Landscape Architect Registration Examination Printed April 2002 Council of Landscape Architectural
Landscape Architect Registration Examination Printed April 2002 Council of Landscape Architectural Registration Boards L.A.R.E. REFERENCE MANUAL Click here to visit the CLARB web site at http://www.clarb.org to find out about any changes to the L.A.R.E. and to download the most recent L.A.R.E. Reference Manual. Simply follow the links to “Examinations” to see “What’s New.” - 29 - TABLE OF CONTENTS Ru les of P rofess ion al Co nduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Zoning an d Con struction Stan dards for th e L.A .R.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Setback Requ irements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P rop erty Lin e Setbacks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stream, Lake an d Wetland Setb acks . . . F lo odp lain Restrictio ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . A ctiv e Recreation Setb ack . . . . . . . . . . . Security Setback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Po licy : Bu ffer Zon e R equ ired . Vehicu lar Requ irements . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Requ irements . . . . . . . O ff-s treet Parking and Load ing O ff-s treet Stackin g Spaces . . . . ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 ....... ...... ....... ...... Requ irements . ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ... ... ... ... 5 5 6 6 A ccess ib le Park in g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A ccess ib le R o ute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Cu rb Ramp s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S lo pe an d R is e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land in g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C ross Slope of Ramp Su rfaces and/or Land in gs . . . . . . . R amp Hand rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ... 9 ... 9 ... 9 ... 9 ... 9 . . 10 Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treads and Ris ers . . . . . No s ing s . . . . . . . . . . . . . Step Han drails . . . . . . . . ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... .. .. .. .. ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... 11 11 11 12 Guardrails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Fasten ers and Rein fo rcin g Lis t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 M aterials Lis t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Pressu re Treated Lu mb er/Timber List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Wo od Member Sizin g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M aximu m A llo wab le Sp an s fo r Spaced Bo ards . . . . . . . M aximu m A llo wab le Sp an s fo r Jo ists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M inimu m Beam Sizes and A llo wab le Beam Sp an s . . . . ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... .. .. .. .. 17 17 17 17 Co nstructio n Detail Ev aluatio n Lis t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 D imens ion Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Lig h ting Sy mbo ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Plant Ch aracteris tics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 - 30 - Values for Sizin g Site Drain age Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 No mog raph fo r Circu lar Pip es Flo win g Fu ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 L.A.R.E. Reference Manual RULES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Competence (A) In engaging in the practice of landscape architecture, a registered landscape architect shall act with reasonable care and competence, and shall apply the technical knowledge and skill which are ordinarily applied by registered landscape architects of good standing, practicing in the same locality. (B) In designing a project, a registered landscape architect shall take into account all applicable state and municipal building laws and regulations. While a registered landscape architect may rely on the advice of other professionals, (e.g., attorneys, engineers and other qualified persons) as to the intent and meaning of such regulations, once having obtained such advice, a registered landscape architect shall not knowingly design a project in violation of such laws and regulations. (C) A registered landscape architect shall undertake to perform professional services only when he or she, together with those whom the registered landscape architect may engage as consultants, is qualified by education, training and experience in the specific technical areas involved. (D) No individual shall be permitted to engage in the practice of landscape architecture if, in the Board’s judgement, such individual’s professional competence is substantially impaired by physical or mental disabilities. Conflict of Interest (A) A registered landscape architect shall not accept compensation for his or her services from more than one party on a project unless the circumstances are fully disclosed to and agreed to by (such disclosure and agreement to be in writing) all interested parties. (B) If a registered landscape architect has any business association or direct or indirect financial interest which is substantial enough to influence his or her judgment in connection with his or her performance of professional services, the registered landscape architect shall fully disclose in