Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM The Japan Foundation Page bc3 Center for Global Partnership Autumn 1994 - CG NEWSLE Table of Contents A Farewell Message from the Executive Director Grass Roots Exchange Activities in the US and Japan 4 The Executive Director of CGP, Mr. Minoru Kusuda, will be retiring as of November 1994. In place of the usual message from the Director of the New York office, Mr. Kusuda reflects in this issue on his years of experience working to improve mutual understanding between the US and Japan. Japan Documentation Center (JDC) 6 by Ichiko T. Morita Japanese Organizational Profile 9 Grants Awarded 10 Publications List 20 In Japanese society, the word “en” holds a great deal of meaning. The “Relationships b same Chinese character can also be read as “heri” or “fuchi,” meaning countries are co the edge of something, or it can refer to the porch or balcony of a from political, e house, but the primary usage of this character comes from Buddhist philosophy and carries the meaning of something that is destined to be, a connectivity cultural and oth that is born of fate. For example, it is said that a person is blessed with good “en” when they are married, something like the English phrase “a match made elements, but in in Heaven.” We also use “en” when we describe the close bond between deepen those ti parent and child, or between mentor and pupil. When I first began working, one of my senior colleagues shared with me a won- foundation of th derful piece of advice that has stayed vividly in my memory to this day. “To succeed relationship mu in life,” he told me, “you must cherish every opportunity you have to make a new acquaintance, and create a good relationship (‘en’) between you. Then, you must be built upon mutu sure to cherish that ‘en’ for your entire life.” Over the past three and a half years understanding. since the creation of the Center for Global Partnership, I have thought often about strongly that an those words and I have realized that the secret to international exchange, as well, is to develop and cherish close bonds, or “en,” with people throughout the world. understanding o As a benefit of my time as the Executive Director of CGP, I have enjoyed the country’s cultur opportunity to make the friendship of many respected individuals from throughout American society. Through my contact with these friends and colleagues, I believe the sentiments o that I have been able to deepen my knowledge of America. I have also become people is essen more acutely aware of the necessity of a healthy, collaborative relationship between the US and Japan if we are to preserve that peace in the future and facilitate global if nations are to development. During the half century that has followed the end of World War II, healthy, constru many people around the globe have enjoyed the blessings of peace. At the same time, we have only been able to come this far because of the great care and attenties at any level tion that has been required on the part of those people to maintain that peace. Relationships between countries are constructed from political, economic, cultural and other various elements, but in order to deepen those ties, the foundation of that relationship must be built upon mutual understanding. I feel strongly that an understanding of each country’s cultures and the sentiments of the people is essential if nations are to enjoy healthy, constructive ties at any level. The foundation of international exchange is people, and in many countries it is community-based or civic organizations that are most active in educating society about other cultures and peoples. In Japan, the non-governmental sector has recently started to take on greater significance in this area, as new organizations have begun to appear and flourish. It is my hope that many of these institutions will increasingly turn their focus outward, allowing a greater number of Japanese citizens to participate in and initiate projects on a global scale. By fostering “en” with people of other nations who are working in the same fields and who share the same goals, those involved in these exchanges will be able not only to improve continued on next page Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 2 2 Executive Director’s Farewell Message . . . “The founding philosophy behind the establishment of CGP was first the belief that in the postCold War era the cooperation and coordinated efforts of the United States and Japan are indispensable for the creation of a new international order, and for the achievement of lasting peace and stability. Japan must work, along with the US, to contribute to global growth themselves, but also to better define their own identity. Moreover, these exchanges can play an important role in creating a healthier basis for international relations in general, as the power of citizens is becoming increasingly vital in the global arena. I believe that, from this point forward, the principal focus of international exchanges will be to foster cooperative efforts between individuals working toward one greater, shared purpose. Identifying common goals shared by individuals and societies is also vital in redefining a post-Cold War order. At this time, in terms of post-Cold War international relations, no central, stabilizing, intellectual framework yet exists. Samuel Huntington’s article “Clash of Civilizations,” which appeared in the Summer 1993 volume of Foreign Affairs, represented one attempt to present a new paradigm, and the article had a strong impact on Japan. However, the post-Cold War framework delineated in that thesis, setting the “Islamic-Confucian connection” against the “Western civilization,” was not well received among Japanese intellectuals. For example, noted cultural anthropologist Tadao Umesao, former Director-General of the National Museum of Ethnology, argued, “When viewed from the perspective of historical developments, the theory is fundamentally incorrect.” Similarly critical was area studies scholar Masayuki Yamauchi of Tokyo University, who wrote in the Tokyo Shimbun (June 15, 1994), “Perhaps the concept of a clash of civilizations is symptomatic of the feeling that many Americans today share of a loss of global superiority, and in particular the loss of a sense of direction felt by the white elite class.” My personal opinion is that, while I respect Professor Huntington’s brave search for some analytical framework for an orderless age, it is precisely because of this lack of order that we who are living through today’s chaos must make even more steady, measured efforts. More simply put, it has become vital that we try harder to understand one another. Last summer, CGP sponsored the “20th Century Symposium–The End of the Century: The Future in the Past” in Yatsugatake, in Nagoya Prefecture. I remember being deeply moved by the words of Julia Kristeva, from University of Paris VII, who said, and development.” For years now, we have developed an essential point of our Western tradition which is its capacity to negate itself. We have attacked it, we have deconstructed it . . . . I belong to the generation that accomplished this very important work of negation, doubt, and even in a more mild sense, just interrogation. I think that the point now is to rehabilitate some positive aspects of this Western tradition, and one of the issues of the twenty-first century is not to protect Western culture negatively or defensively but to try to encourage a revival of our values in orde to confront Eastern as well as Western problems. The founding philosophy behind the estab lishment of CGP was first the belief that in the post-Cold War era the cooperation and coord nated efforts of the United States and Japan a indispensable for the creation of a new intern tional order, and for the achievement of lastin peace and stability. Japan must work, along w the US, to contribute to global growth and dev opment. The second concept behind CGP’ founding was that, in order to realize the US Japan cooperation required by this new age a far deeper level of mutual understanding i required between these two countries than ha ever existed before, and to achieve that, it essential that we promote a broad range of di logues and exchanges, and that we cultivate sense of unity between the people of the US a Japan. Third, in accomplishing these goals, Jap must take new action of its own initiative. With these three points in mind, we founde CGP, taking as our basic theme the goal of de oping the intellectual community and invigora the regional and grass-roots community. CGP conceived of shortly after the fall of the Ber Wall in 1989. In 1991, the Diet appropriated endowment of 50 billion yen, and as you pro bly already know, with the interest on that ca tal, we were able to take the first step toward realizing our goals. History is the accumulation of steps made people forge ahead down untrodden paths. I that sense, our entrance into the American ph anthropic sector has taken us one step forwa into a historical new path for Japan. The conc of philanthropy has not been a universally un stood one in Japanese society in the past, and I feel that it was a major step forward when C opened an office in New York and was allow to enter the world of American philanthropy f the first time. Given that this world was still n to us, we began by seeking the guidance of o more learned colleagues in American phila thropic organizations, and we were fortunat to find gracious support from those at the For Foundation, Rockefeller Brothers Fund and ma other institutions. In the unique social environ ment of the United States, the fact that the wo of CGP has gradually begun to gain the unde standing of the American people is an extrem fortunate sign for US-Japan relations, and I can sufficiently express my gratitude and respect f the magnanimity of the American society. Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 3 Nonetheless, I must also frankly express my serious concerns over the current state of USJapan relations. During the Cold War, the relationship between the US and Japan was in many ways represented by the US-Japan Security Treaty, as the two countries faced a common enemy. It stands to reason that the post-Cold War US-Japan relationship cannot remain intact. Times have changed, and it is inevitable that relationships change as well. Perhaps for that reason, despite the statements of the politicians and economists in both countries, the oftenrepeated expression of the unchanging importance of the US-Japan relationship has begun to ring increasingly hollow. The importance remains, but to truly understand that importance, one cannot ignore that the international context of the relationship, and therefore the fundamental meaning of the relationship, has shifted. In international politics, the world has shifted from a bipolar, US-Soviet centered framework to a more multipolar age. It seems that history is moving inexorably away from relations between nation-states, as issues of and between racial or ethnic groups take center stage. Perhaps it is that very shift in focus away from binational relationships that is hindering our ability to capitalize on the enormous potential of the US-Japan relationship. Despite the loud proclamations of the necessity of US-Japan collaboration, and despite the clear call in today’s world for these two countries to develop a concrete, practical strategy for cooperation, in reality these goals are not attracting attention; all eyes seem to be focused instead upon the narrow spectrum of economic issues. It seems that to a great extent we have shelved the fundamental work of building a foundation for US-Japan cooperation, and have abandoned the search for ways to promote a level of understanding among the people of both countries that would allow for a uniting of purpose and would in turn facilitate the creation of a new order in the world. This is all the more reason that I feel the importance of not letting CGP’s efforts stagnate; we must fight against this trend. True, meaningful exchange between people of different cultures is never easy, nor is the identification of shared values upon which collaborative efforts can be based. It would be unrealistic to expect enormous results in this area after only three years or even after five years of CGP’s efforts. From the beginning of history to our present world of 1994, humankind has traveled a long path, continuously striving to progress. From that perspective, or even in the more limited context of post-World War II US-Japan relations, the role that CGP has played is still extremely minor. Nonetheless, I believe that people have a moral imperative to choose an objective in life and work continuously toward that goal, and in so doing, to plant the seeds that will bear fruit for the next generation to enjoy. Even in this short period of three and a half years, CGP has worked towards