1. No category

N E W S L E T T E R F R O M T O S H V I N A N A LY T I C A L P V T. LT D .
JULY 2013
Analysis of Residual Pesticides in
Foods Using Twin Line GCMS
To obtain highly reliable data from analyzing residual
pesticides in foods by GC requires confirmation tests using
columns with different liquid phases. In contrast, with GCMS, confirmation is possible by using not only retention
times, but also m/z values. Therefore, normally only one
type of column is used for tests. However, due to the
increased number of pesticides and the diversification in
substances subject to inspection, users are demanding
higher reliability by using columns with different liquid
phases, even for GC-MS analysis.
Therefore, a Twin Line MS Kit, which enables the
installation of two types of columns with different liquid
phases in one MS, without the use of splitters or flow
restrictors, was used to analyze residual pesticides in food.
Experiment
Experiment
Test Solution Preparation Method
To evaluate the effectiveness in analyzing actual samples,
test solutions of six agricultural products: spinach, carrots,
cabbage, brown short-grain rice, oranges, and apples,
were prepared in accordance to the test method specified
by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare –
Method of Simultaneous Testing for Pesticides and Other
Components (in Agricultural Products) [1]. Pesticides were
then added to these test solutions to a concentration of 0.1
µg/mL.
Analytical Conditions for Twin Line GC-MS
The following analytical conditions were used to measure
the test solutions. Columns 1 and 2 each had a dedicated
sample vaporization chamber, each of which was used
alternately for analysis.
GCMS - QP 2010 Ultra
＜Twin Line MS System＞
Connecting two different columns to the MS unit at the
same time allows the smooth acquisition of application
data with different columns, without shutting off the MS
vacuum.
The outlets of the two columns were connected directly to
the mass spectrometer interface, without using flow
restrictors. Therefore, the same retention times and
retention indices can be used as in methods for a single
column. Due to the lack of losses for adsorption or other
factors and due to the high-capacity differential vacuum
system, the same sensitivity levels can be obtained as for
a single column.
Results
and Discussion
Results
and Discussion
Column Selection
When two types of columns are used,
elution patterns must
be different.Therefore,it is reasonable to combine a
lowpolarity column with a middle polarity column.In
addition,since two columns are installed in the same
column oven,
the maximum operating temperature
capacity must be at least 3000C for both columns
(maximum temperature forheating parameters).
Therefore,
based on results previously reported [2] Rtx-5MS
(330/3500C)and Rtx-OPPesticides 2 (310/3300C)
columns
were selected.
GC-MS
Column1
Column2
: GCMS-QP2010 Ultra (Twin Line MS kit)
: Rtx-5MS (30 mL. x 0.25 mmI.D., 0.25 µm)
: Rtx-OPPesticides2 (30 mL. x 0.25 mmI.D., 0.25 µm)
[GC]
Vaporization chamber temperature
Column oven temperature
Injection mode
High pressure injection
Carrier gas
Control mode
Injection quantity
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
[MS]
Interface temperature
Measurement mode
Event time
: 2500C
: Scan
: 0.5 sec
2
2500C
500C (1 min) -> (250C　/min) -> 1250C　-> (250C　/min) -> 3000C　(15 min)
Splitless (Sampling time: 1 min)
250 kPa (1.5 min)
Helium
Linear velocity (47.2 cm/sec)
2.0 µL
Ion source temperature : 2000C
Mass range
: m/z 50-460
Emission current
: 60 µA (normal)
JULY 2013
Overlap Between Added Pesticides and Impurities
Figures 1 and 2 show examples of how the overlap between pesticides and impurities differs for the two columns.
In Figure 1 results for Rtx-OPPesticides2, Fenvalerate-2 is affected by impurities, but for Rtx-5MS, it is not affected
by impurities.
In Figure 2 results for Rtx-5MS, Triadimenol-1 is affected by impurities, but for Rtx-OPPesticides2, it is not affected
by impurities.
