1. No category

A TELUGU-ENGLISH
DICTIONARY
BY
J.P.L. GWYNN
Assisted by
Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP
Oxford New York Toronto
Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi
Petaling ]aya Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo
Nairobi Dar es Salaam
Melbourne Auckland
and associates i n
Berlin Ibadnn
@ Oxford Universirjr Press 1991
Typeset and printed in India by
All India Press, Kennedy Nagar, Pondicherry
Published by S.K. Mooketyee, Oxford University Press
Y M C A Library Building, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110001
CONTENTS
ix
xix
xxi
xxii
xxiii
1 to 574
INTRODUCTION
suprasiddba bhaaSaaweetta giDugu wenkaTa siitaapatigaaru ceppinaTLu rnaarutunna
bhaaSaku taginaTLu nighaNTuwulu kaniisam prati yiraway samwatsaraala kokasaari
samskaraNa jaragaali. alaa jariginappuDee nighaNTuwulu sajiiwa b h d a k u yoogyamayna
praatinidbyam wabistaayi.'
As the renowned linguist Gidugu Venkata Sitapatigaru has said, dictionaries should be
revised at least once in every twenty years so as to conform with the changes in a language.
Only if this is done will they present a tme image of the living language.
1. 1 consider the words quoted above to be my justification for undertaking the task of
compiling a new Telugu-English dictionary. At Hyderabad in the middle 1960s while
coIlaborating with Professor Bh. Krishnamurti on A Grammar of Modern Telugu2 I began to
read Telugu literature and found I was unable to understand many passages without the help
of a Telugu speaker because the existing Telugu-English dictionaries were thoroughly out of
date. C. P. Brown's Telugu-English Dictionary (Madras 1852) was re-edited by M. Venkata
Ratnam, W. H. Campbell and K. Veeresalingam (Madras 1903), but has not been revised
since then. P. Sankaranarayana's Telugu-English Dictionary (first edition Madras 1900) has
not been effectively modernised although later editions have appeared. Galletti's Telugu
Dictionary (Oxford 1935) is more up to date, but owing to its restricted purpose it contains
only a small selection of words from the enormous vocabulary range of Telugu. Those were
the dictionaries that I found most useful at the time, but as they gave no help regarding many
modern words and idiomatic expressions I began to prepare a list for my own use. By the
time I left India in 1968 it had filled four manuscript volumes.
2. In the London suburb of Bromley when I took up preparation of the dictionary in
earnest I spent four and a half years compiling an inventory of rough entries with draft
meanings. This involved making a thorough study of certain literary works by various authors
and also a selection of other writings dealing with adminisrrative, journalistic, scientific and
technical subjects. At the same time I perused all the Telugu-English dictionaries,
vocabularies, glossaries and word lists that I could obtain and also certain Enghsh-Telugu
dictionaries and glossaries, including the Glossary of Administrative and Legal Terms (Telugu
Akademi, Hyderabad 1980). I found the compendious Glossary ofJournalistic Terns by Dr
Budaraju Radhakrishna to be very valuable (a copy was kindly supplied by the author in
advance of its publication by Eenaadu). I also made use of certain monolingual glossaries and
dictionaries including (after the arrival of Dr J. V. Sastry) the first five volumes of telugu
' V. Venkatappayya,telugu nigbaNTu wikaasam, Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi, Hyderabad 1975, page 4.
Bh. Krishnamuni and J. P. L. Gwynn, A Grammar of Modern Telugu, Oxford University Press, Delhi 1985.
x
Introduction
wyutpatti koo.iam (Telugu Etymological Dictionary) published by the Andhra University,
Waltair. The authors of that dictionary deserve praise for their industry in having collected a
large number of words and phrases which occur in everyday speech but which had not been
cited in any dictionary previously. My only regret is that by the time my work was finished the
final part of the Etymological Dictionary had not yet appeared. A list of the books that I made
most use of for the purposes of the dictionary will be found on page xxiii below. I have given
the list with much hesitation, lest it create the impression that those were the only
publications consulted, apart from dictionaries and glossaries. In fact many useful words,
phrases and examples of usage were drawn here and there from other sources too many to
mention. Of the books in the list I studied selected passages from items 10, 13 to 16 and 20,
and the others from cover to cover.
