Updates to Chapter 3 of the Modelling and
Mapping Manual and other activities
Harry Harmens and Gina Mills
(ICP Vegetation, CEH Bangor, UK)
* Supported by Defra (UK), NERC (UK) & UNECE
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
27th ICP Vegetation TFM, Paris
 28 – 30 January 2014, Paris. Hosted by the French Environment
and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), in collaboration with
AgroParisTech, INRA, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
(MNHN) and Université Paris-Est Creteil (UPEC)
 84 experts from 22 countries attended the meeting
 28 January: one-day ozone critical levels workshop to review
current status and make recommendations for amendments to
Chapter 3 of the Modelling and Mapping Manual: ‘Mapping critical
levels for vegetation’. Discussion continued during TFM.
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
Revisions main text Chapter 3 (1)
 No changes to the existing critical levels
 New references included where ozone response functions
and supporting evidence for ozone critical levels have been
published
 Text related to integrated assessment modelling (Section
3.5.2.6) updated:
o New terminology for the simplified generic ozone flux –
PODYIAM will replace PODYgen (PODY = Phytotoxic Ozone
Dose above a flux threshold of Y nmol m-2 s-1)
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
Revisions main text Chapter 3 (2)
 New POD3IAM – effect
relationship for use in
integrated assessment
modelling at European scale
only (for effects of ozone on
wheat, 90 d exposure period)
 Critical level: 8 mmol m-2
(representing 5% yield decline)
 For use in scenario analysis and optimisation runs within GAINS
to provide indication of potential effects on wheat yield under
non-limiting water availability
 Two parameterisations flux model: 1) Northern & Central Europe,
2) Mediterrannean areas (as defined in the M&M Manual)
Revisions Annexes Chapter 3
Crops:
 Parameterisations flux model for grapevine,
maize, soybean and sunflower
 Revised Mediterranean flux parameterisation
for wheat (bread and durum wheat)
 References to additional published flux models for
local-scale application in the Mediterranean region for
bean, barley and tomato
Trees:
 Parameterisation ozone flux model for poplar
(Semi-)natural vegetation:
 Reference to additional published flux model for
local-scale application for Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
Ozone
foodsecurity
security
Ozoneand
& food
 In 2000, ozone reduced wheat yield by 14%, loss of €3.2 billion in
EU27+CH+NO (Mills and Harmens, 2011; full wheat flux model)
GP2005
GP CLE 2020
GP CLE2030
 Revised Gothenburg Protocol: Mean yield loss* (%) for 27+NO+CH:
12.4% for GP2005, 10.3% for GP CLE2020
* Generic crop flux model (IAM), assumes no water limitation
Data included in Guidance Document for Environmental Improvements (ECE/EB.AIR/2013/8)
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
ÉCLAIRE
Iceland
Mills, UK
Faroe Islands
Shetland
Lewis
Auchencorth
Harwell
Literature review ozone in ECLAIRE database
 216 papers in the database
 Seven categories of vegetation
 Reduced to three broader categories for the purpose of analysis
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Crops
Bog/fen/wetland
Grassland
Coniferous trees
Deciduous trees
Mixed trees
Other
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
• Crops
• Trees
• Other veg
Crops – relative biomass: preliminary results
1,2
y = -0.0024x + 1
R² = 0.38
p value = 0.01
relative biomass
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
LEITAO20070478
OLLERE19960067
CARDOS20011901
AKHTAR20102970
PLESSL20050694
BARNES19950129
BOOKER20050685
CARDOS20040771
0
0
20
40
60
80
ozone daylight (ppb)
100
120
140
 Meta analysis indicates a 25% to 45% decrease in plant biomass at
a ozone daylight level of 100 ppb (relative to carbon-filtered air)
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
Other veg. – relative biomass: preliminary results
1,40
1,20
relative biomass
1,00
0,80
0,60
y = -0.0042x + 1
R² = 0.08
p value = 0.01
0,40
0,20
0,00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
ozone daylight (ppb)
E1 Gimeno20042295
E2 Hayes20090208
E2 Ramo 20060101
D1 Toet 20110288
E1 Gimeno20040297
E2 Hayes20104155
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
70
80
90
E3 Franza 20000039
100
Photosynthesis – preliminary results
CROPS
 Net photosynthetic rate:
- Significant decline with increase in daylight ozone (cereals)
 Asat (light-saturated rate of net photosynthesis):
- Significant decline with increase in daylight ozone
- Non-cereals more affected than cereals
 Vcmax (maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylase activity):
- Significant decline with increase in daylight ozone
OTHER VEGETATION
 No significant effects of ozone on photosynthesis (wide
confidence intervals due to lack of data; only 3 papers)
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
Smart phone App.
Recording incidences of leaf ozone injury
Smart-phone App.
linked to ICP
Vegetation web site
Location on interactive map
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
Smart phone App. set up
• Registration
• Level of experience
• Permission to use data
• Date and location
• Broad vegetation type & species
(crops, trees, grassland,
heathland, wetland & coastal)
• Upload photos
• Symptoms of ozone injury
• Evidence of other injury
• Weather
• Ozone pollution (if known)
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
Ozone injury brochure
EECCA/SEE and South-East Asia report
With contributions from:
 CCE (critical loads data & maps)
 EMEP/MSC-West (ozone flux
and concentration)
 EMEP/MSC-East (HM and POPs
data and maps)
 SEI-York (South-East Asia)
EMEP monitoring stations
 Lack of
stations in
SEE and
EECCA region
 Also true
for effects
monitoring
Nitrogen CLoad exceedance
 N Cload exceedance generally higher in Western & Central Europe
 Improvements generally lower in EECCA countries
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
Risk of ozone damage to forests
Concentration-based
Flux-based
 South-East Europe at highest risk
* Flux-based: assumes no water limitation
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
Modelled deposition and CLoad exceedance
Cd
Pb
Hg
European moss survey
 Coordination European
Moss Survey transferred
to the Russian Federation:
Marina Frontasyeva, JINR,
Dubna: Extending
participation EECCA
countries
 Next European moss
survey in 2015/16
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
Medium-term workplan (1)
Annual activities:
 Report on supporting evidence for ozone impacts on vegetation
 Report on progress with the moss survey 2015/2016
 Contributions to common workplan items of the WGE
2015:
 Report on implications of rising background ozone for vegetation
in Europe
 Report on the interacting effects ozone and N and climatic
stresses on vegetation
Tentatively for 2016:
 Report on field-based evidence of ozone impacts on vegetation
 Report on ozone impacts on biodiversity
 Ozone critical levels workshop
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome
Medium-term workplan (2)
Tentatively for 2017:
 Report on revised ozone risk assessments methods
 Revision of Chapter 3 of the Modelling and Mapping Manual
 Final report of the European moss survey 2015/2016
28th ICP Vegetation Task Force meeting,
first week of February 2015, Rome
Thank you for your attention!
30th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome