FRI ESI`Å
FRI E S I'Å
N O R D I S.I( MYI(O LO G I ,S.I( TI D S S I(R 1FT
HEFTE l
BIND XI
KØBENHAVN 1975
INDHOLD ·
Side
GUNNAR ERIKSSON: ELIAS MAGNUS FRIES. 1794-1878
A. N. MUKHOPADHYAY ' & M. S. PAVGI: Environmental control of
chlamydospore germination in Protomyces macrosperus
W. MATHEIS: Dber ein zentraleuropåisches Vorkommen von
Oiboria acerina auf månnlichen Kåtzchen von Salix
:.. . .. ... ..
daphn oides VILL. .
ANDREA UBRIZSY: Un apereu de l'histoire de la mycologie
jusqu'au CAROLUS CLUSIUS ......
ERIKA LOHR: Mykosen der Anemonen auf der dånisehen Insel
Vor so
,: ... ... .... ... ..... ... ... ... .... ... . .. .. .. .. . .. ... . .
ALFRED GRANMO: Camar ops 'microspora (KARST.) SHEAR reported f or the first time from Nor wa y
J. KOCH: Aurantioporus alborubescens og A. jissilis på Fagus
silvatica i Danmark. (Summary : Aurantioporus alborubescens and A. jissilis on Fagus silvatica in Denmark)
J. P. SKOU: Two new species of Ascosphaera and notes on the
conidial state of Bettsia .alvei
Notitser
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REDAKTION
N. F. BUCHWALD
J. KOCH
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Udgivet af Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme.
30. december 1975.
Hert z - Bogtrykkergaarden, Kob enha vn
REDAKTION
N. F. BUCHWALD
J.KOCH
PDF scanning and OCR by the Danish Mycological Society 2010 - www.svampe.com
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Udgivet af Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme.
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FRIESIA XI, 1. 1975
TAVLE 1
E LIAS FRIES
ELIAS FR IES er if ør t de n karakteris t iske sven ske dok t orfrakke.
E f ter et lit og raf i a f J OH. CARDON (1802-78), udført i 1840.
Billed et a n ses som m eget ve llignende a f ELIAS F RIES' f amilie.
FRIESIA . Bind XI . Hefte 1 . 1975
ELIAS MAGNUS FRIES
1794-1878
Af GUNNAR ERIKSSON
Institutionen fo r tdehisto r ta, Umeå Universitet, Sverige
N edenst å ende biografi af E LIAS M AGNUS FRIES,
forfattet af professor, fil. dr. G UN N AR ERIKSSON,
Umeå Universitet, til Svenskt biografiskt Lex ikon
(b ind 16, 196 4-66), Stockholm, aftrykkes med venlig
tilladelse fra forfatteren og lexikonnets redaktion.
ELIAS MAGNUS FRIES f odd 15. august 1794 i Femsjo (Jonkoping s
Hin), t 8. februari 1878 i Uppsala. Foråldrar : prosten THORE (THEODOR) FRIES och SARA ELISABETH WERNELIN. Elev i Vaxjo lå roverk 4.
september 1803-1811, inskriven vid Lunds universitet 4. oktober 1811,
disputerade pro exercitio 1812 och pro gradu 11. maj 1814, magister
22. juni samma år, docent i botanik 15. december samma år, adjunkt
(personlig tjånst ) 4. december 1819, professor regius 20. november
1824, botanices demonstrator 3. juni 1828, allt i Lund; professor
Borgstromianus vid Uppsala universitet 5. september 1834 (tilltrådde
vårterminen 1835 ), tillika professor i botanik 5. juni 1851 (konsistoriebeslut) - 5. juli 1859, prefekt for botaniska museet och trådgården 1851-63, rektor vid Uppsala universitet vårterminen 1839 och
1853-54, riksdagsfullmågtig for universitetet 1844-45, 1847-48, styr elsesledamot av Ultuna lantbruksinstitut 1846-59. - LFS 1816, LV A
1821, LVVS samma år, LLA 1828 , LVS 1831 (sekreterare 1844-67),
ledamot av Svenska lakaresållskapet 1835, RNO 1839, LSA 1847,
Hed LVVS 1848, Hed LLA 1854, Hed LVHAA 1855 , KNO 1856, Kmstk
NO 1864, filosofie jubeldoktor 1865, Hed LVS 1867, medicine hedersdoktor i Lund 1868. Ledamot av ett flertall utlåndska lå r da s ålls kap.
Gift 28. januari 1832 i Odenajo (Kronobergs lan) med CHRISTINA
WIESLANDER, fodd 5. januari 1809 i Dannas (Jonkopingsla n), t 3. noF RIESIA XI
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2 vember 1862 i Uppsala, dotter till kyrkoherde P ETRUS NICOLAUS
WIESLANDER och SUSANNA ANDERSDOTTER BERGGREN.
ELIAS FRIES' barndomsmiljo måste i flera a vseenden ha haft ett
avgor ande inflytande på hans senare utveckling till botanist och vetenskapsman. Hans far var naturalhistoriskt intresserad och en Hird
man med stora insikter i den rationalistiska wolffianska filosofin och
i latinet , som han talad e flyt a n de och arivån de i vardagssp r åket med
sin son. FRIES kunde senare fo rklara, att han lårt sig latin, innan han
talade svenska. Ga nska isolerad från jåmbor diga lek kamrater tydde
sig F RIES gårna till naturen och so kte som h an be r åttat sitt sållskap
bland blommorna. Det hade såker t också sin betydelse, att Femsjot rakten tillhor en våxt geograf isk region som ar ganska fattig på
ho gre våxtarter men påfallande rik betråffande s ål lsyntare svampformer, vilka tidigt fångade hans intresse. Enligt egen uppgift gjorde
en håndelse under skoltiden ett outplånligt intryck på honom: det
ho gtidliga firandet i Vaxjo av hundraårsdagen av LINNE'S fo delse
1807, vars hojdpunkt var ett entusiasmerande tal av Linnelårjungen
SVEN H EDIN. FRIES menade sjålv, att det var detta tal som fick
honom att besluta sig for att bli botanist. Redan som gymnasist
borjade han forfatta systematiska våxtforteckningar, f loror, over
vå xter och våxtgrupper i F'ems jotrakten och runt Vaxjo. Han skrev
också samman en "Tidning uti naturalhistorien" och andra kortare
manuskript i skilda åmnen, som tydligen lastes av några vånner
och sarskilt av hans något yngre kusin JOHAN FORSANDER, som delade
hans botanis ka entusiasm. Fåltsjukan, som harjade i samband med
de indelta soldaternas återkomst från finska kriget, tvingade gymnasiet att stånga under en långre tid, och under dette uppehåll i studierna
tycks FRIES sarskilt ha fordjupat sina mykologiska kunskaper.
Hostterminen 1811 borjade FRIES sina universitetsstudier i Lund.
For hans botaniska intressen erbjod den nya miljon en alldeles sarskild stimulans. Har levde ånnu den gamle polyhistorn ANDERS JAHAN
RETZIU.s, som fram till 1812 forestod sin professur omfattande he la
naturalhistorien och kemin. Har motte FRIES också - och det var
viktigare - den ånnu unge CP..RL ADOLPH AGARDH, som 1812 fick
motta en nyinråttad professur i botanik. Med AGARDH knot han tidigt
vånskapsband och han måste ha lårt sig åtskilligt, inte minst betratfan de kryptogamerna, i dennes sållskap. Han fick bl. a. ordna AGARDHS
lavherbarium och fick intresset våckt for denna våxtgrupp på ett sått
som han med stormande entusiasm skildrat i ett brev till FORSANDER
hosten 1811. Redan under studentåren borjade han foreta l ånga bota-
-3niska vandringar i de sodra provinserna, varav man spårar många
resultat i dissertationsserien "Novitiæ Floræ Suecicæ", på vars forsta
del han 1814 disputerade under AGARDH och vilkas senare delar han
presiderade for under docent- och adjunktsåren.
FRIES var 1815-34 knuten till Lunds universitet som lårare. Så
tidigt som 1815 publicerade FRIES sitt forsta svampsystematiska
arbete, "Observationes mycologicæ" (del 2, 1818). Ar 1819 påborjade
han utgivandet av exsiccatverket "Scleromyceti Sueciæ", som torde
ha fortgått till 1825 och varav en ny, långe forbisedd och delvis inkomplett men samtidigt tillokad upplaga utgavs 1834. Den andra
stora kryptogamgrupp som han agnat stor uppmårksamhet, lavarna,
blev forst forernål for mera ingående systematisk diskussion i dissertationen "Lichenum dianorne nova" 1817. Et floristiskt arbete med
viktiga våxtgeografiska synpunkter var "Flora Hallandica" (181719), dår han påvisade skillnaden mellan flororna på våstra och
ostra sidan av smålåndska hoglandet,
Under forsta hålften av 1820-talet publicerade FRIES huvuddelen
av sitt kanske viktigaste våxtsystematiska verk, "Systema mycologicum", I-II, jåmte flera smårre avhandlingar och uppsatser. Ett aldrig
fullbordat arbete, dår FRIES sokte framlågga en systematik for hela
våxtriket, blev den idehistoriskt viktiga "Systema orbis vegetabilis",
I (1825), som omfattade alger, svampar och lavar (Plantæ homonemeæ med FRIES'S terminologi). Under de foljande åren kompletterade
han "Systema mycologicum", dels med dess sista del som inneholl de
lagre svamparna (1829-32), dels med ett stort tillågg till den hogre
svampsystematiken, "Elenchus fungorum" (1828). Samtidigt absorberades hans intresse under denna tid allt mer av lavarna. Tillsammans
med CHR. STENHAMMAR och G. C. LJUNGSTEDT fullborc1ade han ett
exsiccatverk over denna grupp: Lichenes Sueciæ exsiccati" (1824-27),
och de lichenologiska studierna krontes med den stora och lange
auktoritativa "Lichenographia europæa reformata" (1831), som belonades med VA:s guldmedalj. De våxtgeografiska och floristiska
forskningarna blev trots dessa stora arbeten inte forsummade. "Novitiæ floræ suecicæ" utkom i en helt omarbetad och utokad upplaga
1828, redigerad i anslutning till WAHLENBERGS svenska flora, och de
talrika, over ett par decennier utstråckta botaniska vandringarna i
Skåne resulterade slutligen i "Flora scanica", som omfattade åven
landskapets kryptogamer och bygger på FRIES' eget våxtsystem, som
han har for forsta gång kunde presentera i sin helhet. Men 1835, då
detta verk utkom, var FRIES redan i Uppsala.
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FRIES lyckades tidigt vinna anseende hos samtidens svenska botanister. Redan 1814 brevvåxlade han livligt med ERIK ACHARIUS och
OLOF SwART Z, snart också med GORAN WAHLENBERG liksom med den
ungefar jåmn årige CARL JOHAN HARTMAN. Tidigt knot han också
kontakter med danska botanister, fråmst HORNEMANN, och han foretog åtskilliga resor i studiesyfte till Kopenhamn. En alldeles speciell
r oll i hans utveckling som ung våxt syst emat iker spelade hans kontakter med ett par unga naturvetenskapligt intresserade romantiker
ur den ATTERBOMSKA kretsen, JOHAN HAQVIN vVALLMAN och broderna
CHRISTIAN och CARL STENHAMMAR, vilket satt spår i en rik brevvåxling. WALLMAN var på 1810-talet fordjupad i spekulationer om den
svenska forntiden och folkens uråldriga vishet. Samtidigt var han en
ivrigt intresserad botanist och tydde i romantisk anda naturforernålen
som mystiskt-gudomliga uppenbarelser av en allt genomtrångande
ande. Under något år brevvåxlade de två flitigt, inte minst dårfor
att FRIES engagerats i arbetet på LILJEBLADS flora. I deras diskussioner moter har de forsta riktigt klara exemplen på hur FRIES blivit
trollbundenav den romantiska naturfilosofins våxtsystematiska ideer.
I Lund horde den beromde zoologen SVEN NILSSON till FRIES'
narmaste umgånge, liksom senare NILS OTTO AHNFELT, som kanske
kom honom narmast av alla, dennes yngre broder PAUL GABRIEL,
PETER WIESELGREN, HENRIK REUTERDAHL och andra yngre teologer.
F'drh ållandet till AGARDH forsamrades omkring 1820 på ett tragiskt
sått. En tvist om vem som skulle få forhand vid tryckningen av de
samtidigt fårdigstållda arbetena "Species algarum" av AGARDH och
"Systema mycologicum" I, av FRIES blev hosten 1820 den yttre anledningen till konflikten, vars djupare rotter brukar tillskrivas en bitterhet, kanske en yrkesavundsjuka, från AGARDHS sida. Innan en mer
uttommande undersokning a v AGARDHS biografi foretagits, ar det
svårt att slutgiltigt stadfåsta denna uppfattning. I varje fall ledde
konflikten till att det knappast skedde något positivt tankeutbyte
mellan Lunds två stora botanister under ett skede då båda ågnade stort
intresse åt den systematiska botanikens principiella grundvalar.
Fastari båda fattade dessa i naturfilosofisk anda, tillåmpade de dem på
ett ofta kentrart motsatt vis. For FRIES harskade en logisk ordning i naturen, for AGARDH en grånsutpl ånande frihet; for FRIES gållde det att
utgå från de hogsta, bast utvecklade formerna vid rangeringen av
naturalstren. for AGARDH var det naturligast att borja med de
enklaste och primitivaste. Det spånda forh ållandet tycks ha varat
under hela den tid då AGARDH och FRIES samtidigt verkade i Lund.
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Forst sedan de fo rlorat all n årmare personlig kontakt med varandra
tyeks de i viss mån ha forsonats.
I mindre grad an de flesta naturforskare foretog FRIES långre
resor i forsknings- elle r studiesyfte. Sin enda långre utlandsresa foretog han 1828, då han jåmte f ler a andra svenska vetenskapsmån be sokte det stora naturfor ska rmotet i Berlin . Har sa mma ntrå ffade ha n
med åtskilliga av tidens beromdaste botanister oeh a ven med naturfilosof er na LORENZ OKEN oeh C. G. D. NEES VON E SENBECK, som bå da
tidiga r e influerat hans tå nkande. Det personliga motet blev i detta
fall en missråkning, kanske en yttr e bekrå ft else på att FRIES nu
fjårmat sig från de extremaste naturfilosofiska synpunkterna . Senare
rorde sig FRIES aldrig utanfor Skandinaviens granser.
Ar 1831 fiek FRIES kronprinsens lofte om den Bo r gstromianska
professuren i Uppsala. Sarskilt GEIJER hade ver kat for att denna
lårostol skulle omvandlas till en mer botanisk an nationalekonomisk
professur oeh att den skulle erbjudas FRIES. Efter ganska hårda
debatter inom konsistoriet f61jde FRIES' offieiella utnåmnin g 1834.
I sin nya verkningskrets i Uppsala, dit FRIES anlånde våren 1835,
blev han en obestridd botanisk auktoritet. Han blev genast en a v de
populårare forel åsarna. En vida r e krets av den bildade allmånheten
n ådde han genom de populårvetenskapliga essåer (många från borjan
dissertationer!) som han samlade oeh utgav under titlen "Botaniska
utflykter". Hans rent vetenskapliga produktion var myeket betydande
oeh mångsidig åven under Uppsalatiden. Vid sidan av en lång rad
kortare monografier oeh artbeskrivningar i olika tidskrifter kom
åtskilliga storre oversikter over stora våxt gr u pper eller kritiska
slåkten. Skandinaviens alla kanda våxtarter fortecknade han i "Summa
vegetabilium Seandinaviæ" (1845/46-1849), som var systematiskt anordnad oeh forsedd med kritiska kommentarer. Svampsystematiken
blev all framgent en huvudlinje i hans forskningar, oeh har bidrog
han bl. a. med "Epierisis systematis myeologiei" (1836-38, med forandrad titel i 2. upplagan 1874: "Hymenomyeetes Europæi") . Ett
flertal hattsvampslåkten ble v utredda i "Monographia hymenomyeetum Sueeiæ" (1857-63 ) . Ett viktigt arbete utråttade han genom att
ombesorja noggranna svampavbildningar. De ekonomiskt viktigare
svenska svamparterna avbildades i "Sveriges åtliga oeh giftiga
svampar" (1860-66), medan forut forbisedda eller aldrig illustrerade
arter togs upp i " l eones selectæ hymenomyeetum nondum delineatorum" I (1867-77; II, 1878-84, utgavs enl FRIES' plan av sonerna THORE
MAGNUS oeh ROBERT) . Bland fanerogamerna uppmårksammade han
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sarskilt det kritiska slåktet Hieracium, t . ex . i " E picr isis generis
Hieraciorum" (1862). I exsiccatverket "Herbarium normale" (183664) skapade han ett viktigt underlag for bedomrringen av sina åsikter
betråffande många kritiska svenska våxter.
FRIES' omfattande forskar- och Iårarverksamhet skaffade honom
talrika lårjungar. H it kan raknas många av de kånda floraforfattarna
från 1800-talets mitt: CARL HARTMAN den yngre, JOHAN SCHEUTZ,
NILS CONRAD KL~BERG och LARS MAGNUS LARSSON, alla lektorer vid
betydande landsortlåroverk, vidare NILS JOHAN ANDERSSON vid Riksmuseet, sonerna THORE MAGNUS, ELIAS PETRUS och ROBERT och på
visst sått den originelle och mångsidige HAMPUS VON POST.
FRIES hor framfor allt som vetenskapsman men också som kulturpersonlighet till våra mårkligaste 1800-talsgestalter. Inom botaniken
gjorde han en mångsidig insats. Hans naturliga våxtsystem, sådant
det presenterades i "Flora scanica", fick en vid anvåndning i Sverige
under 1800-talet, inte minst sedan det borjat tillampas i HARTMANS
bekanta flora från och med femte upplagan 1849. Det byggde på hans
vårldsuppfattning, vilken, som ovan antytts, under 1820-talet, då
systemets grundlinjer utformades, var starkt påverkad av den romantiska naturfilosofin.
Sina viktigaste och mest bestående insatser gjorde dock FRIES
inte genom sin filosofiskt grundade generella systematik utan som
empiriskt och intuitivt arbetande forskare på art- och slåktplanet.
Fråmst vilar hans berommelse på svampsystematiken, men åven betråffande lavar och kårlvaxter ar hans forskningar av bestående
varde. Med det jåttearbete som representeras av "Systema mycologicum" och dess fOljdskrifter skapade han den ånnu idag antagna utgångspunkten for nomenklaturen betråffande de flesta hogre svampgrupper. Fastån hans svampsystem inte långre i sin helhet på något
sått kan kallas naturligt, vittnar det i en rad punkter om hans skarpsyn och iakttagelseform åga, och hans indelning av skivlingarna i
undergrupper efter sp orfargen har fortfarande stor praktisk arivåndbarhet. En forbisedd insats gjorde han åren omkring 1830, då han,
tidigare an de botanister som brukar få åran, i 1700 -talsmykologen
MICHELlS efterfOljd poångterade skillnaden mellan mycelium och
fruktkropp.
FRIES' lavsystem fick stor spridning under decennierna narmast
efter publiceringen av "Lichenographia". Att laven var en dubbelorganism, resultatet av en symbios mellan en alg och en svamp, var
emeIlertid en forestållning som han aldrig torde ha accepterat.
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For den hogre vaxtsystematiken galler liksom betråffande lavar
och svampar, att FRIES hade en utomordentlig form åga att karakterisera taxa kort och tråffande. Hans stora personliga erfarenhet
gjorde kanske, att han ibland under senare år fick alltfor diktatoriska
anspråk på att sitta inne med hela sarmingen i systematiska detaljfrågor, och en viss opposition gjorde sig sm åningom gallande åven
bland hans lårjungar och nåra vånner. En alltror stark tilltro till det
egna minnet i forening med hans snabbhet i arbetssåttet medfor
tyvårr, att hans citat och etiketter ej alItid ar pålitliga. Hartill kommer att han var en notorisk foraktare av alla detaljerade floristiska
lokaluppgifter, vilket lett till att senare tiders forskare ofta har stållts
infor stora, ib land coverstigliga svårigheter vid utnyttjandet av hans
utomordentligt stora och vårdefulla herbariesamlingar, som numera
tillhor Uppsala universitet.
Som detaljsystematiker faste FRIES avgorande vikt vid arternas
bio logiska forh ållanden. Vid studiet a v kritiska slåkten ansåg han,
att foreteelser som skottbildning, blomningstid, våxtsått, spelade
storre roll an enstaka organs f'årg, form eller storlek. Bakom detta
låg hans utpråglade vitalism, hans tro på livet som en hogre princip
och på livets yttringar som den såkraste nyckeln till forståelsen av
våxtformernas inre sammanhorighet. Denna vitalistiska inriktning
vittnar ofta om stor fortrogenhet med den levande naturen, vars
studium FRIES satte hdgt over forskningar bland doda herbarieexemplar, och bidrar till att gora hans artbeskrivningar ovanligt frascha
och njutbara också ur litterar synpunkt.