Fig. 1: Mass Chromatogram of Orange Extract Spiked with Fenvalerate-2 (left: Rtx-5MS; right: Rtx-OPPesticides2)
Fig. 2: Mass Chromatogram of Brown Rice Extract Spiked with Triadimenol-1 (left: Rtx-5MS; right: Rtx-OPPesticides2)
Verifying Detection of Pesticides in Actual Samples
For Rtx-5MS, an impurity peak coexists at the retention time for captan, as shown in Figure 3, which makes it
difficult to determine whether or not captan is present. However, for Rtx-OPPesticides2, there are no impurity
peaks coexisting at the retention time for captan, which makes it easy to determine that the pesticide was not
detected.
Fig. 3: Mass Chromatogram of Brown Rice Extract at the Retention Time for Captan (left: Rtx-5MS; right: Rtx-OPPesticides2)
References
[1]
[2]
Test method specified by Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare;
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/bukyoku/iyaku/syoku-anzen/zanryu3/3-001.html
By Ueno, Ohshima, Saito, Matsumoto; Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan 41, 385-393(2001)
JULY 2013
3
Measurement of Residual Solvents in
Pharmaceuticals by Headspace GC - USP
<467> Residual Solvents - Procedure A Residual solvents in pharmaceuticals are defined as
volatile organic compounds used in or generated from the
manufacture of drug substances, pharmaceutical
additives, or drug products. They are strictly controlled
according to risk classifications from Class 1 to Class 3,
which are based on the risk to human health.
Headspace GC methods specified in the USP (U.S.
Pharmacopeia), General Chapters <467> Residual
Solvents, are commonly used for analysis of residual
solvents. These USP methods were created based on the
analytical methods specified in the EP (European
Analysis
Conditions
Analysis
Conditions
GC - 2010Plus with HS - 20
Pharmacopoeia), in accordance with policies specified by
the ICH (International Conference on Harmonisation of
Te c h n i c a l R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r R e g i s t r a t i o n o f
Pharmaceuticals for Human Use).
This Application Data Sheet presents data obtained using
the Shimadzu HS-20 Headspace Sampler and Shimadzu
GC-2010 Plus Gas Chromatograph, from Class 1 and
Class 2 standard solutions, in accordance with WaterSoluble Articles, Procedure A, in USP <467> Residual
Solvents.
HS-20
Oven Temp.
Equilibrating Time
Pressurizing Time
Injection Time
Sample Line Temp.
Vial Capacity
:
:
:
:
:
:
800C
60 min
1 min
1 min
1100C
20 mL
Shaking Level
Sample Pressurization
Load Time
Needle Flush Time
Transfer Line Temp.
:
:
:
:
:
Off
75 kPa
0.5 min
20 min
1200C
Split Ratio
Hydrogen
Air
: 1:5
: 40 mL/min
: 400 mL/min
GC-2010 Plus
Column
: Rxi-624SilMS 032 mm X 30 m,
d.f. = 1.8 um
Column Temp.
: 400C (20 min) – 100C/min
– 2400C (20 min)
Carrier Gas Linear Velocity : 35 cm/sec (helium)
FID Temp.
: 2600C
Makeup Gas
: 30 mL/min (helium)
Results
Results
1. Class 1
Figure 1 shows the Class 1 standard solution chromatogram. Procedure A requires that the S/N ratio obtained for 1,1,1Trichloroethane in this chromatogram be 5 or higher. As shown, the S/N ratio was 200. Even for carbon tetrachloride, which
had the lowest sensitivity level, the S/N was 10.
1
2
3
4
5
1,1-Dichloroethene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbontetrachloride
Benzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
S/N Ratio
330
200
10
170
50
Fig. 1: Water-Soluble Articles, Procedure A, Class 1 Standard Solution Chromatogram
4
JULY 2013
Due to the large number of components in the Class 2
standard solution, it was separated into two mixtures: A
and B. Respective measurement results are shown in
Figures 2 and 3.
Procedure A requires that the resolution for acetonitrile and
methylene chloride in the Class 2 standard solution
Mixture A chromatogram be 1.0 or greater. Figure 4 shows
that, using the Restek Rxi-624SilMS low-bleed column,
the specified peaks are completely separated, with a
resolution of 1.5.