3. Here I would like to acknowledge my special debt of gratitude to Dr Gutala
Krishnamurti, a resident of London whose scholarly interests extend to both Telugu and
English literature. Contact with him from the early 1970s helped to keep alive my interest in
Telugu, and later on he helped me with the dictionary in various ways. H e supplied me with
several books which I studied intensively, such as Rachakonda Viswanadha Sastry's 'rattaalu
raarnbaabu' and Narla Venkateswara Rao's 'muuDu daiaabdaalu'. During a visit to
Visakhapatnam he obtained for me a pre-publication copy of Volume 5 of the Telugu
Etymological Dictionary from Andhra University. I put many questions to him .at his flat in
London concerning passages in books whose meanings I found obscure. H e introduced me
to visiting literary figures whom I was also able to consult about difficult words and passages,
and I had many meetings and discussions with Sri Sri (Srirangam Srinivasa Rao) and Dr
Puripanda Appalaswami at D r Gutala Krishnamurti's flat when they were staying there in
1980.
4. Work on the dictionary was furthered by my visits to India in 1982, 1984, 1985, 1988
and 1990 and to Madison, U.S.A., the home of the University of Wisconsin, in May 1983.
5. In September 1984 D r (then Shri) Jonnalagedda Venkateswara Sastry, Reader in
Linguistics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, whose mother tongue is Telugu, came to
London at my behest with a grant from the Charles Wallace India Trust and spent the
academic years 1984-5 to 1986-7 assisting me in the compilation of the dictionary, and in
the same period acquiring a Ph.D. degree in Phonetics at the School of Oriental and African
Studies, London University. During those years all the material that I had collected was gone
through by Dr Sastry and myself, additions were made and the work of compiling the
dictionary was completed.
6. The method adopted was as follows. From the material that I bad prepared previously
D r Sastry wrote out the headwords and draft meanings in a series of exercise books. We then
met and discussed each entry and agreed on matters like grammatical classification and on the
meanings and the examples of usage requiring to be cited, if any. Dr Sastry suggested
additional entries such as words or expressions found in monolingual Telugu dictionaries,
scientific terms taken from relevant glossaries and a variety of classical, literary and other
words found in existing Telugu-English dictionaries. H e supplemented my stock of
illustrative examples with other useful examples of usage where necessary, and marked the
status of entries as classical, obsolescent, dialect or colloquial where appropriate. When alI
this had been settled, I composed the entries in manuscript in the exercise books, which
became a back up copy of the dictionary after Dr Sastry had copied them on to manuscript
slips. Those slips were despatched in batches to Hyderabad for typing. By keeping a close
watch on progress and adhering to a strict timetable it was possible to get through the whole
Introduction
xi
operation in just three years. All this involved hard thinking, attention to detail and a great
deal of scriptory work. I am deeply grateful to Dr Sastry both for his valuable intellectual
contribution and for the willing way in which he shouldered an ample share of the writing
work. Taking part in the compilation of the dictionary was clearly as much a labour of love
for him as it has been for me.
7. The dictionary is intended to serve the practical needs of English speakers who want to
learn to read, write and converse in Telugu on subjects of general interest and to read and
appreciate modern Telugu prose literature; it is also intended to be useful to Telugu speakers
who refer to it for English equivalents of the Telugu words and expressions that are cited.
Entries have been selected with the object of including words which occur with at least a fair
degree of frequency in Modern Telugu and are likely to be encountered in conversation or
general reading. I have taken care not to overload the dictionary with rare literary words
belonging to the classical language or with scientific or technical terms that are only used by
specialists. As a result the total number of entries is estimated to be over 28,000 and I hope
that the selection will meet the needs of most users. To make the dictionary fully
comprehensive would mean multiplying its size many times.
8. In the dictionary the word 'Telugu', where it refers to language, should be taken to
mean the modern and not the classical style of the language. An account of the evolution of
Modern Telugu and its relationship with Classical Telugu will be found in the Introduction to
A Grammar of Modern Telugu, together with some observations on Classical Telugu which
include the following:"The classical style, known as graanthzka, has kept a strong hold on
Telugu and is occasionally used in literary works, public notices and some school text books
even today, although it is purely a written medium and diverged from speech centuries ago."
9. The question of how far to go in including in a dictionary of this type classical words
which d o not belong properly to the modern language is a difficult one to answer. It may arise
in any language which possesses an ancient literature. In Arabic, where the situation is quite
similar to that of Telugu, the question has been posed thus:
Classicisms are a further special problem. Arab authors, steeped in classical tradition,
can and d o frequently draw upon words which were archaic in the Middle Ages. The
use of classical patterns is by no means limited to belles-lettres. Archaisms may crop up
in the middle of a spirited newspaper article. Wherever an aesthetic or rhetorical effect
is intended, wherever the language aims more at expressiveness than at imparting
information, authors tend to weave in ancient Arabic and classical idioms. They are
artistic and stylistic devices of the first order. They awaken in the reader images from
memorised passages of ancient literature and contribute to his enjoyment....It is clear
from the foregoing that it is not possible to make a sharp distinction between living and
obsolete usage.'