For den svenska våxtgeografin innebar FRIES' insats, att sodra
Cotaland inklusive bland kom att tilldra sig ett nytt och starkare
intresse an tidigare. Han berikade dessa provinsers floror med många
nya viktiga fynd och klargjorde den markanta floristiska skillnaden
mellan den våstra och ostra delen av sm ålåndska hoglandet med
arigrånsande kustområden.
En bestående insats gjorde FRIES som kulturpersonlighet genom
publiceringen av sina "Botaniska utflykter" och andra mer al lmanna
essåer i olika tidskrifter. Tilsamrnans med AGARDH och BERZELIUS ar
han en av de ytterst få naturforskare som invalts i Svenska akademin,
dår han ingalunda var passiv. Han utråttade ett viktigt arbete genom
att cuphorligt havda naturvetenskapernas varde som bildningsmedel
och framhålla, att deras kulturella betydelse val kunde jamstallas
med de humanistiska åmnenas. Han inspirerades åven till en del insatser av mer humanistisk art. I ordboksarbetet deltog han med syn-
-8 punkter på de svenska våxtnamnen, deras historia och deras utformning. En frukt hårav år bl. a. "Kritisk ordbok ofver svenska våxtnamnen" (publ. 1880). Intrådestalet over GEIJER praglas av varme
och moderation och bildar tillsamrnans med hans utgåva av LINNES
anteckningar over Nemesis divina andra belågg for hans kulturhistoriska intresse. FRIES var en framstående exponent for den lårda
latinkulturen. Hans strårigt vetenskapliga arbeten år i de flesta fall
skrivna på latin, ett latin som vittnar om en långt driven behårskning
av språket, och åven i sin utlåndska korrespondens foredrog han
latinet. I flera avseenden framstår FRIES som en av de stora representanterna for det svenska idealistiska 1800-talet och intar hår en plats
vid sidan av GEIJER, AGARDH och VIKTOR RYDBERG.
BREV OCH MANUSKRIPT
Brev till FRIES i 16 bundna volymer, liksom brev fr ån honom, bl.a. till
CHR. STENHAMMAR, HAMPUS V. POST, GORAN W AHLENBERG i UUB.
Brev f'r ån FRIES också i LUB (bl. a. till SVEN NILSSON, C. A. och J. G.
AGARDH), i KB, i VA:s bibliotek (bl. a. till O. SWARTZ och N. J. ANDERSSON), RA (bl. a. till F. F. CARLSON och A. V. HARTMANSDORFF), Vaxjo SB
(f'råmst till JOHAN FORSANDER), Nord. mus. (bl. a. till N. J. ANDERSSON),
SA:s bibliotek (till B. v. BESKOW), Kalmar hogre allmanna Iåroverks
bibliotek (till ABR. AHLQUIST), GUB (till P. WIESELGREN) och VHAA (till
B. E. HILDEBRAND).
En stor samling brev i Botanisk Centralbibliotek, Kopenhamn, enstaka
brev i Museum national d'historie naturelle, Paris, i British Museum
(Natural History), London, i Arnold Arboretum and Gray Herbarium
(Harvard University) , Cambridge, Mass. och i Biblioteca Communale,
Palermo.
Brev från FRIES till bl. a. L. F. SvANBERG samt flera band mykologiska
anteckningar hos professor K. ROBERT E. FRIES.
En "Flora Femsionensis", del 1, ,,6. upplagan", jåmte enstaka brev hos
bibliotekarien CARL-THORE FRIES, Uppsala.
"Forsok till en tidning uti naturalhistorien", år gå ng 1810 och 1811
(fotokopia, UDB) hos laborator MAGNUS FRIES, Uppsala.
Diverse Friesiana hos jåg'måstare GUNNAR FRIES' do dsbo (fru ELSA
FRIES, Nussviken, Edane), dåribland "Observationes botanicae 1818, och
"Flora Wexionensis, ed. II, emendata 1809" (fotokopia, UDB).
Hos professor NILS FRIES, Uppsala, bl. a. kortare sjålvbiog'rafiska
annotationer 1814-52.
I VHAA's biblotek rorvaras en sockenbeskrivning over F'emsjo och
kortare manuskript av skilda slag tilhor KB och VA:s bibliotek.
9 TR YCKTA ARBETEN *)
Tankar om Ilagrås [sign.: -s -s -s] (Wexlobladet, 1811, nr. 29).
Botaniska utflykter. Urval, inledning och anmårkningar av KNUT
H AGBERG, Stockholm (tr. Malmo) 1964, 221 (3) s. , 1 portr.
Foljande facsimiltryck :
Systema mycologicum, 1-3 (1821-32) , jåmte Elenchus fungorum (1828) ,
New York 1952.
Systema mycologicum, Weinheim;Bergstrasse 1960.
Monographia hymenomycetum Sueciæ (1867), Amsterdam 1963.
Hym enomycetes Europaei .. .. . . ed. altera (1874) , Amsterdam 1963,
åven Leipzig 1937.
Utg. anonymt: kort och tydelig lårobok for barn . ..... 2. uppl., Lund
1821, 71 s. (1. uppl. utg. a v C. W AHLIN) .
K A L L OR O CH L IT T E RA TU R **)
Brev från utl åndska lårda samfund till E. FRIES (G 70: X), UDB.
G. F . ALMEN: Tillagg til ELI AS-FRIEs-sIaktens historia (1953).
T . A LMEN och G. F . ALMEN: ELI AS-FRIEs-sIaktens historia (1945).
J . ARRHENIUS: ELIAS MAGNUS FRIE S (VA :s lefnadsteckningar, 2,
1878-85).
G. ERIKSSON: ELIAS FRIES (Natio Smolandica, 18 , 1955) .
G. ERIKSSON: " T ill wetenskapernas ara". Svenska intryck från naturfor sk a r m ot et i Berlin 1828 (Lychnos 1959) .
G. ERIKSSON: ELI AS FRIES och den romantiska biologien (1962).
" S u m m a r y" (s. 457-462) optrykt i " F r ies ia " 8: 1-7 , 1966.
R. FRIES : ELI AS FRIES (Swedish men of science 1650-1950 ) (1952).
O. GERTZ: Fysiografiska Sållskapet 1772-1940 (1940).
L . HOLM och J. A. NANNFELDT: FRIES 'S "Scleromyceti Sueciae" , a study
on its editorial history (Friesia 7, 1962) .
FR . HARD OF SEGERSTAD: ELIAS FRIES og N. J . SCHEUTZ (Natio Smolandica 11 , 1948) .
TH. O. B. N . KROK: Bibliotheca Botanica Suecana, 1925.
S. LINDROTH: Svensk naturforskning kring 1800-talets mitt (Lychnos
1953 ).
A . TH. LAsTBOM: Upsala academies matrikel 1841 (1841) .
C. R. N YBLOM: Intrådestal i SA den 20. december 1879 (SAH 56, 1880) .
L. R YDEMAN: Om ELIAS FRIES . SIakttraditioner och personliga minnen
(1915) .
H. SCHMITERL0W : Ref. av en samling brev från svenska vetenskapsmån
til J . E . ARESCHOUG (VAA 1947) .
H. SCHUCK: Inbjudningsskrift [vid BENGT LIDFORSS' professorsinstallation] (1910) .
* ) Se i øvrigt fortegnelsen over ELIAS FRIES ' publikationer i Friesia 5 :
154-155, 1955.
** ) Se i øvrigt ELI AS FRIES : Historiola studii mei mycologici i Friesia 5 :
135-160, 1955.
-
10 -
PERSON ALI A *)
ACHARIUS, ERIK (1757-1819), Swedish physician and lichenologist; author
of important lichenologic works that made him the reformer of lichenology
("pater Lichenologiae").
AGARDH, CARL ADOLPH (1785-1859), a most versatile Swedish scientist;
professor at Lund University 1812; bishop of Karlstad 1834. His many important works on algae laid the foundation of phycology; he constributed
also to the construetion of the natural system of plants. In addition, he
published mathematical, economic and theological treaties.
AGARDH, JACOB GEORG (1813-1901 ), son of C. A . AGARDH, prominent
Swedish botanist, professor of Botany at Lund 1847-79. He carried on his
father's algological work.
AHLQVIST, ABRAHAM (1798-1844), Swedish pastor in oland, a ut h or of
"Olands historia och beskrifning", I-III, 1822-27.
AHNFELT, NILS OTTO (1801-37), Swedish botanist at Lund; he contributed to the taxonomy of bryophytes.
AHNFELT, P AUL GABRIEL (1803-63), brother of N . O. AHNFELT, Swedish
rector and author ( "Lunds Universitets historia", 1859 ).
ALMEN, AUGUST (1833-1903), a Swedish physician and chemist. See
Friesia 9, p. 351.
ANDERSSON, NILS JOHAN (1821-80), Swedish botanist, professor Berg ia nu s ; works especiaIly on Sali x and Grami ne ae.
ARESCHOUG, JOHAN (JOHN) ERHARD (1811-87), Swedish phycologist,
professor at the university of Uppsala, where he succeeded ELIAS FRIES
in 1859. He was the first to give instruction in botanical microscopy at
Uppsala.
ARRHENIUS, JOHAN PETER (1811-89), Swedish botanist and scientific
agriculturalist; author of "Nordens matsvampar, deras odling och anvåndning", 1874, 188l.
ATTERBOM, PER DANIL AMADEUS (1790-1855), Swedish Romanticist poet,
professor of Logic (1828) and of Aesthetics (1835) at Uppsala.
BERZELIUS, J(jNS JACOB (1779-1848), famous Swedish chemist and
naturalist; professor 1807-31 at Royal Caroline Medico-Chirurgical Institute,
Stockholm and 1818-48 secretary at the Vetenskapsakademi.
BESKOW, BERNHARD VON (1796-1868), Swedish writer and poet.
BoRGSTR(jM, ERIK ERIKSSON (1708-70). A professorship of Practical
economy in Uppsala was established 1759 through a b enefaetion by E. E .
BORGSTR(jM.
CARLSON, FREDRIK FERDINAND (1811-87), Swedish statesman and
historian; professor in history 1849 at Uppsala university.
ESENBECK, C. G. NEES VON (1776-1858), a German botanist, philosopher
and politician.
FORSANDER, JOHAN (1795-1866), Swedish botanist, teacher in natural
history at Vaxjo gymnasium (grammar school).
FRIES, CARL-THORE (1909-), grandson of THEODOR (THORE) M. FRIES,
librarian in Uppsala; see Friesia 9: 351-353, 1970.
FRIES, K. ROBERT E. (1876-1966), Swedish botanist, professor Bergianus 1915-1944, grandson of ELIAS FRIES; see Friesia 9: 348-350, 1970.
* ) Ved redaktionen af Friesia.
-
Il -
FRIES, M AGNUS (1917-), Swedish botanist, laborator in plant geography,
Stockholm; son of ROBERT E . FRIES; see Friesia 9: 352, 1970.
FRIES, NILS (1912-), Swedish botanist, professor of p lant physiology,
Uppsala; see Friesia 9: 352, 1970.
GEIJER, ERIC GUSTAV (1783-1877), Swedish romantic poet and historian,
professor of history at Upsala.
GERTZ, OTTO D ANIEL (1878-1948) , Swedish botanist ; works on p h ysiology, cecidiology and especiaIly the h istory of bo tany; chief work
"Ku ng l. Fysiografiska s ållskapet i Lund 1772- 1940" ( 1940) .
H AGBERG, KNUT (1 900- ), Swedish w riter a n d literary h ist oria n; boo ks
on L INNE a n d ELI AS F RIES.
HEDIN, SVEN ADOLF (1834-1905) , a Swedish writer and politicia n.
HARTMANSDORFF, J AKOB A UGUST VON (1792-1856), a Swedish h ig h
official and politician.
HARTMAN, CARL JOHAN (1790-1849), Swedish physician and botan ist ;
of great im p or t a nce to Swedish botany was his "H a n dbok i Skandinaviens flora" 1820; 5. ed. 1849; eleven editions in all were published.
HARTMAN, CARL (1824-84) , Swedish botanist; published six editions
(1854-70) of his father 's "Manual of the Scandinavian flora" .
HEDIN, SVEN ANDERS (1750-1821), physician-in-ordinary of GUSTAV III ;
great-grand-father of the explorer SVEN HEDIN (1865-1952) .
HILDEBRAND, B. E . (1806-84) , Swedish historian, antiquarian and
numismatist.
HOLM, LENNART, Docent of botany in Uppsala; see J . A . N ANNFELDT.
HORNEMANN, JENS WILKEN (1770-1841 ), a Danish botanist, professor
of botany at the university of Copenhagen; editor of "Flora danica" 1805-40.
KI NDBERG, NILS CONRAD (1832-1910) , a Swedish botanist ; school teacher
(lector) in Llnkoping ; devoted most of his work to the mosses of Seandinavia.
LARSSON, LARS MAGNUS (1822-1884» , a Swedish botanist, school
teacher (lektor) in Karlstad.
LIDFORSS, BENGT (1868-1913 ), Swedish plant physiologist; professor in
Uppsala 1910, in Lund 1911; also writer of p olitical articles and criticisms
on general cultural subjects.
L IWEBLAD, SAMUEL (1761-1815), Swedish botanist, professor in Uppsala;
author of the most generally used flora of that p eriod (ed. I, 1792, ed. II,
1798) .
L INNE, CARL VON (1707-1778), the foremost Swedish naturalist.
LJUNGSTEDT, GUSTAF CHRISTER (1799-1832), a Swedish physician in
Kristianstad.
LAsTBOM, AUGUST FR. (1815-45), a Swedish biographer in Uppsala.
N ANNFELDT, JOHAN AXEL (1 904 -), Swedish mycologist and taxonomist,
professor of botany in Uppsala; chiefly w orks on t he Discomycetes;
published together with LENNART HOLM: Fries's "Scleromyceti Sueciae"
(Friesia 7: 10-59, 1962) .
NILSSON, SVEN (1787-1883), Swedish zoologist and palaeontologist ; professor of zoology in Lund; published 1819 the f irst n otes of Swedish fossil
plants.
NYBLOM, CARL R. (1832-1907), a Swedish aesthete and writer, professor
of aesthetics and literary history in Uppsala.
-
12 -
OKEN, LORENZ (1779-1851), German philosopher of nature and zoologist.
POST, HAMPUS ADOLF VON (1822-1911) , Swedish naturalist, geologist
and phytosociologist; professor at the Ultuna Agricultural Institute.
RETZIUS, ANDERS JOHAN (1742-1821) , Swedish naturalist, polyhistor,
professor of natural history (botany and zoology), economics, mineralogy
and chemistry at Lund University.
RE UTERDAHL, HENRIK R. ( 1795-1870 ), Swedish archbishop, professor of
eccl es ia t ica l history in Lund.
R YDBERG, VIK TOR (1828-95 ) , Swedish author, p rofessor of history of
civ ili z a t ion , later of history of a rt in Stockholm .
R YDEMAN, LAMECH, Swedish a uthor of " Om E LIAS FR IES. SUikttraditioner och personliga minnen" . 102 s. Lund 1915.
SCHEUTZ, NILS JOHAN ( 1836- 89 ), Swedish bo t a n ist, school teacher
( lek t or ) in Vaxjo.
SCHtl'cK, J. HENRIK E . ( 1855-1947 ), prominent Swedish literary histor ia n , professor of literary history in Lund 1890, in Uppsala 1898-1920.
SEGERSTAD, FR . HARD OF (1887-) , Swedish phytogeographer, docent in
Gothenburg ( Got ebor g ).
STENHAMMAR, CARL, Swedish physician, professor at Karolinska institutet ; brother to CHRISTIAN STENHAMMAR.
STENHAMMAR, CHRISTIAN (1783-1866) , Swedish botanist (li ch e nolog y ) ,
rural dean and politician.
SVANBERG, LARR FREDRIK (1805-78) , Swedish chernist ; professor of
chemistry 1853 in Uppsala.
SWARTZ, OLOF (1760-1818), great Swedish botanist ; professor and
director of the Hortus Bergianus; made a very profitable voyage to the
West Indies; studied orchids, ferns, mosses and fungi.
WAHLENBERG, G()RAN (1780-1851), great Swedish botanist, professor
of medicine and botany in Uppsala ; he is considered one of the pioneers
of phytogeography.
WALLMANN, JOHAN HAQUIN (1792-1853), Swedish bo tanist (Oharaceae) ,
rural dean and politician.
WIESELGREN, PETER (1800-77), Swedish clergyman and literary
historian.
W AHLIN, CHRISTIAN (1761-1829) , Swedish clergyman in Lund.
F ORKL ARI N G AF
FS
F O R K O R T E L S E R M. M.
I
B lOG R A F I E N * )
== Fysiografiska sållskapet i Lund.
== Goteborgs universitetsbibliotek.
GUB
Gotaland omfatter følgende 10 svenske landskaber : ostergotland,
Våstergdtland, Dalsland. Bohuslån, Halland, Sm åland, oland, Gotland, Blekinge og Skåne.
* ) Ved redaktionen af Friesia.
13 -
==
Hed L
hedersledamot av.
KB
Kungliga biblioteket, Stockholm.
==
Kmstk No
KNO
==
L
skapet.
LA
==
==
Kommender med st ora korset av Nordstjårneorden,
Kommender av Nordstjårneorden.
ledamot (medlem), f. eks. LFS
== ledamot av Fysiografiska sal-
== Landsarkivet i Lund.
==
LUB
Lunds universitetsbibliotek.
Lychnos, navnet på årbogen, der udgives af Lårdomshistoriska samfundet, Uppsala.
== Nordiska museet, Stockholm.
== Svenska riksarkivet, Stockholm.
RNO == Riddare av Nordstjårneorden.
Nord. mus
RA
romantiska naturfilosofin, se GUNNAR ERIKSSON: ELIAS FRIES och den
romantiska biologien, 1962. Se det udførlige summary i Friesia 8 : 1-8, 1966 .
== Svenska akademien, Stockholm.
== Stifts- och landsbibliotek.
UDB == Uppsala universitetsbibliotek.
VA == Kungl. svenska Vetenskapsakademien, Stockholm.
V AÅ. == Vetenskapsakademiens årsbok.
VHAA == Vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien, Stockholm.
VS == Vetenskaps-societeten i Uppsala.
vt == vårtermin (en) : Forårssemester (et) .
VVS == Goteborgs kungl. vetenskaps- och vitterhetssamhå lle.
SA
SB
FRIESIA
.
Bind XI . Hefte 1 . 1975
ENVJRONMENTAL CO NTROL
OF CHLAMY DOSPORE GERMI NATION IN
PROTOMYCES MACROSPORUS
By A. N. MUKHOPADHYAY and
M.
S. PAVGI
Faculty of Agriculture,
Banaras Hindu University, India.
SUMMARY
Chlamydospore germination in Protomyces macrosporus UNGER,
the incitant of stem gall of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is in fluenced by a number of environmental factors from the soil and
atmosphere as they predispose the host to infection. Internal metabolism leading to the germination process is activated by termination
of spore dormancy by inducing permeability of the exospore wall.
INTRODUCTION
Stem gall of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) incited by Protomyces macrosporus UNGER is often a limiting factor in commercial
produetion of this spice crop in India. It annuaIly assumes severe
form in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, with only scattered cultivated
fields escaping infection. The pathogen persists from year to year in
the chlamydospore stage, the spores germinating in the soil after
release from the rotted host tissues to initiate infecion during the
cropping season. Environmental conditions in late winter and early
spring are conducive to fresh infection and disease development as
evidenced by its recurring incidence late in winter, until crop
-14-
-15 maturing. The thick-walled chlamydospores resist the effect of high
temperature and desiccation during the summer months (May-June)
to survive the unfavorable environment over prolonged periods in the
absence of the host crop.
A natural rest period or dormancy has been considered prerequisite to chlamydospore germination (RUREN 1915; BUTLER 1918;
GAUMANN & DODGE 1928; POPTA 1899). VALADON et al. (1962) made
unsuccessful attempts to germinate chlamydospores of P. macrosporus before completion of the rest period. The inability of a viable
spore to germinate due to the absence of a favorable environment,
nutritional factors or physiological maturity of the spore protoplasm
is considered to indicate dormancy. Maximum germination within a
minimum time occurs, when all the influencing factors are at or
near the optimum.
During investigations on the stem gall disease, chlamydospores
of P. macrosporus were germinated and details of the germination
process deseribed in sequence earlier (PAVGI & MUKHOPADHYAY 1969).
Partial evaluation of the environmental factors controlling germination similar to those operating under field conditions, was made in
the laboratory, results of which are presented here.