Fig. 2: Water-Soluble Articles, Procedure A,
Class 2 Mixture A Standard Solution Chromatogram
Fig.4: Separation Between Acetonitrile and
Methylene Chloride
2. Class 2
1
Methanol
8
Methylcyclohexane
2
Acetonitrile
9
1,4-Dioxane
3
Methylene chloride
4
trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 11
Chlorobenzene
5
cis-1,2-Dichloroethene
12
Ethylbenzene
6
Tetrahydrofuran
13
m+p-Xylene
7
Cyclohexane
14
o-Xylene
10
Toluene
Fig. 3: Water-Soluble Articles, Procedure A,
Class 2 Mixture B Standard Solution Chromatogram
1
2
3
4
Hexane
Nitromethane
Chloroform
1,2-Dimethoxyethane
JULY 2013
5
6
7
8
The area repeatability (RSD%) was evaluated by
measuring the sample 20 consecutive times. The resulting
RSD % value was between 1 % and 3 %, which indicates a
higher repeatability than obtained using previous
headspace samplers (see Table 1).
The HS-20 headspace sampler achieves this
unprecedented high repeatability by maintaining a uniform
temperature distribution within the air tank oven and by
using an advanced pressure control (APC) system for
precise pressure control.
Table 1: Peak Area Repeatability of Class 2A & 2B
Trichloroethene
Pyridine
Methylbutylketone
Tetraline
5
Validation of BioLumix Rapid Microbiology
System Against USP Methodology
Abstract
Abstract
To meet the challenges of the new FDA microbiological
regulations requires simpler, faster, and more streamlined
tests. These tests have to comply with the methodology
described in the relevant USP chapters. The BioLumix
system, as any other alternative testing system, has to be
validated against the new chapters of USP (<2021>,
<2022>, and <2023>). This poster describes the validation
protocol used.
The validated BioLumix system allows companies to
greatly reduce the amount of time and money required to
have their samples tested by independent outside
laboratories. This fully automated system delivers much
faster results generating an automated certificate of
analysis within 48 hours. Consequently, it enables earlier
release of raw materials and finished products while
adding profits to a company's bottom line.
Introduction
Introduction
Nutraceutical and dietary supplement cGMPs require that
manufacturers take steps to ensure products are free of
contamination with objectionable microorganisms.
Objectionable organisms are organisms that might
jeopardize the safety of the products or organisms that are
able to grow in the product, affecting its stability. Therefore,
manufacturers need to test raw materials and finished
products for relevant microorganisms.
or powdered botanicals, the recommended limit for TAMC
is 105 CFU/g, whereas for TYMC and Enterobacterial
Count the recommended limit is 103 CFU/g.
Salmonella and E. coli must be absent in 10 grams from
this product. A common practice in industry is to test only
for TAMC and TYMC to reduce costs. However, it must be
realized that these tests do not reveal any indication as to
what type of microorganism might be growing in the raw
material or finished product. The new required
Enterobacterial count test will help to predict the presence
of pathogens such as E. coli or Salmonella but it will not
provide any indication of S. aureus or Clostridia.
Nevertheless, this test is a limit test, which means that the
product can still contain Enretobacteriaceae within a
specified range; so, without an additional pathogen
specific test, a single colony of E. coli or Salmonella could
go unrecognized.
It is important to consider that raw materials can be a
primary source of product contamination with
objectionable microorganisms. Ingredients of animal or
botanical origin that are not highly processed, or that have
an unpredictable level of microbiological contamination,
require more frequent testing than synthetic or well
characterized products.
The quality of finished product with respect to microbial
growth should never be undervalued and maintaining
appropriate microbiological product attributes is crucial. It
is always better to spend a few extra dollars on additional
testing rather than paying for it in lawsuits or recalls.
Guidelines and considerations to help manufacturers
determine the appropriate test(s) are found in chapter
<2023>. The actual quantitative and qualitative testing
procedures are found in chapters <2021> and <2022>.
The actual official ruling on dietary supplement cGMPs
(21CFR Part 111) can be found in chapter <2750>. Even
the facilities that are subcontracting their microbiology
testing need to become very familiar with these chapters,
since many outside laboratories are utilizing BAM or AOAC
methodology rather than the USP methodology.
Understanding the appropriate testing procedures and the
results obtained for a specific product will dictate how and
when the manufacturer should release product and issue
recalls if needed.
The software enables rapid, real-time results to be
transferred to where they are needed most, without any
operator involvement.