In Telugu, obsolete terms are perpetuated in contexts such as proverbs and quotations, and
authors draw on the classical language freely to suit their individual tastes and styles. That
makes it obligatory for this dictionary to contain a range of classical terms which occur not
too infrequently in present-day literature and journalism. Based partly on my experience and
'Hans Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Wrirfen Arabic edited
Harrassowitz; London, George Allen and Unwin 1966.
b) J . Milton Cowan, Wiesbaden, Otto
xii
Introduction
helped by Dr Sastry's guidance I have included a selection of classical terms in the dictionary,
which are marked class. to indicate their status.
10. In the Introduction to A Grammar of Modem Telugu an outline of the four main
dialects is given. They are (i) the Central Dialect, current in the central coastal districts of
Andhra Pradesh (East and West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur and Prakasarn), which has
become the standard language employed in the media and the main body of modem
literature and which can be referred to as Modern Standard Telugu or hSTawyaawahaarika;
(ii) the Northern Dialect, current in Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam Districts;
(iii) the Southern Dialect, current in Nellore District and Rayalasima; and (iv) the Telangana
Dialect current in the Telugu-speaking districts of the former Hyderabad State. The present
work is primarily a dictionary of Modern Standard Telugu but certain dialect words have
been included based on the frequency of their use and they are marked dial.
11. The main thrust of the dictionary has been towards making it "present a true image of
the living language" by citing a wide range of Telugu words and phrases that occur commonly
in modern communication, and presenting their English equivalents in translation. Special
attention has been paid to certain features of the Telugu vocabulary which are important but
which had either not manifested themselves when previous lexicographers were at work or
were overlooked by them. These are:
(i) citing of a very large number of words whict
me into <
: in recen.t times
or have acquired new meanings in order to e x P & ~ lllodern
>
CGIILF~LJ,
(ii) citing of modern colloquialisms, including for example verbs ldce eeDcu, aghoorincu,
maNDu, tagulu and tagalabenu which can be substituted idiomatically for other verbs
in colloquial speech;
(iii) detailed treatment of basic words in common use whose translation presents
problems and of many particles, clitics and connecting words with illustrations of their
usage; for examples see under the headwords maaTa, lekka, cellu, anaka, anagaa, aha
ani, aTTu, a m e e , intakuu, kanuka, pootee, poonii, poonu and pooyi;
.
(iv) citing and treatment of interrogative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs with
prefixation of ad- or all- or ill- together with instances of their usage; see entries under
adeemsTi, adeedoo, adeppuDoo, adoo, adoka, adoolaa, adaynaa, allakkalla, allappuDu,
alleppuDoo, illikkaDa and illidigoo;
(v) citing of a selection of idiomatic phrases, proverbs, quotations and other homely
expressions which are part of everyday intercourse between Telugu speakers but whose
meaning is obscure to outsiders; it is essential for a Telugu-English dictionary to cite
such phrases with their meanings and I have included many of these collected from
various sources.
12. Arrangement and labelling of entries. Each enuy begins with a headword (single word or
phrase) in Telugu and Roman script followed by a grammatical category label in abbreviated
form in italics (n., adj., ub., adu., etc.). When a headword can function in more than one
grammatical category, e.g., as a noun and also as a transitive or intransitive verb, each
category is marked with a large Roman figure (I, 11, 111, etc.); for examples see aakharu,
uDuku, heccu.
Introduction
xiii
This is followed when appropriate by a status label in italics, denoting level of usage (e.g.,
class., colloq., dial.) or field of knowledge or activity (phys., chem., maths., econ., polit.)
together with any other special information about the headword that may be relevant.
Thereafter the meanings are given with examples of usage, if any. Meanings which are
synonyms or near synonyms are separated by commas; see arikaTTu, santpti, parihaasam.
When major differences of meaning occur, they are distinguished by Arabic numerals in bold
type (1, 2, 3, etc.); see mandu, uuhincu, sangrahincu.
Words which are identical in spelling but differ in basic meaning and origin (homonyms)
are indicated by separate headword entries with superscript numbers; see aDugu, aadi, uunr.
13. Headwords with alternative forms. Attention is particularly invited to the fact that in
order to save space alternative f o m s of headwords are cross-referenced only if they are
separated from each other by more than six intervening ejriiries-see further in paragraph 23
below. In cases where an alternative form cannot be used for all the meanings of a headword
but only for some, this is indicated in the entry concerned; see for example santa, where the
alternative form santagoola can only be used for the group of meanings bearing the number 2.