MATERlALS AND METHODS
Diseased materials including stem and fruit galls from mature
plants were collected from the field, air-dried and stored under
varying conditions, viz. at room temperature, at 15° C and buried in
the soil out of doors. Periodical spore germination tests gave negative
results, possibly due to lack of afterripening changes in the spore
contents or impermeability of the spore wall. Chlamydospores from
the galls were fixed onto slides by alternate wetting and drying and
pretreated to induce germination by one of the following methods:
1. Exposure to low and high temperatures (4-10° C and 30-50° C).
2. Steeping in weakly acidulated or alkalinized water for 15 min
or solutions of varying pH levels (pH 4 to 10) used for germination.
3. Immersion of chlamydospores in water or soil leachate or
dung infusion for varying periods (15 min - 48 hrs).
4. Steeping in 0.2, 0.5 and 1 % KMn04 soln. for 15, 30 min, 1, 2
and 4 hr.
-
16 -
5. Using various concentrations of 0.5 to 2 % suerose soln. and
20 % host extract as media for their germination.
6. Wetting the chlamydospores with surface detergent - 'Surfactol - 100' (Rohm and Haas Company, Philadelphia, Pa. U.S.A.).
Treated spore smears were inverted over wet cotton for moisture
condensation (THIRUMALACHAR et al. 1950, 1953) and incubated at
22-24 o C, but none of the treatments except the steep in acidulated or
weakly alkalinized water was conducive to their germination. Mature
chlamydospores from fresh material were also induced to germinate
by these pretreatments (MUKHOPADHYAY & PAVGI 1964). Chlamydospores fixed onto the slides were steeped in 1 % soln. of inorganic or
organic acids for 15 min, washed in dist. water, inverted over wet
cotton and incubated at ro om temperature (24-26 ° C).
Galls stored for 7 months at ro om temperature were used to
obtain material for evaluation of the factors influencing germination.
Germination count of at least 100 chlamydospores was averaged from
triplicate readings at intervals of 48 hrs or as mentioned otherwise.
A control set of slide smears without pretreatment was kept for
comparison in each treatment.
OBSERVATIONS
The process of fungal spore germination is cumulatively influenced
by a number of environmental factors, chiefly by temperature, pH,
light, nutrients and oxygen. Observations on chlamydospore germination as influenced by some of these are reported here.
T e m p e r a t li r e. Temperature not only affects the germination
percentage of spores but also the time required for the process. Spore
germination can often be hastened by exposure to high or low temperature (HAWKER 1950) . Resistance of the chlamydospores to temperature variations in the high summer or low winter temperatures was
determined by exposing chlamydospores to various temperature levels
for varying periods of from 15 min to 48 hrs and finally incubated for
germination at 22 C in condensed moisture for periods upto 20 days.
The period of exposure was increased with progressive deerease in
t emperature and reduced with higher temperatures.
The chlamydospores were able to withstand a wide range of
variation in temperature. Exposure to different temperature levels
0
-17 affected the percentage of germination as well prolonged the period
of incubation (Fig. 1). Germination was retarded both at higher
and lower temperatures. Exposure to 8 and 16 0 C gradually enhanced
the germination percentage. The moderately low temperature of 15 0 C
initiated early germination with a higher percentage. Prevalence of
similar low temperatures during December and January increased
discase incidence. Low and high temperatures delay germination but
possibly do not affect viability of the chlamydospores.
I n o r g a n i c a n d o r g a n i c a c i d s. Acidity of substrate
does not form a limiting factor for spore germination under natural
conditions. Spore germination in most species of fungi is favored
by an acidic medium, although the spores may germinate within a
wide pH range. Steeping chlamydospores of P . macrosporus in acidulated water (H zS0 4 ) hastened their germination to over 80 %. This
suggested the possibility of similar pretreatments with other acids
to induce early and higher germination and assess the relative
efficacy of some common acids.
A steeping in all the acids tested except hydrochloric acid yielded
a higher germination count than the control (Fig 1) . Germination
was initiated earlier in all the treatments. The percentage of germination increased steadily with glacial acetic, lactic and sulphuric acid
treatments. The hydrochloric acid treatment was lower than even in
the control. Early initiation and comparable rate of germination was
initially due to acidic action on the thick exospore, thereby, rendering
it permeable to water. Inhibition in germination at a later stage was
due to the residual action of the chloride ion, which possibly interfered
with the germination process or adversely acted on the growth promoting substances required for germination. Lower concentration of
acetic, muriatic, nitric orthophosphoric, oxalic and sulphuric acids
and their salts stimulated germination of U stilago maydis (DC.)
CORDA probably by similar action on the exospore (LESZCZENKO 1926) .
S o i l l e a c h a t e a n d d u n g i n f u s i o n. Soil being the
natural substrate, it probably has a significant bearing on chlamydospore germination. Field observations indicated that disease intensity
during February-March was more severe in irrigated plots than in
the nonirrigated ones. Farmers in the vicinity of Varanasi use raw
dung as a supplementary manure for the rabi-sown coriander crop,
since the fieids are fertilized and manured in the preceding kharif
season. The effect of a steep in a soil leaehate or dung infusion on
F R IES IA
xr
-
18 AC ID
TEMPERATURE
100
• 22 C, CONTROL
90
• IS·C, 48 H,.s.
o 8° C. 36 Hrs .
80
70
60
50
SULPHURIC
x GLACIAL ACET IC
o LACTIC
• CONTROL
$
HYDROCHLORIC
A
0
B
6° C, 24 Hrs.
• 35· C, I Hrs .
• 4° C. 12 Hrs .
x 45°c. 30Mh.
41 50°c, 15 Mts.
40
30
20
IO
O ~~~§:C~..L-JL-L~~
2
4
6
8
IO
12 14 16 18 20
SOl L LEAC HAT E
60
50
40
o
48 Hrs . DIP
38 Hrs . DIP
24 Hrs . DIP
12 Hrs. DIP
•
CONTROL
A
x
a
DUNG LEACHATE
•
CONTROL
~ 12 Hrs. DIP
o 24 Hrs. DIP
4 36 Ht'S. DIP
• 48 Hrs. DIP
30
20
IO
O _=-'--_--'-__. . L - _ - 1
Fig. 1. Effect of temperature. acids, soil leaehate and dung leaehate on
percent chlamydospore germination of Protomyces m acrosporus UNGER .
chlamydospore germination was checked. Chlamydospores fixed to
the slides were separately dipped in 20 %soil lea chat e and 10 % dung
infusion for varying periods, washed in several changes of dist. water
and incubated at 22° C.
A soil leachate steep for varying periods enhanced chlamydospore
germination (Fig. 1). Germination was initiated earlier in prolonged
dips (38 and 48 hrs) and increased steadily showing highest germination with the 48 hrs dip. In the other two treatments (12 and 24 hrs)
initiation of germination was similar to the control, but the overall
germination was slightly higher than in the control. Soil leachate,
being the natural medium for germination, seemed significant in
stimulating germination.
Dung infusion adversely affected chlamydospore germination with
longer dipping time lowering the germination count (Fig. 1). The
total germination count was less than the control in all the treatments
possibly due to inhibitory action of the infusion on permeability of
-
19 -
the exospore and initiation of ge rmina tion. Under field con ditions
raw dun g manure alone appears to bear no correlation with high
disease incidence.
C h e m i c a l f e r t i l i z e r s. Constituents of a substrate are
known to influence spore ger mina t ion in f ung i. Some species germina te better in dist. wa ter al one, while others r equir e certai n specific
nutrient in the substrate. In t h e present study, poor ge rmination wa s
observed both in dist. and tap wat er. Chemical fertilizers a pplied as
post-pla nting dressin gs seem t o have some effect on germination. Some
of the commonly applied fertilizer s such as ammonium sul phate,
superphosphate, potash, ure a , cal cium hydroxide and calcium chloride
were tested as a 2 % soln. media for ge rmination .
Initial germination was obse rved on the fourth day in all the
treatments and the control (Fig. 2) . Substrates containing ammonium
salts such as ammonium su lphate a nd urea pr oduced, favore d high
germination indicating that a nitrogen source helped initiate spore
germination. Calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride and superphosphate
retarded germination giving a lower ,count than the control. Germination of thick-walled teliospores of Till etia caries (DC .) TULASNE and
T. joeti da (WALLR.) Lmo was simil ar ly promoted by nitrogen and
potassium salts and retarded by phosphates (HAHNE 1925) .
III u m i n a t i o n. Most of the reports on the effect of light
on fungi have been concerned with reproduction rather than spore
germination and vegetative growth. During a disease survey, it was
commonly observed that disease severity was higher un der tree shade
in low-lying areas of the field, To determine the influence of light
conditions on germination, slide-mounted chlamydospores were inverted over wet cotton and exposed to different degrees of light.
Germination was initiated earlier in continuous darkness with a
count higher than in all other treatments (Fig. 2). It was delayed and
total germination decreased with the increase in intensity of light and
was much higher in diffuse light than in direct light. Decrease in
germination due to direct sunlight and continuous light may be due
to the high temperature associated with the light exposure and
evaporation of water surrounding the spores. The inhibitory effect
proportionally increases with the intensity of illumination and becomes
injurious after the critical intensity (S MlTH 1936). Germination of
urediospores of Phragmidium mucronatum (PERS.) SCHLECHT. was
strikingly retarded after an exposure to artificial light (COCHRANE
1958) .
2'"
- 20 FERTIl/Z ER
60
5O
Il
UREA
lt
o AMM .SULPHATE
•
40
3O
IllUMINATION
A
Cl
Å
G
CONT ROL
CAL. HYDROXIDf:
CAL CHLORIDE
SUPER PHOS.
o
A
CONTlNUOUS DARKNESS
DIFFUSED LIGHT
CONT JNUOUS LlC,HT
EXPOSED OUTDOO
20
IO
O~~~~...l....----l
PH LEVEL
90
80
70
60
ALKALI
A
PH 4
... PH IO
o PH 5
• PH 9
.. PH 6
x PH 8
D
PH 7
•
NoOH
o kOH
• CONTROL
Il
Ca(OH)2
Q
NH 0 H
4
50
40
30
20
2
4
NUMBER OF
6
O
8
DAYS
2
4
6
8
NUMBER OF DAYS
Fig. 2. Effect of fertilizers, illumination, hydrogen-ion concentration and
alkalies on percent ch la mydospor e germination of Protomyces macrosporus
UNGER.
H y d r o g e n - i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n. Planting on both acidie
and alkaline soils showed little eorrelation between pH of the soil and
intensity of the disease. The ehlamydospores were germinated on
slide mounts at room temperature in separate lots using dist. water
of graded pH value (pH 4 to 10).
The ehlamydospores germinated over a wide range (pH 4 to 10) of
H-ion eoneentration (Fig. 2) . Highest eount was reeorded at the pH
extremes with a minimum value between pH 7 and 8. It is considered
that high germination eounts at the extreme pH were due to eorrosive
action of the acidie or alkaline medium on the thiek exospore wall,
thereby, making it more permeable to water. None of the pH values
tested inhibited t he process. This indicates that the ehlamydospores
ean germinate in field soils in a wide range of pH values. MATHUR
(1962) indieated highest germination at pH 7.4. Any further inerease
or deerease in the pH level tended to inerease the inhibition, more so
in acidie than in alkaline media. Under eertain conditions, several
- 21 fungi show two optima for pH value such as the urediospores of
Puccinia coronata CORDA germinating at pH 4.4 and 7.4 (FORBES 1939)
and the conidia and ascospores of Endoconidiophora fagacearum
BRETZ germinated well in both at low and high pH values of 3 and
10 (COLE et ia ., 1956).
A l k a l i e s. Although germination is fa vored in most species
of fungi by an acidic medium LESCZENKO (1926) reported that alkalies
such as sodium, potassium and ammonium hydroxide stimulated germination of teliospores in U. maydis. CHUAJ.~-CHANG (1954) reported
80-99 % germination by treating ascospores of Aseobolue species with
dilute KOH and NaOH soln. A steep in weakly alkalinized (NaOH)
dist. water favored higher germination of Protomyces spores. This
suggested the possibility of a pretreatment with different alkalies for
assessing the comparative effect. Chlamydospores on slide mounts
were steeped in 1 % soln. of various alkalies for 15 min, washed
thoroughly in dist. water and incubated in condensed moisture.
The germination was initiated earlier to produce the highest count
in all treatments with strong alkalies like KOR and NaOH (Fig. 2).
This stimulation was apparently due to corrosive action of the strong
alkalies on the thick exospore, in contrast to the weak alkalies like
calcium and ammonium hydroxide. Slight inhibition in total germination over that of the control indicated the possibility of interference
in the process of germination by these alkalies.
DISCUSSION
Spore germination is a complex process influenced by several
external factors. Chlamydospore germination and incidence of stem
gall of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) are predominantly controlled by the prevailing environmental conditions. The effect of high
and low temperature on retention of viability of the chlamydospores
is an important factor in the perpetuation of the pathogen in Varanasi.
The chlamydospores are able to withstand exposure over a wide range
of temperature during the winter and summer months. They germinate
fairly well under exposures to moderately low temperature between
15-24° C, a temperature occuring frequently during January to
February in this region. Low percentage of host infection after mid-
22 February may be due to rise in temperature cumulatively added to
change in the host susceptibility.
Chlamydospore dormancy is terminated with the increased permeability of the exospore induced through the effect of various soil
factors. Rise and fall in soil pH, addition of chemical fertilizers and
manures and irrigation supplementing the abundant moisture in the
soil directly influence the exospore wall primarily by the corrosive
action making it permeable to water. Contact with water activates
the enzyme systems, initiates other internal chemical changes and
increases the volume of the germinating spore to bring about germination. Available soil nutrition through fertilization and other organic
matter stimulated spore germination, although no specific nutritional
requirement was exhibited by the pathogen.
Spore germination is influenced by the action of all the environmental factors operating at the same time. The time required for
spore germination under optimal conditions reflects the interaction
and relative importance of the influencing factors. Most of the factors
are variable and the nearer they are to the optimum, the shorter will
be time for germination. It is important for subsequent infection of
the host. The near-optimum environmental conditions, mainly the
temperature and moisture, persist for a fairly short period and
change in any one of these factors may inhibit spore germination and
subsequent host infection.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The first author (ANM) expresses his gratitude to The Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi for the award of a Junior
Research Fellowship.
LITERATURE CITED
RUren, G. von: Die schweizerischen Protomycetaceen mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und Biologie.
Beitr. Kryptofl. Schweiz. 5: 1-95, 1915.
Butler, E. J.: Fungi and disease in plants. - Calcutta 1918. 547 p.
Chuan-Chang, Yu. Clare: The culture and spore germination of Aseobotus
with emphasis on A. magnificus. - Arner. J . Botany 41: 21-30,
1954.
-
23 -
Cochrane, V. w.: Physiology of fungi. - New York 1958 . 524 p.
Cole, H. & Fergus, C. L.: Factors associated with germination of oak wilt
fungus spores in wounds. - Phytopathology 46 : 159-163, 1956 .
Forbes, I. L.: Facto rs affecting development ot P u cci ni a coronata in
Louisiana. - Phytopathology 29 : 659-684, 1939.
Gaumann, E . A. & Dodge, C. W.: Comparative m or pholog y of fungi.
New York 1928 . 701 p.
Hahne, J.: U ntersuc h ungen ub er die Keimungsbedingung en von Tilleti a sporen. - Ktihn-Archiv. Arb. Landw. Inst. Univ . Halle 9 : 157263, 1925 .
Hawker, Lillian E.: Physiology of fungi. - London 1950 . 359 p .
Leszc zenko, P.: On the influence of reaction of the medium on the g ermination of the spores of V er t i ci l liu m a l bo -atrum R. & B. and
U sti l ago maydis TUL. Mem. Inst. N at. Polonai s de ' Econ.
Rur . of Putaway 7: 402-535, 1926 .
Ma thur, S . B.: Soil pH in r elation to stem g a ll dis ease of coria nde r caus ed
by P ro to m y ces macrosp orus U NGER. - Indian Phytopath. 15 :
75-76, 1962.
Mukhopadhyay, A. N. & Pavgi, M. S. : Chlamydospore g er min ati on and
artificial culture of P rotomyces macr osp orus U NGER. - Exper ienti a 20: 619, 1964.
Pavgi, M. S. & Mukhopadhyay, A. N.: Chlamydospore g ermination in
P roto myces macrosp oru s U NGER. Pathol. et Microbiol. 33 :
244-251, 1969.
Popta, C. M. L.: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Hemiasci. - Flora 86 : 1-46,1899.
Smith, E. C.: The effects of radiation on fungi. - In B. M . DUGGAR: Biological effects of radiation 2 : 889-918, 1936.
Thirumalachar, M. J. & Pavgi, M. S.: Notes on spore g ermination and
mounting techniques. - Indian Phytopath. 3: 50-51 , 1950 .
Thirumalachar, M. J. & Narasimhan, M. J.: Notes on some mycological
methods. - Mycologia 45 : 461-468, 1953.
Valadon, L. R. G., Manners, J. G. & Myers, A.: Studies on the life-history
and taxonomic position of P roto myces inund at u s DANGEARD. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 45 : 573-586, 1962.
FRIESIA . Bind XI . Hefte 1 . 1975
VBER E IN ZENTRALEUR OPÅISCHES
VORKOMMEN VON CIBORIA ACE RINA AU F
MÅNNLICHEN KÅTZCHE N
VON SALIX DAPH NOID ES VI LL.*)
Von W. MATHEIS
SU M M A R Y
Ciboria acerina WHETZEL & BUCHWALD in GROVES & ELLIOT, a
fo ur-spored member af the Scierot iniaceae, has previously been
des er ibed from North America (United States) and was afterwards
recollected in England, Denmark and Canada. The fungus is now
r epor t ed also found in Switzerland, herewith for the first time in
Central Europe. Salix daphnoides VILL. is a new host for this species.
EINLEITUNG
Im Jahre 1936 wurde von H. H. WHETZEL und N. F. BUCHWALD
eine neue Ciboria-Art beschrieben, die sich wegen ihrer 4-Sporigkeit
von allen bisher bekannten Ciboria-Arten abhob. Sie erschien typisch
auf månnlichen Infloreszenzen von Acer saccharinum L. } aber auch
auf månnlichen und weiblichen von A cer rubrum L ., ferner auf månnliehen Kåtzchen von Myrica gale L., Sali x discolor MUHL. sowie Ostrya
virginiana (MILL.) K. KOCH.
J . W. GROVES und C. A. BOWERMAN (1955) haben WHETZEL'Sche
Kollektionen auf Populus un tersucht und fanden eine SammIung mit
"sklerotien-åhnlichen Strukturen" auf Blåttern von Populus nigra L.
*) Beitrå g e zu r Kenntnis der Discomycetenflora des K antons Thurgau.
IlI. Mitteilung .
~ 2 4-
-
25 -
var. italica Du Ror. Die da raus von WHETZEL gezlichteten Apothezien
zeigten nach Ansicht der Autoren keine wesentlichen Unterschiede
zu C. acerina.
In Kanada, wo C. acerina nach J. W. GROVES & M. E. ELLIOT
(1961) sehr h åufig ist, erscheint die Art zwar hauptsåchlich auf den
månnlichen Infloreszenzen, ist aber auch a n alt en Blattstielen, Bl åtte rn, Knospenschuppen und - in einem Fall - sogar an einem
kleinen Zweig von Ace r rubrum L . gef unden worden. Die letzgenannten
Autoren va lidierten auch na cht r aglich den Namen Ciboria acerina
WHETZEL & BUCHWALD durch An fligen eine r lateinischen Diagnose,
die gemåss Art. 36 des "Int er nat ional Code of Botanical N omenclature" erforderlich gewesen wåre.
In Europa wu rde der Pilz nach R. W. G. DENNIS (1956) in den
Jahren 1949 und 1953 auf månnlichen Kå t zch en von Myrica gale L .
in England gefunden. Nach personlieher Mitteilung von Herrn Professor BUCHWALD kommt C. acerina auch in Dånemark vor und es
existieren bereits mindestens sechs Kollektionen auf Myr ica gale L.
(1949 -1961, leg. A. B. KLINGE; alle im Herbarium der Pflanzenpathologisehen Abteilung der Kgl. Veterinår- und Landwirtschafts-Universitåt, Kopenhagen (CP) ) .
Myrica gale L. kommt als nordeuropåische Pflanze in der Schweiz
nicht vor. Es ist daher nicht verwunderlich, wenn sich C. acerina hier
eine andere Wirtspflanze gesucht hat: Salix daphnoides VILL., die
Reifweide. Sie ist eine der am fruhesten bllihenden Weidenarten, mit
sehr grossen Kåtzchen und schon graublau bereiften Zweigen. Der
Fundort liegt in einem Ried, das in glazialer Zeit von der sog. " La uchezunge" des ehemaligen Rheingletschers bedeckt war. Auf die
Bedeutung der einstigen Gletscherzungen und deren Einzugsgebiete
fiir die heutige Vielfalt und Seltenheit der Discomycetenflora habe ich
bereits an anderer Stelle hingewiesen (W. MATHEIS 1975) .
Es sei auch jetzt schon erwåhnt, dass zur gleichen Wachstumszeit
wie C. acerina, n åmlich F'ebruar/Mårz, die nåmlichen Kåtzchen von
einer winzigen Dasyscyphus-Art bedeckt sind, bei der es sich hochat
wahrscheinlich um eine neue Art handelt, iiber die zu gegebener Zeit
wieder berichtet werden solI.
Trotz intensiver Suche an anderen, åhnlichen Stellen, ist es mir
nicht gelungen einen weiteren Fundort von C. acerina ausfindig zu
machen, wohl aber sind in der Schweiz und im Kanton Thurgau die
nahen Verwandten C. caucus (REBENT. ex PERS.) FUCKEL, C. am entacea
(BALB. ex FR.) FuCKEL weiter verbreitet (auf versch ieden en Wirts-
-
26 -
pflanzen), hingegen ist C. coryZi (SCHELLENBERG) BUCHWALD eher
selten.
In mei nem Herbar befinden sich noch zwei Arten der SeZerotiniaceae, die beide 4-sporige Asci besitzen. Wenigsten eine davon ist eine
echte Sclerotinui, deren Sklerotien sich in Fruchtschalen von Casta nea
sativa MILL. entwickeln . Die Stellung der anderen Art ist noch unsicher, jedoch haben beide Arten ke ine Ah nlichkeit mit C. acerina .
BESCHREIB TJ NG
WHETZEL & BUCHWALD (1936 ) bezeichnen C. acerina als sehr
va ri abel, besonders was die Masse der Sporen und As ci betrifft. Sie
finden bei den ver schiedenen Kollektionen stark differierende Abmessungen. Gliicklicherweise hatte ich Gelegenheit verschiedene
amerikanische Kollektionen sowie eine englische untersuchen und
vergleichen zu kormen. Insbesondere interessierte eine Kollektion auf
Salix discolo r MUHL., die einzige SaZix-Art auf der bis anhin C. acerina
gefunden wurde . Abgesehen von den im Durchsnitt etwas gr osser en
Apothezien meiner Kollektionen sowie den oft ers auftretenden gegabelten Paraphysen, konnte ich im wesentlichen keine Unterschiede
zum Vergleichsmaterial feststellen.
Da meines Wissens in der deutschsprachigen Literatur keine Be schreibung von C. acerina WHETZEL & BUCHWALD in GROVES & ELLIOT
existiert, sei dies im folgenden nachgeholt, unter Bezug auf meinen
Fund auf Sali x daphnoides VILL.:
A p o t h e z i e n einzeln oder zu mehreren pro Kåtzchen (Abb. 1).
(Die infizierten Kåtzehen fallen nach der Bliite sofort ab und bedeeken
den Boden dicht; nach einigen Wochen sind sie bereits schwarz gefårbt). Scheibe ausgesprochen gelbbraun oder gelbbraun mit olivlieher Komponente, bei Frost auch rotlich braun, meist 3-5 (-7) mm
Durchmesser. So gegen Ende JanuarjAnfang bis Mitte Februar, wenn
der erste Schnee fortgeschmolzen ist, schieben sich aus dem Kåtzchen
die kleinen Stielchen heraus, zuerst oben nur mit einer kleinen Einbuchtung versehen. Nach etwa 2-4 Wochen - jenach Wetter - hat
sich aus der Einbuchtung eine schiisselformige bis schwach konkave
Scheibe entwickelt, die spåter auch flach und im Alter sogar umgeschlagen sein kann, dann aber immer mit etwas vertieftem,
genabeltem Zentrum. Die Apothezien vertragen einigen Frost, was bei
-
27 -
Abb. 1. Oiboria acerina. Apothezien auf månnlichen Bltitenkåtzchen von
Salix daphnoides VILL. - 2 X nat. Gr.
ihrer frtihen Erscheinungsweise (FebruarjMarz) fast erforderlich ist.
Sie kormen steinhart gefroren sein und schleudern trotzdem nach dem
Auftauen ihre Sporen wieder weg.
Der S t i e list 3-8 mm lang, selten långer und 0,35-0,5 mm dick,
nach oben bis gegen 0,7 mm verbreitert, nur wenig gewunden, nicht
gebrechlich, braun bis dunkelbraun, letzteres besonders dann, wenn
ein Teil des Stiels noch in den Kåtzchenhaaren steckt. Ist der Stiel
frei, ist er mehr hellbraun.
Das H y m e n i u mist glatt, die Aussenseite leicht flaumig bis
leicht kornig.
Die S p o r e n sind (7,5) 10-13 (15) X (4,5) 5-5,5 (6,5) pm gross
(Abb. 2a), långlich ellipsoidisch, nur wenige eiformig, zuweilen auf
der einen Seite etwas ausgebuchtet, manchmal oben etwas zugespitzt
und unten stumpf abgerundet, einreihig schråg oder gerade gelagert.
A s c i 70-90 X 6,3-7 pm (Abb. 2b), zylindrisch-keulig, 4-sporig,
Porus mit Lugol oder Melzer tiefblau,
p a r a p h y s e n zylindrisch, 1-1,5 (-2) pm dick, an der Spitze
meist bis 3 pm verbreitert (Abb. 2c), etwas langer als die Asci bis
gleichlang, theils einfach, der tiberwiegende aber Teil vom unteren
-
28 -
Abb. 2. Cibor ia ac er 'ina. a Sporen ; b Asci; c Paraphysen; d ektales Excipulum .
Alle von WM 212 . x 500.
Drittel an verzweigt. Mit Trypanblau (BOEDIJN 1956) ist die 2- bis 3fache Septierung schon sichtbar. Nach den Autoren sind die Paraphysen unverzweigt, was ich im wesentlichen beståtigen kann. Lediglich
bei der Kollektion auf Salix discolor (CUP 17469) findet man einige
wenige Paraphysen gegabelt. Demgegentiber hat aber das KewExemplar (Wheatfen, E . A. ELLIS, 3.4.49) auf Myria gale Paraphysen,
die zum liberwiegenden Teil verzweigt sind.
E k t a l e s E x c i p u l li m besteht aus textura globulosa (R. P .
KORF 1958) , Schichtdicke etwa 100-125 pm. Die meist rundliehen
Einzelzellen haben einen Durchmesser von (6) 10-18 pm, vereinzelt
bis 30 pm oder sogar da riiber. Besonders die Zellen des marginalen
Teils sind zu 10-20 X 4-5 pm grossen Auswlichsen verlång er t (Abb.
2d), vorne stumpf abgerundet, zur Spitze hin leicht versohmalert oder
gleich breit bleibend. Medullares Excipulum aus 4-5 pm breiten, stark
verflochtenen Hyphen bestehend, gegen den Stiel hin ungefåhr 100140 pm dick, vom Typ der te xtura intricata.
Vo r k o m m e n: Auf månnlichen Kåtzchen von Salix daphno ides
VILL. Es ist erwåhnenswert, dass C. acerina noch nicht auf anderen,
sich im gleichen Areal befindlichen, aber spater bluhenden SalixArten, z. B. S. cinerea L., gefunden werden konnte.
-
29 -
UNTERSUCHTE KOLLEKTIONEN
Frisches Material:
Salix daphnoides VILL.
WM 212, Grlitried bei Wångi TG, Schweiz; leg. W. MATHEIS 18.3 .73.
WM 213, gleiche Lokalitåt ; leg. W. MATHEIS 24.3 .73,
WM 372, gleiche Lokalitåt ; leg. W. MATHEIS 16.2 .74.
Teile diser SammIung sind beim Herbarium in Kew (K),
beim Plant Pathology Herbarium in Ithaca (CUP),
sowie beim Institut fiir Spezielle Botanik an der ETH.,
Zlirich (ZT) hinterlegt.
Herbarmaterial:
Salix discolor
MUHL.
CUP 17469, Mc Lean N.Y., Lloyd Preserve South Mud Pund,
U.S.A.; leg. H. H. WHETZEL 4.4 .1929.
Acer rubrum L.
CUP 14735, Labrador Lake, Svamp east of Lake, U.S.A.; leg.
H. H. WHETZEL und C. WESTCOTT, ohne Datum.
CUP 16191, Malloryville Bog N.Y., U.S.A.; leg. H. H. WHETZEL
und C. WESTCOTT 11.5.1928.
Acer saccharinum L.
CUP 25106, Ithaca, Campus, N .Y., near of Bailey Hall, U.S.A. ;
leg. H. H. WHE'TZEL et al. 9.4.1931.
Myrica gale L.
Herb. Kew. (K), Wheatfen, Nordfolk, England; leg. E. A. ELLIS
3.4.1949.
Ich danke sehr herzlich Herrn Professor N. F. BUCHWALD fUr den
kritischen Vergleich einer meiner Kollektionen mit dånischem Material,
Herrn Dr. R. W. G. DENNIS fUr die trberlassung von Exsikkaten und nicht
minder herzlich Herrn Professor R . P . KORF fUr die Ausleihe von Herbarmaterial sowie fUr Ratschlåge in nomenklatorisehen Fragen.
LITERATUR
Boedijn, K. B. (1956): Trypan Blue as a stain for fungi. 31 (3 ) : 115-116.
Stain Technol.
-
30 -
Dennis, R. W. G. (1956): A revision of the British Helotiaceae in the Herbarium of the Royal Bot a ni c Gardens, Kew, with not es on related
European species. - Myc. P a pe r s 62 : 1-216.
Groves, J. W. & C. A. Bowerman (1955): The sp ecies of Oiborinia on Populus.
- Can. J. Bot. 33: 577-590.
Groves, J. W. & M. E. Elliot (1961): Self-fertility in the Sclerotiniaceae. Can. J . Bot. 39: 215-231.
Korf, R. P. (1958): Japanese Discomycetes notes. I-VIII. - ScL Rep.
Yokohama Nat. Univ. 2: 7-34.
Matheis, W. (1975): Bettråge zur Kenntnis der Discomycetenflora des
Kantons Thurgau. II. Mitteilung: Einige Discomyceten vom
Barchetsee. - Mitt. Thurg. Naturf. Ges. 41; im Druck.
Whetzel, H. H. & N. F. Buchwald (1936): North American species of Sclerotini a and related genera. III. Otboria ace rina. - Mycologia 28:
514-527.
FRIESIA . Bind XI . Hefte 1 . 1975
UN APER<;U DE L'HISTOIRE
DE LA MYCOLOGIE
JUSQU'AU CAROLUS CLUSIUS
ANDREA UBRIZSY
Istituto Botanico dell'Universit å, Citt å Universitaria, Roma.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Eine Ubersicht iiber die Geschichte der Mykologie bis zu den Zeiten
des Carolus Clusius.
Im Jahre 1601 veroffentlichte CAROLUS CLUSIUS (Arras 1526 Leyden 1609) sein Werk "Rariorum plantarum historia", das im
Anhang eine Studienarbeit mit dem Titel "Fungorum in Pannoniis
observatorum brevis historia" enthålt.
Diese Monographie kann als entscheidender Wendepunkt in der
Geschichte der Mykologie betrachtet werden. Die Studienarbeit des
CLUSIUS enthålt die Beschreibung von 105 europaisehen "Pilzarten"
und kann quantitativ als ein bedeutender Forschritt angesehen werden
im Vergleich zu den mykologisehen Kenntnissen sei es zu Zeiten des
CLUSIUS sowie zuvor, da seit dem Zeitraum ab DIOSKORIDES bis
CLUSIUS lediglich mykologische Beschreibungen von nicht mehr als
insgesamt 40-50 Pilzarten zur Verfligung standen.
Das Werk des CLUSIUS kann aber auch qualitativ als ein bedeutender Fortschritt in der Geschichte der Mykologie angesehen werden, da es sich um die erste Monographie mit einer systematischen
Beschreibung der Pilze eines bestimmten Vegetationsbereiches handelt.
Ahnliche Studien wurden erst im XVIII Jahrhundert veroff'entlicht.
Die Vorlaufer und zeitgenossischen Naturalisten des CLUSIUS wiesen
-
31 -
32
Charles de l'Escluse
latine Carolus Clusius
lediglich in oberflåchlichen F orm auf die Existenz der Pilze hin, und
zwar hauptsåchlich im Rinblick auf die Vergiftungsgefahr und
Essbarkeit, aber diese Arbeiten enthalten recht mystische und verworrene Ansichten. Bis zu Zeiten des CLUSIUS hatte man wenig Kenntnis von dies en Organismen, und so konnte sich CLUSIUS lediglich auf
sein eigenes Talent und seine Forschungsergebnisse stirtzen, als er
seine Studienarbeit veroff'entlichte, mit der er sich als Grimder der
wissenschaflichen Mykologie verdient gemacht hat.
Ab CLUSIUS bis zum Anfang des XIX Jahrhunderts ist kaum eine
grassere Verånderung in der Geschichte der Mykologie zu verzeichnen,
abgesehen von der Entdeckung der Pilzsporen.
CAROLUS CLUSIUS (CHARLES DE L'EscLUSE, I'eminente personnarite
de la botanique descriptive, vecut de 1526
1609. Il commenca ses
etudes medico-biologiques en 1551
Montpellier comme eleve du
fameux G. RONDELET (1507-66). CLUSIUS vecut en Autriche et en
å
å
-
33 -
Hongrie de 1573 a 1587 et a pu poursuivre ses observations botaniques sur les proprietes du baron hongrois BALTHASAR DE BATTHyANY.
Au debut de I'annee 1584 il s'occupa de la mycologie appliquee en
voya nt que l'on trouvait souvent des champignons sur la table des
Hongrois . Conduit par la curiosite, il apprit a l'aide d'experts loca ux
comment distinguer les champignons comestibles des champignons
veneneux. Il comprit vit e que la coule ur etait une propriet e tres importante pour differencier les champignons et que ceu x-ci se modifiaient durant la conservation. C'e st pour cette r aison, qu 'å sa
demande, BATTHYANY fit peindre les champignons. CLUSIUS, a vec
l'aide de BATTHYANY et d'ETIENNE BEYTHE, a donne a ces peintures
des vulg a ir es noms hongrois, allemands et francais et a fa it des no tes
critiques: il a indique le lieu d'orgine et l'apparition des fructifications, l'application pratique au point de vue medi cal et dans le ca s
de certaines esp eces meme l' utilisat ion culinaire. Sur la base de ces
notes et des peintures (lesquelles ensembles forment le Code de
l'Escluse) , il a ecrit la premiere monographie de l'historie de la mycologie (de pareilles monographies ont seulement paru au XVIIle si ecle),
laquelle fut publiee en 1601 comme l'appendice du " Rariorum plantarum historia" a vec le t it r e "F ungor um in Pannoniis observatorum
brevis historia" .
En 1900 le mycologue hongrois ISTVANFFI*) le nomme fondateur
de la mycologie en Hongrie et releve en outre l'importance ethnobotanique de l'oeuvre de CLUSIUS. Si l'on suit a vec attention l'histoire de
la mycologie avant CLUSIUS on peut vraiment considårer CLUSIUS
comme le premier personnage proeminent de la mycologie scientifique.
L Les p r e c u r s e u r s de CLUSIU S
a u l'a n t i q u i t e e t a u m o ye n å g e
Les references souvent incompletes sur les champignons qui se
trouvent dans les oeuvres des savants classiques grecs et romains
comme THEOPHRASTE, NICANDRE, DroSCORIDE, PLINE, HORACE, MARTIAL, JUVENAL, GALIEN, APICIUS indiquent seulement que les champignons etaient dejå connus dans l'antiquite, L'on peut tenir comme
certain que les champignons jouaient dejå un role importa nt au
* ) Voir G.
KovAcs, F r ies ia 7 : 301-3 13, 1966.
F R IES IA XI
-
34-
debut de I'humanite comme aliment et medicament et aussi comme
narcotique. DIOSCORIDE et apres lui les italiens MATTHIOLE (1500-77)
et DELLA PORTA (1533-1615) mentionnaient la culture des champignons et il est connu que les cultivateurs maraichers de Rome se
vantent de la culture des psalliotes.
Dans l'historie de la mycologie on doit rappeler en premier lieu
THEOPHRASTE qui etudiait surtout les especes de Lycoperdon qu'il
mentionnait comme etant des plantes sans racines. DIOSCORIDE partageait les champignons connus par lui en comestibles et veneneux
et comme PAUL D'EGINE (PAULUS AEGINATES, 600-6 50) il retenait
comme etant dangereux pour l'homme les champignons comestibles
il. cause de la difficulte il. les digårer et AVICENNA (980-1037) nous
mettait egalement en garde pour leur consommation. PLINE employait
la division de DWSCORIDE et deerivalt les especes en les classifiant
parmi les herbes, par exemples le Boletus edulis, la Psalliota campesiris, la Lepiota procera et le Pieurotue dryinus. D'apres lui, les
champignons etaient des exsudats des arbres. GALlEN (GALENUS)
mentionnait l)Amanita phallouies, l)Amanita caesarea, l'Amanita
muscaria et les truffes. NICANDRE (Ile siecle av. J. C.) citait parmi
les plantes venenenses le Boletus edulis et l'" Agaricus caswpestris",
COLUMELLE (vers l er siecle) deerivalt la Morchella esculenta. Au
debut de l'epoque romaine le Eomes igniarius) le F. jomentarius et la
Daedalea quercina etaient dejå connus.
Du VIlle siecle au XVe siecle, la mycologie etait releguee en
derniere place comme toutes les sciences exactes. On peut citer le
nom de l'abbesse HILDEGARDE (1098-1179) et D'ALBERT LE GRAND
(ALBERTUS MAGNUS, 1193-1280) qui indiquait les champignons comme
des excroissances des plantes. Pour premier B. RINIO (RINIUS) mentionnait les champignons dans le "Liber de simplicibus" (Venise
1415). Dans le "Castigationes Plinianae" (Rome 1492) ERMOLAO
BARBARO (14 54-1493) repartissait les champignons selon leur forme
et deerivat les especes : le Tricholoma qæmbosum, le Polyporus tuberaster et certaines especes des genres Amanita, Clavaria et Macrolepiota en utilisant leurs no ms vulgaires.
La mycologie etait pleine de croyances: le fait que le meme (pour
le moins croye meme) champignon pouvait se reveler comestible ou
veneneux a eu pour resultat que l'on a cru que les champignons ne
na issaient pas veneneux mais le devenaient dans certaines circonstances comme la proximite d'un fer rouille, d'un nid de serpent et de
certains arbres.
-
35 -
II. La connaissance mycologique dans
l e s t e m p s m o d e r n e s j u s q u' a' u C L U S I U s
Le francais J. RUELLE (1474-1537) dans son "De natura stirpium
libri tres" (BASlLEAE 1536) explique l'origine imaginaire des champignons (c'est-å-dire que les champignons naissent de l'humidite de
la terre sous l'influence de la pluie et du soleil) et decrit les phases
d'evolution de TAmanita. RINIUS, BRASAVOLA (1 500- 55), FUCHS (150166) ainsi que le plus posterieur BOCCONE (1633-1703) melaient aux
champignons le parasite Cytinus hypocistis (Rafjlesiaceae) sur le
Cistus salviaejoliusJ MICHIEL, du milieu de XVIe si ecle adiscerne
que celui-ci est un organisme phanerogame,
Entre autres l'italien H. CARDANO (CARDANUS) (1501-76) en 1550
faisait allusion dans son expose sur les plantes exotiques a une
espece d'((Agaricus J J J en 1552 le suisse KONRAD GESNER (1516-65)
decrit la Clavaria corallouies, l'allemand V. CORDUS (1515-44) en
suivant les doctrines de DIOSCORIDE decrit quelques champignons
connus par lui dans "Historia stirpium" (1553). Je voudrais souligner
le fait que les precurseurs et les contemporains de CLUSIUS ont pour
la plupart cite seulement les oeuvres des auteurs antiques concernant
les champignons et les descriptions peu claires qu'ils ont fait ont
conduit a des interpretations erronees et ont cause des incertitudes
et des confusions relatives aux champignons plus grandes encore.
Ainsi en Italie, en 1554, P. A. MATTIOLI deterrant la theorie de
DIOSCORIDE reprenait les determinations des auteurs antiques mais
en fournissant les interpretations erronees il a traite les champignons avec les notes saturees des croyances. Le fameux U. ALDROVANDI (1522-1605) aussi s'occupait des champignons comme en
temoignent ses 7 graphiques (entre autres une espece du Boletus) qui
se trouvent dans son herbier.
H. BOCK, dit TRAGUS (1498-1554) deerivalt dans son oeuvre "De
stirpium maxime ..." editee en 1552 douze especes de champignons
en citant que ces organismes prennent leur or igine dans I'humidite
de la terre. Dans sa classification il groupait les champignons avec
les mousses et avec le gui, donc tcus ensemble retenaient des epiphytes. Dans son "Historia stirpium" (1560) fidele a THOMAS AQUINAS
(1225-74), il avouait que les champignons ne sont ne racines, ne
fleurs, ni semences et qu'ils n'ont pas de fruits. La croyance empruntee aux auteurs antiques a domine jusqu'au XVIIe si ecle les
idees faites sur les champignons, c'est-å-dire que ces organismes se
placent entre le monde vegetal et animal et qu'ils appartiennent au
3·
-
36 -
mo nde mi neral depuis leur deperissement en se lapidifiant; ils n 'ont
pas de fruits et prennent leur origine de I'humidite de la terre et
naissent comme exsudats des arbres.