writing to his or her client or employer the nature of the business association or financial interest, and, if the client of employer objects to such association or financial interest, the registered landscape architect will either terminate such association or interest or offer to give up the commission or employment. (C) A registered landscape architect shall not solicit or accept compensation from material or equipment suppliers in return for specifying or endorsing their products. -1- L.A.R.E. Reference Manual (D) When acting as the interpreter of building contract documents and the judge of contract performance, a registered landscape architect shall render decisions impartially, favoring neither party to the contract. Full Disclosure (A) A registered landscape architect, making public statements on landscape architectural questions, shall disclose when he or she is being compensated for making such statements. (B) A registered landscape architect shall accurately represent to a prospective or existing client or employer his or her qualifications and the scope of his or her responsibility in connection with work for which he or she is claiming credit. (C) If, in the course of his or her work on a project, a registered landscape architect becomes aware of a decision taken by his or her employer or client, against such registered landscape architect’s advice, which violates applicable state or municipal building laws and regulations and which will, in the registered landscape architect’s judgment, materially and adversely affect the safety to the public of the finished project, the registered landscape architect shall: 1. report the decision to the local building inspector or other public official charged with the enforcement of the applicable state, provincial or municipal building laws and regulations; 2. refuse to consent to the decision; and 3. in circumstances where the registered landscape architect reasonably believes that other such decisions will be taken, notwithstanding his or her objections, terminate his or her services with respect to the project. In the case of a termination in accordance with this clause (3), the registered landscape architect shall have no liability to his or her client or employer on account of such termination. (D) A registered landscape architect shall not deliberately make a materially false statement or deliberately fail to disclose a material fact requested in connection with his or her application for a registration or renewal thereof. (E) A registered landscape architect shall not assist the application for a registration of an individual known by the registered landscape architect to be unqualified in respect to education, training, experience or character. (F) A registered landscape architect possessing knowledge of a violation of the provisions set forth in these regulations by another registered landscape architect shall report such knowledge to the Board. -2- L.A.R.E. Reference Manual Compliance with Laws (A) A registered landscape architect shall not, while engaging in the practice of landscape architecture, knowingly violate any state, provincial or federal criminal law. (B) A registered landscape architect shall neither offer nor make any payment or gift to a government official (whether elected or appointed) with the intent of influencing the official’s judgment in connection with a prospective or existing project in which the registered landscape architect is interested. (C) A registered landscape architect shall comply with the registration laws and regulations governing his or her professional practice in any jurisdiction. Professional Conduct (A) Each office in a jurisdiction maintained for the preparation of drawings, specifications, reports or other professional landscape architectural work shall have a registered landscape architect resident and regularly employed in that office having direct supervision of such work. (B) A registered landscape architect shall not sign or seal drawings, specifications, reports or other professional work for which he or she does not have direct professional knowledge and direct supervisory control; provided, however, that in the case of the portions of such professional work prepared by the registered landscape architect’s consultants, registered in this jurisdiction, the registered landscape architect may sign or seal that portion of the professional work if the registered landscape architect has reviewed such portion, has coordinated its preparation, and intends to be responsible for its adequacy. (C) A registered landscape architect shall neither offer nor make any gifts, other than gifts of nominal value (including, for example, reasonable entertainment and hospitality), with the intent of influencing the judgment of an existing or prospective client in connection with a project in which the registered landscape architect is interested. (D) A registered landscape architect shall not engage in conduct involving fraud or wanton disregard of the rights of others. -3- L.A.R.E. Reference Manual Zoning and Construction Standards for the L.A.R.E. SETBACK REQUIREMENTS Floodplain Restrictions 1. Enclosed structures and their appurtenances are not permitted within a flood plain. Property Line Setbacks 2. Any modification to a flood plain must be mitigated on-site. 1. Paved vehicular circulation ways such as parking, drives (except entrances) and loading spaces shall be set back as follows: Active Recreation Setback • • At least 15' [4.5m] from any street right-of-way (property line along a street). At least 10' [3m] from all other property lines. 