So also with sandhya and its alternative form sandhyaawandanam.
14. The status labels mentioned in paragraph 12 above may apply to all the meanings in an
entry or only to some; this is indicated by the place allotted to them in the entry. For example,
in the entry seewanam the label class. applies to all the meanings; in the entry suucii the label
class. applies only to meanings bearing number 2; in the entry suDi the label colloq. applies
only to meanings bearing number 3; in the entry dariini the label class. applies to the meaning
bearing number 1 and the label journ. to the meaning bearing number 3.
15. Examples of usage. These are cited to fulfil one or more of the following purposes:
(i) to bring out a meaning clearly with the help of an illustration;
(ii) to explain an idiomatic expression;
(iii) to illustrate a grammatical construction;
(iv) to suggest a translation into natural-sounding English;
(v) to substantiate the range of meanings that a word or phrase can convey;
(vi) some sentences are quoted because they convey the flavour of the language.
As far as possible these have been taken from literary and other writings, but where ready-tohand examples were not available, they have been composed. Examples quoted from printed
sources have been reproduced unaltered or with the minimum alteration required to make
them self-contained.
16. In some cases the context in which a term can be used is indicated by a word or words
in brackets; see eerparacu. The purpose of this is to provide an illustration. It does not imply
that the use of the term is restricted to that particular context; see for instance
aNTottu 2 to press or crush together (thorn branches).
....
17. Correspondence between postpositions in Telugu and prepositions in English is
indicated within brackets in certain cases where such guidance is likely to be helpful; see
tapinnr, pratigaa, bhayapaDu.
18. Child language. The marking 'child language' against certain headwords generally
means that the words are used by grown-ups when speaking to children; examples are
aarnpevu, accz; bajuNDu. In a few cases it indicates a game or custom or some other activity
special to children, e.g., kaakaNTu ceeyu, paNTalu weeyu.
introduction
xiv
19. Square brackets are used in many places (though not uniformly throughout the
dictionary) for the purpose of avoiding repetition. They indicate that the entry can be read
with or without the portion enclosed in square brackets. Thus 'to be[come] cold' is
equivalent to 'to be cold or to become cold'; 'santooSam[aynal' is equivalent to 'santooSam or
santodarnayna'; sama[taalsthiti is equivalent to 'sarnasthiti or sarnataasthitz'; '[praise].worthy'
is equivalent to 'praiseworthy or worthy'. A headword in which square brackets occur is
placed in alphabetical order in the position it would occupy if the portion in square brackets
was omitted.
omitted.
20. Tilde or swung dash (-). When a headword has to be repeated in the text of an entry,
is used in its place unless the headword is a monosyllable, in which case it is
the symbol
repeatedxin full.
21. Roman script. Roman symbols used to transcribe the Telugu alphabet are the same as
in A Grammar of Modern Teltigu. The Telugu symbols with their Roman counterparts
arranged in the traditional order of the Telugu alphabet are shown below:
-
Vowels
Consonants
a @ . a G f a & f $ a C 2 3 a e g
a
aa
@
k
& 2
k h g
1
u
11
b
g
6
2
h
r
uu
:
~c
e
&
ee
ay
o
z
?
b
a
c h j
j
h
oo
rn
d
T T h
c 4 c ; 4 m 8 6 t S l $ ; S 3 a $
D
D h N
t
th
d
dh
n
p
ph
b
bh
The following points from the 'Note on Transcript~on'prefaced to A Grammar of Modern
Telugu should be borne in mind:
(a) Telugu diphthongs are represented as ay ana aw4;
(b) Phonemic EE is represented, where Telugu uses only aa or ee for want of a symbol;
(c) The anuswaara (0) is represented by the appropriate nasal phoneme, i.e.
'n' before velars (k,g), palatals (c,j) and dentals (t,d)
'N'before retroflexes (T,D)
'm' before labials (p,b),before y, r, 1, w, s, 5, h and also in the word-final position;
(d) '4' is represented as s before front vowels (i, ii, e, ee, EE) in native Telugu words.
22. Orthography. In Telugu dialectal differences of pronunciation account for many
spelling variations. An example is the occurrence of -LL- (as in peLLi, baLLu) in the central
and northern coastal districts, whereas -NDI,- (as in peNDLi, baNDLu) prevails elsewhere in
Andhra Pradesh. Stylistic and literary variations also occur, as in the alternation between
' When the combination aww occurs, it almost always stands for a followed by consonantal w reduplicated, as in
awwa. In a very few headwords it stands for the diphthong aw followed by consonantal w , as in yawwaraajyam,
sawwarNakaraNi. In order to tell which those rare cases are, the version of the headword in Telugu script should
be referred to.