its goals, and has actually contributed to efforts that will form the core of US-Japan relations in the future. Although CGP has recently been more restricted financially as a result of the recession in Japan, I believe that if we follow the old Japanese saying, “Never lose sight of your goal,” and continue to develop programs with sincerity, we can create a foundation that will let the people of both the US and Japan understand the importance of collaboration that is based upon a global perspective. Today, not only in the US and Japan, but throughout the world people are predicting that the 21st century will be the age of the Asia-Pacific. From the perspective of maintaining security, as well as promoting growth in the global economy, there can be no denying that the emergence of an Asia-Pacific age is predicated on the pivotal role of the United States-Japan relationship. In November of this year, I will leave my post as the Executive Director of CGP. Having devoted myself completely these past years to the creation of this institution, I have come to believe even more firmly than ever before in the ability of a deeper, collaborative US-Japan relationship to promote growth and development in the international society. I also believe that CGP must maintain its conviction in this vital global potential of the US-Japan relationship, and must devote itself to playing its role, however small it may be, in the continued deepening and strengthening of that bond. For my part, I will continue to devote myself to the development of US-Japan, as well as Asia-Pacific cooperation, but as I step aside to let others carry on the work that we have begun, it is my sincere hope that the people of the United States and Japan will continue to lend your understanding, cooperation and support for the future growth of CGP. –Minoru Kusuda, Executive Director Center for Global Partnership “I have come to believe even more firmly than ever be in the ability of a deeper, collaborat US-Japan relations to promote growth development in th international socie I also believe tha CGP must maintain its conviction in th vital global potenti of the US-Japan relationship, and m devote itself to pla its role, however small it may be, in the continued deepening and strengthening of that bond.” Vol. 6 1/6/2000 4 11:06 AM Page 4 Grass Roots Exchange Activities in the US and Japan ver the last several decades, the USJapan alliance has undeniably become a central element in the foreign policies of both countries. In addition, business ties between communities and companies across the United States and Japan have increased at an remarkable rate, deepening our economic interdependence. In contrast, however, the cultural and intellectual ties between communities and individuals in Japan and the US have grown at a much slower rate and have not kept pace with the brisk development of economic or political bonds, resulting in a somewhat unbalanced, or one-dimensional relationship. Given the instability of the present post-Cold War global framework, it is essential that these two countries that share so many common values and interests take a more holistic approach to creating a healthy and open relationship. CGP was established in 1991 to contribute to this goal through the support of projects that create a diversity of ties, involving individuals and organizations in all sectors of both societies in collaborative efforts that address issues of global concern. However, to effectively pursue this objective, CGP needed an accurate understanding of what organizations were already active in US-Japan exchange at the regional level and what types of activities were being carried out. As CGP began to study the field, it was clear that there was no comprehensive source of information, no road map that spelled out all of the actors and activities, particularly given the large number of small, grass-roots organizations that are involved in community-level exchanges. To inform and enhance our grant making in this area, and in turn to assist us in further nurturing and promoting regionally-based exchange activities, CGP decided to conduct a general survey on Japan-related activities in all the states of the US and a parallel survey on US-related activities in all the prefectures of Japan. The survey was intended to fulfill several purposes, including: to familiarize CGP and others with the current actors and activities in the field; to assist organizations and individuals in identifying potential counterparts for collaborative activities; to identify the specific fields and geographical regions in which particular strengths or deficiencies exist, and thereby to help in the improvement of underdeveloped areas; and to share programs or lessons learned from those areas which have enjoyed success. The survey has also enabled CGP to establish contacts with major organizations and individuals across the US and Japan engaged in international exchange activities. To carry out the survey, CGP commissioned the Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE) and its American affiliate, Japan Center for International Exchange, Inc. (JCIE/USA). The first phase of the project focused on Japan-related O “As CGP began to study the field, it was clear that there was no comprehensive source of information, no road map that spelled out all of the actors and activities, particularly given the large number of small, grass-roots organizations that are involved in community-level exchanges." activities in the US, and was divided into tw surveys of 25 states each. A researcher w appointed in each state to carry out the sur and submit a report based on detailed instr tions outlined by JCIE. Each researcher was a to provide an overview of the historical evolu of relations with Japan; trends of economic i action with Japan; and regional attitudes a perceptions toward Japan based on opinion p already available, media coverage, and so interviews. Researchers provided information the availability of teaching of Japanese langu and culture at the pre-college level and Japa Studies at the college level; sister city/state tions; international exchanges of various kin and the key factors in the initiation, as well a success or failure, of such diverse activities. E report ended with analysis and suggestions the enhancement of relations with Japan. The findings from the first 25 state surve were published in March 1993, and the rem ing surveys were published in a second volu in March 1994. This survey has provided wealth of information on the scope and divers of the regional activities related to Japan, and opportunities for and constraints against furth promoting such activities. In the article that f lows, we have briefly tried to summarize som the major points elucidated in the final analy of these two volumes. The parallel survey of US-related activitie Japan was begun in the latter part of 1992, a the first half of the prefectural surveys was p lished in a volume in March 1994. Because remaining surveys on Japan are not yet comp we cannot at this time provide an analysis regional activities in Japan based on these veys. When the second volume is published will summarize the findings in this newslet but for the present time, to provide some bala to the article on the US surveys, we would lik take this opportunity to provide an overview the major actors in this field in Japan and basic restraints and obstacles they face, based CGP’s own experiences in the field. Summary of Activities in the US Regional Diversity and Relations with Japan If one examines US-Japan relations at the state local levels across the US, it is apparent a w variety of factors guide the relationship. Ea region presents a different picture of econom historic, and in some cases ethnic make-up, th creating a diverse foundation for international r tions. With such an array of diversification i only natural that these regions present diverg reasons for creating regional ties with Japan. diversity of circumstances and regional chara istics underlines the fact that the US-Japan re tionship as it exists at the grass-roots level Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 5 complex and difficult to characterize, and overgeneralization can create misperceptions and misunderstandings. However, the picture of America presented to the outside world tends to focus on the current status of the national government and major cities and not on the diversity that exists at the regional level. The Japanese therefore tend to view American culture as homogeneous and overlook the distinct characteristics of various states. This leads to the impression that there is an increasingly large gap in understanding concerning the true nature of US-Japan relations. Education In the late 1980s, a wave of increased Japanese foreign direct investment in the US was accompanied by a surge of interest in Japanese language and culture. Universities have had to expand their resources and capabilities and, based on the state surveys, seem to have been fairly successful in responding to this challenge. Precollegiate education, on the other hand, has been less successful due to insufficient funding mechanisms and unsupportive educational policies. The recession has only made matters worse, especially for public schools that have had to cut funding for Japanese programs that are generally considered “non-fundamental” to basic educational requirements. Our survey found that many states have taken steps to address this problem and to build support for precollegiate Japan-related education. The three most significant approaches include: 1) universities mobilizing their resources for outreach programs for K-12 level educators; 2) institutional and organizational support for school’s Japan-related educational programs from educational clearinghouses and other nonprofit organizations; and 3) initiatives by dedicated individuals, which in many cases have far-reaching impact on entire communities even when funding and support for such education is weak. Due to continuing fiscal restraints on school budgets, especially for subjects considered “non-fundamental,” these new support mechanisms will play an important and increasing role in the future. Sister City and State Relationships Japan has more sister-city relationships with the US than with any other country. Though many cities are successfully linked, structural problems do exist. The most common problem is that the programs in the US and Japan receive funding from different sources. The Japanese city or prefectural programs usually receive direct funding from local governments and can maintain steady salaried staff, while American cities and states rely on volunteer groups to manage and fund raise for activities. This can lead to inconsistency in the ability of American city and state programs to send and receive delegations as regularly as the Japanese programs. Difficulties as well as success stories are in abundance, but a trend toward new and innovative types of exchange seems to be growing. A most recent example of this trend is the US-Japan Trilateral Exchange Program undertaken by Sister Cities International and funded by CGP. In this project, 10 pairs of US-Japan sister cities have introduced their Japanese or US counterpart to a sister city in an developing country to create a three-way relationship. The goal of this project is to not only promote exchange and greater understanding, but to address urban problems of mutual concern. Although cultural and educational exchange will remain an important element of sister city and state relationships in the future, it is apparent that these relationships can play an important part in economic revitalization, scientific research, agricultural development, and the development of many other sectors. These relationships can serve as a new resource for solving local problems, as well as a catalyst for further social and economic development. “Today, many local governments and grass-roots organizations are promoting exchang based on the need of their own loca region and develop their own form o international relati policy, and trade, Media and Technology The degree to which the world has become intricately linked is, in great part, due to advanced technologies that have brought previously remote and unrelated regions face-to-face. This technology has branched out into a variety of applications useful to education, research, and media. At the regional level of US-Japan relations, this new advanced technology has improved and strengthened linkages and made communication easier and quicker. Computers, television programming, and radio broadcasting all provide means to further international understanding. As access to worldwide media continues to expand, it can also be expected that citizens in regions around the world will increasingly have greater access to foreign media and thereby be influenced by the contemporary culture of many countries. Conclusion The information in the state surveys shows that US-Japan relations at the regional level have increased and broadened to include a host of actors and entities that support this bilateral relationship. Today, many local governments and grass-roots organizations are promoting exchange based on the needs of their own local region and developing their own form of international relations, policy, and trade, regardless and independent of the national government. However, these regions still face many constraints in promoting and increasing exchange further and in involving a greater number of participants. Hopefully, the information and analysis resulting from the surveys both in the US and Japan will enable participants to overcome constraints and create new ways of expanding exchange activities between the two nations. continued on page 7 regardless and independent of the national governme Vol. 6 1/6/2000 6 11:06 AM Page 6 Japan Documentation Center of the Library of Congress by Ichiko T. Morita e are living in what is often called the “Information Age,” and as time goes on, this label seems increasingly accurate. For many human activities, from formulating public policy to planning one’s own finances, access to current information, both nationally and internationally, has become essential to all sectors of society–national governments, companies, nonprofit organizations, researchers, and individuals. The shortage of reliable information about contemporary Japan available in the United States is a problem that both Americans and Japanese have been struggling to address for a number of years. In particular, the difficulty in the US of obtaining non-commercial documents such as reports published by Japanese government agencies, think tanks, and nonprofit organizations, has resulted in an imbalance in bilateral information flow between the US and Japan. Responding to this shortage of adequate information about Japanese policy, the Library of Congress established the Japan Task Force in the late 1980s to study ways of gathering information on contemporary Japan. Recognizing that there were structural barriers, i.e. lack of a system for disseminating information, especially regarding public policy, it mapped out a plan to create a new section devoted to collecting and supplying information about contemporary Japanese society in general and Japanese public policy-related documents in particular. The Library of Congress discussed this idea with the Japan Foundation in 1990, at a time when the Japan Foundation was in the process of setting up the Center for Global Partnership. Given that one of CGP’s primary priorities in its intellectual exchange program is support for projects that promote access to information, CGP decided to support the Library of Congress’ initiative, and subsequently set up a Japan-side steering committee of experts on the technical and professional aspects of implementing the project. These experts worked with the Library of Congress’ internal steering committee to conceptualize the project. After several years of collaborative work and preparation, the Japan Documentation Center (JDC), headquartered at the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, officially opened and began operation in March 1994. The JDC provides up-to-the-minute information on Japan in a wide range of public policy and research fields including legislation, judicial decisions, economics, commerce and industry, the environment, politics, social conditions, and national defense. The JDC handles mainly noncommercial, policy-related materials published W For further information on obtaining Japanrelated information, fax, telephone, and E-mail lines are open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Also, visits to the JDC office are welcome during normal office hours, Monday-Friday. Contact person: Ichiko T. Morita Director Tel: (202) 707-5581 Fax: (202) 707-9114 Internet: [email protected] Address: Japan Documentation Center (JDC) The Library of Congress, Washington, DC 20540 in both the private and public sectors. Docume are collected from a variety of sources in Jap including the Japanese Diet, political partie government ministries, the judiciary, ministr affiliated institutions, research institutes in th public and private sectors, private corporatio academic societies, trade associations, and no profit, non-governmental organizations. Some the types of documents that are collected incl draft legislation, survey reports, annual repor conference proceedings, press releases, and wh papers–in short, social science materials that a beyond the Library of Congress’ traditional co lecting efforts. Many of the resources are unpu lished and generally referred to as “difficult-t obtain” literature, or “gray literature” (as oppos to “black” that are classified and “white” that published and widely disseminated for purcha To maintain autonomy in selection and t facilitate collection of the various document and information mentioned above, the Librar of Congress has also established a Tokyo Acqu sitions Facility (TAF), which is located in the he of Tokyo in the Akasaka Twin Tower Buildin Although it has actively been collecting inform tion since early this year, it held its official op ing ceremony in September 1994. Staffed w three specialists, the TAF staff actually visits t various issuing agencies and organizations collect documents. The staff then writes a br bibliographic record and summary in English fo each document and forwards the materials t the JDC. The materials are scanned into the optical d system of the Library of Congress’ Congression Research Service and, with cooperation and as tance from numerous other divisions of the Lib of Congress, the JDC staff work to make the ma rials, as well as the other Library of Congress in mational resources on Japan, available through the United States. Housed in the Asian Divisi the JDC is ideally positioned to take advantag the Library’s incomparable collection of Japan books, journals and newspapers, and extens reference collection. JDC disseminates information nationwide a variety of means, such as conventional do ment delivery, facsimile, and electronic tran mission. The JDC is currently working to ma all its information accessible over the Intern The JDC is also planning to publish a newslett that, among other things, will update readers how to access information via the Internet wh this new system is completed. The JDC staff a welcomes in-person or telephone requests fro individual researchers, organizations, and fro the general public and will carry out specifi research if information is not available. The Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 7 Library will be experimenting with new technologies and innovative administrative procedures to speed up dissemination and document delivery as much as possible. In addition to the newsletter, the JDC will hold periodic seminars and workshops to acquaint researchers with the use of Japanese sources. These seminars will be modeled on a very successful workshop on access to Japan-related information held at the time of the JDC’s opening, in which approximately 150 representatives participated from government agencies, academics institutions, law firms, think tanks, companies, the media, as well as individual researchers, Senate and House staff, highschool educators, and private citizens. The establishment of the JDC is highly significant in that it is a cooperative venture between two major industrial powers of the world striving to better understand each other and work together. The JDC is the first facility of its kind established to remove the time and distance barrier between our two countries on facing sides of the Pacific using electronic transmission and new technologies. Prior to assuming the post of Director of the Library of Congress’ Japan Documentation Center in March 1994, Ms. Ichiko T. Morita served as Professor and Head, Cataloging Department at the Ohio State University Libraries. She received a Japan Foundation Fellowship and was a visiting researcher at the Tokyo University, studying Japan’s library and information activities, and has also studied Japanese gray literature on behalf of the US Department of Commerce. She holds a BA in English Literature from Okayama University and a MA degree from University of Chicago. She has published in both Japanese and English on information networks in Japan, access to Japanese technical information, and other topics. “There are three ba types of organizat active in internati exchange at the lo level in Japan: pri continued from page 4 Overview of Japanese Activities Since its establishment in 1991, CGP has struggled to identify appropriate counterparts for US organizations interested in conducting collaborative projects with Japanese organizations. Often times, however, CGP found that suitable institutions simply do not exist in Japan. In order to succeed in our long-term objectives, it is therefore necessary for us to focus our attention on institution building to assist Japanese organizations in developing their human resources and organizational capabilities. CGP recognizes that proactive measures to reinforce and enhance private exchange organizations at the local level are essential, and that much of the initiative for this effort must come from within Japan. At the same time, CGP welcomes efforts by US and other nations to assist in this process. What follows is an overview of the types of organizations active in international exchange at the regional level in Japan, and some observations on the structural changes that are essential to strengthen the Japanese exchange sector. Organizations Active in International Exchange at the Local Level There are three basic types of organizations active in international exchange at the local level in Japan: private exchange organizations (PEOs); semi-governmental local exchange organizations (LEOs) established by local governments; and the local governments themselves. The number of PEOs engaged in international exchange activities has grown at a rapid rate since the end of WWII, growing annually at a double-digit pace. According to some statistics, the present total is over 3000. However, the major player in the internationalization of Japan at the local level and in international exchange activities after WWII has been local government. After WWII, there was a flourishing of sisterstate and sister-city relationships between the US and Japan, which formed the core of international exchange. While many cities turned their attention to the initiation of ties with other Asian countries in the 1970s and 1980s, presently, of a total of 900 “sister” relationships between prefectures, cities, and towns, 300 are relationships with the US. Sister relationships continue to play an important role in international exchange, but the relatively recent formation of semi-governmental local exchange organizations (LEOs) by the local governments has had a huge impact on international exchange. The cause of this explosive growth of LEOs was the publication of guidelines by the Ministry for Home Affairs in 1987 that encourage local governments to consolidate various international exchange operations into one specialized division outside the local government. In the short period between 1989 and 1991, 28 such organizations were established, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the 47 prefectures in Japan. Financial Resources PEOs have also boomed in numbers since WWII, but have not had the same impact as LEOs due to a number of structural obstacles that impede their effectiveness. The majority of PEOs are “voluntary organizations” (nin’i dantai), meaning that they lack formal legal status. The major difficulty in exchange organizations (PEO semi-governmenta local exchange organizations (LEO established by loc governments; and local governments themselves.” Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 8 8 Grass Roots Exchange Activities . . . “Many private exchange organizations (PEOs) start out with lofty ideals in conducting original and diverse programs, but faced with the stark reality of inadequate funding, facilities, human resources, and information, find themselves in the awkward position of being incorporated into the operational line of the local government or the semi-governmental local exchange association (LEO).” not being able to acquire legal status is the inability to take advantage of tax incentives or solicit cooperation from society. The vast majority of PEOs therefore are not able to develop a stable financial base. 1 There is some funding available for PEOs through a limited number of government, foundation, and charitable trust giving programs, but the amount provided annually to these types of activities is relatively minor, totaling approximately ¥2.4 billion (roughly $22 million) in FY1992. Furthermore, many of these grants are limited to certain components of projects, and in many cases are given on the condition that the funds be used toward direct project costs only. General support, or funding for indirect costs or staff salaries–budgets that are essential to effective exchange activities–are rarely provided. LEOs and local governments, on the other hand, have large budgets that are increasing yearly. The total of the operating budgets for just the 58 prefectural-designated city LEOs amounted to approximately ¥15.5 billion (roughly $142.2 million) in FY1992, and the total of all the operating budgets targeting international exchange operations of LEOs and local governments amounted to just under ¥90 billion (approximately $825 million) for all prefectures, cities, towns, and villages in Japan in that year. The yearly increases in these budgets indicate that international exchanges initiated by local governments will continue to play an increasingly important role in Japan. Human Resources Given the extremely limited financial resources of PEOs, it is clear that their human resources must also be restricted. Sixty-four percent of PEOs do not have a full-time salaried staff at all, and even among those with full-time employees 70% have less than three staff members. The vast majority of Japanese PEOs are therefore operated by a very small number of staff and volunteers, and PEObased exchange operations in Japan are supported largely by the dedication, goodwill, and experience of the involved individuals. LEOs, in contrast, with their stable financial base, have an average of 10 full-time and five parttime staff members. However, roughly half of these full-time staff members are initially placed as, and are considered to be, liaison personnel from the local governments (shukkou-sha). These persons often occupy decision-making positions within the LEO and return to work in the local government after a two- to three-year assignment. As LEOs become increasingly important entities in contributing to international exchange operations in Japan, it is vital that the so-called “proper” staff–i.e. staff that remain in the organization–take on decision-making positions in order to gain expertise. Professional training programs for LEO and local government staff continue to expand with growing need for expertise in the area. Curren there are several programs that include overse internship opportunities, including program administered by the Japan Intercultural Academ of Municipalities (JIAM established in 1993), th Local Autonomy College (established in 1987 and a short-term training course called the “CLA Academy,” administered by the Council of Lo Authorities for International Relations. Not surp ingly, the staff of PEOs rarely have the opportu to develop their skills due to the lack of progra that allow them to participate. For PEO staff, t only available training programs are a few wo shops and seminars sponsored by LEOs which for a few days and several short-term worksho held by umbrella organizations. One notable program is run by an umbre organization for NGO activities, JANIC (Japa NGO Center for International Cooperation). T objective of this program is to nurture the pr fessional skills of the officers engaged in NGO activities related to development and interna tional cooperation, which is an area emphasiz in JANIC’s general operations. Summary of Japanese Circumstances As we have seen, local governments and LEO have the requisite legal status to conduct the operations, possess a secure financial base, a operate with a number of full-time staff, and ha opportunities for professional development. I easy to foresee that they will play an increasin larger role in furthering international exchang throughout Japan. In contrast, the numerous PE are faced with a lack of funding resources an professional staff, inevitably propelling them in very weak positions. The difficulties in gainin legal status (houjin-kaku), the lack of tax of priv leges, the shortage of professional staff, and unsympathetic attitudes from society in genera all contribute towards an unstable foundation f the international exchange operations conducte by PEOs, and will ultimately become imped ments in furthering international exchange acti ties in Japan. Many PEOs start out with lofty ideals in co ducting original and diverse programs, but face with the stark reality of inadequate funding, fac ties, human resources, and information, find themselves in the awkward position of bein incorporated into the operational line of the local government or an LEO. This trend should not be taken lightly for it can potentially becom an impediment to “diversity,” which is an esse tial factor in international exchange operations Japan or any country. On a similar note, with the LEOs depende on the local government for funding and staff they are indirectly under the authority of the local government and, ultimately, under the Ministry of Home Affairs. Many LEOs are unab Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 9 to establish an independent policy for their operations and given that the majority of the positions in the decision-making process of LEOs are occupied by liaison staff from the local government, the operations may turn out to be very similar to the local government itself, in spite of its identity as a separate entity. Suggested Solutions Based on the above observations, it is clear that the impediments to effective exchange are quite significant. Mechanisms must be developed that will enable PEOs to establish a base of funding resources, facilities, and personnel with a longterm perspective, and more effective interaction and cooperation is needed between PEOs, LEOs, local governments, the business community, and the general public. The list that follows represents an attempt to identify potential solutions. of information available on the operations of qualified public benefit organizations. • Consider measures to strengthen incentives for individual contributions. In the US, 90% of philanthropic giving comes from individuals while in Japan the level is closer to 5%. In addition to educational activities to inform the public of activities and solicit their participation in volunteer activities, tax incentives for individual contributions should be expanded. • Increase funding and support for PEOs from LEOs and local governments and foster greater cooperation between all three types of organizations. To protect the diversity of activities carried out by PEOs, measures should be taken so that there is more transparency and efficiency in the distribution and flow of funds from LEOs to PEOs. Toward that end, consideration should be given to methods of upgrading the grant-making system, such as establishing a neutral advisory committee of specialists, or recruiting an ombudsperson. Funds flowing to PEOs must be provided without “strings” or restrictions and utilized toward the long-term institution-building and professional development of staff. Support should include opportunities for training as well as the provision of funding. • Strengthen PEO umbrella organizations that can promote networking and training for PEOs and can educate the public about PEO activities. These organizations can make suggestions regarding various policy issues including the legal status of PEOs, as well as promote public involvement in volunteer activities, and nourish the overall environment that supports the operations of PEOs. In addition to disseminating information and sharing know-how, such organizations could also strengthen research capabilities on the nonprofit sector in Japan. . • Identify methods for improving the channels through which PEOs can obtain funds from individuals and corporations. The Japanese attitude toward contributions is basically passive; therefore the need to promote public awareness through school and public education is crucial. Another impediment to individual contributions is the lack developed that wi enable PEOs to establish a base o funding resources 1 To learn more about the arduous process for acquiring legal status and the associated tax benefits, please see the article by Mr. Masayuki Deguchi of the Suntory Foundation that appeared in Vol. 5 of the CGP Newsletter. facilities, and personnel with a term perspective, more effective interaction and • Streamline and deregulate the system and procedures for PEOs to acquire official legal status and, by extension, the tax benefits associated with that status. “Mechanisms mus Japanese Organizational Profile cooperation is ne between PEOs, LE Japan Center for International Exchange JCIE/JAPAN 4-19-17 Minami Azabu Minato-ku, Tokyo 106 Japan Tel: (03) 3446-7781 Established: 1973 President: Mr. Tadashi Yamamoto Full time staff: 20 Japan Center for International Exchange, Inc. JCIE/USA 1251 Avenue of the Americas New York, New York 10020 Tel: (212) 921-4260 Executive Director: Mr. Hiroshi Peter Kamura The Japan Center for International Exchange is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization dedicated to strengthening Japan’s role in international affairs. JCIE believes that Japan faces a major challenge in augmenting its positive contribution to the international community, in keeping with its position as the world’s second largest industrial democracy. JCIE plays a key role in broadening debate on Japan’s international responsibilities by engaging Japanese from the public, private, and academic sectors in privately sponsored programs of dialogues, exchange, and research in collaboration with counterparts in other countries. JCIE also promotes exchange activities at the grass-roots level, between Japan and countries around the world, providing a range of support services for public affairs groups seeking to develop networks both domestically and internationally. Since its inception in 1973, JCIE has also worked actively to encourage international philanthropy, particularly in the Japanese private sector. local government business commun and the general public.” Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 10 Intellectual Exchange Grant Listings 10 Grants from the period May 12–August 11, 1994 Policy-Oriented Research Japan Research Institute Grasping the Causes of Economic Friction: International Collaborative Research to Improve Understanding Mr. Kenji Matsuyama Senior Researcher Japan Research Institute Kojimachi YK Building 1-8-14 Kojimachi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102 Tel: (03) 5275-1570 Mega-Cities Project, Inc. Innovative Solutions to Environmental Sustainability in Mega-Cities: A East-West Collaboration Between New York and Tokyo Dr. Janice Perlman Executive Director Mega-Cities Project, Inc. 915 Broadway, Suite 1601 New York, NY 10010 Tel: (212) 979-7350 Note: Japan grant awards are calculated at ¥110 = The Japan Research Institute (JRI) was founded in 1970 to study and contribute to t Japanese economy and the development of more effective industrial management me ods. In addition to undertaking surveys and coordinating a variety of interdisciplina research, the Institute carries out education programs and international exchanges t educate the public and to incorporate a broad spectrum of viewpoints into their stu of economics, industry, and the social factors that influence these fields. In July 1994, the JRI began a three-year project with CGP support to research the sou of economic friction between developed countries and how they can be minimized, an examine how developing countries can most effectively grow and integrate into the w economy. The project will be conducted in collaboration with the Hoover Institution on W Revolution, and Peace, the England-based Policy Studies Institute, and the Hambu Economic Research Institute. Research teams from Europe, Japan, and the US will exam the various policies adopted by countries on such issues as agricultural imports, resear and development, NAFTA, Super 301, mergers and acquisitions, and labor unions. In ad tion to studying the actual differences between countries’ economic systems, the research will also examine the perceived differences. The research will include interviews with po cians, scholars, and producers and consumers in the US, Japan, and EC to assess the pow of the media in influencing the public. The researchers will also address the role of dev oping countries’ economies and how the NIES or countries in ASEAN, Russia, Easter Europe, or Indochina could fit into a larger framework. The research teams will carry out their work independently, and will meet again at in June of 1995 and 1996 to compare notes, share analyses of different policies and ec nomic systems, and evaluate the project’s progress. Following the final research meet JRI will sponsor an international symposium in Tokyo, to be held in July 1996, to prese the results of the research and offer recommendations for GATT and OECD policy. T research findings and