A Delft a apparu en 1564 la monographie d' ADRIEN JUNIUs sur
I'espece Phallus hadr i ani , espeec qui etait connue aussi par ses cont emporains CLUSIUS, DODONEE (DODONAEUS) , LOBEL (L OBELIUS) et
MATTIDOLE (MATTIOLI) . En 156 4 apparut en Italie une autre monographie sur les truffes , c'est- å-d ire l'"Opusculum de Tuberibus" de
A. CICCARELLI (mort 1580) editee a Padoue dans laquelle l'auteur mentionnait le " piet r a f ung ifer a", c'est- å-dire le Poly por us tuberast er qu i
se trouve a Naples et a Rome. Le "Far ma copea bergamasca" (1 580)
traite de l'utilisation pharmacologique du Fomes offi ci na lis.
Les oeuvres des arnis et des compatriotes de CLUSIUS, c'est-å -dire
de DODONAEUS (1516-85) et LOBELIUS (1538-1616) sont plus vastes
et plus valables . L OBELIUS deerivalt entre autres le Phallus imqnuii cus,
la Mor ch ella esculenta et la Bov is ta nigrescens citees par l'oeuvre de
CLUSIUS a ussi.
Parmi les contemporains italiens de CLUSIUS qui s'occupaient des
champignons le plus eminent etait A. CESALPIN (CESALPINO ) (15191603). Le celebre naturaliste inspire de doctrines philosophiques
surtout celles D ' ARISTOTE s 'efforcait toujours de coordonner les faits
etudies par lui. Ainsi adoptait le point de vue D' ARISTOTE, c'est-å -dire
que la propriete essentielle des plantes est d'avoir une "arne" vegetatif
qui est responsable de la nutrition et de la reproduction. Puisque les
champignons n 'ont pas (ou n'avaient pas comme on croyait a cette
epoque) ni racines ni organes reproductifs, CESALPIN classait ces
organismes entre les mineraux et le monde vegetal (c'est-å-dire entre
le monde vivant et la nature inanimee). Il deerivalt et classiflait les
champignons dans son "De plantis libri XVI" (1583) comme "h er ba e
sine semine" et comme" flore fructuque carentes" en traitant ensemble
les fougeres, les preles, les mousses et les coraux. Il classifiait les
champignons en 16 genres et deerivalt entre autres les especes Armillaria m ellea, Boletus edulis, B. Iu ruiu«, Canthar ellus cibarius, Clathrus
canc el latus, F istuli na hepaiica, Fomes jomentarius, F. i gniar i us) Lycoperdon perlatum, Macrolepiota procera, Polypor us [rondosus, P. tuberasier , Psalliota cam pest ris et Trich olo ma ga mbosum et certaines
especes des Amanita) Olaoaria, Clitopilus) Psalliota et Tub er . Lui aussi
n'etalt pas immunise en ce qui avait trait a l'opinion heterodoxe de
son epoque et qui concernait la generation spontanee.
-
37 -
L'italien C. DURANTE (1529-90) dans son "Herbario nuovo" (1585)
considøre que les champignons du point de vue de leur origine ne
sont pas autre chose que I'humidite superflue de la terre, des arbres,
du bois putride et des materiaux souilles, Les notes mycologiques qui
se trouvent dans "Historia generalis plantarum" (1586) du francais
J. DALECHAMPS (1513-88) ont ete empruntees par l'italien GIAMBATTISTA DELLA PORTA (1539-1615) dans "Villae libri XII" (1592). Cette
derniere oeuvre contient des descriptions de 20 especes de champignons. Cet auteur italien bien ingenieux et plein d'idees bizarres a
ete le premier qui ait reconnu les spor es fong iques et le premier qui
ait obtenu la reproduction des champignons a partir de ceux-ci. PORTA
croyait que comme toutes les plantes ont des fruits , les champignons
et les fongeres doivent egalement se multipli er par les semences. En
1859 BARLA pretend etre CLUSIUS le premier a decouvrir des spores
chez les organismes fongiques sans doute en se fiant a une note de
CLUsrrUS apropos d'une espeec anonyme de champignon venant de
l'Italie' c'est-å-dire que I'interieur du champignon mfir est plein de
semences comme les semences du cyclamen.
Parmi les "mycologues" contemporains italiens de CLUSIUS qui
avaient t en u la correspondance aussi a vec notre savant on doit citer
F. IMPERATO qui dans "Dell'historia naturale" (1599) a decrit 10
especes des champignons, G. MERCURIALE (1530-1606) qui cita it quelques champignons parmi les plantes medicales sans racines dans son
"Variarum lectionum" (1571), F. COLONNA (COLUMNA, 1567-1650)
qui deerivalt les especes Clathrus cancellatus , Macrolepiota proc era,
Pleurotus eryngii) P. ostreatus et Sarcosphaera coronaria, enfin G. B.
DELLA PORTA qui dans "Phytognomonica" publiee en 1583 (editio
princeps 1588) deerivart les especes Amanita caesarea, Cantharellus
cibaruis, Hydnum repandum, Lactarius piperatue, Macrolepiota procera, Pleurotus eryngii et Polyporus frondosus sous leur nom vu lgaire.
Les oeuvres mycologiques des freres BAUHIN (comme le "Pinax
theatri botanici" en 1623 ou se trouvent les description de 130 especes
fongiques) nous ne les analyserons pas puisqu'elles sont des oeuvres
posterieures a CLUSIUS; ces oeuvres ont ete ecrites sous l'influence
de l'oeuvre de CLUSIUS.
-
38 cclxiij
FVNGORVM
I N P AN l O NII S OB SER VATORVM
BREVIS
H I S T O R I A,
il Caro lo Clufio confc ripta.
V N G O R V M, ClIIIl Vienn.e Alljlriee utuerent , mul/a C7
varia meis in. Pannonuts peregrinationibus obferuabtun genera, qU Orl/l7l Illagn i llll parton , ClIIIl in vicinis, /1I11l ahjs
Prouincij: etuun crefccre non dl/bi/o : fed quia Ulie diligenttus Ul/b inde in prata, c.eduas jilvas, nemora, montandoue & aperta
loea excurrens, Cltlll ijs qui noxios & pernieiofos ab ef eulentis dif eernere
norant} obfcrvare potu i, non inutilctn operam me [umpturum exiflimaui,ji eorttm breueni hijloriam pertexerem.
l LL A M porro in bina[umma eapita dundendam eJfe judieavi: ut fei- ~:::IJ';;;;~;"
licet Primo de ijsfu ngis agam, qui cdules &- niinime pernieivJi æJl imG Il- dijl rihllli• .
tur: quanquam (ut ait Plinius} quæ vo/up/as la ni a -ancipitis cibi? .Altero autem cos percurram, quibus nemo uejc! [olet. f ed pem icioji [unt
& lethales.
II
I
FVNG I E SCVL E NT I
CAPo l.
~
S c V L E N T o R V ~I Fungorum , quos primo hoc capite defcribere inftitui, varia lunt
L genera, atque fingulorum diverfæ eriarn interdum Ipecies. Singulorum aute m generum hiftoriarn pro rernporis, quo nafcuntur. ordine, trudendam exiftirnavi, atque etiam
fingula genera, in fuas Ipecies (Ii quas habebunt) diftribuenda.
P R J xr v ~J
p
F
h::;t efeu -
G E N V S.
crefcit genus illud, quod apud Vngaros, atque per univerfam Germaniarn
cclavo fufpendant, &
A adeo in delitiis eft, ut filo trajectum in coraIlas
adfervent, ut etiam media hierne eo vefci poffint Vocatur autern ab Vngaris
~':;g:;~:'
R l L l
&
Prim i ,{m ie'.
/'~"IJ IJ'~ ' v a-
cornpofitum
Szemercllyek ,
il Germanis m aurad)en: Cujus quatue r obfervantur Ipecies, colore & mugnitudine inter hyek.
fe differentes.
maurad)e
Le premier page de l'oeuvre de CAROLUS CLUSIUS: "Fungorum in P annoniis
observatorum brevis historia" (16 01) .
I I L L'i m p o r t a n c e d e C L U S I U s d a n s
l'h i s t o i r e d e l a m y c o l og i e
Avant CLUSIUS les observations ecrites sur les champignons ont
ete rares et sporadiques, et les naturalistes de son epoque aussi se
referent avec peu de mots aux champignons en disant qu'ils so nt
notables seulement pour leurs proprietes comestibles ou venenenses
ou
cause de l'utilisation medicale, mais ils n'en ont pas fait un e
etude systematique. CLUSIUS est le premier dans l'histoire de la mycoå
-
39-
logie qui a decrit dans une memotre systematique les champignons
qui se trouvent sur un territoire floristique leur donnant une synthese
qu'il a fondee uniquement sur ses observations et recherches puisqu'elle n'existait pas a cette epoque de litterature mycologique specialises. Il ne possedait que quelques notes sur les oeuvres floristiques
et pharmacologiques: le monde ne connaissait que tres peu de choses
sur ces organismes.
CLUSIUS decrit 105 "especes" de champignons. Si l'on pense que de
l'epoque de DIOSCORIDE jusqu'å I'epoque de CLUSIUS les oeuvres botaniques et medico-pharmacologiques ne faisaient connaitre ensemble que
40-50 especies, ce qui indique le grand bond quantitatif apporte par
CLUSIUS dans l'histoire de la mycologie. Il a fait une distinction des
champignons en les regroupant dans des genres et dans chaque
genre distingue 4-5 especes en moyenne. Mais du point de vue systematique l 'oeuvre de CLUSIUS ne se revele pas durable dans le temps,
parce que sa classification ne se fonde pas sur des proprietes deterrninantes mais se base sur des proprietes secondaires, c'est-å-dire,
qu'il a classe les champignons selon qu'ils sont comestibles ou veneneux (comme l'avait fait DIOSCORIDE et PLINE). Mais le manque de
classification durable dans le temps n'enleve rien a la valeur de cet
oeuvre, puisque les vraies descriptions mycologiques n'ont ete
possibles que depuis 1'invention du microscope. CLUSIUS enumere 46
especes de champignons comestibles et 59 especes de champignons
veneneux de la Pannonie*) (lesquels sont retrouvables aujourd'hui
sur ce territoire). Les especes les plus importantes decrites par
CLUSIUS sont: Pieurotus osireatus, Polyporus squamosue, Grijola
sulphurea (lequel est decrit aussi par DELLA PORTA), Russula joetens
(connu aussi par C. DURANTE), Amanita caesarea (connu dejå par
PLINE, GALIEN et apres par l'italiens ANGUILLARA et CESALPIN),
Amanita vaqinat«, Lactarius piperatus (connu dejå par TRAGUS,
VALERIUS CORDUS, JOH. LONITZER (LONICERUS, 1499-1569) et LoBELIUS) , Lactarius aurantiacus (CLUSIUS 1'a classifie par erreur parmi les
champignons veneneux), Boletus edulis (ce lui-ci a dejå ete decrit par
les auteurs anciens), Macrolepiota procera (se trouve aussi dans les
oeuvres de CESALPINO et DELLA PORTA), Ramaria botrytis (decrit
aussi par DELLA PORTA), Lactarius torminosus (cette espece avait
dejå ete consommee a l'epoque de CLUSIUS), Pholiota mutabilis) Collybia jusipes (a I'epoque de CLUSIUS cette espeec etait retenue comme
pernicieuse mais aujourd'hui on la reconnait comme comestible),
*)
Pannonie est le nom historique de la partie occidentale de la Hongrie.
-
40 -
Lycope rdon hiemale (dej å nemme par F. IMPERA TO, TRAGUS
, LoNICERUS, DURAN TE, COLUM NA, DODON AEUS
et LOBELI US) .
L'oeuv re de CLUSIU S a meme import ance sur le plan qualita tif,
car
c'est la premie re monog raphie concer nant la flore fongiqu
e d'un
territoi re denne. Les precurs eurs et contem porains de CLUSIU S
ne font
que citer quelque s especes en mentio nnant leurs proprie tes t
oxiques
ou alimen taires, et en retenan t a leur sujet des croyan ces mystiq
ues
et confuse s. CLUSIU S merite done le titre de fondate ur de la mycolo
gie.
Apr es lui, jusqu'a u debut du XIXe siecle , aucun change ment
decisif,
a l'e xceptio n de la decouverte des spores fongiqu es, n'est pas surven u
dans l'histor ie de la mycolo gie .
BIBL IOGR APHI E
Barla, Gia m bat tis ta (18 59): L es Cha mpigno ns de la
p r ov in ce d e Nice.
170 p. - Nice.
Bohus, G. (1945) : CLUSIUS tlnorug omb åinak m egfejtes e.
( I n t er p r et a t ions
des Bolets de CLUSIUS) . - Magy . Gombås zati Lapok 1-2:
1-8;
3-4 : 1- 8.
( 1973): Mikolog tai er dek es segek a o r.usrus Codexb ol. (Cu
r ios it ees mycolo giques de la Code de CLUSIUS). - Vasi Szemle
27 :
582-585 .
Hargita , P. (1972): The birth of Mycolo gy. - Acta Agrono
m. Acad. Sc .
Hungar icae 21 : 397-404 .
Hoefer, F. (1872): Histoire de la Botaniq ue. 411 p. - Paris.
Istv ånff'i, Gy. (1900 ): Etudes et comme ntaires sur le Code
de L'EsCLUSE
287 p . - Budape st.
Kov åcs, G. (1966): Die Entwick lung der pflanze npathol ogische
n Forschu ng
in Ungarn . - Friesia 7: 301-319 .
Mason, S. F. (1956 ) : Histoire des sciences. 476 p. - Paris.
Meyer, E. H. F. (1854 -57 ) : Geschic hte der Botanik . I-IV.
- Komg's berg.
Morand i, L. & Baldacc i, E . (1954): I funghi; vita, storia,
leggend e. 633 p .
- Milano.
Schuste r, V. (1969) : C AROLUS CLUSIUS' mykolo gische 'I'åtigke
it in Pannonien. - Z. Pilzkun de 35 : 149-156 .
Toni, G. B. de (1911): Il cartegg io de gli italiani col botanic
o CARLO CLUSIO
nella bibliote ca leidense. 159 p. - Modena.
Ubrizsy , G. (1968 ): A magyar orszågi mykolo gtal kutat
åsok a multban es
jelenleg . (Mykol ogische Forschu ngen in Ungarn in der
Vergangen heit und Derzeit ). - Herba Hungar ica 7 : 11-16.
( 1969 ) : Mycoflo ra of Vas County , Wester n Hungar y, with
special referen ce to the r esearch es of CAROLUS CLUSIUS (1526-16
09 ) .
- Acta Phytop at. Acad. ScL Hungar icae 4 : 261-266 .
Roma , novernb re 1974.
FRIESIA . Bind XI . Hefte 1 . 1975
MYKOSEN DER ANEMONEN
AUF DER DANISC HEN INSEL VORSO
Von E R IKA L OH R
Das L abor ato r ium der Universttåt Kopenhagen auf
Vorso, Ho r s ens, Dånemark.
SUMMA RY
Mycos es of Ane mone on t he Danish I sl and of Vorso.
The island of Vo r so in t h e Fiord of Hors en s, J utland, ha s si nce
1929 been under natural conservation. The island has two forest s; t he
forest floor is for a major part covered with pure st a nds of A nem one
nemorosa and in some places with pu re stands of Anemone ranuncu loutes. In 1973 -1975 the number of the t wo species attacked by
the four fungus species Synchytrium anemones) Urocystis anemones)
Tranzsch elia anem ones and Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae wa s counted
on 9 m'' of A . nemorosa and 4 m 2 of A . ranunculoides. The number of
plants attacked is seen in tab. 1. - The attack of Urocy stis anemones
on Anemone ranunculoides has not so far been known from Denmark.
Ein wicht iger okologischer Faktor sind Krankh eit en aller Art.
Zahlenmåssige An gaben iiber Kr a nkh eit sa ngriffe auf Nicht- Kultur pflanzen liegen meines Wissens nicht vor. Ich ha be darum im Naturschutzgebiet de r Insel Vorso im Fjord von Horsens an de r Ostkiiste
von Jiitland untersucht, wie viele der Anem onen von Mykosen angegriffen wurden.
Die Insel Vorso ist 56 ha gross und seit 1929 Naturschutz gebiet
mit Ausnahme von 16 ha um den Bauernhof Vorsog ård he rum. Die
Nordkiiste der Insel ist 800 m vom Festland Jutland en tfernt. Di e
- -41 -
-
42 -
Insel hat zwei alte Hochwålder, Vesterskov 6 ha gross und Osterskov
2.5 ha gross, die hauptsåchlich aus Fra xinus exe lsior, Ulmus glabra
und Fagus sylvatica bestehen. Ausserdem hat die Insel drei kleine
Walder: Tep otten, Nordre und ostre Remise. Die quantitative Zusammensetzung der Walder in Bezug a uf Båume ist von MULLER &
NIELSEN (19 53, 1964) un d von LOHR & NIELSEN (1975 ) besch r ieben
worden. Die Kranter fl ora der Ins el hat J ESSEN (1968 ) behandelt.
In den zwei Hochwålde r n finden sich grosse Strecken einer dichten
Vegetation von A nemone mem orosa L. in Reinbestand, und in beiden
Wå lder n auch viele Areale liber 1 m 2 gross mit einem Reinbestand
von Anemone ranunculoides L. A nemone hepatica L. wåchst nicht a uf
Vorso .
Am 11. Mai 1973 , am 15. Mai 1974 und am 12. Mai 1975 wurden
die von Myk os en angegriffenen Anemonen in nerhalb 1 m 2 a ufgezå hlt.
Im Jahre 1973 und 1975 wurde die Zahl der Bllitenstengel pro m 2
notiert, im J ahre 1974 die Zahl der einzelnen Sprosse notiert. Die
Aufzåhlung geschah so spat, das 1/2_2/3 der Exemplare verblliht waren.
Die Lage der untersuchten Qua dr at e gebt aus Abb. 1 hervor.
Die vier Anemone-Parasiten, die innerhalb der angegebenen Quadrate gefunden wurden, waren Sy nchytrium anemones (DC .) WORON.,
Urocystis anemones (PERS.) WINT., Tran zsch elia anemones (PERs.)
NANNF. (syn. Puccinia jusca (PERS.) WINT.) und Tranzschelia prunispinosae (PERS.) DIET. -- Ochrospora ariae (FUCK.) RAMSB. (A ecidium leucospermum. DC.) wurde auf 2 Exemplaren von Anemone
nemorosa ausserhalb der Quadrate gefunden. Sclerotinia tuberosa
(FR.) FUCKEL. wurde nicht gefunden, aber von MULLER & NIELSEN
(19 53, 1964) konstatiert.
Ves t e r s k o v. 1973: 1 m 2 A . nemorosa in D VI mit 126 Blutenstengel, 1 Expl. von Synchytrium a. angegriffen. - 1 m 2 A . nemorosa
in E VI mit 57 Bllitenstengel, 7 Expl. von Synchytrium a. und 5 von
Urocystis a. angegriffen. - 1 m 2 A . ranunculoides in E IV mit 184
Bllitenstengel, keine Pflanzen von Myk osen angegriffen.
1974: 1 m 2 A. nem orosa in D VI mit 1046 Stengel, 1 Expl. von
Synchytrium a. und 6 von Urocystis a. angegriffen. - 1 m 2 A . nemorosa in D VI mit 1228 Stengel, 13 Expl. von Urocystis a. angegriffen.
- 1 m 2 A . nemorosa in D V mit 996 Stengel, 13 Expl. von Urocystis a.
und 7 von Tran zschelia a. angegriffen. - 1 m 2 A. ranunculoides in
D IV mit 430 Stengel, keine Pflanzen von Mykosen angegriffen.
1975: 1 m 2 A. nemorosa in D VI mit 57 Bllitenstengel, keine Pflanzen von Mykosen angegriffen, viele Missbildungen verschiedener Art
II
III
IV
v
VI
VII
IX
XII
XIII
r
1', .
A
A
*
. ~ a- ~- l'I .. .
8
8
c
c
D
~
~
IG
H
N
I
I
lI
!
'-- - --5/Jom
_
I ~__20!L
- JOo
-'---..lirF
- - r , - -.- -u_
.. - -400
~-::-:::;7J.~~f(
u _
_
--.
Abb. 1. Die Insel Vorso im Fjord von Horsens an der Ostkiiste Jiitlands.
Das eingezeichnete Quadratnetz - jedes Quadrat 100 X 100 m - ist auf der Insel mit Zementpfåhlen markiert.
