1 20 3 - Context / Sample Primula veris L. or elatior (L.) Hill Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae gen. et sp. indet. (not Samolus) Samolus valerandi L. Fraxinus excelsior L. Myosotis sp. Hyoscyamus niger L. Solanum cf. dulcamara L. Veronica Sect. Beccabunga sp. Pedicularis palustris L. Rhinanthus sp. Odontites verna (Bell.) Dum. Mentha cf. aquatica L. Lycopus europaeus L. Prunella vulgaris L. Stachys cf. sylvatica L. Stachys sp. Ballota nigra L. Lamium sp. (not album) Lamium cf. album L. Galeopsis tetrahit agg. Glechoma hederacea L. Ajuga reptans L. Plantago major L. P. cf. lanceolata L. Galium aparine L. Galium sp. (not aparine) Sambucus nigra L. 22 Number of Seeds EARLY ROMAN WATERLOGGED SEEDS Context / Sample Viburnum opulus L. Valerianella rimosa Bast. V. dentata (L.) Pol. Valeriana sp. cf. dioica Valeriana sp. cf. dioica Scabiosa columbaria L. Senecio cf. jacobaea L. or erucifolius L. S. cf. aquaticus Hill Senecio sp. Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bern. Eupatorium cannabinum L. Anthemis cotula L. Achillea cf. millefolium L. Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. B. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Arctium sp. Carduus sp. cf. Cirsium sp. Centaurea cf. nigra L. Lapsana communis L. Leontodon sp. Picris hieracioides L. Sonchus arvensis L. S. oleraceus L. S. asper (L.) Hill Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl. Alisma sp. Potamogeton cf. coloratus Horn. Potamogeton sp. Juncus effusus gp. guelder-rose corn salad corn salad valerian valerian small scabious ragwort marsh ragwort ragwort or groundsel fleabane hemp agrimony stinking mayweed yarrow scentless mayweed ox-eye daisy burdock thistle thistle knapweed nipplewort hawkbit ox-tongue filed milk thistle sow thistle sow-thistle lesser water-plantain water-plantain fen pondweed pondweed tussock rush 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 2 2 6 2 1 20 1 1 2 8 11 5 2 - + + 1 2 3 1 10 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 - 3 3 1 11 1 9 29 + 2 6 2 1765 1 1 10 1 1 5 2 1 411 + 1 23 1 2 2 1 10 1 4 7 - 1 1 1 - 9 8 1 1 6 2 6 204 30 29 53 80 23 Number of Seeds EARLY ROMAN WATERLOGGED SEEDS Context / Sample J. bufonius gp. J. articulatus gp. Juncus spp. Iris pseudacorus L. Lemna sp. Sparganium erectum L. Eleocharis S. Palustres sp. Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Br. Carex spp. Cyperaceae gen. et sp. indet. Bromus S. Eubromus sp. cf. Triticum sp. Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC. Gramineae gen. et sp. indet. Ignota Total Seeds toad rush rush rush yellow flag duckweed bur-reed spike rush brittle scirpus sedge brome grass wheat heath grass grass 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 83 10 2 1 35 15 3 20 80 10 1 10 2 16 1 100 10 5 9 1 2 9 2 10 949 90 1 52 197 3 62 22 70 40 15 41 11 20 20 40 8 1 3 31 181 2 1 6 43 12 50 60 6 6 - 30 110 1 1 1 35 3 2 5 385 484 301 3,444 523 722 1,142 220 824 + present 24 Table 16: Other Early Roman Waterlogged Plant Remains Number of Items OTHER EARLY ROMAN WATERLOGGED PLANT REMAINS Context / Sample Bryophyta Bud scale Buxus sempervirens L. Centaurea nigra L. Cereal-type culm nodes Chara sp. Crataegus or Prunus sp. Cyperaceae Deciduous tree leaf fragments Fraxinus excelsior L. Gramineae Hordeum sp. Leaf abscission pad Linum usitatissimum L. Pinus pinea Raphanus raphanistrum L. Rosa or Rubus sp. Rumex sp. Salix viminalis L. or x viminalis Salix sp. Salix sp. Trifolium sp. Trifolium sp. Triticum spelta L. T. dicoccum Schübl. or spelta L. T. spelta L. 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 + 46 10 1 + 19 11 3 + 14 + 2 1 3 1 - + 2 3 + + - 6 1 2 - + 4 1 1 - + 7 1 3 8 1 3 1 - 1 - + - (moss) stem with leaves (box) (knapweed) leaf bracts (stonewort) (hawthorn or sloe) (sedges etc) oospores thorny twigs leaf fragments (ash) (grass) (barley) bud scale leaf and stem fragments rachis node (flax) (stone pine) (wild radish) (rose or blackberry) (dock) (osier) capsule fragments cone capsule fragments prickle stem fragment leaf fragment 2 19 6 - (willow) (willow) (clover) (clover) (spelt wheat) (emmer or spelt wheat) (spelt wheat) bud capsule calyx and flower capsule lid spikelet spikelet 10 2 11 1 12 2 - 10 28 3 7 - 5 33 7 - 1 - 11 - 14 3 1 - 2 - - glume 2 - 11 - - - - - - 25 Number of Items OTHER EARLY ROMAN WATERLOGGED PLANT REMAINS Context / Sample Triticum sp. Vicia or Lathyrus sp. (wheat) (vetch) glume pod fragment 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 8 11 - 18 17 - - - - - + present 26 Table 17: Early Roman Coleoptera Minimum Number of Individuals EARLY ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Carabus granulatus L. Leistus spinibarbis (F.) Nebria brevicollis (F.) Elaphrus cupreus Duft. Loricera pilicornis (F.) Dyschirius globosus (Hbst.) Clivina collaris (Hbst.) or fossor (L.) Trechus obtusus Er. or quadristriatus (Schr.) T. secalis (Pk.) Bembidion properans Step. B. lampros (Hbst.) or properans Step. B. tetracolum Say B. doris (Pz.) B. obtusum Ser. B. biguttatum (F.) B. guttula (F.) B. lunulatum (Fouc.) Pterostichus gracilis (Dej.) P. melanarius (Ill.) P. nigrita (Pk.) P. vernalis (Pz.) P. cupreus L. or versicolor (Sturm) Pterostichus sp. Calathus fuscipes (Gz.) Agonum albipes (F.) A. muelleri (Hbst.) A. viduum (Pz.) Amara cf. anthobia Vil. 