Under the current edition for Nutraceutical, in addition to
TAMC and TYMC, chapter <2021> includes
Enterobacterial Count (bile-tolerant Gram negatives),
whereas chapter <2022> covers tests for S. aureus,
Salmonella species, E. coli and Clostridia.
The available disposable vials include: total aerobic count
(TAC), Yeast and Mold (YM), Enterobacteriaceae (ENT),
E. coli (EC), Pseudomonas (PSE), Staphylococcus (STA)
and Salmonella (SAL). All assay vials are provided with a
ready to use sterile media and a certificate of analysis.
The
System
The
System
The BioLumix system (Figure 1) is comprised of an
instrument with a capacity for testing 32 individual assay
vials, software, and disposable vials. Each instrument
serves as an incubator. Up to 32 instruments can be
connected to one computer.
USP recommends microbial limits for different types of raw
materials and finished products. As an example, for dried
6
JULY 2013
Figure 1: The System
Time to Detection : Time it takes for a positive signal on
the BioLumix or to a positive result in the reference
method.
Repeatability : The ability to get consistent results when a
number of samples are analyzed.
Ruggedness : The degree of precision of test results
obtained by analysis of the same samples under a variety
of normal test conditions, such as different analysts,
instruments or reagent lots.
Validation Elements
Figure 2: Disposable Vials
Installation Qualification : Includes major component
identification and validation, validation of environmental
conditions, electrical requirements, computer
qualification, installation checklist, and calibration
documentation.
Operation Qualification : Includes a unique SOP for all
product assay combinations that need to be performed,
training documents, software characteristics, certification
and verification of 21 CR part 11 compliance, as well as an
operation checklist.
Definitions
cGMPs: Current Good Manufacturing Practices
IQ : Installation Qualification: Providing documented
evidence the system is installed as specified by the
manufacturer in the location where it will be operated.
OQ : Operation Qualification: Providing documented
evidence the system operates as specified by the
manufacturer when installed in its intended location.
PQ : Performance Qualification: Providing documented
evidence the system performs as expected when testing is
performed using the media and test substrates that will be
used for testing using this system.
Specificity : The ability of the test method to detect the
range of organisms that may be present in the test article.
Limit of Detection: The lowest number of microorganisms
in a sample that can be detected under the stated
experimental conditions.
False Negative : False negative tests are those which are
inoculated and generate a positive result in the reference
method but are negative in the test method. If this occurs at
a certain inoculation level then it is referred to as the Limit
of Detection.
False Positive : False positive tests are those tests that
are not inoculated with the target organism but generate a
positive result in the test method but not in the reference
method.
JULY 2013
Performance Qualification : In the heart of the validation
package. It includes: Side-by-side comparison of the
BioLumix data to USP methodology. This comparison is
done individually for each assay. For example for Total
Aerobic Count 159 samples were analyzed for total
aerobic count at various specification levels. 113 samples
were below spec by both methods, while 46 were above
the specified level by both methods. There was 100%
agreement between the two methods. For Yeast and Mold
Count 142 samples were analyzed for yeast and mold at
various specification levels. 108 samples were below spec
by both methods, while 32 were above the specified level
by both methods. There were two samples below the
specified level by the BioLumix method and just above the
specified level by plates. There was 98.6% % agreement
between the two methods. Similar comparisons were
conducted for Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, S. aureus, and
P. aeruginosa.
Specificity (also call inclusivity and exclusivity): For
each of the different vials the specificity was determined.
For Total aerobic count 80 well diverse bacteria were
inoculated into the TAC vial. All organisms tested detected
by the TAC vials. For Enterobacteriaceae, 29 bacteria
belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae genus were tested.
All detected in the vial. 18 bacteria strains that do not
belong to the genus Enterobacteriaceae were also tested
in the Enterobacteriaceae vial and none of them detected
in the vial. 10 E. coli strains were tested in the E. coli vial,
and all detected in the vial. 37 bacteria strains that are not
E. coli were also tested and none detected in the vial. All
other vials were tested.
Detection Limit : The limit of detection for the BioLumix
system is equal or better than the plate count method and
is close to one viableorganism capable of growth in the
7
medium. In several cases one organism was detected in
the vial, and not in the plates. With levels of 1- 2 colonies/ to
a vial or a plate the BioLumix was able to detect their
presence in 16/20 cases while the plate count method was
only capable of detecting 12/20. The variability of the vials
was equal or better than the plate count method.