44
(Virosen ?). - Dreieck 0.43 m? A. ranunculoides in E IV mit 191
Bllitenstengel, keine Pflanzen von Mykosen angegriffen. - Dreieck
0.21 m 2 A. ranunculoides in E IV mit 128 Bltitenstengel, 1 Expl. von
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae angegriffen.
O s t e r s k o v. 1973: 1 m 2 A. nemorosa in E IX mit 149 Blutenstengel, 6 Expl. von Synchytrium a. angegriffen. - 1 m 2 A. nemorosa in E X mit 130 Bllitenstengel , keine Pflanzen von Mykosen a ngegriffen. 1 m 2 A. ranunculoides in E IX mit 105 Bllitenstengel, 5
Expl. von Synchytrium a., 7 von Urocystis a. und 5 von Tranzschelia
pruni-spinosae angegriffen.
1974 : 1 m 2 A . nemorosa in E IX mit 668 Stengel, 3 Expl. von
Urocystis a. und 9 von Traneschelia a. angegriffen. - 1 m? A. ranunculoides in E IX mit 1045 Stengel, 18 Expl. von Synchytrium a., 68
von Urocysti s a. und 8 von Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae angegriffen.
1975: 1 m 2 A . nemorosa in E X mit 119 Bltitenstengel, keine
Pflanzen von Mykosen angegriffen. - 1 m 2 A. ranunculoides in E IX
mit 301 Bllitenstengel, 1 Expl. von Tran zschelia pruni-spinosae angegriffen. - Dreieck 0.35 m 2 A. ranunculoides in E IX mit 160 Bliitenstengel. 1 Expl. von Synchytrium a. angegriffen.
Nordre Remise. 1973: 1m2 A. nemorosa in CYI mit 131
Bllitenstengel, keine Pflanzen von Mykosen angegriffen.
Die Ergebnisse in 1973 und 1974 sind in Tabelle 1 zusammengestellt.
Die merkwlirdig wenigen Angriffe im Mai 1975 sind in der Tabelle
ausgelassen. Urocystis anemones wurde zum ersten Mal in Dånemark
auf Anemone ranunculoides gefunden. Der Angriff von Synchytrium
TABELLE 1.
Anzahl der von Mykosen angegriffenen Anemonen
in den Jahren 1973 und 1974.
Zahl der Exemplare auf
9 m 2 von Anemone n emorosa angegriffen von:
Zahl der Exemplare auf
4 m 2 von Anemone ranunculoides angegriffen von:
Synchytrium
an emones
15
23
Urocu stis
an err/,ones
40
76
T ranzschelia
an em one s
16
Parasiter
Tranzschelia
pruni-spinosae
13
-
45 -
anemones und Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae auf Anemone ranunculoides ist nicht frirher in Jlitland bemerkt worden. - Nur wenige
Exemplare von Sorbus aucuparia finden sich auf Vorso - nach LOHR
& NIELSEN (1975) im ganzen 18 Exemplare mit einem Diameter iiber
4 cm in 1.3 m Hohe ; dadurch erklårt sich wahrscheinlich das sehr
sparsame Vorkommen von Ochrospora aria (Ae cidium leucosp ermum) J
sonst ein sehr h åufig vorkommender Parasit auf A nemo ne in Dånemark.
Bei den Untersuchungen auf Vo rso im Mai 19 73, 1974 und 1975 hat
der Professor der Pflanzenpathologie N . F ABRITIUS BUCHWALD teilgenommen und in llebenswurdiger Weise alle Bestimmungen kontrolliert. Dem
Vorstand de r Insel, die Universitetsprofessoren Dr. BENT CHRISTENSEN,
Dr . MOGENS K ØlE und Dr. CHR. OVERGAARD NIELSEN, danke ich b estens
fur die Erlaubnis, die Insel zu besuchen, und den Hiltern der Insel Herrn
KRESTEN VORSØ und Frau GRETHE, danke ich ftir treue Hilfe.
LITERATUR
Hald-Mortensen, P. (1974 ) : Reservatet Vorsø i Horsens Fjord. - Naturens
Verden 1974 : 233-240.
Jessen, IL (1968): Flora og vegetation p å reservatet Vorsø i Horsens
Fjord. - Bot. T idsskr. 63: 1-201.
Lohr, Erika & Jørgen Nielsen (1975): Vorsø Skov. III. -- Bot. Tidsskr. 69:
271-290.
Muller, D. & Jørgen Nielsen (1953): Vorsø Skov. - Bot. Tidsskr. 50: 35-55.
(1964): Vorsø Skov. II. - Bot. Tidsskr. 60 : 58-89.
København, Juni 1975.
FRIESIA . Bind XI . Hefte 1 . 1975
CAMA ROPS MICROSPORA (K AR S T.) SHE AR
REPORT ED FOR THE FIRST TIME
FROM NORWAY
By ALFRED
GRANMO
Botanical Museum, University of Bergen, Norway.
SUMMA RY
Camarops microspora (KARST.) SHEAR is deseribed and illustrated,
including scanning-electron micrographs of the sp ores. The distribution of the species in Seandinavia and Finland is mapped.
INTRODUCTION
The very rare genus Camarops KARST. was recently treated by
NANNFELDT (1972) . None of the four European sp ecies were then
repor ted from Norway, a lthough all four were known from the other
Seandinavian countries and Finland.
MATERlAL AND METHODS
The Norwegian collections reported below was made during field
work in Northern Norway in 1973. Microscopial examination was
prepared in the folIowing way: Stromata from t he air-dried specimens
were soaked for 3-4 min. in distilled water and cut by hand with a
razor blade. Section-mounts and squash-mounts were made. Spores
and asci were examined in water, 50 % lactid acid, pure glycerol,
Melzer's reagent, Shear's mounting fluid and Sudan III. The observations were made in water and the measurements performed in
lactic acid unless otherwise stated.
-
46-
-
47 -
The material is deposited in Botanieal Museum, University of
Bergen (B G) , with duplicates in Botanieal Department, Tromsø
Museum (TROM) .
SEM
dBb
= scanning eleetron
= de Bary bubble.
mieroseopy.
Camarops microspora (KARST.) SHEAR, Myeologia 30 : 588,
1938.
Basionym: Anthost oma microsporurn KARST., F . Fenn. exs. 860,
1869.
Fo r a full list of synonyms see NANNFELDT (1972, p. 364) .
Specimens studied :
Nordland : Hemnes: Finneidfjord 22 July 197 3 Alnus inc ana; A . GRANMO
23A6/73 (B G) .
E ve nes: Botn, Brenna 30 July 1973 A. incana; A . GRANMO
31B8/73, BG, TROM ).
T roms :
Balsfjord : 5 km S of Vollan at r oad E6 1 August 1973
A. incana; A . GRANMO 33A16/73 (B G, TROM) .
Kvænangen : Kvænangsbotn 3 August 1973 A. incana; A .
GRANMO 37A2/73 (BG, TROM ) .
Finnmark: Porsanger : Lakselv 6 August 1973 A . incana; A. GRANMO
40B2/73 (BG, TROM) .
In addition 8 Danish (in C, O) , and 2 Swedish collections (in BG, TRH)
have been studied.
S t r o m a t a (Plate 2 a) are developed within the bark and
emerge as elliptieal or eireular ostiolate dis es, 2-4 mm in diam.,
raising the surrounding peridermis whieh then take the appearanee
of more or less conical warts, 1-3 mm high and 3-6 mm in diam. at
the base. It may happen that the bark ruptures irregularly, with
dises 1 X 2 mm - 1 X 7 mm. Stromata emerge in a dense swarm in
a more or less eireular area, 2-8 cm in diam. The dis es are flat or
somewhat eonvex, eontaining 10-40 ostioles. The bark within and
around the stromatal area usually has a shade of brown owing to
adhering, discharged spores.
The perithecial neeks may be obtuse and somewhat projeeting, or
conical and strongly projecting, up to 200 pm, or they laek projection
altogether. Stromata rapidly absorb water and the protruding peritheeial neeks then swell out , bee oming gelatinous and distinetly paler.
Dry stromata are hard but not earbonaeeous. It seems that a thin,
dark eetostroma forms the ostiolate dises. When dry, this layer is
-
48 -
rather brittle. The entostroma is dark brown, consisting of a very
loose, soft tissue. Treated with water the whole stroma becomes soft
and fleshy. Streaks of dark tissue, probably of ectostromatic origin,
were seen in the outer layers of the bark-cells around the stromata.
The streaks consist of brown, thick-walled circular cells, 6 p in diam.,
sticking together in chains. A similar dark brown tissue, much
r esembling a littie clypeus , was sit uat ed on the bark close to t he
ectostroma.
When stromata are moistened, however slightly, spor es in ab undance always protrude through the ostioles. Sometimes the spore-mass
was violent ly shot up in the water from several ostioles simultaneously,
subsequently remaining in smal1 heaps around the perithecial necks.
p e r i t h e c i a (Plate 2 b ) are ellipsoidal or ovoid, frequently
with edges and flat sides, about 0.8 mm high and 0.15-0.35 mm broad,
polystichous (up to three series observed). The perithecia are of ver y
different size and closely packed in the entostroma. The joined walls
of two neighbouring perithecia consist of a central tissue, 7-12 pm
thick, of brown, t hick-wa lled, faintly undulating hyphae, approaching
a t extura oblita. On both sides of it there is a subhyaline layer,
13-15 pm thick, of about the same texture. The hymenium covers
the whole inside of the perithecial wall up to the periphysate ostiole.
A s c i are 8-spored, cylindric or slightly thicker in the middle of
the pars sporifera, the size of which i'S 28-46 X 3-5.5 p 'm, ave. 36 X
4 pm. The stipes are long and slender, 22-41 pm, ave. 30 zz m.
In water several asci were seen with a faint but distinct apical
t hickening (Fig. 1 b). A positiv reaction with Melzer's reagent could
not be stablished in the majority of asci. Nor was it possible to do
so with 10 % KOR fol1owed by Melzer's reagent (where for instance
Hypoxylon serp ens always shows a positive reaction) . Nevertheless
a few asci were in Melzer's reagent observed with a faint, minute
disc in the top, immediately below the apical thickening (Fig. 1 c) .
The disc appeared darker than the remainder of the ascus, scarcely
distuingishable in ordinary light, but easier discernible in phase
contrast. - Some young asci had a subapical chamber. (Fig. 1 b).
p a r a p h y s e s were not observed in any of the collections.
S p o r e s are greyish olive green, distinctly flattened, 4.5-7.5 X
2-3 X 1-2 zz m, ave. 5.3 X 2.3 X 1.5 pm; with obtuse ends and about
parallel sides both in edge view and seen from the flat side. They
usually are arranged in an oblique row in the ascus, overlapping each
other like tiles on a r oof (Fig. 1 a ; Plate 2 c, d). Sometimes they are
PLATE 2
FRIESIA XI, 197 5
lem
__
~_4 - -"~
'--- j,,~
a
c
d
Cam ar ops microspo ra ( K ARST . ) SHEAR.
a, stromata on bark of Alnus i n can a ; b, horizontal section of stroma
showing pe r itheeia w it h hymenium. Part of the ostiolate dis e is seen
a bove the light-coloured bark-layer ; c, d, e, a s ci with spores seen from
the fl at side and f r om the ed ge and one spore wit h g er m pore ( a r r ow),
a ll in g lyce r ol ; f-h, SEM-photos. In h a spore with ger rn pore (arrow) and
to the r ight of it a spore with ruptures in the perispore. - b, x 25 ; c a nd d,
x 1200 ; e, x 1600; f x 4500 ; g, x 3000 and h, x 2500.
49 ....- ,
iSi
,
I
~O )
"
I
I
/
I
:
I
(
I
I
~\l
:0
620\
'O
'
'.l 0
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
[~"
d
IOJj
01
I
I
O
8
I
'Q
•o
a
)
b
c
oOOOOOO~Q æe
000000
e
Fig. 1. Camarops microspore.
a, asci ; b, aseus with apieal ehamber and e, aseus with apieal thiekening
and dise, both se en in phase eontrast ; d, spores seen in phase eontrast ;
e, spores viewed in ordinary light. - a-b in water, e in Melzer's reagent,
d-e in laetie aeid ; b and e not drawn to seale.
biseriate in the middle of the pars sporifera. In water the spores have
one small yellow guttule at each end. The spore wall is seen to have
a thick subhyaline perispore when viewed in the phase contrast
microscope (Fig. 1 d) . The perispore is often ruptured in crush-mounts.
In crushed spores the yellow guttules show a positiv fat reaction ,
becoming orange r ed when treated with Sudan III. In lactic acid and
F R IESIA XI
-
50 -
o
- -- -<0..--- - - - - -
5.5
6.5
7.5
JJ.
Fig. 2. Camarops microspora.
Variation in spore length in each of the five Norwegian collections based
on 20 measurements from each of them. From top downward: 37A2 /73,
23A6/73, 33A16/73, 31B8j73 and 40B2/73 (the Finnmark collection ). The
m ean value is indicated with a small circle.
glycerol the spores changed their appearance in two ways: 1) The
guttules disappeared, 2) se en in side view many spores were strongly
compressed (Fig. 1 d; Plate 2 d). An analogous invagination of the
spores may be seen on the SEM-photos (Plate 2 f, g).
In Shear's mounting fluid as well as in pure glycerol and laet.
acid there were in four colleetions a few spores with de Bary bubble
(dBb). In the fifth colleetion (from Finnmark) 140 out of 250 counted
spores showed dBb in glycerol and about 30 % of the spores had
dBb in Shear's mounting fluid or in laet. acid.
Spores which had aperispore could be observed with a small
eleft in the end (or a little to the side of the end) of the spore (Fig.
1 d; Plate 2 e, h). Many spores were seen with a small hyphae in the
end. I presume this is a germ hyphae and that the small cleft is the
germ pore mentioned by NANNFELDT (1972, p. 341) and a few other
authors.
DISCUSSION
The Finnmark collection differs slightly from the others: many
sp ores are distinetly allantoid, their average size of length is greater
(Fig. 2) and they get dBb in several media. The occurence of dBb is
51 -
Fig. 3. Camarops microspora.
Distribution in Scandinavia and Finland. For Sweden and Finland the
localities are mainly from NANNFELDT (1972).
contrary to NANNFELDT'S statement (1972, p. 341) that dBb are
absent in Camarops. Although the Finnmark eolleetion deviates in
some respeets, it seems to be a typieal representative of C. microspora,
expressing in a good manner the mode of variation within the species.
leannot aee ount for the differing reports from several investigators eoneerning the aseus apex (ep. NANNFELDT 1972, p. 339). My
results, however poor, seem to agree with those of MUNK (1957,
p. 149), but are opposed to those of NANNFELDT (loc. cit.).
C. microspora evidently has preference for Alnus incana. Almost
all Seandinavian and Finnish eol1ections are from . this substrate.
There is one Finnish spe eimen on Betula and one Danish specimen
said to be on Alnus glutinosa. The map (Fig. 3) would indicate a
4*
-
52 -
northern distribution of the fungus in Norway. This does not prove
reasonable when one considers the distribution in the other Scandinavian countries. The preferred substrate, A. incana) is common all over
the country, so , one has conclude that the fungus has merely been
overlooked by previous collectors in Norway. - It seems cur ious,
however, that C. microspora was not reported by mycologists pr evi ous
t o KARSTE N. In 1974/75 I sea rched f or this pyrenomycete in t he
vicinity of Bergen, without any success. These might indicate a
cert ain va r iation in the frequency of gr owt h and maturation of t he
fungus.
AC K N O W L E DGE M ENT S
I a m indebted to Mrs. MARIA STAVDAL, Botanical Museum, Bergen fo r
t aking t h e SEM-photos. I further wish to thank Dr. BERTEL HANSEN,
director of the Botanical Museum, University of Copenhagen and Dr.
TEUVO AHTI, H elsingfors Universitets Botaniska Institution, Helsingfors
for helping m e to lo calize Danish a nd Finnish herbarium material
r es pec tively .
REFERENCES
Ainsworth, G. C. (1971 ): AI NSWORTH & BISBY'S Dictionary of the Fungi.
- Sixth Ed. Kew, Surrey.
Arx, J. A. von & Muller, E. (1954 ): Die Gattungen der amerosporen
Pyrenomyceten. - Beitr. Krypt. flora Schweiz 11 : 1.
Dennis, R. W. G. (1968): British Ascomycetes. - Lehre.
Martin, P. (1969b ) : Studies in the Xylar iaceae . VI. Daldinia, Nummular i ol a and their allies. - J . S . Afr. Bot. 35 (5) : 267-320.
Mercuri, O. A. (1972 ) : Camarops (Ascomycet es) J genero nuevo para la
Argentina. - Darwiniana, Rev. del Inst. de Bot. "Darwini on " ,
17 : 548-551.
Miller, J. H. (1930): British Xylar i ac ea e. - Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 15
(1-2) : 134-154.
Munk, A. (1957) : Danish Pyr eno mycet es. A preliminary flora. - Dansk
Bot. Ark. 17, Nr. 1.
Nannfeldt, J. A. (1972): Camarops K ARST. (Bpluier iales-Boliniaceae ), With
special regard to its European species. - Svensk Bot. Tidskr .
66 : 335 -376 .
Rostrup, E. (190 4) : Norske Ascomyceter. -- Vidensk. Selsk. Kria. Skr. I .
M a th.-naturv. Kl. 190 4, No. 4.
-
53 -
Schroeter, J. (1886): trber die mykologisehen Ergebnisse einer Reise nach
Norwegen. - Jb. schles. Ges. Vat. Cult. 63: 208-213. Breslau.
(1888): Bertråge zur Kenntnis der nordisehen Pilze. 3. - Ibid.
65: 266-277. Breslau.
Shear, C. L. (1938): Mycological notes. Il. - Mycologia 30 (5) : 580-593.
Sommerfelt, S. C. (1826:) Supplementum Florae Lapponicae. - Christianiae.
Bergen, July 1975.
FRIESIA
•
Bind XI . Hefte 1 . 1975
AURANTIOPORUS ALBORUBE SCEN S
OG A. FISSILIS PÅ FAGUS SILVATICA
I DAl\M ARK
Af J. KOCH
Department of Plant Pathology,
The Ro yal Veterina ry and A gricultural University, Copenhagen.
SUMMARY
Aurantioporus alborubescens and A . fissilis on Fagus silvatica in Denmark.
Aurantioporus (Phaeolus) alborub escens (BOURD. et GALZ.) H.
JAHN and A . jissilis (BERK. et CURT.) H . JAHN are reported from
Denmark. A. alborub escens was found on old rather decayed logs of
Fagus silvatica in 9 localities. To the author's knowledge this is the
first record of A. alborubescens outside the Fontainebleau forest,
France. A. jissilis was also found on old Fagus silvatica, causing a
white rot. Pure cultures were in agreement with earlier reports.
Aurantioporus albor'uheseens (BOURD. et GALZ.) H. JAHN,
1973 (syn. Pha eolus alborub escen s BOURD. et GALZ.) blev beskrevet
i 1925 efter fund på stærkt formuldede gamle bøgestammer i Fontainebleauskoven ved Paris og har indtil nu kun været kendt fra
denne lokalitet.
I oktober 1973 fik undertegnede forevist en ejendommelig poresvamp af stud. mag. JØRGEN F. PETERSEN. Den var taget på en gammel, væltet bøgestamme i Jægersborg Dyrehave, og den kunne ikke
umiddelbart identificeres, heller ikke med støtte i et udmærket farvebillede, der viste svampen in situ. Den blev lagt til side, og året efter,
den 2. august 1974, besigtigede vi lokaliteten. På den gamle stamme,
der lå lidt beskyttet i højt græs og nælder, var der allerede flere
-54-
-
55 -
Fig. 1. A ur antioporus alborubescens. Frugtlegeme på stærkt nedbrudt ved
af Fag us sivatica. - Køge Strandskov 2.10.1974. X 14. Fot. J. KOCH.
større og mindre frugtlegemer under udvikling, hvad der var overraskende, da svampen sidste år blev taget i oktober måned. Nogle
af frugtlegemerne blev høstet den 7. august. Hvor det største var
plukket, kunne der den 27. september, altså efter kun 7 uger, høstes
endnu et frugtlegeme af næsten tilsvarende størrelse og udseende.
Materialet var nu så fyldigt, at min formodning om at stå over for
Aurantioporus alborub esoens var ganske velbegrundet. Den 2. oktober
samme år (1974) fandt jeg et frisk frugtlegeme i Køge Strandskov
på den skrå underside af en gammel, vælt et bøg. Hertil kom, at jeg
i forbindelse med en flytning af Plantepatologisk Afdelings præparatsamling var blevet opmærksom på nogle poresvampe, som man
tydeligvis havde stået meget usikker overfor. Jeg mistænkte dem for
at vær e unge frugtlegemer af Safrangul Poresvamp (A urantioporus
croceus (PERS.) MURRIL, syn. HapaZopiZus croceu s (PERS. ex FR.)