Introduction
xv
initial o- and initial wa- in certain words. In this dictionary some common variations in
spelling are noted but many have had to be omitted in the interest of saving space. When a
headword is cited with alternative spellings, e.g., peLLi or peNDLi, it should be assumed that
similar alternative spellings apply to closely-connected words, e.g., peLLikuuturu and
peLLikoDuku have alternatives peNDLikuuturu and peNDLikoDuku.
23. Cross-referencing. It is important to note that in order to save space cross-referencing
has been dispensed with for entries.which come close to each other in alphabetical order. Thus,
if a headword is cited in two alternative forms, e.g., Sani, sani, which are far apart in
alphabetical order, the entry for Sani will show the meaning and other details, and sani will be
cited again at the appropriate place with a cross-reference reading 'same as Sanl'. But if the
two alternative forms come close to each other in alphabetical order and are separated by not
more than six intervening entries, then no cross-referenceis made. For this reason it is advisable
to scan the immediately preceding and following seven entries if a headword is not found in
its expected place, in view of the possibility of its being cited as an alternative to one of those
entries.
24. Grammar. The grammatical terminology used in the dictionary is the same as in A
Grammar ofModern Telugu. Certain points regarding the classification of headwords as parts
of speech should be borne in mind when consulting the dictionary. They are: (i) most Telugu
nouns, which are cited as such in the dictionary, can be used as adjectives if they occupy the
adjectival position (grammar, 12.11); (ii) adverbs of time and place can function as nouns and
may also be described as adverbial nouns (grammar, 10 and 23.2); (iii) echo words, which are
a special feature of Telugu, are cited in the dictionary as 'onomatopoeic nouns or adverbs'
(grammar, 23.8).
25. Translation from Telugu into English. The principle I have followed is to translate
examples as literally as possible, but if a literal translation sounds unnatural in English I have
had no hesitation in preferring a free translation which still preserves the essence of the
original. Many instances of this will be found in the dictionary. It means that for some Telugu
headwords English meanings are cited which at first sight appear far removed from the basic
or literal meaning of the word. In such cases the free rendering is generally justified by
furnishing one or more examples; see for instance tayaaru awn, which in some contexts has to
be translated 'to appear', and maaTa, which is used in a wide range of senses.
26. The mellifluous sound of spoken Telugu has justly earned it the title of 'the Italian of
the East', but, sad to say, this phrase can generally be taken to represent the limit of what
foreigners know about the language. They have little idea even of the region of India where it
is spoken and none at all of its literature or the names of its great writers. This ignorance
concerning the language which stands next to Hindi in the number of its mother-tongue
speakers in India, besides being widely spoken in a number of countries overseas, is a product
of the lack of interest in learning Telugu that is displayed in the world at large. It is a great
pity, because the cultural wealth of Andhra Pradesh, which contains so much to be admired,
can only become fully accessible to outsiders through a knowledge of the Telugu language.
T o remedy this situation would be to the benefit of all and in order to bring that about a far
greater effort needs to be made to encourage and promote the learning of Telugu as a second
or third language by increasing the facilities for its study both within the State and outside.
27. Looking at the matter of learning Telugu from an English-speaking student's point of
mi
Introduction
view, there are two basic practical difficulties which may discourage him initially. The first is
the problem of mastering the grammatical structure, which may appear strange and baffling
at first sight to someone whose mother tongue is not a Dravidian language. For one thing,
Telugu has no relative pronouns, their part being played by verbal adjectives. For another,
Enghsh and Telugu differ widely in their systems of sentence construction: whereas the main
clause of an Enghsh sentence containing the main verb tends to come first, followed by
subordinate clauses, in Telugu it is the other way round, with the subordinate clauses
preceding the main clause and the main verb occurring at the very end of the sentence. But
for a student with motivation challenges like these can be overcome.