Repeatability : The standard deviation for each of the
media was determined using naturally contaminated
samples and samples inoculated with various organisms.
Figure 3 shows reproducibility data
Robustness : Three parameters were used to test the
robustness of the BioLumix system - The effect of changes
in the instrument incubator temperature, the effect of
sample size, and the effect of medium volume in the vial.
The robustness was tested in various media with several
repetitions.
The BioLumix system appears to be very robust and
remain unaffected by small deliberate variations in method
parameters. It shows high precision of test results obtained
by analyzing the same microorganisms under a variety of
different conditions.
Figure 3: Repeatability data
shows that there was no significant difference in results
among the machines utilized. Three different lots of each
medium were tested in this study. Three types of media
(total aerobic count, coliform medium and E. coli medium),
were tested each with four different bacteria.
The data was presented and an ANOVA analysis shows
that there was no significant difference in results among
the lots of media. Therefore, the BioLumix system appears
to be very rugged with high precision of test results
obtained by analyzing the same microorganisms under a
variety of different conditions.
False Negative : A false negative is a test in which
samples that are inoculated or naturally contaminated
generate a positive result in the reference method (plate
count) but are negative in the test method (BioLumix). Two
naturally contaminated (wild Yam and Spirulina products)
were used, each was subdivided into 10 samples of 10 gr.
and tested by the plate count method and the BioLumix
dilute to spec approach. Total count: Two levels of
specifications (10,000 cfu/gr. and 1,000 cfu/gr.) were
tested for each product. The BioLumix procedure detected
correctly all 20 sample combinations as being above the
specified level. In one case the plate count method showed
a count below the spec level although the remaining 9
samples of the same lot were above the specified level.
Yeast and mold : two levels of specifications (100 cfu/gr.
and 10 cfu/gr.) were tested for each product. Both methods
correctly detected that the samples were above the
specified level. The BioLumix system had no false
negative results.
False Positive : A false positive is a test in which a sample
that is not inoculated with the target organism generates a
positive result in the BioLumix system but not in the Plate
Count method. Two assays (Total aerobic count and yeast
and mold) were used to test the false negative rate of the
BioLumix system. The total count yielded a 2% false
positive rate while the yeast and mold yielded 0% false
positive rate.
Ruggedness : Three parameters were used to test the
ruggedness of the BioLumix system - Effect of Analyst,
effect of unit (instrument), and effect of reagent lots.
Two analysts tested two different media (total aerobic
count and E. coli medium) with five diverse types of
bacteria in each (a total of 10 paired data sets of 4 vials
each). The data was presented and an ANOVA analysis
shows that there was no significant difference in results
among the analysts. Two different instrument were used
with two different media (total aerobic count and
Enterobacteriaceae medium), with four organism per
media. The data was presented and an ANOVA analysis
8
Conclusion
Conclusion
The BioLumix System was validated against the
methodology described in USP <2021>, <2022>, and
<2023>. The validation included Installation Qualification,
Operation Qualification, with especial emphasis on
Performance Qualification. The data shows the
equivalency of the BioLumix system to the USP
methodology.
The BioLumix all-in-one rapid automated system is the
most advanced system of its kind offering simplified
microbiology with an automated certificate of analysis in 48
hours.
JULY 2013
Analysis of Sodium & Potassium in
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME)
Introduction
Introduction
In FAME, Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) may be present
due to the presence of catalysts used during its'
production. Excessive amounts of Na and K may form
abrasive solids or metallic soaps and lead to formation of
deposits on the injectors and valves and cause clogging of
filter(1). Hence, most countries like Europe, in EN14214
specify that the total of Na and K, or also known as Group
I Metals, must not exceed 5 mg/kg when combined.
According to EN14214, Na and K can be determined using
flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The
test methods used are EN14108(2) and EN14109(3).
AA - 7000
Results
The Na and K calibration curves are shown in Figures 1
and 2 below. As could be seen, both calibration curves
have good linearity with a regression factor of more than
0.999.
In this article, the analysis of Na and K in FAME prepared
from palm olein and coconut oil using flame AAS is shown.