DONK) (se N. F. BUCHWALD 1974), men ved en sammenligning med
fundene fra Jægersborg Dyrehave og Køge Strandskov kunne det
konstateres, at svampene var identiske. Efter en unders øgelse af ma teriale samlet af JOACHIM i 1922 i Fontainebleau-skoven og bestemt
af BOURDOT til Phaeolus aZborubescens (BOURDOT'S herbarium no.
33637) kunne de danske fund med sikkerhed henføres til denne art.
Dr. H . JAHN har venligst bekræftet min bestemmelse.
Med i alt 12 kollektioner fra 9 lokaliteter må A. aZborubescens
derfor betragtes som veletableret i den danske svampeflora. Omstående beskrivelse er baseret på de danske fund.
-
56 -
Fig . 2. Aurantiopo rus alboru bescene. Overside af f rugtlegeme. - Fagus
sil vatica) Jægersborg Dyrehave 11.9 .1974. x 15. Fot. J. KOCH.
Aurantioporus alborubescens (BOURD. et GALZ.) H. JAHN, Sødtduftende Fedtporesvamp. Frugtlegemet på lodrette flader t ykt og
bredt konsolformet-hovformet med bagtil kort nedløbende porelag,
ofte med flere hatte taglagt sammenstillede. På skråt underlag mindre hatte med langt tilbageløbende porelag (fig. 1). Sammensat fr ugtlegeme op til 13 cm bredt, 4-7 cm højt med 3-4 cm fremspringende
hatte. Oversiden mod randen jævn, tæt håret (fig. 2) , bagtil buklet
eller grubet, tottet, først hvid-creme med rosa farvetone, særlig hvor
snegle har raspet, senere lyst cacaobrun begyndende basalt. Frit
eksponerede frugtlegemer i vækst ca ca obr une med bred, hvid rand ;
skjult stillede kun svagt farvede. Poremundinger hvide-creme, rundekantede, ofte aflange og let indsnørede om midten, svagt tandede,
3jmm, virker våde og fedtede ved berøring (fig. 3) . Frugtlegemet
fugtigt, fedtet, blødt; friske rande vanddrukne. Hatkød osteagtigttrævlet, svagt bælte med vanddrukne fel ter, marmoreret af radiært
strakte figurer, basalt rosa, mod randen lysere. Rørlag op til 14 mm
tykt, mod randen tyndere til manglende, lyst carryfarvet, dog y derst e
2 mm med farve som poremundinger. Kontrasten mellem hatkødets
og rørlagets farve er påfaldende. Lugt sødlig.
Ved indtørring skrumper frugtlegemerne stærkt ind under rødbrun
farvning og bli ver på overfladen af hatkød og rørlag fedtet at føle
på, rørlaget endog hel t fedtglinsende . Den sødlige lugt forstærkes
-
57 -
Fig. 3. Aurantioporus al borub escens , Poremundinger. have 17.9.1975. x 20 . Fat. J. KOCH.
Jægersborg Dyre-
med tørringen og kan hænge ved svampen Op mod et år. Ved snit i
det tørre hatkød fremtræder marmoreringen særdeles tydelig med
dybt rødbrune årer, der danner et radiært strakt net. Snitflader på
gamle præparater er ofte gråligt dunede som følge af tætte belægninger med hvide krystaller. Frisk og tørret materiale bliver efter
nogen tid vinrødt (svagt til stærkt) med KOR.
Rat- og rørtrama monomitisk, hyfer tyndvæggede, tæt besat med
gullig krystaller 4-5 (6) p i diarn., med øskner. I hattrama slyngede
bånd af parallelt liggende hyfer, mellem båndene løsere uregelmæssigt
hyfevæv. Rørtrama homogent med let slyngede hyfer. Basidier kølleformede, 4-sporede, 18-20 X 6-8 p. Sporer i masse hvide (set på
spindelvæv) , d. v. s. hyaline, ægformede til bredt ellipsoidiske, med
stor dråbe, 5-6-8 X 4-5 p; middel af 20 sporer 6,1 X 4,4 p (kollektionen 11.9.1974); sporer altid rigeligt til stede.
I hulrum og spalter eller fritstillede på brudflader eller undersiden af væltede, gerne stærkt formuldede , gamle bøgestammer.
Til tre af nedenstående kollektioner har N. F . BUCHWALD venligst
givet mig sine personlige optegnelser om de friske frugtlegemer:
20.9.1936: "Frugtlegeme klumpformet ; Kødet blødt, lyst kødrødt, meget let at skære i i frisk Tilstand, med en
aromatisk, sæbeagtig, vammel-sødlig Lugt. Ved Såring bliver Kødet kraftigere rødt".
10.10.1937: "Lyserødt, osteagtigt Kød med ejendommelig Lugt".
3.9.1950: "Udvendig hvidlig. Kød oprindelig rosafarvet" .
-
58 -
Disse beskrivelser falder udmærket i tråd med min opfattelse af
svampen.
Kollektioner:
Sjælland, Jægersborg Dyrehave, F ag us silv atica, (levende stamme) ,
11.1927; leg. N. F . B UCHWALD.
Sjælland, Jægersborg Dyrehave, F agus silvat i caj 17.8.1930; comm.
N . F. BUCHWALD.
Mø en, Aborrebjerget, F ag us silvatica, 20.9 .1936 ; leg . R. HESTEHAVE.
Sjælland, Sorø, Kongebroskoven, F a gu s silvat ica, 10 .10. 1937; leg. N . F.
B UCHWALD.
Sjælland, Billesbo r g I ndelu k k e, Fagu s si loatica, 3.9.195 0 ; leg. M . P .
CHRISTIANSEN.
Sjælland, Køge Strandskov, løvtræsstød, 4.10.1964 ; leg. N.F.Bu CHWALD.
Sjælland, Jægersborg Dyrehave, Fagus silo atica, 15 .8.1971 ; leg . P.
PR INTZ.
Sjælland, Jægersbor g Dyrehave, Fagus silvati ca, 13.10.1973, 7.8.1974,
11.9.1974, 27.9.1974 (s a m m e stamme ) ;
leg. J ØRGEN F . P ETERSEN.
Sjælland, Køge Str andskov, E aqu» si lvatica, 2.10.1974 ; le g. J. KOCH.
Aurantioporus fissilis (BERK. et CURT.) H . JAHN, 1973 (syn.
Phaeolus albosordescens (ROMELL) BOURD. et GALZ. ; Tyromyces
jissilis (BERK. et CURT.) DONK) er kendt fra de fleste lande i Europa,
fra Centralasien og det sydlige USA, men er alle steder sjælden. Den
angives som parasit på æble , sjældnere på birk, poppel, pil , lin d, ask
og bøg, hvor den forårsager kerneråd. I Danmark blevet lille frugtlegeme på en gammel væltet bøg fundet ved Sorø i 1970 , hvor A. M.
DONK foreløbigt bestemte det til Tyromyces jissilis. I februar 1974
fandt forf. et gammelt frugtlegeme på brudfladen af den afbrækkede
del af en knækket bøg. Porelaget var velbevaret, hårdt og fedtglinsende, med mange sporer og hatkødet hvidt-creme, trævlet og henfaldende. Ved eftersyn 3. august samme ar på den samme stamme
fandtes et frugtlegeme på 800 g (vandindhold 85 % ) ; det blev plukket, og to måneder senere var et nyt vokset frem samme sted. Det
sidste frugtlegeme vejede 890 g (vandindhold 85 %). Dr. H. JAHN
har venligst bekræftet bestemmelsen af disse fund. Ved gennemgang
. af samlingen på Plantepatologisk Afdeling kunne en stor, ituskåret
og spritlagt poresvamp taget på bøg i 1897 (Hardenberg) med sikkerhed henføres til A. jissilis.
Også denne art må således anses for at være veletableret i Danmark. Efterfølgende beskrivelse er baseret på frugtlegemerne fra
Køge Strandskov.
Aurantioporus jissilis (BERK. et CURT.) H. JAHN, Sej Fedtsporesvamp. Frugtlegemer bredt hovformede, med tilbøjelighed til etage-
-
59 -
Fig. 4. Aurantioporus fissilis . Frugtlegeme på brudflade af knækket stamme
af Fagus silvatica. - Køge Strandskov 2.10 .1974 . X 14 . Fot. J . KOCH.
ring (fig. 4); basalt kort ne dløbende (stromaagtig basalplade) , 2937 cm brede, 7-10 cm dybe, 13 cm høje, trekantede i t værsnit . Ra nd
først tyk, vulstagtig, senere tyndere, lidt overhængende, groft lappet.
Oversiden buklet -kn oldet, mod randen jævnere, hvid-creme med lidt
mørkere året tegning, hist og her med r osa skær. Basale dele pletvis
rødbrune. Tæt og fint håret, basalt tottet. P oremundinger hvide med
Fig. 5. Aurantioporus /issilis. P oremundinger. - Køge Strandskov 21.9.1975.
X 18. F ot. J . KOCH.
-
60 -
rosa skær, sva gt t andede, runde til kantede, af og til sammenflydende
(fig. 5) 2-3/mm, mod randen dårligt udviklede. Konsistens sej; yngre,
blødere dele bliver ved tryk vanddrukne.
Ratkød kødet, r a diært fibret, bæltet af koncentriske vanddrukne
ringe, med far ver som hatoversiden, efter gennemskæring langsomt
svagt rosa hist og he r . P or ela g creme med grålig tone, d. v. s. lidt
mør ker e end ha ttrama, t ykkest basalt, op t il 24 mm og j ævnt afsma lnen de mod den sterile rand. Lugt svagt su r (minder om lugten
hos Eom es marginatus) . Med KOR bliver hattrama gulligt; rørt rama
guln er ikke.
Frugtlegemet tørrer kun vanskeligt, far ves herunder gulbrunt brunt. Snitflader i pore lag efter tørringen mørkere end øvrige dele ,
fedt agtigt skinnen de og fedtede at føle på.
Hattrama monomitisk, med parallelt liggende hyfer i slyngede
bånd forbun det af løsere ur egelmæssigt hyfevæv ; hyfer 4-5 p i
diam., ældre t ykvæggede, yngre tyndvæggede, inkrusterede, med
øskner. Rørtrama monomitisk, homogent, hyfe r 4 p i diam., t yndvæggede, inkruster ede, med øskner. Ba sidier 4-s por ede, køllefo r mede, 20 X 4-5 p. Spo re r hyaline, bredt ellipsoidiske, med dråbe,
variation 4,2-6 X 3-4 p (middel af 20 spo rer 5,0 X 3,5 p ) ; sporer
rigeligt t ilstede.
På f ast ved, i brudflade af gammel, knækket bøg, hvor den f orår sager hvidmuld.
Kollektioner :
Lolland, Hardenber g , Fagus silu a t ica, 8.1897; leg. C . WEISMANN .
Sjælland, So rø, Parnas, Fagus siloatica, 25.9.1970; eomm. J . KOCH.
Sjælland, Køge Strandskov, Fagu s suoauc a, 2.2.,3.8.,2.10.197 4 (samme
stamme) ; leg . J. KOCH.
Renkulturer af de to forannævnte arter er beskrevet af A. DAVID
(1969) ; forf.s kulturer af det danske materiale er i overensstemmelse hermed. A. fissilis danner store mængder af tyndvæggede
spor er (aleurisporer) og rigeligt med chlamydosporer (interkalære
og terminale) . I mange kollektioner ses tilsvarende sporer i hattrama
(LOWE 1975). Chlamydosporer er påvist i det danske materiale i kollektionen fra 2.2.1974. I renkulturer af A. alborub escens forekommer
chlamydosporer sporadisk, men de er ikke iagttaget i hattrama.
Materialet af de to arter opbevares på Plantepatologisk Afdeling,
Den kgl. Vetr.- og Landbohøjskole, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, København V.
-
61 -
LITTERATUR
Bourdot, B. & A. Galzin: Hymenomycetes de France. - BuH. Soc. Myc.
Fr. 41: 136-37, 1925.
Buchwald, N. F.: Safrangul Poresvamp (Polyporus (Hapalopilus) croceus)
fundet 1936 i Danmark. - Friesia 10: 323-326, 1974.
David, A.: Caracteres culturaux et cytologiques de quelques especes
rangees par BOURDOT et GALZIN et d'autres auteurs dans le
genre Phaeolus (Pohrporaceee), - Naturaliste canadien 96 :
211-224, 1969.
Jahn, B.: Einige in West-Deutschland (BRD) neue, seltene oder weniger
bekannte Porlinge (Polyporaceae s. lato ) , - Westfålische Pilzbriefe 9: 115, 1973 .
Addendum to Aurantioporus. - Westfallsche Pilzbriefe 9: 134,
1973.
Lowe, J. L.: Polyporaceae of North America, the genus Tyromyces.
Mycotaxon 2: 1-82, 1975.
København, juli 1975 .
FRIESIA
•
Bind XI . Hefte 1 . 1975
TWO NEW SPECI ES OF ASCOSPH AERA
AN D NOTE S ON THE CONIDIAL STATE
OF BETTSI A ALVEI
By J. P . SKOU
Agricultural Research Department, Danish Atomic Energy Commission
Research Establishment Risø, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
ABSTRACT
Two new species, Ascosphaera aggregata and A. jimicola are
described. A. aggregata is probably pathogenic in the leaf-cutting
bees, Megachile pacijica and M . ceniuncularis, and in the mason bee,
Osmia ruja. In all three species it eauses a swelling of the larval
body due to development of the spore cysts beneath the larval integument that easily bursts giving the dead larvae a ragged appearance.
A. j imicola is primarily asaprophyte growing on the faecal pellets of
O. ruja. The conidial state of Bettsia alvei is proposed transferred to
Chrysosporium jarinaecola comb . nov.
INTRODUCTION
The increasing interest in rearing and propagating solitary bees
for pollination purposes has led to a search for species of bees that
are adapted or adaptable to the Danish climate. Since dead individuals
are often present in the trap-nests used, they and their content of
cells were examined for parasites and pathogens (cf. HOLM & SKOU
1972). The results of some of these investigations are presented below
together with notes on B ettsia alv ei .
-
62 -
TABL E L
Survey of the cells of bees examined for the occurrence of Ascosphaera aggr egata a n d A . jimicola.
H ost species or habitat
P la ce of origin
Year of
collection
Number of cells or
hosts examined
total
With Ascosphaera aggregata sp . n ov.
M egachile pacijica P ANZER
Valladolid, Spain
M eg ach ile pacijica P ANZER
Valladolid, Spain
Megachile centuncularis L.
T åstrup *, Denmark
Osmia ruja L.
Osmia ruja L.
With Ascosphaera jimicola sp. nov .
Osmia rufa L .
Ossnia r uja L.
Osmia ruja L .
Iwith the fungi
1971
1972
1972
16
45
11
2
18
1
Thurø **, Denmark
Glostrup, Denmark
1973
1974
52
47
17
8
Thurø, Denmark
T åstrup, Denmark
Gl ostrup, D en m a r k
1971
1972
1974
264
316
47
* ) Tåstrup and Glostrup are suburbs of Cop enha g en .
** ) Small island s outh of Funen (Fyn) .
*** ) Progeny of the bees from Thurø in 1971 .
1 ) S y n . M . rotundata (FABR.) nom. ambig. (cf. HOLM & SKOD 1972, ROBERTS 1974, 1975,
and the comments by PARKER; ROBERTS ; HOLM, SKOD & PETERSEN 1975) .
196
0***
43
0'1
W
64 MATERlAL AND METODS
Cardboard tubes, cells, larvae, and cocoons of three species of
solitary bees were examined as indicated in Table 1.
The "year of collection" given in Table 1 denotes the summer in
which the bees nested in the cardboard tubes. The cells were left
undisturbed until the period of emergence in the folIowing year, at
which time the examination was made. All measurements were made
with a Carl Zeiss Ocular Screw Micrometer as deseribed by SKOU
(1972) .
1. Ascosphaera
aggregata sp. nov.
Etymology: aggregata from aggrego (ad-grego, grex) = herd
together, clustered, which term refers to the closely packed ascomata
of the fungus under the integument of the bee larvae.
The fungus was first observed in larvae of Megachile pacijica
trapped in cardboard tubes in Spain after the method of HOLM (cf.
HOLM & SKOU 1972) in the summer of 1972 and examined at the
period of emergence in 1973. Compare the previous section. Furthermore the fungus was found by re-examining older larval material of
M. pacijica from Spain and material of M. centuncularis from Den mark. In the following years A. aggregata was found in the mason
bee, Osmia ru]a, on Thurø and at Glostrup (Table 1).
In the summer of 1975 the very same taxon was identified in
larvae of M. pacijica from Nevada, U.S.A., sent to the present author
by KEVIN HACKETT, Berkeley Universit y, California.*)
Figure 1. M egachile pacifica. Larvae ragged with growth of Ascosphaera
aggregata. x 3.5.
* ) In a pers. eomm. KEVIN HACKETT mentions the observation of the
symptoms in thousands of eadavers of M. pacijica, and that their inci-
denee may vary anywhere from 0-63 % in the populations.
65
F igure 2. Osm i a rufa . Larvae swollen and ragged with graw t h af Ascosp haera a g g rega ta. x 3.5.
The fungus was onl y found in larvae at different stages of development - never in prepupae or in imagines. In general the dea d larvae
had a peculiar, swollen appearance due to the development of huge
amounts of closely packed spor e cysts beneath the larval int eg ument.
In rare cases the cysts were visible t hr ough the integument. The skin
of the swollen larvae burst easily giving the larvae a ragged, dusty
appearance with spore balls spread all over the body and cell (Figs. 1
and 2). Little mycelium occurred on the surface.
In the spring of 1975 Sv. N ØRGAARD HOLM made it possibIe to
transfer eggs or just hatched larvae of O. ru j a together with t h e
undisturbed pollen mass from the cardboard tubes to glass tubes.
During transfer spores of A. aggregata were placed on top of the
pollen. In cases where we were certain that the larvae ate some of
the spores, the larvae died with the deseribed symptoms before
spinning a cocoon, and the clustered ascomata, the spore balls and
the spores of A . aggregata were easily identified. The fungus was not
observed in the non-inoculated control. On this basis the fungus is
regarded as pathogenic.
D e s c r i p t i o. Mycelium parcum, rare in superficiem larvarum
exiens. Hyphae 5.0-7 .0-9.5 f-l diam. Sporocystae nigrofuscae vel nigrae,
inter integumentum larvae et residuum durum cinnamomeum intestini
dense congestae, ob pressionem mutuam a latere obpyramidales vel
-
66 -
Figure 3. Ascosp haera aggr egata. Spore cysts as they occur closely packed
under the skin of t he larvae.
a a nd b. Oem i a rufa larvae . a. P arts of t h e skin h ave vanished tog ether
w it h the u pper part of the spore cysts. x 5. - b. The closely packed spore
cysts with t h eir a ng u lar a pp ea r a nc e. x 16.
c a nd d. M eg achile pacifica larvae. c. The layer of conica l to tube-shaped
spore cy st s on the int es tine. On top of t h e layer a pi ece of skin with the
upper part of a cyst. x 16. - d. Spore cy st s in cross section. X 16.
prismaticae a d 400 p longae visae, in sectione angulatae forma
variae 140-320 p diam. max., 100-210 p diam. min. Membrana cystae
satis fragilis , subtiliter maculata, vix ver r ucosa . Globuli sp orarum
s pha er ici 10-17.1-25 p diam., 93 pro 100 inter 12 et 22 p, multi
coacervati cinnamomei. Ascosporae unicellulares, hyalinae, nullo vel
paene nullo colore, manifesto mucosae , subcylindricae vel suballan-
Figure 4. Spore cyst mebranes. Left, the spotted m embrane of Aecosphaer a
aggregata. Right, the verrucous membrane of A. f i m i co la . X 1200 .
-- 67 -
Figu re 5. Spo re balls . Left, A scosphaer a ag grega ta. Right, A. jimicola.
X 400.
t oides obtusae lateribus parallelis, 1.3-2.0-2.6 X 3.8-5.2-6.8 p magnae,
plus quam 90 pro 100: 1.5-2.5 X 4.5-6.0 p, r atione longitudinis pr o
latitudine ita 2.6.
Habitat in M egachiZe paciJica PANZER, M. centuncuZari L. et Osmia
ru ia L. parasitica.
Holotypus anno 1974 in Osmia r uJa in insula danica Thurø lectus,
in Museo Botanico Hauniensi (C.) depositus.