The second practical difficulty i s the need to ~ q u i f ka large vocabulary, and on this I must
comment in some detail. A noteworthy feature of Telugu, which it shares with English, is the
great size of its vocabulary. This can partly be ascribed to the ease with which Telugu accepts
and assimilateswords derived from Sanskrit. Just as English, a Germanic language, has a high
proportion of words that are of Latin or Greek origin, so Telugu, a Dravidian language,
abounds in words derived from Sanskrit roots. Most of the concepts which occur in everyday
speech can be expressed equally well by a word derived from a Telugu root or by one or more
Sanskrit-based synonyms. Telugu contains many compound words and draws freely on
Sanskrit for their formation. Furthermore, the Sanskrit-based corpus is constantly being
added to by new coinages whenever they are required to express scientific, technical,
journalistic or other newly-arising concepts which proliferate in the modern world and to
which names have to be attached. This is one cause for the richness of the Telugu vocabulary.
The well-known facility of Telugu to borrow from modern languages like Hindi, Urdu and
English is another.
29. The copiousness of the vocabulary may act as a disincentive to persons embarking on
the study of Telugu. To illustrate what I mean, let us consider the Telugu rendering of the /
word 'dog'. Five synonyms come readily to mind -kukka, junakam, Swaanam, graamasimham and beepi None of them is in any sense a rare word. No less than four of them are
cited in the short but otherwise excellent Emesco Pocket Telugu-English Dictionary: which
testifies to their being in common use. When an English-speaking student comes across such
a wide variety of names for a common animal, he may wel! exclaim in despair, "What kind of
a language is this?" But he should nevertheless persist with his studies, and may reflect that
his own mother,tongue has several synonyms for 'dog'-remember Oliver Goldsmith's
mongrel, puppy, whelp and hound
and curs of low degree
-not to mention a score of names for different breeds of dogs, such as spaniel, terrier,
alsatian, etc., which are household words among Enghsh speakers.
30. A third difficulty that students encounter, and one that is not so much a real obstacle
as a psychological block, must also be mentioned. It has its roots far in the past. Right from
the early years of the British raj would-be learners of Telugu have been cautioned by their
teachers and also in textbooks and the like to concern themselves with the colloquial language
and steer clear of 'literary Telugu', which was held to be over-Sanskritised and too highflown
to be worth studying for practical purposes. This advice to learners was and still is sound upto
a point, as indicating the proper approach when starting on the study of Telugu, but it has
been misconstrued into meaning that they should not seriously try to get beyond the stage of
' Bommakanti Srinivasacharyulu, Emesm Pocket
Machilipatnam, 1977.
Telugu - English Dictionary, M . Sesachalarn and Company,
Introduction
xvii
being able to engage in straightforward conversation on simple topics. Nowadays this attitude
needs to be reversed, because even to be able to read newspapers and books of general
interest and to follow public speeches and programmes on televisi~nand radio requires a
much wider knowledge than was formerly aimed at. Unfortunately the view that foreigners
are not expected to know more than a smattering of Telugu has remained very much alive to
the present day, and is often apparent when educated Telugu speakers express surprise at a
learner's trying to extend his vocabulary, instead of realising that they ought to be on their
guard against discouraging him, however unintentionally, from making progress.
31. Telugu is in fact an extremely versatile and flexible language; in that respect it has
qualities and features akin to those of Ancient Greek, as for instance in its reflexive verbs in konu meaning 'to d o something for oneseEf, reminiscent of the Greek middle voice. Both
languages have the facility of expressing shades of meaning very neatly by the use of particles,
and both can impart subtle degrees of emphasis by varying the order of words in a sentence.
In its oral range Telugu abounds in vivid, lively and elliptical turns of phrase, while in its
literature, both poetry (which I mention only in passing because it is outside the scope of this
dictionary) and prose, it whieves a truly high standard. In all the qualities that make for good
creative writing - descriptive and narrative composition, character drawing and portrayal of
the range of human emotions -Telugu writers have produced works of quality which not
only have a high intrinsic value as literature but also mirror the daily life of the people in a
way that is arresting, attractive, and often very entertaining. The Telugu public have a deep
affection for their own literature and it deserves to have a wider readership.
32. Having paid to the Telugu language the tribute to which I feel it is entitled I cannot
forbear from adding that having spent a great deal of time reading printed Telugu on and off
for over fifty years I still d o not feel at home with the Telugu script. Fully reahsing its intimate
association with both the classical and modern styles of the language and also appreciating
the beauty of Telugu type at its best, I still am unable to read it comfortably because many of
the symbols resemble each other so closely and the syllabic nature of the script causes
problems in the separation of words. Besides this, some new kinds of type distort both the
form and arrangement of the symbols, and much of the present-day outpouring of popular
literature and journalism is a real strain to read because the print is so small and the ink and
paper are so poor in quality. I have therefore come to regard the Telugu script as to some
extent standing in the way of acquiring a knowledge of the language. Whether or not there is
any value in advocating a change at this time, I would still like to remind the Telugu public
that w o possible ways of tackling the problem are either to undertake script reform, perhaps
on the lines discussed in chapter 5 of A Grammar of Modern Telugu, or to move towards
making more use of the Roman script. It was at my publishers' request that the Telugu script
has been used in the dictionary only for the headword of each entry, and accordingly all the
rest of the text appears in Roman. I believe that users of the dictionary, if the method of
transcription is new to them, will nevertheless have little difficulty in accustoming themselves
to it after a small amount of practice.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My particular thanks for assistance rendered in connection with the dictionary go to D r
Jonnalagedda Venkateswara Sastry and Dr Gutala Krishnamurti for their help which has
been mentioned with gratitude already; to Professor Bhadriraju Krishnamuni, Professor G.