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 - 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 4 1 - 1 1 2 1 1 - 2 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 - 27 Species Group Minimum Number of Individuals EARLY ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample A. cf. plebeja (Gyl.) A. tibialis (Pk.) Amara spp. Harpalus rufipes (Deg.) H. azureus (F.) Harpalus S. Ophonus sp. (not azureus) H. affinis (Schr.) Badister bipustulatus (F.) B. unipustulatus Bon. Dromius quadrimaculatus (L.) Haliplus sp. Hydroporus sp. Agabus bipustulatus (L.) Agabus sp. (not bipustulatus) Colymbetes fuscus (L.) Helophorus grandis Ill. H. aquaticus (L.) or grandis Ill. H. nubilus F. H. cf. obscurus Muls. Helophorus sp. (brevipalpis size) Coelostoma orbiculare (F.) Cercyon analis (Pk.) C. haemorrhoidalis (F.) C. melanocephalus (L.) C. pygmaeus (Ill.) C. unipunctatus (L.) Cercyon spp. Megasternum obscurum (Marsh.) Cryptopleurum minutum (F.) Hydrobius fuscipes (L.) 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 1 - 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 4 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 - 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 - 1 2 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 5 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 - 28 Species Group 6b 6a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 7 1 Minimum Number of Individuals EARLY ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Anacaena sp. (not globulus) Onthophilus striatus (Forst.) Paralister purpurascens (Hbst.) Atholus duodecimstriatus (Schr.) Ochthebius bicolon Germ. O. minimus (F.) Ochthebius spp. Hydraena riparia Kug. H. testacea Curt. Limnebius nitidus (Marsh.) L. papposus Muls. Ptenidium sp. Ptiliidae gen. et sp. indet. (not Ptenidium) Choleva sp. Choleva or Catops sp. Colon sp. Silpha atrata L. Micropeplus fulvus Er. M. porcatus (Pk.) Megarthrus sp. Anthobium atrocephalum (Gyl.) Lesteva heeri Fauv. L. longoelytrata (Gz.) Lesteva sp. Omalium rivulare (Pk.) Omalium sp. Xylodromus depressus (Grav.) Carpelimus bilineatus Step. C. cf. corticinus (Grav.) C. cf. pusillus (Grav.) 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 6 5 1 2 - 2 4 1 1 8 3 - 2 1 9 1 15 5 1 3 - 1 1 2 1 1 3 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 9 8 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 2 1 - 1 1 4 9 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 - 29 Species Group 1 1 1 1 1 Minimum Number of Individuals EARLY ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample C. cf. rivularis (Mots.) Platystethus arenarius (Fouc.) P. cornutus gp. P. nitens (Sahl.) P. nodifrons (Man.) Anotylus nitidulus (Grav.) A. rugosus (F.) A. sculpturatus gp. A. cf. tetracarinatus (Block) Stenus biguttatus (L.) Stenus spp. Lathrobium longulum Grav. Lathrobium spp. (not longulum) Sunius sp. Rugilus orbiculatus (Pk.) R. rufipes Germ. Gyrohypnus angustatus Step. G. fracticornis gp. Xantholinus glabratus (Grav.) X. linearis (Ol.) X. longiventris Heer X. linearis (Ol.) or longiventris Heer Philonthus intermedius (B. & L.) or laminatus (Creutz.) Philonthus spp. Gabrius sp. Staphylinus caesareus Ced. or dimidiaticornis Gem. Staphylinus aeneocephalus Deg. or fortunatarum (Woll.) S. olens Müll. Tachyporus spp. Tachinus sp. 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 1 1 1 1 2 - 2 1 1 5 7 3 1 2 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 6 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 9 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 6 5 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 1 3 10 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 - 30 Species Group 7 7 7 Minimum Number of Individuals EARLY ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Aleocharinae gen. et sp. indet. Brachygluta sp. Pselaphidae gen. et sp. indet. (not Brachygluta) Geotrupes sp. Colobopterus erraticus (L.) Aphodius cf. constans Duft. A. contaminatus (Hbst.) A. equestris (Pz.) A. fimetarius L. A. foetidus (Hbst.) A. granarius (L.) A. cf. prodromus (Brahm) A. cf. pusillus (Hbst.) A. rufipes (L.) A. cf. sphacelatus (Pz.) Aphodius spp. Oxyomus sylvestris (Scop.) Onthophagus cf. coenobita (Hbst.) O. ovatus (L.) O. cf. similis (Scrib.) Hoplia philanthus (Fues.) Phyllopertha horticola (L.) cf. Cyphon sp. Limnichus pygmaeus (Sturm) Dryops sp. Agrypnus murinus (L.) Melanotus erythropus (Gm.) Athous haemorrhoidalis (F.) A. hirtus (Hbst.) Agriotes lineatus (L.) 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 1 - 8 1 2 1 3 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 5 2 2 1 18 - 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 3 1 3 5 - 31 Species Group 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 1 11 11 11 11 Minimum Number of Individuals EARLY ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample A. obscurus (L.) Agriotes sp. (not above) Adrastus pallens (F.) A. pallens (F.) Cantharis rustica Fal. Rhagonycha femoralis (Brul.) R. fulva (Scop.) Rhagonycha sp. Anobium punctatum (Deg.) Tipnus unicolor (P. & M.) Ptinus fur (L.) Malachius viridis F. Malachius sp. Kateretes rufilabris (Lat.) Brachypterus urticae (F.) Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.) Meligethes sp. Rhizophagus sp. Cryptophagidae gen. et sp. indet. (not Atomariinae) Atomaria spp. Ephistemus globulus (Pk.) Corylophus cassidoides (Marsh.) Orthoperus sp. Coccidula rufa (Hbst.) Mycetaea hirta (Marsh.) Stephostethus angusticollis (Gyl.) Lathridius minutus gp. Enicmus transversus (Ol.) Corticaria punctulata Marsh. Corticariinae gen. et sp. indet. 