D e s c r i p t i o n. Mycelium sparse, rarely occurring on the sur face of the larvae. Hyphal diameter 5.0-9.5, av. 7.0 p. Spore cysts
dark brown to black, closely aggregated between the larval integument and the hard, light chocolate-brown remainder of the intestine
where they take form after each other and appear conical to tubeshaped with a variable, angular appearance in cross section where
the largest and smallest diameters measure 140-320 p and 100-210 p ,
respectively (Fig. 3 a-d) . The length of the spore cysts, that is the
thickness of the layer they constitute under the integument, is up to
about 400 p. The cyst membrane is ratlier fragile and finely spotted,
but hardly verrucous (Fig. 4). Spore balls, spherical 10-25, av. 17.1 p
in diameter with 93 % between 12 and 22 p, and pale brown in
masses (Fig. 5). Ascospores, one-celled, hyaline, weakly coloured,
and obviously having a mucous surface, obtuse with parallel sides and
subcylindric to suballantoid, measuring 1.3-2.6 X 3.8-6.8, av. 2.0 X
5.2 p with more than 90 % : 1.5-2 .5 X 4.5-6.0 p. Lengthjbreadth: 2.6
(Fig. 6).
H a b i t a t. Probably pathogenic in larvae of M egachiZe paciJica
PANZER, M . centuncularis L. , and Osmia ruia L. where it eauses a
swollen and ragged appearance due to the formation of a layer of
closely aggregated ascomata between the integument and the remainder of the intestine.
-
68 -
F ig ure 6. Ascospores . Left, A sco sphaer a aggr egata . Ri ght, A. j imicola.
X
800.
G r o w t h c o n d i t i o ns. The ascospores germinate on artificial media and give rise to a hyaline mycelium which turns pale
brown because of a substance produced during growth. This substance leaks out and gives the medium a br ownish colour of varying
intensity. In spite of moderate to good growth on most media, which
only enhanges little by addition of vitamins or yeast extract, the
fungus dies out if not frequently transferred to fresh medium. Spore
cysts were not produced on artificial media.
Material examined is that given in Tabl e 1. The only difference
observed was a variation in the intensity of the colour tranferred
to the media.
H olotype on Osmi a Tufa L. and paratypes on Megachile pac i jica
PANZER from Spain and Nevada , U.S .A. are deposited at the Botanical
Museum and Herbarium (C.), Copenhagen. Further, paratypes (rnycelial culture CBS 523.75) and isotypes are dep osited at CBS, Baa r n ,
The Netherlands, and at CMI , Kew, U.K. (IMI 197465,197466,197467) .
2. Ascos ph aera fimicola sp. nov.
Etymology: }fi mi} from fimus = dung and ' cola' (from colo) =
growing on, inhabiting, which terms refer to the faet that the fungus
grows primarily on the faecal pellets of the bee la r vae.
Thirty-eight carboard tubes with 264 cells of Osm ia Tufa were
received for examination in 1972 from N ØRGAARD HOLM (Table 1 ).
Two hundred and seventeen bees emerged from these cells, 6 bees
(3 males and 3 femaIes) were dead without showing any symptoms,
3 larvae showed chalk brood symptoms, 8 cells contained parasitic
wasps (MonodontomeTus ObSCUTUS WESTWOOD) , 11 cells were filled
with pollen, and 19 cells were empty vestibule cells.
-
69 -
A species of Ascosphaera was found growing in all 38 cardboard
t ubes, where the fungus was distributed with 116 cells containing
ascomat a and 80 cells containing mycelium only. The fungus generally
occurred on or in con tact wit h t he faecal pellets of t h e larvae, and
only in the 3 cases me nt ioned on t h e larvae themselves .
The progeny of t he 217 b ees were examined the followi ng year.
Thr ee h undr ed a nd sixteen bees emerged from 60 ca r dboa r d tubes,
and no Ascosph aer a was f ound (Table 1) .
The Glostru p materi a l from 1974 had 8 la rvae with A. ag gregata
a nd none with A . j imi col a) even though this species was present in
43 of 47 cell s (Ta ble 1 ) .
D e s c r i p t i o. Myc elium in sit u pulvereoalbum. Sp orocystae
globula r es, nitidae, pallide vel obscure testaceae, 25-64.2-125 p diam.,
87 pro 100 inter 50 et 100 p. Membrana cystae satis fragilis, manifesto verrucosa. Globuli sporarum satis parvae, uniformes, 6.6-10 .315.5 p diam., 94 pro 100 int er 8 et 14 p. Ascosporae unicellulares,
hyalinae, nullo vel paene nullo colore, ellipsoides vel subcylindri ca e
vel suballantoides vel r ectoconvexae, saepe corpusculum refringens
subterminale qua eque praebens , 1.1-1.7-2.6 X 2.6-3.7-4. 7 p magnae,
plus qua m 90 pro 100: 1.5-2.0 X 3.0-4.5 p , ratione longitudinis pro
latitudine ita 2.2.
Habitat in faecibus Osmiae r u j ae L.
Holotypus anno 1972 in faecalibus Osmiae rujae in insula danica
Thurø lectus, in Museo Botanico Hauniensi (C) depositus.
D e s c r i p t i o n. Mycelium du sty white on the natural subst r at e.
The pale brown to dark brown, glistening, globose spore cysts (Fig.
7) measure 25-125, a v. 64.2 p in diameter with 87 % between 50 and
100 p. The cyst membrane is rather fragile and distinctly verrucous
(F ig. 4). The spore balls are relatively small and uniform, 6.6-15 .5,
a v. 10.3 p in diameter with 94 % between 8 and 14 p (Fig. 5) .
Ascospores, one-celled, hyaline, weakly coloured, ellipsoidic, subcylindric to suballantoid or planoconvex, frequently having a subterminal refractive spot, 1.1-2.6 X 2.6-4.7 , av. 1.7 X 3.7 p with more
than 90 % : 1.5 -2.0 X 3.0-4.5 p . Length/breadth: 2.2 (Fig. 6).
H a b i t at. Associated with the mason bee Osmia ruja L. , where
it primarily grows on the faecal pellets from the larvae.
G r o w t h c o n d i t i o n s. Failed to grow on any of several
artificial media tried.
-
70 -
Figure 7. A scosphaera j i m icola . Spore eysts. Above, a eardboard tube with
spore eysts as oeeuring together with the faeeal pellets of the larvae. X 3.0.
Below, a dose-up of the spore eysts. X 35.
Material examined is that given in Table 1. No differences were
observed in the fungus with respect to the three places of origin.
Holotype on faecal pellets from larvae of Osmia ruia L in cardboard tubes is deposited at the Botanical Museum and Herbarium (C),
Copenhagen. Further, paratypes are deposited at CBS, Baarn, The
Netherlands, and at CMI, Kew, U.K. (IMI 197468).
3. Chrysosporium farinaecola (BURNSIDE) comb. nov.
Syn.: Ovular ia jarinaecola B VRNSIDE 1928.
St. ase. : B ettsi a alv ei (BETTS) SKOV 1972.
Basionym : P er icustis alv ei BETTS 1912.
Syn.: Ascosphaera alv ei (BETTS) OLIVE et SPILTOIR 1955.
BETTS (1912a) made drawings of the aleuriospores as well as of
the intercalary chlamydospores when she deseribed Pericystis aloei,
but neither on this occasion nor later did she distinguish between the
two kinds of spores (BETTS 1912b, 1919 , 1932).
BURNSIDE (1928) gave a detailed description of an imperfect
fungus , Ovularia jarinaecola, on stored pollen in the brood combs.
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His dr awings show two kinds of ch lamydospores besides the aleuriospores. Soon a ft erwards MAURIZIO (1929) drew attention t o the
resemblance between the American Ovularia farinaecola and the
European pollen mould, Pericustis aioe«, apart from the occur r ence
of spore cysts in the latter. BETTS agreed with MAURIZIO'S statements
in an added editorial note. It was further mentioned that the fungus
is heterothallic, and that BURNSIDE may have obtained only one of
the sexes. This information led to a comparison by BURNSIDE (1934)
of the two obviously closely re lated fungi. He reached the conc1usion
that O. farina ecola is the conidial state of P. alvei. Based on these
facts, he wis hed to withdraw the name of the conidiaI state.
In segregating Bettsia from Ascosphaera and emendating the
descriptions, SKOU (1972) prop osed no name for the conidial state
of Bettsia aloei, and not until reading the paper of BATRA, BATRA &
BOHART (1973) was his attention drawn to BURNSIDE'S fungus .
There are good reasons for a specific name for the conidial state
of B. alv ei because this state is nearly always present, because only
one of the sexes may now and then be present in the com bs , and
beca us e it may be r ather difficult t o produ ce the ascigerous state on
artificial me dia.
Figure 8. Gh rysos po r i u m f ar i n aeco l a. Coni dia and intercalar y chlamydospores. Below t o t h e left, the type of chlamydospores frequently occurrin g
on media w it h poo r g r ow th. X ca . 600.
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The conidia l state must be ranged in the ceteri-hyalo group of
amerosporous form genera, however, it does not belong to the rachifor m genus Ovularia, but to t h e non-specialized genus Chrysosporium
(cf . CARMICHAEL 1962 , KENDRICK & CARMICHAEL 1973) characterized
by its aleuriosporic conidia . Therefore, the conidial state of B. alvei
is pr oposed transferr ed t o Chrysosporium jarinaecola (BURNSIDE)
comb. nov. (Fig. 8).
The pronoun ced produetion of chlamydospores t hat is characteri stic of t he fu ng us is without sig nificance above species level. The
chla mydosp or es are of t wo kinds, as shown by BURNSID E (1928) but
that in whi ch nearly all cells of t he hyphae are transformed into
chlamydosp ores is only pronounced on media with poo r growth (Fig.
8); compare t he two in dependent descriptions of BETTS (1912a) and
BURNSIDE (1928) a nd the emendation of SKOU (1972 ) .
DISC U SSIO N
Apart from a single experiment studying the pathogenicity of
Ascosphaera aggregata) all t he observations were made on dead
lar va e or on t heir fa eca l pellets. A. aggreg at a is suggested to be
pa r asitic a nd pathogen in Megachile pcciiicc; M. cent u ncu lar i s and
Osmia ruja because it was shown that the disease may develop rapidly
if larvae eat t he spores together with the pollen, because of the
peculiar growth and development of the spore cysts (ascomata) just
beneat h the larval integument, and because larvae with fully
developed spore cyst s die at different ages. A. jimicola is suggest ed
t o be primarily asaprophyte because of it s close association with
t he faecal pellets of the larvae, because a great many bees developed
undist urbed although the fungus was present in the cells, and further
beca use the fungus was not found among the progeny. On the other
hand, the fungus is not necessarily without pathogenic properties as
thr ee of the 196 cells containing the fungus contained dead larvae
with chalk br ood symptoms.
STEJSKAL (1974) deseribed a fungus, A rrhen osphaer a cranei
S TE J SKAL , which eauses a new kind of chalk brood in honey bees in
Venezuela . In spite of the incorrect use of some technical terms, he
may be correct in placing the fungus within Ascospha eraceae, but a
ver ificat ion would be desirable. According t o this author A . cranei
produces a conidial state. Although deseribed and illustrated without
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clear details, it differs from Chrysosporiurn jarinaecola because the
conidia obviously occur in chains.
Several genera related to B. aZvert in Plectomycetes or Eurotiales
(cf . ALEXOPOULOS 1962 , VON ARx 1970, FENNELL 1973) have a Chrysosporium state, e. g. A nexiops is , Aphanoasous , A rihroderma, Ctenomqces, Gum noascus, and 'I'hielavui, while in others the Chrysosporiu m
state is accessory to, for example a phialosporae conidial state. However, Bettsia and Ascosphaera species are still difficult to place in
any phylogenetic line because of the unicellular structure of the
spore cyst membrane (SKOU 1972) not found in other fungi. They
could be close to Ophiostomatacae as suggested by FENNELL (1973 ) ,
but rather they constitute an independent phylogenetic line, as
suggested by LUTTRELL (1955) without discussion, however, developing instead from Euascomycet es (Pl ectomycet es or Eurotiales) ~ and
only having ancestors in common with the Ophiostomataceae (SKOU
1972) .
A C K N OW L E D G EM EN TS
The author is deeply indebted to sv. NØRGAARD HOLM, The Royal
Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, who furnished all
the material. Special thanks are due to cand. mag. TYGE CHRISTENSEN,
Institute for Sporeplanter, University of Copenhagen, for preparing the
Latin diagnoses. Finally, the author wishes to thank Mrs. ULLA JE NSEN
for her interest and technical assistance.
REFERENCES
Alexopoulos, C. J.: Introductory mycology. 2nd ed . - New York 1962 .
Arx, J. A. von:The genera of fungi sporulating in pure culture. -Lehre 1970 .
Batra, L. R., S. W. T. Batra & G. E. Bohart: The mycoflora of domesticated
and will bees ( Ap oidea ). - Mycopathol. Mycol. appl. 49: 13-44,
1973 .
Betts, A. D.: A bee-hive fungus, Pericystis aloei, gen. et sp . nov. - Ann.
Bot. 26 : 795-799, 1912a.
The fungi of the bee-hive, - J. econ. Biol. 7: 129-162, 1912b.
Fungus diseases of bees. - Bee World 1 : 132, 1919 .
Chalk brood. - Ibid. 13 : 78-80, 1932 .
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74 -
Burnside, C. E .: Saprophytic fungi associated with the honey bee. - Mich.
Acad. Sci. Arts Letters 8: 59-86, 1928.
Comparison of Pericystis aZvei from Europe and the related
species from America. - Bee World 15: 105-106, 1934.
Carmichael, J. W.: Ohrysosporium and some other aleuriosporic Hyphom y cet es. - Can. J. Bot. 40: 1137-1173, 1962 .
FennelI, D. 1.: Plectomycetes ; Eurotiales. - In G. C. AINSWORTH, F. K.
SPARROW & A. S. SUSSMAN: The Fungi. An Advanced Treatise
4A: 45-68, 1973.
Holm, Sv. Nørgaard & J. P. Skou: Studies on trapping, nesting, and rearing
of some MegachiZe species (Humenoptera, MegachiZidae) and
on their parasites in Denmark. - Entomo!. Scand. 3: 169-180,
1972.
Kendrick, W. B. & J. W. Carmichael: Hyphomycetes. - In G. C. AINSWORTH,
F. K. SPARROW & A . S. SUSSMAN: The Fungi. An Advanced
Treatise 4A : 323-509, 1973.
Luttrell, E. S.: The ascostromatic Ascomycetes. - Mycologia 47: 511-532,
1955.
Maurizio, A: Pericystis aZvei BETTS. - Bee World 10 : 91-92, 1929.
Parker, F. D.; Roberts, R. B.; Holm, S. N., J. P. Skou & B. Petersen:
Comments on «Apis rotundato. Fabricius, 1793 (Insecta, Hymenoptera): Proposed suppression of lectotype and designation
of neotype in accord with MegachiZe rotundata auct." Z. N. (S.)
2042 . - BuH. Zoo!. Nornenel. 32: 82-85, 1975.
Roberts, R. B.: Apis rotundata Fabricius, 1793 (Tnsecta, Hymenoptera):
Proposed suppression of lectotype and designation of neotype in
aeeord with MegachiZe rotundata auct. Z. N. (S.) 2042. - Ibid.
30: 190-192, 1974.
Reply to PETERSEN, HOLM and SKOV. - Ibid. 32: 85-86, 1975.
Skou, J. P.: AscosphaeraZes. - Friesia 10: 1-24, 1972.
Spiltoir, C. F. & L. S. Olive: A reclassifieation of the genus Pericystis
BETTS. - Mycologia 47: 238-244, 1955.
Stejskal, M.: Arrhenosphaera cranei) gen. et sp. nov. a bee-hive fungus
found in Venezuela. - J. Apicult. Res. 13: 39-45, 1974.
Roskilde, Oetober 1975.
F R IE SIA
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Bind XI . Hefte 1 . 1975
NOTITSER
1963
I
DR. ALBERT PILAT
November 2,1903 - May 29,1974.
Dr. ALBERT PILAT Dr. Sc . died on May 29, 1974, in Prague. He was
the leading mycologist of Czechoslovakia, corresponding member of the
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, chief of the Mycological Department
at the National Museum in Prague, chief editor of the journal "Ceskå
mykologie" and, for many years, president of the Czechoslovak Scientific
Society of Mycology. Dr. ALBERT PILAT was born in Prague on Nov. 2,
1903. After a cl assic al secondary school education, which greatly influenced his philosophy and working methods, he took up his studies in the
Faculty of Natural Sciences at Charles University. His decision to study
natural science evolved from his deep, innate interest for living nature.
At the University he studied under the guidance of Professor Dr. JOSEF
VELENOVSKY, a well-known botanist, phytopaleontologist and mycologist,
under whose leadership he prepared his thesis, a monograph of the Czechoslovak species of the family Cyphellaceae (1925). After being awarded
the degree of Doctor Science, Dr. PILAT entered the Botanical Department
of the National Museum at Prague in 1930, where he remained until the
end of his life. The activity of Dr. PILAT at this institute established the
direction of mycological research in Czechoslovakia and also greatly influenced the work of our mycologists. Since that time the National
Museum has become an important centre of mycology. It is due to Dr.
PILAT that extensive mycological collections were established, which he
substantially enlarged by his own collections, particularly of wood-inhabiting fungi. PILAT'S pioneer trips during 1928-38 contributed much to an
understanding of the vast mycoflora of the Carpathians, above all for
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76 -
lignicolous fungi, and led to a series of monographs. These were published
in the widely acknowledged Atlas of European Fungi ; in this wo rk the
aut hor had int ended to published all European fungi in cooperation with
ot h er mycologists. As a taxonomist, he devoted his attention to several
groups of t h e order A phyllopho r ales, in pa rticular t o Polypo r ac eae. His
we ll k now n t r eat ise on Polyporacea e has become a fundemental work of
ref erence fo r this group of fungi. Several other m onogra phs pu blish ed in
the Atla s of European F ung i, such as Pieu ro t u e (1935), L enti nus (1946 ) ,
and Cr ep i d ot u s (1 948) , indicate the w a y in which Dr. P ILAT had int ended
t o carry out the considerable task of publishing a ll E uropean f ungi. Later
ALBERT PIL AT directed his attenti on t o fung i other t han lignicolous, n a m ely
t o Agaricus (1 951), Cortinarius (1 959) and r ecently t o B oletaceae ( 1974).
The later m on ograph, su pplemented by numerous col our pl ates , was
publis h ed in cooperation w it h A . DERMEK (1974). In a ddition he al so
worked w ith severa l other g r oups such a s P r otocl av ar iales (1957), A uricu l ar i a l es a nd T r em ellales (1957), a nd Clav ariacea e (1 958-1 972). As t he
chief editor h e prep a red for publication t h e journal "C eska mykologie"
from its very beginning in 1947 ; this journa l achieved a n international
standar d u nder Dr . PILAT'S influence. Further functions a r ose from his
long- la sting ch airmanship of the Czechoslovak Scientific So ciety of Mycolog y and fro m his m em ber ship of t h e Academy of Sciences. To the general
pu blic, at home as well as abroad, he became famous fo r his illustrated
Atlases of f ungi (i n cooperation with the artist painter O. U SAK). These
atl a ses appeared in many editi ons and their t ranslations have be en distribut ed nearly a ll over the world. Dr. PILAT'S written contributions to the
fi eld of mycology a re numerous indeed ; the list of his publications including his other botanical contributions represents about 500 wo rks. He
pu blish ed no t only in Czechoslovakian journals, but also in many foreign
jour na ls su ch as " F r iesia" and others. His extensive activity achieved
m uch esteem no t only in his native cou nt r y but also a br oa d. He was
elect ed honorary member of the French and British mycological societies
a nd a member corr espondent of several other societies. His energy, tenacit y and industry were praiseworthy; in addition t o these qualities, it was
Dr . PILATS great humanity that render ed him many fri ends, whom he
w a s always willing to help. As editor of the popular Czech biological
jour na l "Ziva", a post he held for many years, enabled him to take an
int erest in other aspects of biology, particularly in botany. His love of
pla nt s can be seen from the immense material (sever a l ten thousand
photographic ne gatives of plants) , which fo rmed the basis of two large
volum es on Czech dendrology de aling with deciduous trees and shrubs of
our gardens and parks (1953 ) and with conifers (1965). Mainly during
t h e last years, Dr. PILAT devoted much time and energy to another of his
in t er est s, namely r ock plants, which became the subject of a comprehensive, illustrated work (1973 ).
Dr. ALBER'T PILA'T was a leading personality of Cz echoslovak mycology.
He loved nature with all his heart and had the g ift of writing a ttr a ctively
and easily about the objects of his liking. He had much opportunity to
t r avel in a g reat number of countries, in which h e often represented
Czechoslova k science. He was our most well known mycologist and his
r ich contact with mycologists t h roughout the world greatly shared in
t h e knowledge of Czechoslovak m ycolog y. Dr. PILAT'S work was awarded
sever a l distinctions.
All specialists in the field to which ALBERT PILAT dedicated his entire
life will again and again refer to the extensive work he carried out.
T hr oug h his departure his close friends and colleagues have lost a very
k ind man, scientist and teacher, who will never be forgotten, but whose
place will remain vacant for a long time.
Praha, November 1974 .
Dr. MIRKO SVRCEK CSc.
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