N. Reddi and Professor Velcheru Narayana Rao for their comments on and criticisms of
certain entries in the dictionary and also for the encouragement they gave at an early stage
when I was feeling particularly diffident at having taken on such a daunting task; Professor
Narayana Rao spared a good many days going through parts of the dictionary with me at
Madison in 1983 and later on at Bromley in 1986.
I am grateful to Shri M. Gopalakrishnan, I.A.S., one of my successors in the post of
Education Secretary to the Government of Andhra Pradesh, for his invaluable help in
organising the arrangements for getting the typescript prepared from the manuscript slips
which I sent to him at Hyderabad and for despatching the typescript back to me for
correction; likewise to his personal assistant, Shri D. Nateshwar Rao, for his part in attending
to the work under Shri Gopalakrishnan's supervision.
I owe my thanks to three persons who shared almost all the typing work between them,
Shrimati S. Bhaskar, who typed a section in London which it was not convenient to send to
Hyderabad, the late Shri M. L. Raghaviah, who used to be my personal assistant when I was
Education Secretary at Hyderabad and whose unexpected death in 1987 came as very sad
news; and Shri S. Chalapati Rao, who carried out the major p a n of the typing work.
Thanks are also due to the Telugu Akademi, the Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi and the
Andhra University for making some of their publications available to me free of cost for use in
preparing the dictionary; to the Charles Wallace India Trust for a grant which enabled Dr J.
V. Sastry to come and spend three years in London assisting me with the dictionary and
carrying out his own research in phonetics leading to a Ph. D. degree, and for grants to cover
Professor V. Narayana Rao's stay in London in 1986 and my dictionary-related expenses from
1983 to 1987; to the INTACH UK Trust for a grant to cover my air fare from London to
India and back in 1990.
I am grateful to Messrs. John King and Son Ltd through Mr D. J. O'Reilly of Bromley for
the supply of stationery used for manuscript slips containing the dictionary entries; to Mr P.
S. Falla of Bromley for his guidance in the method of correcting dictionary proofs.
I am also deeply indebted to all the authors whose writings I have drawn on in order to cite
interesting illustrative examples of modern usage in the dictionary.
Many other persons have helped towards the completion of the dictionary in various
ways - by the loan o r gift of books or periodicals, by answering my questions and by
providing useful information and advice. I am very grateful to them all and if I have not
named them individually they must on no account think that their kindness has been
forgotten.
Now finally I have an opportunity to say thank you to my wife Peggy for the p a n she has
played in seeing the dictionary into print. During all these years she has never complained of
the time I have given up to the dictionary or the extent to which it has diverted me from
playing a full part in our home life. Having seen the need for the task to be fulfilled she
xx
Acknowledgements
provided the atmosphere and background in our home which made it not only possible but
also easy for me to carry the work through to the end. When a husband on reaching
retirement devotes himself to studies which are even more distracting than the job he had
been doing before, and yet is about the house all day, it is far more taxing for his wife than
when his working hours followed a fixed schedule and he was free to share in family life for
the rest of the time. It is late now to try to make up for it, but I can at least acknowledge the
debt that I owe my wife by expressing how fully I appreciate that she supported me with so
much unselfishness and at so great a personal sacrifice while the dictionary was being
composed. Now that it is over I want to leave on record these thoughts which have been with
me for a long time. It is fitting that the book should be dedicated to her.
ERRATA
In the list of Abbreviations insert the following items in their
appropriate places in alphabetical order:
On page xxi
cf.
interj.
confer (Latin :compare)
interjection
On page xxii
o. S
one's
oneself
plural
something
someone
verb intransitive
verb transitive
O.S.
PI.
s.g.
S. 0.
v. i.
v. t .
ABBREVIATIONS
A.
abl.
adj.
admin.
adv.
advbl.
alt.
astrol.
astron.
biol.
bot.
chem.
class.
colloq.