policy recommendations will be published as a project summ that will be widely disseminated. $272, The Mega-Cities Project is a New York-based consortium of urban planning scholars, p titioners and environmentalists, with local representatives in each of the 23 “mega-citi worldwide. With the problems of metropolises of 10 million or more residents posing increasing concern to both the industrialized countries and the nations of the develop world, the Mega-Cities Project is creating a network for the rapid transfer of new envir mental technologies and innovative policies. The goal of this network is to provide alte tive strategies for mega-cities to cope with increasing strains on their infrastructure a challenges to their natural, human, and economic resources. In collaboration with a team of Japanese researchers led by Yoshiharu Izaki of the A Research Institute, Mega-Cities begins its second year of CGP support seeking to build the first year’s systematic overview of environmental innovations in each city, and investigate the effects of mega-scale on environmental sustainability. With a broad da base of innovations in hand, the second year of the project will move towards a thorou examination of contemporary theory on transfer and adaptation of innovations, and w include an international symposium highlighting transferable innovations from Tokyo New York in the spring of 1995. $100 Dialogues The Asia Society Japan and the United States in Asia: Toward and Effective Partnership ¥110 = $1 The Asia Society, in collaboration with the Japan Institute for International Affairs (JIIA) the Chinese Society of Science and Technology for Social Development (CSSTSD), h received CGP support for the second phase of the dialogue series entitled “Prospects Multilateral Cooperation in Northeast Asia: An International Dialogue.” This project co sists of a series of three meetings to bring together representatives from all of the count of Northeast Asia, including Japan, the People’s Republic of China, North Korea, So * indicates grant amounts which include anticipated payments to be made in subsequent fiscal years. Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 11 Dr. Gowher Rizvi Director, Contemporary Affairs The Asia Society 725 Park Avenue New York, NY 10021-5080 Tel: (212) 288-6400 Korea, Mongolia, Russia, and Taiwan, as well as the United States and Canada, to encourage regional dialogue on economic, security, political and transnational issues and to examine possibilities for multilateral cooperation in these areas. The project provides a forum for informal discussion of current issues in Northeast Asia to explore possible cooperative structures–official and unofficial–to deal with future challenges and problems in the region and to educate the public about the post-Cold War international system in Northeast Asia. The first meeting of the project was held in New York City in January 1994, at the Asia Society. The meeting drew together 32 participants representing academia, government, and the media from throughout the region. Participants considered various economic issues facing Northeast Asia, including the implications of the differing models of economic development in the region and the effect of efforts to achieve sustained economic growth and prosperity, bilateral trade imbalances and their implications for regional economic cooperation, the role of development assistance and infrastructure development, the future role of regional trade blocs and APEC, and the topic of regional economic cooperation and institution building. The second meeting, co-hosted by CSSTSD, will be held in Beijing in November, and will focus on transnational issues, such as the environment; the third meeting, which will address political and security issues, is scheduled to take place in Tokyo in February 1995. Under this grant, CGP has also provided partial support for the continuation of the project entitled “The Future of Asia’s Past: Perspectives on Preservation of the Architectural Heritage of Southeast Asia,” which will culminate in an international conference that will bring together approximately 350 scholars, Asian government officials and policy makers, business developers and tourism officials in Chiang Mai, Thailand in 1995 to stimulate the creation of an international network of concerned individuals interested in issues of cultural preservation in Asia. $149,966 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs The Growth of Asia and Its Impact on Human Rights: A Dialogue Between Asia and the West The Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, a nonprofit, non-advocacy organization, was founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1914. Its purpose is to promote understand ing of the underlying values and conditions that ensure peaceful relations among nations. The Council sponsors an ongoing series of programs, conferences, and publications that are directed at both expert and general audiences. The Carnegie Council, in collaboration with the Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) in Tokyo and Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, has embarked on a two-year dialogue series regarding human rights in Asia. The project consists of three workshops: one each in Tokyo, Bangkok, and New York. Participants from Japan, China and Taiwan, Korea, Indochina, ASEAN countries, and the US will together explore the best ways of promoting human rights in a society. Original research papers dealing with the relationship between human rights and practical policy will be presented at each workshop. Special attention will be given to the converging and diverging interests of the US and Japan, the two major aid donors in the region. The first year of the CGP-funded project will be highlighted by the Tokyo workshop, scheduled for January 1995. This seminar will be devoted to evaluating American and Japanese human rights policies towards Asia, with an eye towards identifying areas for improvement both singly and in terms of policy coordination. The Carnegie Council plans to produce a final project statement upon completion of the workshops. The project findings should serve as a guide for policy makers, human rights advocates, and business leaders i all three regions. $100,000 Joanne R. Bauer Director, Japan Programs Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs 170 East 64th Street New York, NY 10021 Tel: (212) 838-4120 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Non-Proliferation and Arms Control after the Cold War Mr. Selig S. Harrison Senior Associate Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2400 N Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 Tel: (202) 862-7944 The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace was established in 1910 in Washington, DC through a gift from Andrew Carnegie for the purpose of promoting international peace and understanding. As a tax-exempt operating foundation, the Endowment conducts its own programs of research, discussion, publication, and education in international affairs and American foreign policy. During the Cold War era, Japan maintained a minor role in global and regional efforts to promote nuclear non-proliferation and arms control. However, with the Non-Proliferation Treaty due for renewal in 1995, and the North Korean crisis still unresolved, many expect Japan to seek more of a leadership role in international security affairs. Simultaneously, th United States is seeking to adapt its foreign and defense policies to a changing environment. Led by Selig Harrison, a distinguished journalist and acknowledged specialist on North Korean affairs, the Carnegie Endowment has begun a binational research project to Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 12 12 explore these issues and open frank US-Japan dialogue on nuclear proliferation and ar control questions. CGP has contributed funding for the first year of a two-year series of workshops a conferences featuring key American and Japanese officials and nongovernmental sp cialists. The project consists of American and Japanese study groups of 10 membe each, and is overseen by a binational board of directors. The study groups meet twic year for three-day meetings, once in Washington and once in Tokyo, to consider ni key topics ranging from nuclear testing, to US and Japanese roles in the Korean nucl issue. Participants will present papers dealing with each of the nine topics, and the s groups will issue joint reports at the end of each year to be published in both Engl and Japanese. The reports will be widely distributed to government officials, milita leaders, scholars, and the media. $149 Council of State Governments Japan-US Health Care Exchange Mr. Michael McCabe Regional Director Council of State Governments Midwestern Office 641 East Butterfield Road, Ste. 401 Lombard, IL 60418 Tel: (708) 810-0210 Institute for Public Administration Project to Link Urban Planners in Japan and the US with their Counterparts in China Mr. David Mammen Director, International Urban Studies Institute for Public Administration 55 West 44th Street New York, NY 10036 Tel: (212) 730-5633 As the debate over health care in the United States continues, 1994 promises to be a p otal year for decision makers throughout the country. Lawmakers at the state level con ue to take the lead in searching for new alternatives and experimenting with new idea health care, often looking towards other industrialized nations for successful models th might be applied in the US. With second-year support from CGP, the Council of Sta Governments is scheduled to take a delegation of 12 state officials involved in the hea care reform effort to Japan in November 1994, to meet with their counterparts with the hope of gaining new insights concerning this vital issue. The Council of State Governments, founded in 1933, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan o nization representing all elected and appointed officials of the executive, legislative, judicial branches of state governments. The Council seeks to foster excellence in all fa of state government by promoting interstate and regional dialogue and action. Throu this project, the Council will encourage further dialogue between US policy makers an their Japanese counterparts on a variety of health care issues and will widely dissemin their findings upon the delegation’s return. While last year’s exchange was sponsored by the Western Regional office of the Cou this year’s exchange will be mainly comprised of state officials from the 11 midwest states. The group will meet with representatives of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, t Japan Medical Association, as well as with social workers, physicians, and other speciali in the field. Discussions will focus on health care financing mechanisms and cost conta ment strategies as well as on rural health care, prevention efforts, long-term care, and em ing medical needs such as the rise in AIDS cases. Teams of delegates will visit a variety health care institutions including hospitals, clinics, and nursing homes in Tokyo as well the Izu area, in order to get a first hand look at rural medicine in the Japanese context. The results of the exchange will be published in the form of a report to be distributed key legislative leaders throughout the Midwest, and articles will appear in the Counc magazine Stateline Midwest. Press releases and individual trip reports will also be dist uted, and further results will be presented at future Council meetings. $140 CGP has provided support for the second year of an exchange of urban planners fro Japan, the US, and China to share information on a variety of topics with the aim of f thering the development of Chinese urban planning theory and practice as China mak the transition to a socialist market economy. The project expands upon prior work by th Institute for Public Administration concerning the introduction of urban-related econom reforms in China. By drawing on the experience of Japanese planning and developmen the project is designed to present a wider scope of alternatives to Chinese planners. The collaborators in the exchange are the Institute for Public Administration (IPA), t City Planning Institute of Japan (CPIJ), the Tokyo Institute for Municipal Research and t Institute of Architectural and Urban Studies (IAUS) of Tsinghua University’s School Architecture in Beijing. First year activities included planning meetings in Tokyo and Beijing and a call papers in China explaining current urban planning dilemmas. The response to the call overwhelming, and the selected papers, along with papers prepared by US and Japan planners, will be published in a book in China this year. In addition, a delegation of and Japanese planners traveled to a number of cities in China in December 1993 to sent papers and exchange information with their Chinese counterparts. In this second year of