Materials & Methods
The 100 ppm multi-organometallic standard (S-21) and
Element Blank Oil-75 Viscosity were from Conoco Phillips
Inc, USA whereas xylene was from JT Baker, USA. The
FAME samples were produced from palm olein and
coconut oil.
All the standard solutions and samples were prepared in
xylene according to EN14108 and EN14109 for the
analysis of Na and K respectively. Na and K were analysed
with a Shimadzu AA-6300 flame AAS using the analytical
conditions as shown in Table 1.
Figure 1. Na calibration curve.
Table 1. Analytical conditions for Na and K.
Conditions
Na
K
Wavelength
589.0 nm
766.5 nm
Slid width
0.2 nm
0.7 nm
Lamp Current
12 mA
10 mA
Lamp mode
No background correction
Air-C2H2
Flame
Air : 17.0 L/min
C2H2 : 1.4 L/min
Air : 17.5 L/min
C2H2 : 1.5 L/min
Burner height
8 mm
7 mm
JULY 2013
Figure 2. K calibration curve.
9
To determine limit of detection (LOD)(5), the following
formula was used:
LOD = 10 x SD of blank of 20 repetitions x VF
slope of calibration curve
WF
where
SD : Standard deviation
VF : Volume of sample
WF : Weight of sample
As this is a preliminary study, we consider that matrix
interference is not present if the %R is between 90-110%.
From the results in Table 3, the % R was more than 90% for
both Na and K analysis. Hence, most likely there is no
matrix interference in the analysis.
Table 3: Matrix interference test
Sample
Measured
The LOD for Na and K analysis was 0.07 mg/kg and 0.10
mglkg respectively.
FAME from Palm Olein
0.001 ppm
The Na and K content in the two FAME samples are shown
in Table 2 below.
FAME from Palm Olein
spiked with 0.1025 ppm Na
0.098 ppm
Table 2: Na and K content in FAME samples.
% Recovery = 94.6%
(1) FAME from Palm Olein
Na Content
K Content
FAME from Coconut Oil
0.003 ppm
0.04 mg/kg
(<LOD of 0.07 mg/kg)
0.02 mg/kg
(<LOD of 0.10 mg/kg)
FAME from Coconut Oil
spiked with 0.1025 ppm Na
0.099 ppm
Group I Metals content < 0.17 mg/kg
(2) FAME from Coconut Oil
Conclusions
Na Content
K Content
0.07 mg/kg
0.07 mg/kg
(<LOD of 0.10 mg/kg)
Group I Metals content < 0.17 mg/kg
For these two FAME samples, the Group 1 Metals content
was less than 5 mg/kg and hence, within the EN14214
specifications.
The FAME samples were diluted in xylene before analysis.
To determine whether there are any matrix interferences
which can affect the accuracy of an analysis, the diluted
sample was spiked with a known amount of standard
solution. The percentage recovery (%R) is calculated
according to the formula belowc(6):
%R = [ (SSR
Flame AAS is a convenient and accurate method to
measure Na and K in FAME prepared from palm olein
and coconut oil.
References
(1)
A biodiesel primer (www.methanol.org).
(2)
BS EN 14108:2003 Fat and oil derivatives - fatty acid
methyl esters (FAME) - determination of sodium
content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
(3)
SSR : Spiked sample result
SR : Sample result
SA : Spike added
BS EN 14109:2003 Fat and oil derivatives - fatty acid
methyl esters (FAME) - determination of potassium
content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
(4)
BS EN 14214:2003 Automative fuels - fatty acid
methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines
requirements and test methods.
- SR) I SA] x 100%
where
10
% Recovery = 93.7%
-
(5)
SAP/CSC/CAM/AAS-031 - How to determine LOD in
AAS.
(6)
USEPA Contract Laboratory Program - Statement of
work for inorganic analysis.
JULY 2013
•
•
•
•
•
•
Highest sensitivity in its class by unique ion optics system
Fast GCMS analysis with high speed scanning of 20,000 amu/sec and high speed data acquisition
High capacity Differential Vacuum System facilitates use of Wide bore capillary column with 15 ml/min flow rate
ASSP-Advanced Scanning Speed Protocol function ensures utmost sensitivity even with higher scanning speed
Enhances productivity with minimal downtime by Easy sTop feature
Saves costly carrier gas by unique Ecology mode
JULY 2013
11