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 3 1 - 2 1 5 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 6 1 1 6 1 3 1 1 2 4 3 10 10 5 26 3 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 8 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 32 Species Group 11 10 9a 9a 8 8 8 8 8 Minimum Number of Individuals EARLY ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Typhaea stercorea (L.) Tenebrio molitor L. Anthicus antherinus (L.) Donacia sp. Plateumaris sericea (L.) Oulema sp. Timarcha tenebricosa (F.) Chrysolina hyperici (Forst.) C. polita (L.) Gastrophysa viridula (Deg.) Phaedon tumidulus (Germ.) Hydrothassa glabra (Hbst.) H. marginella (L.) Prasocuris phellandrii (L.) Phyllodecta vitellinae (L.) Phyllotreta atra (F.) P. nigripes (F.) P. nemorum (L.) or undulata Kuts. P. vittula Redt. Aphthona cf. atrovirens Foerst. A. nonstriata (Gz.) Longitarsus spp. Altica sp. Chalcoides sp. Epitrix pubescens (Koch) Chaetocnema concinna (Marsh.) Chaetocnema sp. (not concinna) Psylliodes affinis (Pk.) Psylliodes sp. Rhynchites S. Caenorhinus sp. 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 - 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 - 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 1 - 33 Species Group 9a 4 Minimum Number of Individuals EARLY ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Apion aeneum(Marsh.) A. radiolus (Marsh.) A. aethiops Hbst. or pisi (F.) A. craccae (L.) A. pomonae (F.) A. cf. filirostre Kirb. Apion spp. (not above) Phyllobius roboretanus Gred. or viridiaeris (Laich.) Barypeithes araneiformis (Schr.) Sitona hispidulus (F.) S. cf. lineatus (L.) Sitona spp. Hypera punctata (F.) Hypera sp. (not punctata) Alophus triguttatus (F.) Magdalis ruficornis (L.) M. cf. ruficornis (L.) Tanysphyrus lemnae (Pk.) Rhyncolus lignarius (Marsh.) Bagous sp. Notaris acridulus (L.) Cidnorhinus quadrimaculatus (L.) Ceutorhynchus erysimi (F.) C. floralis (Pk.) C. pollinarius (Forst.) Ceuthorhynchinae gen. et sp. indet. Anthonomus cf. rubi (Hbst.) Tychius sp. Mecinus pyraster (Hbst.) Gymnetron labile (Hbst.) 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 - 1 3 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 15 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 2 - 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 - 34 Species Group 3 3 3 4 4 5 4 Minimum Number of Individuals EARLY ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Hylesinus crenatus (F.) Leperisinus varius (F.) Totals 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 - - - - 1 - - 1 - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 124 35 Species Group Table 18: Other Early Roman Insects Minimum Number of Individuals OTHER EARLY ROMAN INSECTS Context / Sample Forficula auricularia L. Trichoptera gen. et sp. indet. Sehirus bicolor (L.) Thyreocoris scarabaeoides (L.) Eurydema oleracea (L.) Pentatomidae gen. et sp. indet. Heterogaster urticae (F.) cf. Aphanus rolandri (L.) Graptopeltus lynceus (F.) Scolopostethus sp. Lygaeidae gen. et sp. indet. Anthocorinae gen. et sp. indet. Saldula S. Saldula sp. Aphrophora sp. Philaenus or Neophilaenus sp. Megophthalmus scanicus (Fal.) or scabripennis Ed. Aphrodes bicinctus (Schr.) A. cf. fuscofasciatus (Gz.) Aphrodes sp. Aphidoidea gen. et sp. indet. Homoptera gen. et sp. indet. Myrmica scabrinodis gp. Stenamma westwoodi West. Formica cf. fusca L. Lasius flavus gp. Lasius sp. Hymenoptera gen. et sp. indet. (not Formicidae) Chironomid larval head capsule larval case worker worker female worker male 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 29 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 + 1 2 1 3 1 - 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 - 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 10 1 6 4 1 21 - 1 1 1 - 26 1 1 9 1 3 1 5 8 + 36 Minimum Number of Individuals OTHER EARLY ROMAN INSECTS Context / Sample Bibionidae gen. et sp. indet. Dipteran adults (not Bibionidae) Sphaerocerid puparia Melophagus ovinus (L.) Dipteran puparia puparium 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 1318/C/3 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 - 5 7 4 6 1 2 1 4 - - 1 - 2 3 2 - 3 3 + present 37 Table 19: Early Roman Mollusca Minimum Number of Individuals EARLY ROMAN MOLLUSCA Context / Sample Valvata cristata (Müll.) Bithynia tentaculata (L.) Bithynia sp. Carychium sp. Aplexa hypnorum (L.) Lymnaea truncatula (Müll.) L. palustris (Müll.) L. peregra (Müll.) Lymnaea sp. Planorbis planorbis (L.) P. carinatus Müll. Anisus leucostoma (Mil.) Succinea or Oxyloma sp. Cochlicopa sp. Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.) V. pygmaea (Drap.) Vertigo sp. Lauria cylindrica (da C.) Vallonia costata (Müll.) V. pulchella (Müll.) Vallonia spp. Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.) Discus rotundatus (Müll.) Vitrea sp. Aegopinella nitidula (Drap.) Oxychilus cellarius (Müll.) Limax or Deroceras sp. Trichia plebeia (Drap.) or hispida (L.) Cepaea sp. 38 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 1 - 3 1 2 1 10 2 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 5 3 - 11 2 1 - 4 4 26 1 1 1 1 2 1 - 5 2 24 2 1 4 4 4 1 3 - 1 11 19 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 - 3 21 12 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 8 - Minimum Number of Individuals EARLY ROMAN MOLLUSCA 766/6 2160/B/5 1202/15 2839/A/5 2867/A/6 2906/4 1487/A 2495/A/2 Helix aspersa Müll. Pisidium sp. - 1 1 - - 4 2 1 10 Total 1 31 11 14 45 52 45 77 Context / Sample + present 39 Table 20: Late Roman Pollen and Spores No. of Pollen Grains and Spores LATE ROMAN POLLEN AND SPORES 502/7 700/S/3 bracken - 6 4 - 3.5 2.5 pine buttercups etc meadow rue 1 6 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 5 - 1 4 1 1 8 4 4 1 2 4 3 1 2 1 2 13 2 4 2 2 2 2 7 4 4 11 - 0.5 2.5 0.5 0.5 4.5 2.5 2.5 0.5 1.0 2.5 1.