the project, a delegation of Chinese planners visited seve Japanese cities in June 1994, including Tokyo, Kobe, Osaka, and Kyoto for workshops Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 13 meetings with key planning people in these areas. In August 1994, another delegation of Chinese planners, joined by several of their Japanese counterparts, made a trip to the US to visit New York, Denver, San Francisco, and Portland, Oregon. During the year, two faculty members from Tsinghua, as well as the Chinese team leader, Dr. Bingshi Zhao, Dean of the School of Architecture and Planning of Tsinghua University, will be in residence at IPA for approximately 10 weeks to pursue their own research and to further interact with the US planning community. $125,000 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies US-Japan Symposium on Japanese and US Immigration, Refugee and Citizenship Policies Dr. Myron Weiner Ford International Professor of Political Science Department of Political Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, E53-369 Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 Tel: (617) 253-2495 National Academy of Public Administration Centralization and Decentralization in Japan and the United States: Reinventing Intergovernmental Relations in an Era of Increased Internationalization Prof. Deil S. Wright University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CB#3265, Hamilton Hall Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3265 Tel: (919) 962-0425 National Conference of State Legislatures United States-Japan Legislative Exchange Program Mr. David Shreve Program Director NCSL 444 North Capitol St., NW, Ste. 500 Washington, DC 20001 Tel: (202) 624-8187 The Center for International Studies at MIT was established in 1951 to promote the university’s theoretical, applied and policy-oriented international studies program. It is the principal research center within MIT in the field of international relations and comparative area studies CGP has provided support for a symposium organized by MIT in collaboration with The Japan Institute of Labor. This symposium of American and Japanese scholars and officials will consider the ways in which Japan and the United States deal with common issues of immi gration, refugees, illegal migration, and citizenship policies. Attention will be given to current debates in Japan over whether the country should develop a migration policy to deal with its growing manpower needs; how Japan might cope with illegal migration; whether Japan should reformulate its citizenship laws to provide citizenship to Japan-born children of alien residents and to facilitate the naturalization of aliens; and what Japan’s responsibilities are with respect to the global increase in numbers of refugees. Comparisons will then be made with the US experience on each of these issues. Two workshops will be held, the first at MIT in December 1994, and the second in Japan in June 1995. The workshops will be built around a series of papers written by Japanese scholars, with comparative papers by American migration specialists. The organizers plan to publish and disseminate a conference volume to policy makers in both countries. $100,004* The National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) is an independent organization founded in 1967 to improve the effectiveness of government at all levels. With a membership of 400 persons, NAPA has undertaken over 300 projects on a variety of topics related to public management. In light of the many common issues faced by public administrators in both the US and Japan–the quality of work and family life, environmental protection, the physical infrastructure, housing, human resources development, and fiscal solvency–NAPA recently established a collaborative working relationship with the National Institute for Research Advancement (NIRA), an organization established in 1974 to conduct policy-oriented research on various issues of concern to Japan. In August 1994, CGP provided support for a conference conducted by NAPA and NIRA that brought together leading researchers in Japan and the United States to discuss efforts to reinvent government in both nations by strengthening the role of sub-national governments. Participants focused on issues such as economic development, infrastructure, and social services to create a framework for increased sub-national involvement in problem solving. Participants left the conference with a strong sense that a collaborative framework common to both countries can be extremely important in an age of rapid internationalization. NAPA is currently preparing publications in both English and Japanese to present the issues, alternatives, and conclusions developed in the conference proceedings. $30,000 With CGP support, the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), a bipartisan organization created to serve the legislators and staffs of the nation’s 50 states by providing research, technical assistance and the opportunity for policy makers to exchange ideas on the most pressing issues, has continued its public policy exchange between state legislators in the US and prefectural assemblymen in Japan. In collaboration with the National Association of Chairmen of Prefectural Assemblies (NACPA), NCSL aims to increase communication and understanding between US and Japanese state and prefectural legislators by focusing on issues of critical importance to both sides. This year’s exchanges focus on issues relating to education and the environment, and feature a study tour to Japan by delegations of state legislators and a study tour to the US by Japanese prefectural assemblymen. The Japanese delegation traveled to the US in late April, and included eight assemblymen from prefectures across Japan. The delegation trav eled to Los Angeles, San Diego, Nashville, Fredricksburg, and the Washington, DC area Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 14 14 for briefings on educational reform initiatives and to view innovations in environmen management in the US. The first delegation of US legislators is scheduled to begin t study tour to Japan in November 1994. Results of the exchange will be disseminated through articles in State Legislatur magazine, press releases in Japan and the US, as well as through presentations at NC meetings. Brief reports of each exchange will be prepared in Japanese and English a distributed in both countries. $300, Operations Research Society of Japan US-Japan Symposium on the Present & Future of the Softwares/Algorithms Patent Prof. Hiroshi Konno Operations Research Society of Japan Gakkai Center Building 2-4-16 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113 Tel: (03) 3726-1111 ext. 2371 Regional Plan Association Metroplex US-Japan Metropolitan Planning Exchange Dr. Robert Yaro Senior Vice President Regional Plan Association 570 Lexington Avenue, 20th Floor New York, NY 10022-6853 Tel: (212) 230-0261 The Operations Research Society of Japan was founded in 1957 by specialists in the field computer software operations to support research, surveys, international exchange of in mation, as well as to hold symposiums, publish reports, and provide grants to researche Algorithms are sets of fundamental ideas expressed in the form of mathematical equ tions that serve as the basis for the functioning of computer software. In collaboration w George Washington University’s Graduate School of Engineering, and with assistance f Tokyo Engineering University’s School of Engineering, the Society will hold a two-d symposium in Tokyo in March 1995 to discuss how an intellectual property right pro tion system for computer software/algorithms should be designed and administered addition to US and Japanese lawyers and law scholars, the Society will invite softw engineers to serve as panelists in an effort to bridge the gap between these two grou which are both deeply involved in this issue but somewhat disconnected. The sympos is expected to draw an audience of at least 300 specialists. Findings and recommendat will be published and disseminated in English and Japanese. $72, Metroplex, a collaborative program of the Regional Plan Association in New York, Rutg University Center for Urban Policy Research and a special Metroplex Executive Commi in Japan, was created in 1992 to initiate in-depth technical interchange between plann professionals in New York and Tokyo. These exchanges are based on “hands-on” exp ence, where the planners examine case studies and are actively involved in plann workshops to explore common concerns. Following the successful completion of the first two Metroplex exchanges, CGP provi support for a third and final delegation of 15 urban planners from the US to travel to Jap in July 1994. This year, the group tackled three new case studies: “Planning for Econom Diversification,” which examined the city of Nagoya in the context of its desire to broad its economic base and adapt the city’s manufacturing industries to new markets; “InnerRepopulation,” focused on Tokyo’s Minato ward and the potential to maintain and expa its residential population after losing a significant number of residents due to escalat rents and property values; and “Growth Management at the Metropolitan Fringe,” whi focused on the city of Zushi and its desire to maintain its small town residential charac and important natural features in the face of strong speculative pressures for new reside and resort development. As with the first two years of the project, a final report of the findings will be publis in Japanese and English. $150 Access to Information National Planning Association Gateway Japan Mr. Erland Heginbotham Senior Fellow National Planning Association 1424 16th Street, NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20036 Tel: (202) 265-7685 ¥110 = $1 With CGP support, the National Planning Association (NPA) has begun the third year o operations of its information clearinghouse, Gateway Japan. Created jointly with t University of Maryland at College Park, Gateway Japan sees as its mandate the develo ment of a central location and service bureau providing easy and inexpensive electron access to information on Japan that is in high demand but often difficult to obtain. To t end, Gateway Japan has recently published a third edition of Focus Japan, a comprehe sive guide to Japan-related organizations and resources in the United States that is bein marketed nationally. Gateway Japan also produced another new publication, the Gatew Guide to Study, Research, and Work in Japan. Gateway Japan’s Bulletin Board Service (BBS) has been on-line since August 1992, of ing an information search and retrieval system that allows users to dial in, access, and do load information including government documents, translations of Japanese press clippin research and policy reports, Congressional Research Service reports, and a roster of Jap specialists who have agreed to make themselves available to the media. Recent and fort Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 15 coming additions include a business services line with market research and trade information, foreign broadcast information services, and the on-line edition of Japan Digest, a weekly news summary. At last count, Gateway Japan’s on-line service contained some 2,750 documents, and its publications served some 400 organizations, as well as many times that number of users through access at libraries and membership organizations. Gateway Japan is making ambitious efforts to expand its publication services, readership, and sources of on-line information, as well as to multiply its availability as an on-line information source through expansion of services through existing organizations and networks. $150,00 The National Security Archive Special Documentation Project on the US-Japan Alliance: Political, Strategic, and Economic Relations, 1960-Present Mr. Thomas Blanton Executive Director National Security Archive 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Suite 500 Washington, DC 20036 Tel: (202)797-0882 The National Security Archive was founded in 1985 by a group of journalists and scholars who had obtained documentation from the US government under the Freedom of Information Act and sought a centralized repository for these materials. Over the past eight years, the Archive has become the world’s largest non-governmental library of de-classified documents. The end of the Cold War and the demise of the bipolar focus of US foreign policy mak ing has invigorated an on-going debate among scholars and policy analysts over the past and future shape of US policy towards Japan. But the inertia of the US secrecy system has created an enormous disjuncture between the supply of, and the decreased demand for, pr mary source documentation on US-Japan relations. Also, the absence in Japan of declassification-on-request procedures similar to the US Freedom of Information Act makes the