(colloq.)
conj.
constr.
demon.
det.
econ.
e.g.
Eng.
entom.
esp.
fern.
fig.
fut.
gen.
geom.
gram.
hab.
hon.
i.e.
indef.
interrog.
intr.
journ.
ling.
lit.
literary
masc.
answer
ablative
adjective
administrative term
adverb
adverbial
alternative
astrological term
astronomical term
biological term
botanical term
chemistry term
classical term
the Telugu word or expression following the abbreviation is colloquial
the English word or. expression preceding the abbreviation is colloquial
conjunction
construction
demonstrative
determinative
economics term
exempli gratia (Latin: for example)
English
entomological term
especially
feminine
figurative[ly]
future
generally
geometrical term
grammatical term
habitual
honorific
id est (Latin: that is)
indefinite
interrogative
intransitive
journalistic term
linguistic term
literally
literary usage
masculine
Abbreviations
maths.
med.
met.
mil.
mod.
n.
neg.
obs.
0.-i
0.-ki
0.-ni
orom.
per.
P~YS.
poet.
polit.
P.P.
pron.
pronom.
Q.
ref.
sci.
sing.
SP.
sug.
theat.
tr.
v., vb.
vbl.
vet.
viz.
2001.
mathematical term
medical term
meteorological term
military term
in modern usage
noun
negative
obsolescent (note: when 'obsolete' is intended, the word is written in full)
okari of someone (genitive case)
okariki to someone (dative case)
okarini someone (accusative case)
onomatopoeic
person
physics term
poetical
political term
postposition
pronoun
pronominal
question
reference
scientific term
singular
species
suggesting
theatrical term
transitive
verb
verbaI
veterinary term
videlicet (Latin: namely)
zoological term
SYMBOLS
becomes
derived from
asterisk: this denotes an obsolete form, an ungrammatical form or an
intermediate form in the application of grammatical rules
square brackets: see Introduction, paragraph 19
tilde or swung dash: see Introduction, paragraph 20
oblique stroke or slash: this is used to link together two alternative words
or phrases
Principal Books Studied
(See Introduction, paragraph 2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao, caduwu (novel).
K. Kuturnba Rao, ayiwaryam (novel).
Rachakonda Viswanadha Sastri (Ravi Sastri) afpajiiwi, (novel).
Ravi Sastri, r~ttaaluraambaabu (novel).
Ravi Sastri, raaju mahdi (novel).
Potukuchi Sarnbasiva Rao, eeDu roojula majilii (novel).
K. Kausalya Devi, cakrabhramaNam (novel).
Sripada Subrarnania Sastri, waDLaginjalu (novel).
Srirangam Srinivasa Rao (Sri Sri), carama raatri (stories and sketches).
NON-FICTION
10 Sri i r i saahityam, collected works of Sri Sri, volumes 2 and 3, edited by K. V. Rarnana
Reddi.
11 C. Narayana Reddi, maa uuru maaTLaaDindi (essays).
12 V. R. Narla, muuDu da~aabdaalu(editorials).
13 A. B. K. Prasad, A. B. K. sampaadakiiyaalu (editorials).
14 brawn leekhalu-aadhunikaandhra saahitya Sakhafaalu, C. P. Brown's letters selected by
Bangoorey .
15 brawn jaabulfoo sthaanika caritra Sakhafaalu, C. P. Brown's Cuddapah letters selected by
Bangoorey.
16 Prakasachandra Sathapati, tefugu pafukubaDufa tiirutennufu (essays).
17 Sriikakulam prajafa bhaaSa, survey compiled by V. C. Balakrishna Sarrna for the district
level committee, First World Telugu Conference.
18 paatikeeLLa aandhra pradeeS 1956-1980, survey edited by T. Nageswara Rao for the
Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad.
19 maaNDafika wrttipadakooiam - Telugu Dialect Dictionary, volume I, Agriculture, by
Bhadriraju Krishnamurti.
20 G. V. Ramamurti Pantulu, Srii suuryaraayaandhra nighaNTuwu wimarjanamu (pamphlet).
21 Budaraju Radhakrishna, ii naaDu bhadaaswaruupam, treatise on Telugu usage for
journalists.
22 Graded Readings in Modern Literary Telugu, selected by G. N. Reddi and B. Matson.
23 Graded Readings in Newspaper Telugu, selected by G. N. Reddi and B. Matson.
24 Bhadriraju Krishnarnurti, Telugu Verbal Bases.
25 Leigh Lisker, Introduction to Spoken Telugu.