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 Context / Sample SPORES Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Filicales POLLEN Pinus sp. Ranunculus tp. Thalictrum tp. Sinapis tp. Aesculus sp. Lotus sp. Filipendula sp. Umbelliferae 1 Umbelliferae 2 Umbelliferae 3 Oxyria / Rumex acetosella tp. R. acetosella agg. Rumex acetosa L. Ulmus sp. Betula sp. Corylus avellana L. Quercus sp. cf. Quercus sp. Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull Fraxinus excelsior L. Rhinanthus tp. Marrubium Percentage of Identified Pollen horse-chestnut dropwort or meadow sweet sheep's sorrel sorrel elm birch hazel oak oak heather ash yellow rattle horehound 40 No. of Pollen Grains and Spores LATE ROMAN POLLEN AND SPORES Percentage of Identified Pollen 502/7 700/S/3 1 1 2 9 2 5 4 7 1 3 1 5 4 2 2 33 2 72 2 2 4 20 4 11 2.5 4.0 0.5 1.5 0.5 3.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 19.0 1.0 41.5 Total tree pollen Total shrub pollen Total identified pollen 13 0 46 6 4 173 28 0 100 3.5 2.5 100 Unidentified pollen type x 102 - 222 - Context / Sample tp. Plantago major / media tp. P. lanceolata L. Succisa pratensis Moen. Bidens tp. Aster tp. Anthemis tp. Artemisia sp. Cirsium sp. Centaurea nigra tp. Compositae - Liguliflorae cf. Sparganium sp. Cyperaceae Gramineae plantain ribwort plantain devil's-bit scabious bur-marigold mayweed mugwort thistle knapweed bur-reed sedges grass 41 Table 21: Late Roman Waterlogged Seeds Number of Seeds LATE ROMAN WATERLOGGED SEEDS 502/7 700/S/3 1989/B 2721/6 2721/3 kingcup meadow buttercup creeping buttercup bulbous buttercup lesser spearwort water crowfoot meadow rue poppy 1 4 3 7 1 - 1 2 11 1 1 2 3 1 12 - 1 - poppy opium poppy wild turnip 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - 1 1 12 18 1 1 1 1 2 137 10 1 12 1 1 1 8 2 1 5 1 - 6 1 4 26 1 1 1 8 1 - 1 6 3 2 1 1 1 2 5 24 40 5 10 3 1 2 1 8 1 1 1 1 29 4 1 2 1 8 - 1 - 1 - - - - Context / Sample Caltha palustris L. Ranunculus cf. acris L. R. cf. repens L. R. cf. bulbosus L. R. flammula L. Ranunculus S. Batrachium sp. Thalictrum flavum L Papaver rhoeas L., dubium L., lecoqii Lamotte or hybridum L. P. argemone L. P. somniferum L. Brassica rapa L. ssp. sylvestris (L.) Janchen B. nigra (L.) Koch Brassica sp. (not above) Coronopus squamatus (Forsk.) Asch. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) C.&G. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Cruciferae gen. et sp. indet. Reseda luteola L. Viola S. Melanium sp. Hypericum sp. Silene cf. latifolia (Poir.) (alba) Lychnis flos-cuculi L. Agrostemma githago L. Cerastium cf. fontanum Baumg. Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moen. Stellaria media gp. Arenaria sp. Chenopodium album L. C. cf. rubrum L. Atriplex sp. Chenopodiaceae gen. et sp. indet. Malva sylvestris L. Linum usitatissimum L. L. catharticum L. Buxus sempervirens L. Rhamnus catharticus L. Medicago lupulina L. Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Potentilla anserina L. P. cf. erecta (L.) Räuch. P. cf. reptans L. Fragaria vesca L. Rosa sp. Prunus domestica L. cf. ssp. insititia (L.) Schn. P. domestica L. black mustard cultivated brassica swine cress shepherd's purse yellow rocket hedge garlic hedge mustard dyer's rocket pansy St. John's wort white campion ragged robin corn cockle mouse-ear chickweed water chickweed chickweed sandwort fat hen red goosefoot orache common mallow flax fairy flax box buckthorn black medick meadowsweet silverweed tormentil creeping cinquefoil wild strawberry rose bullace, damson plum, bullace etc. 42 Number of Seeds LATE ROMAN WATERLOGGED SEEDS Context / Sample Lythrum salicaria L. Epilobium sp. Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. Chaerophyllum temulentum L. Anthriscus caucalis Bieb. A. sylvestris (L.) Hoff. Scandix pecten-veneris L. Coriandrum sativum L. Sium latifolium L. Aethusa cynapium L. Foeniculum vulgare Mil. Conium maculatum L. Apium graveolens L. Angelica sylvestris L. Heracleum sphondylium L. Torilis sp. Daucus carota L. Polygonum aviculare L. P. persicaria L. Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Löve Rumex obtusifolius L. Rumex spp. Urtica urens L. U. dioica L. Primula veris L. or elatior (L.) Hill Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae gen. et sp. indet. Fraxinus excelsior L. Hyoscyamus niger L. Solanum cf. dulcamara L. S. cf. nigrum L. Odontites verna (Bell.) Dum. Mentha cf. aquatica L. Lycopus europaeus L. Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dan. Prunella vulgaris L. Stachys sp. Ballota nigra L. Lamium sp. (not album) Galeopsis tetrahit agg. Glechoma hederacea L. Plantago major L. Galium aparine L. Galium sp. (not aparine) Galium sp. Sambucus nigra L. Viburnum opulus L. Valerianella rimosa Bast. V. dentata (L.) Pol. Bidens tripartita L. Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bern. Anthemis cotula L. purple loosestrife willow-herb pennywort rough chervil bur chervil cow parsley shepherd's needle coriander water parsnip fool's parsley fennel hemlock celery wild angelica cow parsnip hedge parsley wild carrot knotgrass red shank black bindweed broad-leaved dock dock small nettle stinging nettle cowslip or oxlip scarlet pimpernel ash henbane woody nightshade black nightshade red bartsia water mint gipsywort basil thyme selfheal woundwort black horehound dead nettle hemp-nettle ground-ivy great plantain goosegrass bedstraw bedstraw elder guelder-rose corn salad corn salad bur marigold fleabane stinking mayweed 43 502/7 700/S/3 1989/B 2721/6 2721/3 1 10 1 1 1 4 1 1 3 4 1 15 28 5 1135 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 6 2 1 4 2 1 5 1 + 7 5 1 13 2 1 1 1 5 167 + 1 + 1 8 2 3 2 - 1 1 7 1 23 4 1 13 3 527 1 1 5 1 + 1 1 3 1 33 4 4 16 18 1 1 3 + 2 3 2 1 6 2 1 3 2 2 117 1 3 2 3 3 3 11 4 8 - 1 2 10 4 - Number of Seeds LATE ROMAN WATERLOGGED SEEDS Context / Sample Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. B. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Artemisia sp. Arctium sp. Carduus sp. cf. Cirsium sp. Onopordum acanthium L. Centaurea sp. Lapsana communis L. Leontodon sp. Picris hieracioides L. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Compositae gen. et sp. indet. Alisma sp. Potamogeton sp. Juncus effusus gp. J. bufonius gp. J. articulatus gp. Juncus spp. Eleocharis S. Palustris sp. Carex spp. cf. Triticum sp. Gramineae gen. et sp. indet. Ignota scentless mayweed ox-eye daisy mugwort burdock thistle thistle cotton thistle knapweed or cornflower nipplewort hawkbit hawkweed ox-tongue sow-thistle water-plantain pondweed tussock rush toad rush rush rush spike-rush sedge wheat grass Total Seeds + present 44 502/7 700/S/3 1989/B 2721/6 2721/3 5 5 2 2 56 2 + 5 121 132 241 90 5 34 + 20 12 4 1 3 12 50 10 100 20 1 7 31 11 1 3 + 2 1 2 1 1 1 120 880 40 3 19 1 4 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 30 120 190 120 5 35 24 13 1 10 30 140 20 4 1 5 2,216 521 1,901 780 230 Table 22: Other Late Roman Waterlogged Plant Remains OTHER LATE ROMAN WATERLOGGED PLANT REMAINS Number of Items Context / Sample Bryophyta (moss) Bud scale Buxus sempervirens L. (box) B. sempervirens L. (box) B. sempervirens L. (box) B. sempervirens L. (box) Crataegus or Prunus sp. (hawthorn or sloe) Deciduous tree leaf fragment Fraxinus excelsior L. (ash) Leaf abscission pad Salix sp. (willow) Trifolium sp. (clover) Triticum spelta L. (spelt wheat) stem with leaves flower bud fruit fragment leaf twig thorny twig bud scale bud calyx glume base + present 45 502/7 700/S/3 1989/B 2721/6 2721/3 + 2 + 3 5 12 1 2 1 + + 4 7 - + 2 13 4 15 10 + 1 7 1 1 + 6 6 - 2 - Table 23: Late Roman Coleoptera Minimum Number of Individuals LATE ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Carabus granulatus L. C. violaceus L. Leistus spinibarbis (F.) Nebria brevicollis (F.) Notiophilus cf. aquaticus (L.) N. biguttatus (F.) Loricera pilicornis (F.) Dyschirius globosus (Hbst.) Trechus obtusus Er. or quadristriatus (Schr.) T. micros (Hbst.) Asaphidion flavipes (L.) Bembidion properans Step. B. lampros (Hbst.) or properans Step. B. tetracolum Say B. gilvipes Sturm B. biguttatum (F.) B. guttula (F.) Stomis pumicatus (Pz.) Pterostichus cupreus (L.) P. diligens (Sturm) P. longicollis (Duft.) P. madidus (F.) P. melanarius (Ill.) P. cupreus L. or versicolor (Sturm) Pterostichus sp. Calathus fuscipes (Gz.) C. melanocephalus (L.) Agonum muelleri (Hbst.) A. viduum (Pz.) Amara cf. aenea (Deg.) A. cf. anthobia Vil. A. apricaria (Pk.) A. aulica (Pz.) Amara sp. Harpalus rufipes (Deg.) Harpalus S. Ophonus sp. Bradycellus verbasci (Duft.) Dromius linearis (Ol.) D. quadrimaculatus (L.) Haliplus sp. Noterus clavicornis (Deg.) Hydroporus sp. Agabus bipustulatus (L.) Agabus sp. (not bipustulatus) Colymbetes fuscus (L.) Helophorus grandis Ill. H. aquaticus (L.) or grandis Ill. Helophorus sp. (brevipalpis size) Cercyon analis (Pk.) C. atricapillus (Marsh.) 46 502/7 700/S/3 1989/B 2721/6 1 3 5 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 2 1 1 3 7 6 - 1 3 1 5 1 1 2 11 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 9 4 1 1 2 1 1 - Species Group 6b 6a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Minimum Number of Individuals LATE ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample C. haemorrhoidalis (F.) C. pygmaeus (Ill.) C. terminatus (Marsh.) C. unipunctatus (L.) Cercyon spp. Megasternum obscurum (Marsh.) Hydrobius fuscipes (L.) Anacaena bipustulata (Marsh.) or limbata (F.) Laccobius sp. Onthophilus striatus (Forst.) Hister cf. bissexstriatus F. Ochthebius cf. bicolon Germ. O. minimus (F.) Ochthebius spp. Hydraena riparia Kug. H. testacea Curt. Limnebius nitidus (Marsh.) L. papposus Muls. Ptenidium sp. Ptiliidae gen. et sp. indet. Choleva or Catops sp. Colon sp. Silpha atrata L. Scydmaenidae gen. et sp. indet. Micropeplus fulvus Er. M. porcatus (Pk.) Metopsia retusa (Step.) Megarthrus cf. denticollis (Beck) Anthobium atrocephalum (Gyl.) Phyllodrepoidea crenata (Grav.) Lesteva longoelytrata (Gz.) Lesteva sp. Omalium rivulare (Pk.) Omalium sp. Xylodromus depressus (Grav.) Coprophilus striatulus (F.) Carpelimus cf. corticinus (Grav.) Platystethus arenarius (Fouc.) P. cornutus gp. P. nitens (Sahl.) P. nodifrons (Man.) Anotylus nitidulus (Grav.) A. rugosus (F.) A. sculpturatus gp. Stenus spp. Paederus littoralis Grav. Lathrobium sp. Sunius sp. Rugilus cf. erichsoni (Fauv.) R. orbiculatus (Pk.) Gyrohypnus fracticornis gp. Xantholinus glabratus (Grav.) 47 502/7 700/S/3 1989/B 2721/6 7 4 17 3 4 5 10 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 5 3 1 1 7 18 8 1 1 1 1 2 4 3 1 1 1 4 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 - 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 1 3 5 2 2 2 1 2 - 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 - Species Group 7 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 7 Minimum Number of Individuals LATE ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample X. linearis (Ol.) X. longiventris Heer X. linearis (Ol.) or longiventris Heer Philonthus intermedius (B. & L.) or laminatus (Creutz.) P. marginatus (Ström) Philonthus spp. Gabrius sp. Platydracus pubescens (Deg.) Staphylinus aeneocephalus Deg. or fortunatarum (Woll.) S. olens Müll. Quedius sp. Mycetoporus sp. Tachyporus spp. Tachinus sp. Aleocharinae gen. et sp. indet. Pselaphidae gen. et sp. indet. Geotrupes sp. Aphodius contaminatus (Hbst.) A. equestris (Pz.) A. fimetarius L. A. cf. fimetarius (L.) A. foetidus (Hbst.) A. granarius (L.) A. luridus (F.) A. cf. prodromus (Brahm) A. cf. pusillus (Hbst.) A. rufipes (L.) A. cf. sphacelatus (Pz.) Aphodius spp. Oxyomus sylvestris (Scop.) Onthophagus ovatus (L.) Onthophagus sp. (not ovatus) Hoplia philanthus (Fues.) Phyllopertha horticola (L.) Dascillus cervinus (L.) cf. Cyphon sp. Cytilus sericeus (Forst.) Dryops sp. Elmis aenea (Müll.) Esolus parallelepipedus (Müll.) Limnius volckmari (Pz.) Agrypnus murinus (L.) Athous haemorrhoidalis (F.) A. hirtus (Hbst.) Agriotes obscurus (L.) A. sputator (L.) Agriotes sp. Trixagus obtusus (Curt.) Cantharis sp. Rhagonycha testacea (L.) Ctesias serra (F.) Grynobius planus (F.) 48 502/7 700/S/3 1989/B 2721/6 3 2 2 2 4 3 1 2 1 12 31 20 3 11 8 1 1 4 5 1 2 1 7 6 7 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 3 3 1 2 3 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 4 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 6 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 Species Group 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 1 11 11 11 11 11 11 Minimum Number of Individuals LATE ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Anobium punctatum (Deg.) Tipnus unicolor (P. & M.) Ptinus fur (L.) Lyctus linearis (Gz.) Brachypterus urticae (F.) Meligethes sp. Omosita discoidea (F.) Monotoma bicolor Vil. M. picipes Hbst. Monotoma sp. Cryptophagidae gen. et sp. indet. (not Atomariinae) Atomaria spp. Ephistemus globulus (Pk.) Stilbus sp. Orthoperus sp. Coccidula rufa (Hbst.) Scymnus sp. Propylea quattuordecimpunctata (L.) Mycetaea hirta (Marsh.) Lathridius minutus gp. Enicmus transversus (Ol.) Corticariinae gen. et sp. indet. Cis sp. Typhaea stercorea (L.) Aglenus brunneus (Gyl.) Anthicus antherinus (L.) Bruchus or Bruchidius sp. Donacia sp. Chrysolina hyperici (Forst.) C. oricalcia (Müll.) C. polita (L.) Gastrophysa viridula (Deg.) Phaedon tumidulus (Germ.) Hydrothassa marginella (L.) Prasocuris phellandrii (L.) Phyllotreta atra (F.) P. nigripes (F.) P. nemorum (L.) or undulata Kuts. P. vittula Redt. Aphthona cf. atrovirens Foerst. A. nonstriata (Gz.) Longitarsus spp. Altica sp. Chalcoides sp. Chaetocnema concinna (Marsh.) Chaetocnema sp. (not concinna) Psylliodes sp. Brachytarsus fasciatus (Forst.) Apion malvae (F.) A. rufirostre (F.) A. aeneum (Marsh.) A. radiolus (Marsh.) 49 502/7 700/S/3 1989/B 2721/6 3 3 1 1 4 2 1 7 12 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 6 1 5 13 3 5 1 10 2 7 4 7 - 2 2 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 3 2 5 3 1 1 2 1 1 9 2 9 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 17 1 3 2 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 - Species Group 10 9a 9a 8 8 8 4 9a 4 Minimum Number of Individuals LATE ROMAN COLEOPTERA Context / Sample A. urticarium (Hbst.) A. aethiops Hbst. or pisi (F.) A. cerdo Gerst. A. craccae (L.) A. pomonae (F.) Apion spp. (not above species) Otiorhynchus clavipes (Bons.) Phyllobius roboretanus Gred. or viridiaeris (Laich.) Barypeithes araneiformis (Schr.) Strophosomus cf. faber (Hbst.) Sitona hispidulus (F.) S. lepidus Gyl. Sitona sp. Hypera sp. (not punctata) Rhyncolus lignarius (Marsh.) Notaris acridulus (L.) Cidnorhinus quadrimaculatus (L.) Ceutorhynchus erysimi (F.) C. floralis (Pk.) C. pollinarius (Forst.) Ceuthorhynchinae gen. et sp. indet. Anthonomus cf. rubi (Hbst.) Tychius sp. Gymnetron labile (Hbst.) G. melanarium (Germ.) G. pascuorum (Gyl.) Leperisinus varius (F.) Totals + present 50 502/7 700/S/3 1989/B 2721/6 3 1 1 2 1 26 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 8 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 3 1 5 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 - 545 100 250 57 Species Group 3 3 3 4 Table 24: Other Late Roman Insects Minimum Number of Individuals OTHER LATE ROMAN INSECTS Context / Sample Forficula auricularia L. Sehirus bicolor (L.) Dolycoris baccarum (L.) Eurydema oleracea (L.) Heterogaster urticae (F.) cf. Aphanus rolandri (L.) Drymus sylvaticus (F.) Scolopostethus sp. Campylosteira verna (Fal.) Anthocorinae gen. et sp. indet. Miridae gen. et sp. indet. Saldula S. Saldula sp. Aphrophora sp. Philaenus or Neophilaenus sp. Aphrodes bicinctus (Schr.) A. cf. albifrons (L.) A. flavostriatus (Gz.) A. histrionicus A. cf. fuscofasciatus (Gz.) Aphrodes sp. Aphidoidea gen. et sp. indet. Homoptera gen. et sp. indet. Myrmica rubra (L.) or ruginodis Nyl. M. scabrinodis gp. M. scabrinodis gp. Myrmica sp. Stenamma westwoodi West. S. westwoodi West. Lasius fuliginosus (Lat.) L. niger gp. Lasius sp. (not fuliginosus) Apis mellifera L. Hymenoptera gen. et sp. indet. (not Formicidae) Chironomid larval head capsule Bibionidae gen. et sp. indet. Dipteran adults (not Bibionidae) Sphaerocerid puparia Dipteran puparia worker female worker male female worker female worker female worker + present 51 502/7 700/S/3 1989/B 2721/6 10 1 5 6 3 4 10 1 6 1 2 21 2 1 4 5 7 5 1 2 7 1 1 1 1 34 4 21 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 3 + 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 5 2 1 4 2 16 + 5 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 Table 25: Late Roman Mollusca Minimum Number of Individuals LATE ROMAN MOLLUSCA 502/7 700/S/3 1989/B 2721/6 L. peregra (Müll.) P. carinatus Müll. Anisus leucostoma (Mil.) Planorbarius corneus (L.) Succinea or Oxyloma sp. Cochlicopa sp. Vertigo pygmaea (Drap.) Vallonia costata (Müll.) V. cf. pulchella (Müll.) V. cf. excentrica Sterki Vallonia spp. Discus rotundatus (Müll.) Nesovitrea hammonis (Ström) Oxychilus cellarius (Müll.) Limax or Deroceras sp. Trichia plebeia (Drap.) or hispida (L.) Cepaea sp. Helix aspersa Müll. 1 1 4 5 1 7 1 5 1 13 1 - 9 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 21 - 1 13 2 2 1 2 6 3 22 1 2 2 1 1 3 - Total 40 42 55 7 Context / Sample + present 52 Table 26: Villa Ditch and Alluvium Mollusca Minimum Number of Individuals VILLA DITCH AND ALLUVIUM MOLLUSCA ‹3› ‹2› ‹1› 456 Valvata cristata (Müll.) V. macrostoma Mörsh V. cf. macrostoma Mörsh Bithynia tentaculata (L.) B. leachii (Shep.) Bithynia sp. Carychium sp. Lymnaea truncatula (Müll.) L. palustris (Müll.) L. peregra (Müll.) Lymnaea sp. Planorbis planorbis (L.) Anisus leucostoma (Mil.) Succinea or Oxyloma sp. Cochlicopa sp. Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.) V. pygmaea (Drap.) Vertigo sp. Pupilla muscorum (L.) Vallonia pulchella (Müll.) V. excentrica Sterki V. cf. excentrica Sterki Vallonia spp. Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.) Nesovitrea hammonis (Ström) Zonitoides nitidus (Müll.) Limax or Deroceras sp. Trichia plebeia (Drap.) or hispida (L.) Cepaea sp. Pisidium sp. 1 1 2 2 5 1 - 33 24 10 13 15 6 31 2 7 1 2 26 15 85 - 5 1 2 5 107 73 1 3 55 1 24 62 24 2 1 13 3 41 1 1 4 9 63 1 237 1 60 1 48 11 156 28 3 73 2 128 45 21 4 24 25 8 23 2 61 11 2 32 17 1 Total 12 270 502 1,024 Context / Sample + present 53 Table 27: Medieval Pollen and Spores No. of Pollen Grains and Spores MEDIEVAL POLLEN AND SPORES 696/3 696/2 696/3 696/2 bracken 1 3 0.3 0.8 buttercups etc 12 3 1 1 7 3 + 6 1 14 8 - 12 1 1 1 1 3 9 + 1 5 7 + + 1 1 1 2 1 1 + 3 + 4 4 34 5 + 4.2 1.0 0.3 0.3 2.4 1.0 + 2.1 0.3 4.9 2.8 - 3.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 2.4 + 0.3 1.3 1.9 + + 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 + 0.8 + 1.1 1.1 9.1 1.3 + 2 1 11 94 23 1 100 2 1 10 63 12 1 186 0.7 0.3 3.8 32.6 8.0 0.3 34.7 0.5 0.3 2.7 16.9 3.2 0.3 49.9 0 7 288 5 1 373 0 2.4 100 1.3 0.3 100 4 7 1.4 1.9 Context / Sample SPORES Pteridium aquilinum (L.) POLLEN Ranunculus tp. Cruciferae Caryophyllaceae Chenopodiaceae Ilex aquifolium L. ? Ononis sp. Trifolium pratense L. Filipendula sp. Potentilla tp. Umbelliferae Rumex sp. Ulmus sp. Betula sp. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaert. Corylus avellana L. Fagus sylvatica L. Quercus sp. Salix sp. Pedicularis sp. Rhinanthus tp. ? Mentha tp. ? Lamium tp. Prunella tp. Plantago major L. P. media L. P. lanceolata L. Galium tp. cf. Scabiosa columbaria L. or Succisa pratensis Moen. Aster tp. Anthemis tp. Centaurea nigra tp. Compositae - Liguliflorae Cyperaceae Cerealia Gramineae Percentage of Identified Pollen holly restharrow red clover dropwort or meadowsweet cinquefoil dock elm birch alder hazel beech oak willow lousewort yellow rattle mint dead-nettle selfheal great plantain hoary plantain ribwort plantain bedstraw scabious mayweed knapweed sedges cereal grass Total tree pollen Total shrub pollen Total identified pollen Unidentified pollen 54 Table 28: Medieval Waterlogged Seeds Number of Seeds MEDIEVAL WATERLOGGED SEEDS Context / Sample Ranunculus cf. acris L. R. cf. repens L. R. flammula L. Cardamine pratensis L. C. cf. hirsuta L. Nasturtium microphyllum (Boen.) Reich. Lychnis flos-cuculi L. Cerastium cf. fontanum Baumg. Arenaria sp. Linum catharticum L. cf. Geranium sp. Silaum silaus (L.) S. & T. Daucus carota L. Polygonum persicaria L. Rumex acetosa L. R. cf. acetosa L. Urtica dioica L. Primula veris L. or elatior (L.) Hill Primulaceae gen. et sp. indet. Myosotis sp. Rhinanthus sp. Plantago cf. lanceolata L. Galium cf. verum L. Sambucus nigra L. Senecio cf. aquaticus Hill Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Centaurea cyanus L. Centaurea nigra L. Lapsana communis L. Leontodon sp. Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Taraxacum sp. Juncus inflexus L., effusus L. or conglomeratus L. J. articulatus gp. Juncus spp. Carex spp. Cyperaceae gen. et sp. indet. Gramineae gen. et sp. indet. Ignota meadow buttercup creeping buttercup lesser spearwort lady's smock bitter-cress water-cress ragged robin mouse-ear chickweed sandwort fairy flax crane's-bill pepper saxifrage wild carrot red shank sorrel sorrel stinging nettle cowslip or oxlip forget-me-not yellow rattle ribwort plantain lady's bedstraw elder marsh ragwort ox-eye daisy knapweed knapweed nipplewort hawkbit smooth hawks-beard dandelion tussock rush rush rush sedge grass Total Seeds + present 55 696/3 696/2 31 3 2 27 38 10 7 1 1 25 28 2 5 3 4 2 2 2 2 36 + 22 1 8 3 8 10 110 20 64 174 32 72 6 + 3 4 1 + 41 50 9 22 1 5 8 2 8 5 19 3 12 + + 44 27 9 4 4 350 50 88 1 96 2 683 946 Table 29: Other Medieval Waterlogged Plant Remains Number of Items OTHER MEDIEVAL WATERLOGGED PLANT REMAINS Context / Sample Bryophyta Centaurea nigra L. Rhinanthus sp. Trifolium sp. Trifolium sp. Vicia or Lathyrus sp. (moss) (knapweed) (yellow rattle) (clover) (clover) (vetch etc.) + present 56 stem with leaves bracts capsule calyx and flower capsule lid pod fragments 696/3 696/2 + 10 4 2 5 + 8 1 3 3 8 Table 30: Medieval Coleoptera Minimum Number of Individuals MEDIEVAL COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Carabus granulatus L. C. monilis F. Nebria brevicollis (F.) Notiophilus sp. Dyschirius globosus (Hbst.) Trechus obtusus Er. or quadristriatus (Schr.) Bembidion S. Diplocampa sp. B. biguttatum (F.) B. guttula (F.) Bembidion sp. Pterostichus cupreus (L.) P. diligens (Sturm) P. gracilis (Dej.) P. madidus (F.) P. melanarius (Ill.) P. nigrita (Pk.) P. cf. nigrita (Pk.) P. vernalis (Pz.) P. versicolor (Sturm) P. cupreus L. or versicolor (Sturm) Calathus fuscipes (Gz.) C. melanocephalus (L.) Synuchus nivalis (Pz.) Agonum muelleri (Hbst.) A. viduum (Pz.) Amara aulica (Pz.) A. cf. ovata (F.) A. tibialis (Pk.) Amara spp. (not above) Harpalus S. Ophonus sp. Chlaenius nigricornis (F.) or nitidulus (Schr.) Oodes helopioides (F.) Hydroporus sp. Agabus bipustulatus (L.) Agabus sp. (not bipustulatus) Helophorus aquaticus (L.) Helophorus grandis Ill. H. cf. obscurus Muls. H. rufipes (Bosc) Helophorus spp. (brevipalpis size) Megasternum obscurum (Marsh.) Cryptopleurum minutum (F.) Anacaena bipustulata (Marsh.) or limbata (F.) Chaetarthria seminulum (Hbst.) Paralister sp. Ochthebius cf. bicolon Germ. O. minimus (F.) Ochthebius spp. Hydraena testacea Curt. Hydraena sp. (not testacea) 57 696/3 696/2 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 6 18 3 3 5 2 3 7 13 3 1 6 7 1 12 7 10 1 2 1 7 17 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 27 7 5 3 5 2 8 1 1 2 4 1 1 6 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 3 10 1 2 2 5 8 2 3 Species group 6b 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 1 1 1 1 Minimum Number of Individuals MEDIEVAL COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Limnebius papposus Muls. Ptiliidae gen. et sp. indet. Choleva sp. Thanatophilus dispar (Hbst.) Silpha atrata L. Lesteva longoelytrata (Gz.) Omalium sp. Platystethus arenarius (Fouc.) P. capito Heer P. nitens (Sahl.) Anotylus nitidulus (Grav.) A. rugosus (F.) A. sculpturatus gp. Stenus spp. Paederus littoralis Grav. Lathrobium longulum Grav. L. multipunctum Grav. Lathrobium sp. (not above) Ochthephilum fracticorne (Pk.) Rugilus orbiculatus (Pk.) Xantholinus linearis (Ol.) X. longiventris Heer X. linearis (Ol.) or longiventris Heer Philonthus spp. Gabrius sp. Staphylinus brunnipes F. S. cf. caesareus Ced. or dimidiaticornis Gem. S. erythropterus L. S. cf. erythropterus L. Staphylinus aeneocephalus Deg. or fortunatarum (Woll.) S. fuscatus Grav. S. winkleri Bern. Quedius sp. Mycetoporus sp. Tachyporus spp. Tachinus sp. Aleocharinae gen. et sp. indet. Pselaphidae gen. et sp. indet. Aphodius cf. consputus Cretz A. contaminatus (Hbst.) A. paykulli Bed. A. rufipes (L.) A. cf. rufus (Moll) A. cf. sphacelatus (Pz.) Aphodius spp. Hoplia philanthus (Fues.) Simplocaria sp. Cytilus sericeus (Forst.) Byrrhus sp. Dryops sp. Agrypnus murinus (L.) 58 696/3 696/2 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 1 1 5 2 1 15 1 - 4 2 1 1 3 5 1 1 1 3 3 4 1 2 9 2 2 3 8 3 2 2 1 1 2 29 2 2 2 1 9 1 4 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 3 6 1 1 3 1 11 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 3 1 1 1 2 Species group 1 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 1 11 Minimum Number of Individuals MEDIEVAL COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Athous haemorrhoidalis (F.) Agriotes lineatus (L.) A. obscurus (L.) A. sputator (L.) Agriotes spp. Cantharis rustica Fal. Cantharis sp. Rhagonycha fulva (Scop.) Meligethes sp. Nitidula bipunctata (L.) Cryptophagidae gen. et sp. indet. (not Atomariinae) Atomaria spp. Olibrus sp. Coccidula rufa (Hbst.) Hippodamia tredecimpunctata (L.) Coccinella sp. Lathridius minutus gp. Enicmus transversus (Ol.) Corticariinae gen. et sp. indet. Typhaea stercorea (L.) Oedemera lurida (Marsh.) Anthicus antherinus (L.) Cryptocephalus bilineatus (L.) Chrysolina polita (L.) Hydrothassa glabra (Hbst.) Galeruca tanaceti (L.) Phyllotreta atra (F.) P. exclamationis (Thun.) or ochripes (Curt.) P. vittula Redt. Aphthona cf. atrovirens Foerst. Longitarsus spp. Altica sp. Crepidodera ferruginea (Scop.) Chaetocnema sp. (not concinna) Psylliodes sp. Apion aethiops Hbst. or pisi (F.) Apion spp. (not above) Otiorhynchus clavipes (Bons.) O. ligneus (Ol.) Trachyphloeus sp. Barynotus obscurus (F.) Sitona hispidulus (F.) S. lepidus Gyl. S. cf. lineatus (L.) S. sulcifrons (Thun.) Sitona spp. Hypera punctata (F.) Hypera sp. (not punctata) Alophus triguttatus (F.) Bagous sp. Ceuthorhynchinae gen. et sp. indet. Tychius sp. 59 696/3 696/2 3 5 5 12 1 3 4 1 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 33 13 1 1 1 11 2 17 2 4 3 1 3 3 4 7 4 1 - 3 1 6 8 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 37 1 9 1 1 12 1 11 2 10 2 12 2 3 14 4 1 1 1 Species group 11 11 11 11 11 8 8 8 9a Minimum Number of Individuals MEDIEVAL COLEOPTERA Context / Sample Mecinus pyraster (Hbst.) Gymnetron pascuorum (Gyl.) Total + present 60 696/3 696/2 1 1 - 425 437 Species group Table 31: Other Medieval Insects Minimum Number of Individuals OTHER MEDIEVAL INSECTS Context / Sample Forficula auricularia L. Acanthosoma haemorrhoidalis (L.) Pentatoma rufipes (L.) Stygnocoris pedestris (Fal.) Dictyonota tricornis (Schr.) Saldula S. Saldula sp. Heteroptera gen. et sp. indet. Philaenus or Neophilaenus sp. Megophthalmus cf. scanicus (Fal.) Aphrodes bicinctus (Schr.) A. bifasciatus Schr. A. cf. fuscofasciatus (Gz.) Aphrodes sp. Aphidoidea gen. et sp. indet. Homoptera gen. et sp. indet. Myrmica rubra (L.) or ruginodis Nyl. Myrmica scabrinodis gp. Myrmica sp. Lasius flavus gp. L. niger gp. Lasius sp. Apium mellifera L. Hymenoptera gen. et sp. indet. (not Formicidae) Chironomid larval head capsule Bibionidae gen. et sp. indet. Dipteran adults (not Bibionidae) Dipteran puparia worker worker worker worker worker female worker + present 61 696/3 696/2 28 1 4 1 17 7 34 8 3 12 1 10 3 49 23 3 1 1 18 1 17 1 9 1 1 1 2 23 19 49 5 1 11 1 7 1 11 2 12 8 + 1 10 3 Table 32: Medieval Mollusca Minimum Number of Individuals MEDIEVAL MOLLUSCA 696/3 696/2 Lymnaea truncatula (Müll.) L. palustris (Müll.) Lymnaea sp. Anisus leucostoma (Mil.) Succinea or Oxyloma sp. Cochlicopa sp. Vertigo pygmaea (Drap.) Vertigo sp. Pupilla muscorum (L.) Vallonia costata (Müll.) V. cf. pulchella (Müll.) V. excentrica Sterki Vallonia sp. Limax or Deroceras sp. Trichia plebeia (Drap.) or hispida (L.) Cepaea sp. Pisidium sp. 1 1 23 1 8 4 1 9 1 3 52 10 5 17 1 15 3 4 38 1 10 2 34 1 4 51 13 5 29 21 Total 152 216 Context / Sample + present 63
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