availability of the US documentation even more vital to scholarship and policy analysis on both sides of the Pacific. CGP has provided support to the Archive for the first year of a three-year project to identify the most important US internal documentation on key events and turning points in US-Japan relations from 1960 to the present. This is a cooperative effort among American and Japanese scholars to document the relations between the two countries over the past three decades, focusing on strategic, political, and economic relations. A highlight of the project is a Japanese research-in-residence program in which Japanese graduate students and post-doctoral researchers will serve as research fellows on the project. The documentation process will begin with the recruitment of a binational expert review panel. The pro ject staff will then initiate a series of research visits to existing archives and document collections. Special research seminars will also be conducted to review the documentatio effort. Specific plans include the production of a fully computerized catalog to the declassified documentation, either on-line or CD-ROM format, and the publication of the collec tion on archival microfiche, with a printed index and guide. The Archive hopes to make the documents available for the general reader and for classroom use. $50,00 Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 16 Regional/Grass Roots Grant Listings 16 Grants from the period May 12–August 11, 1994 Educational Outreach Japan Society of Boston Critical Issues in Japan and the US: Understanding the Demands of a New Society Ms. Amelia Newcomb Program Director Japan Society of Boston 22 Batterymarch Street Boston, MA 02109 Tel: (617) 451-0726 University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Japan for Teachers Pilot Program Richard Rice, Director UTC Japan Project University of Tennessee 615 McCallie Avenue Chattanooga, TN 37403 Tel: (615) 755-5305 The World Affairs Council of Northern California The United States and Japan: New Societies, New Policies Note: Japan grant awards are calculated at ¥110 = $1 The Japan Society of Boston, the oldest organization in the United States established to mote mutual understanding between Japan and the United States, will conduct a four-p public symposium series from October 1994 through January 1995 as part of Boston’s c bration of sister-city ties with Kyoto, Japan and the 90th anniversary of the Society’s es lishment. Designed to address societal issues of concern to both countries and to incre public understanding and awareness of contemporary Japan, the series will bring toge specialists from both countries to probe the issues of national leadership, women’s cha ing role in society, health care and aging, and internationalizing society. The Society w increase the impact of the program by sending speakers to participate in additional even other smaller Japan-America Societies throughout New England. The Society will launch their week-long 90th Anniversary celebration in the end October with a symposium entitled “Changing Leadership in the US and Japan: Does a N Generation Mean a New Relationship?” Held in a town meeting format with both expe and audience actively participating, discussion will focus on political change in both co tries. Susan Pharr of the Harvard University’s US-Japan Program will moderate a dialog between James Fallows of the Atlantic Monthly, and Kazuo Nukazawa of Keidanren, wh will be followed by a town meeting on changing economics relations featuring several h profile panelists from media, government, and business. The second symposium, also to be held during the anniversary week, is entitled “Wom Creating Contemporary Society“ and will consist of three panel discussions designed examine similarities and differences in women’s roles in the US and Japan, women in bu ness, and public policy that effects women. Interspersed between these panels, activists professionals working in fields with special impact on women will present keynote speec The third and fourth lecture series will take place early next year. These lectures w explore common issues between Japan and the US regarding healthcare and the aging internationalizing a society. Each of the four symposiums will consist of a panel of exp from both countries and will be moderated by prominent local public officials or natio ly-known authorities on the subject in the United States. $50 The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga is carrying out a third year of a teacher t ing program for elementary and high school teachers in four regions of the US: the So the Northwest, the Rocky Mountain area, and the Northeast. In the first year of the pro five intensive day-long workshops were held in each region to develop teaching mate and techniques for teaching about Japan. In the second year, these workshops focused reaching rural and urban communities often missed by outreach projects. With a third year of CGP support, the University will continue to hold two to three w shops in each region, again emphasizing areas that have not previously been exposed to reach efforts, but, in addition, will sponsor two summer teaching institutes to be hel Tennessee and Colorado to provide more in-depth training. In the summer institutes, par pants, many of whom are graduates of previous one-day workshops and have shown an standing commitment to developing their teaching about Japan, will take part in two we of study and lectures by Japan specialists from all fields, as well as from hands-on activit using the best teaching materials available. Over the course of the first two years of this p ject, the University has already provided training for more than one thousand elementary high school teachers which has benefitted tens of thousands of students. $22 With CGP support, The World Affairs Council of Northern California hosted the 19 Asilomar Conference in late April to discuss and debate different perspectives on US-J relations after the Cold War. The Asilomar Conference is an annual forum which h shaped public thinking throughout Northern California on important and complex wo affairs, and it has grown to become one of the largest public discussion forums in United States, attracting 700 to 800 World Affairs Council members and their guests recent years. Bringing together scholars, politicians, community leaders, and a large c tingent of educators and students, the Council has moved beyond just “old” issues of tr * indicates grant amounts which include anticipated payments to be made in subsequent fiscal years. Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 17 Ms. Diane Mayers Director of Programs World Affairs Council 312 Sutter Street, Suite 200 San Francisco, CA 94108 Tel: (415) 982-2541 differences to look at ways in which America and Japan are fundamentally restructuring their societies to deal with issues of the 21st century. Several plenary sessions and small group seminars addressed the dramatic political and economic changes taking place in Japan today and their effect on the United States, and how a domestically focused foreign policy may affect Japan’s relationships with such vital Asian neighbors such as China, Korea, and Taiwan. As in the US, the Japanese have felt the effects of the recession and are reacting to them. Societal issues such as unemployment, an aging society, women entering the work force, educational dissatisfaction, and multicultural tensions were also key issues in the discussions. To broaden the audience and incorporate the perspective of a new generation of leaders, the Council provided scholarships to cover the expenses of teachers and Japanese and American students from Northern California high schools, colleges, and universities. The Council also increased the impact of the conference by inviting members of the media to participate in the conference. Additionally, the conference was taped and broadcast on th Council’s weekly radio program which reaches approximately 20,000 listeners throughou Northern California. $30,000 Yamagata Prefecture International Tourism Promotion Association Aspen Conference in Japan ‘94 Yamagata Recognizing the increasing importance of environmental protection in urban planning and regional development, the Yamagata Prefecture International Tourism Promotion Association sponsored a symposium in July 1994, with CGP support, to study the successful and environmentally sensitive regional development carried out by Aspen, Colorado, an internationally recognized resort area. The Association invited public and private sector specialists in regional, urban, and environmental planning from Aspen, Colorado to introduce methods and lessons learned in Aspen’s development in the event entitled “International Symposium on Environment and Regional Development.” The Symposium featured an address by former US President Jimmy Carter entitled “Japan’s Role in Environmental Problems and International Relations” and was chaired by Mr. David McLaughlin, President of the Aspen Institute, a nonprofit international organization devoted to enhancing the ability of leaders in democratic societies to address complex problems within a global framework. Through presentations, panel discussions between specialists on specific issues, and examination of case studies, participants were able to exchange opinions and professional experience on a wide variety of related issues. In addition to the participation of professionals from the fields of urban, regional, and environmental planning and the tourist industry, several thousand local Japanese citizens took part in components of the Symposium. $9,091 Mr. Osamu Watanabe Manager Tourist Development Section Yamagata Prefecture International Tourism Promotion Association 2-8-1 Matsunami Yamagata-shi, Yamagata-ken 990-70 Tel: (0236) 30-2372 Exchange Alaska Center for International Business US-Japan Regional Forum on the North Pacific Dr. Douglas Barry Acting Director Alaska Center for Int’l. Business University of Alaska Anchorage 3211 Providence Drive Anchorage, AK 99508 Tel: (907) 786-4300 ¥110 = $1 The University of Alaska Anchorage and its Alaska Center for International Business (ACIB have played a pioneering role in developing relations between the state of Alaska and the entire Pacific coast of the United States and regions of Russia, the Far East, and the North Pacific. In addition to its sister university relationships with institutions of higher learning in the Russian Far East, ACIB administers an Alaska-Japan Studies Program and collaborates with various other Japan-related organizations throughout the US. The university is involved in a wide range of activities with both Japan and the Russian Far East, including projects to develop the market economy and democratic processes in the Russian Far East, study trips to Japan, curriculum development projects, and visiting scholars programs to bring political scientists, economists and other experts to Alaska. Working in collaboration with the International University of Japan, ACIB planned and sponsored a multinational forum in June 1994, in Niigata, Japan, to develop greater cooperation in the North Pacific. Scholars from Japan, Alaska, and the Russian Far East gathered to explore the economic, political, and educational implications of development in the North Pacific region and to begin establishing a network to build consensus for future collaborative research and policy recommendations. Four scholars from each region met for four days and discussed the constraints and opportunities for increased cooperation between the growing international activities of governments, businesses, and NGOs in the North Pacific. The papers and the proceedings of the forum are being compiled for wider dissemination and the participants are planning future meetings to continue network build ing and dialogue. $40,000* Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 18 18 A Seed: Japan Leadership Training for Sustainable Development Mr. Hani Kanta Secretary General A Seed: Japan 4-3-302 Sakuragaoka-cho Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150 Tel: (03) 3476-3252 Japan Pacific Resource Network Seminar Series on Promoting Nonprofit Organization’s Partnerships with Corporations and Governments Mr. Hiroshi Kashiwagi Chairman Japan Pacific Resource Network 1-7-3 Hirakawa-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102 Tel: (03) 5210-3373 Kisakata International Social Association A Bridge for the 21st Century: US-Japan Children’s Exchange A Seed: Japan was established in 1991, as a part of the greater A Seed network which initiated by university students in the US to study global environmental and developm problems and to build a youth network for coordinated action directed at these proble With CGP support, A Seed: Japan sent 19 young Japanese leaders and students active addressing environmental protection, some of whom hosted an A Seed: USA delegat last year, to the US for a three-week training program in September 1994. The delega developed their institutional networks throughout the US, participated in a leaders training program to learn more about the structure and administration of nongovernme organizations, and planned a youth environment training program for Japan. Before departing for the US, Japanese participants prepared for their trip through va ous study sessions and lectures on environmental issues and the environmental movem in the US. Upon arrival in the US, the Japanese delegation first traveled to World Unit College in New Mexico where they joined with their US counterparts to study citiz activism, organizational management and strategy, as well as global environmental pr lems and strategies for addressing them. Upon completion of this training, the Japanese participants visited environmen NGOs in New York and Washington, DC, to study their activities and management, an investigate opportunities for network building. Finally, before returning to Japan, the d gation met in San Francisco with US participants to hold discussions on how to establis Youth Environmental Training Program in Japan. Through this program, A Seed: Japan is continuing its development of an internatio network to promote cooperation on environmental issues, to improve the problem-solv ability of young Japanese involved in environmental activities, and to promote mutual u standing between US, Japanese, and other nationals active in this network. $ The Japan Pacific Resource Network (JPRN), founded in Oakland, California in 1985, nonprofit organization that seeks to develop greater awareness of multiculturalism a civil rights concerns, as well as of corporate social responsibility among American a Japanese businesses. To reach these objectives, JPRN opened a Tokyo office in 1992 more effectively provide consulting services to businesses and carry out educational grams for grass-roots organizations and individuals in both Japan and the US. With CGP support, JPRN is sponsoring a seminar series in Japan on partnershi between the business and nonprofit sectors in the United States in order to strengthe Japanese NGO’s ties and working relationships with business and government. JPRN holding four separate seminars, each focusing on a different theme, and will invi Californians involved in each particular type of partnership for each seminar. The first sem nar, entitled “Nonprofit Organizations (NPOs), Government, and the Welfare-Medica Treatment Problem,” was held in June 1994 with participants from the Asian Pacific Hea Center for the Arts located in Los Angeles, California. “NPOs, Business, and Cultura Activities,” the second seminar of the series, was held in September 1994 in cooperatio with the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts located in San Francisco, California. The rema ing seminars are “NPOs, Business, and the Promotion of Handicapped Participation Society,” scheduled for December 1994 in cooperation with the World Institute for t Disabled located in Oakland, California, and “NPOs, Business, Banking, and the Basis Social Responsibility in Capital Formation,” scheduled for February 1995 in cooperatio with the Greenlining Coalition located in San Francisco. The results of the seminars will be published in the JPRN bulletin GAIN and the JPR newsletter and will be distributed to seminar participants, organizations, and busines involved in or interested in these issues. JPRN will also distribute the seminar proceedin to major media agencies in Japan. This project should significantly raise awareness these issues in Japan and assist the Japanese nonprofit sector in building collaborative tionships with other organizations. $3 The Kisakata International Social Association was established in October 1993 with t assistance of the local government to develop the region’s capability to act internation and its awareness of the world at large. The Association works toward these goals by p moting international exchange at the regional level and by holding classes and traini sessions to encourage individuals to take a more active international role. With CGP support, the Association initiated a regional youth exchange project betwe the town of Kisakata in Akita Prefecture and Anacortes in Washington state. In August 19 15 junior high school students from the town of Kisakata, accompanied by several teach Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM Page 19 Mr. Yoshitaka Ikeda Secretary General Kisakata Int’l. Social Association Aza Hamanota 1 Kisakata-machi Yuri-gun, Akita-ken 018-01 Tel: (0184) 43-3200 and staff from the Association, visited Anacortes for 10 days and participated in a “Children’ Meeting” to share ideas and discuss issues of mutual concern. In addition to their daily lives students discussed issues related to the agriculture and fishing industries that are essential to the livelihood of both towns. The Japanese students also took part in homestays and enjoyed the opportunity to experience American culture first-hand while sharing Japanese culture with their hosts. Having now returned to Japan, the students are making presentations at the own schools, as well as other schools and exchange associations in Akita prefecture. $45,45 The Nature Conservancy Environmental Study Program for Japanese and US Journalists Since 1980, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) of Hawaii, a branch of the national organization, has been working with state, federal, and private land managers to develop effective and innovative programs to protect Hawaii’s unique and vulnerable natural resources. TNC has extensive experience in resolving conflicts, incorporating the needs of local communities, responding to cultural sensitivities, and garnering public support for conservation in Hawaii and around the United States. Combining the belief that other regions and countrie around the world could benefit from its experience in Hawaii, and a recognition that journalists are essential players in informing the public and developing environmental action, TNC developed The Environmental Study Program for US and Japanese Journalists. TNC chose to focus on Japan in its first journalist program because Japan and the US, as the world’s two largest economies, have major influence on environmental practices throughout the world, and specifically in the Pacific Rim where biodiversity conservation is critical. With CGP support, TNC of Hawaii held a seven-day forum at the East-West Center in Hawaii in August 1994 for five Japanese and five American environmental journalists. The journalists listened to presentations and took part in roundtable discussions on topics including public-private partnerships and partnerships between different governmental levels and agencies, land management practices, environmental education, and community outreach and development. The group also took part in field trips to the islands of Moloka and Maui to see the TNC’s conservation work first-hand. Project participants focused on ecological and environmental issues of common and global concern, while examining the relationship between government, business and community environmental needs, as well as the applicability of Hawaii’s conservation experiences to other regions and countries. Participants deepened their understanding and gained first-hand experience about successful models and strategies for balancing and managing complex interests to preserve the natural environment. At the same time the participants developed new professional tie and friendships that will expand their perspective and improve their access to information deepening their ability to write from a broader perspective on the environment. A book on the issues examined by the participants is also being developed by TNC for domestic and international dissemination to key representatives in government, foundations, scientific institutions, and the media. $35,00 Mr. Kelvin Taketa Vice President/Director Pacific Region The Nature Conservancy Pacific Region Office 1116 Smith Street, Suite 201 Honolulu, HI 96817 Tel: (808) 537-4508 Study Group on US-Japan Local Media Exchange 1994 US-Japan Journalists Exchange Program Mr. Saburo Aida Tokyo Correspondent Kahoku Shimpo Press 8-6-25 Ginza Chuo-ku, Tokyo104 Tel: (03) 3571-5400 The Study Group on US-Japan Local Media Exchange is a volunteer organization established in 1991 by staff from regional media organizations in Japan to promote US-Japan exchange and the reporting of more balanced news with greater regional significance. With CGP support, the Study Group continued to work with the US-based Crosscurrents International to develop a network of regional newspapers between Japan and the US by sending a delegation of 14 newspaper reporters and editorial staff from 11 different papers to the US for three weeks in May 1994. The delegation visited Minnesota, Ohio, and Arkansas to meet with other US regional papers and community groups to examine region al problems common to both countries. In each state, the delegation met and exchanged ideas with their professional counterparts and held a “town meeting” with local reporters, educators, and community leaders to build ties and to understand better the issues and lifestyle of each unique region. Through this project, the Study Group is continuing its efforts to expand coverage beyond the capitals of the two nations to include regional issues, local culture, and the lifestyle of each country’s citizens in order to strengthen the role of the regional media and invigorate grass-roots communications. Upon their return to Japan, the participants in the delegatio will publish articles in their respective papers with the collaboratively developed themes of “Regional Rights” and “US-Japan Relations viewed from the Regional Perspective.” $59,56 Vol. 6 1/6/2000 11:06 AM The Japan Foundation New York: Jun Wada Director Yoo Fukazawa Assistant Director 152 West 57th Street 39th Floor New York, NY 10019 Tel: (212) 489-1255 Fax: (212) 489-1344 Tokyo: Minoru Kusuda Executive Director Jun‘etsu Komatsu Deputy Executive Director Ark Mori Building 20th Floor 1-12-32 Akasaka Minato-ku, Tokyo 107 Tel: (03) 5562-3541 Fax: (03) 5572-6324 The Center for Global Partnership Newsletter is published four times a year by CGP New York. Authors’ views are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Center for Global Partnership. Reprinting any portion of this publication is not permitted without the consent of the publisher. Printed on recycled paper. The Japan Foundation Center for Global Partnership 152 West 57th Street 39th Floor New York, NY 10019 Page bc2 Center for Global Partnership Grantee Publications & Materials List The Brookings Institution Competition Policies for an Integrated World Economy, and Labor Markets and Integrating National Economies, by F.M. Scherer and Ronald G. Ehrenberg respectively, are the first two publications in a series of 21 monographs by some of the world’s leading economists, political scientists, foreign policy specialists and government officials entitled “Integrating National Economies: Promise and Pitfalls.” The series explores the deepening integration of the world economy and related issues including competition and anti-trust policies, product standards, labor market regulations, tax policies, environmental standards, corporate governance policies, and budgetary and monetary policies. (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1994, 133 pp. and 126 pp. respectively) Columbia University, the American Assembly The United States, Japan and Asia: Challenges for US Policy, edited by Gerald L. Curtis. The conference papers and final report of the 84th American Assembly meeting, held with CGP support in November 1993. Written by conference participants including Akira Iriye, Michael Oksenberg, Charles Morrison, Ezra F. Vogel and Gerald Curtis, the chapters cover a range of Asia-Pacific policy issues including the question of long-term US military engagement, Japan’s economic influence in the region, China’s relationship to the USJapan alliance, and the role of Southeast Asia in the future of the US-Japan relationship. (New York, 1994: W.W. Norton & Co., 288 pp.) Japan America Society of Hawaii “Politics of Partnership: Challenges for the Un States and Japan,” proceedings from the Jap America Society of Hawaii’s 1993 Bienn Symposium held in October 1993, written a edited by E. Shan Correa. Four panels were h examining the balance between Japanese a American views on domestic politics, the shif Beijing-Tokyo-Washington relationship, t Northern Islands issue and how to move bey it, and global social issues. (Honolulu:The Ja America Journal,1994, 51pp.) All views expressed in these publications solely those of the authors. Please contact above organizations directly to acquire cop of these materials.
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