2. Buildings shall be set back as follows: • • All buildings shall be set back at least 25' [7.5m] from any street right-of-way (property line along a street). All buildings shall be set back at least 15' [4.5m] from all other property lines. There shall be a 30' [9m] clear zone, free of obstructions, around organized active recreation fields (i.e., soccer fields, baseball diamonds, etc.). Security Setback For security reasons in publicly accessible areas, site development elements such as plantings shall not be placed in a manner that creates hiding places by interfering with clear visibility to pedestrians. A clear zone of 3' [1m] shall be maintained when measured from a height of 3' [1m] to 8' [2.4m] (see figure 1). ____________________________________ Stream, Lake and Wetland Setbacks 1. Site improvements such as structures and their appurtenances, roads and parking shall be set back at least 50' [15m] from any designated stream edge or other water body. 3' [1m] 3' [1m] 2. Site improvements such as structures and their appurtenances, roads and parking shall be set back at least 100' [30m] from the edge of any designated wetland area. -4- Clearzone 8' [2.4m] Publicly Accessible Area ____________________________________ Figure 1 L.A.R.E. Reference Manual 1. There shall be a 25' [7.5m] buffer zone provided on each side of the property line between any parcel on which there is proposed any commercial or industrial use, and any adjacent parcel zoned residential. (Institutional uses are exempt). of pavement when measured from a height of 2' [0.6m] to 5' [1.5m] (see figure 2). ____________________________________ 45' [11.5m] 45' [11.5m] General Policy: Buffer Zone Required 2. Such buffer area shall not be utilized for structures, roads and parking areas or for any active recreation purpose such as tennis courts, swimming pools, playgrounds or uses of a similar nature. VEHICULAR REQUIREMENTS General Requirements 1. All required access streets, aisles, travelways, and parking lots, shall be constructed and maintained with a paved surface. The maximum length for a cul-de-sac shall be 800' [240m]. 2. Street intersections must be directly aligned or the street centerlines [centrelines] must be offset a minimum of 150' [45m]. 3. Driveway entrances must be directly aligned with a street or the driveway centerline [centreline] must be offset a minimum of 75' [23m] from a street centerline [centreline]. 4. All off-street parking and road intersections are to be provided with safe and convenient access. A minimum sight triangle shall be provided at such intersections to provide a totally unobstructed view for 45' [11.5m] from the intersection of the edge ____________________________________ Figure 2 5. If a drop-off is provided, it shall be designed to allow for the safe movement of vehicles and pedestrians. It shall also be designed to allow for traffic movement around stopped vehicles. • Drop-off areas shall have a minimum lenght of 22’ [6.7m] per vehicle and a minimum width of 9’ [2.7m]. 6. Travelways shall be designed as follows: • Two-way travelways shall be a minimum of 22' [6.7m] and a maximum of 26' [8m] wide. • A one-way travelway may be a minimum of 11' [3.3m] in width provided it is clearly marked with signs and pavement markings. • The minimum turnaround radius for automobiles shall be 30' [9m] to outside edge of pavement. • The minimum turnaround radius for large vehicles (such as trucks, buses and emergency vehicles) is 45' [13.5m] to outside edge of pavement. -5- L.A.R.E. Reference Manual Off-street Parking and Loading Requirements 6. The dimension of a standard loading space shall be 12' x 45' [3.6m x 14m]. 1. The dimension for a standard parking space is to be 9' x 20' [2.7m x 6m]. 7. Service areas must incorporate a minimum 20' [6m] turnaround to accommodate small service vehicles (such as panel vans). (see figure 4). 2. Open off-street parking areas with more than forty (40) spaces shall have a maximum of 10 contiguous spaces without an island. The minimum width of a parking island shall be 9' [2.7m]. 3. Parking areas must be graded at a slope not to exceed 5%. ____________________________________ 40' [12m] max. 20' [6m] Parallel parking spaces shall have a minimum length of 22' [6.7m] and a minimum width of 9' [2.7m]. 20' [6m] 15' [4.5m] R Service Entry Small Service Vehicle Turnaround 4. The design of parking shall not necessitate backing from a space into a street, primary circulation route or entrance. ____________________________________ Figure 4 5. No dead end parking areas shall be permitted (see figure 3). Off-street Stacking Spaces ____________________________________ Not Acceptable ____________________________________ Figure 3 -6- 1. For all uses with a drive-up window (restaurants, banks, etc.) and for all uses involving customers waiting in line while in their vehicles (car washes, drive-in theaters, etc.), in addition to the parking space requirements of this chapter, off-street stacking spaces for at least six (6) vehicles shall be provided for the first window or unit, and thereafter two (2) off-street stacking spaces shall be provided for each additional window or unit. 2. Off-street stacking spaces shall be located to allow for traffic movement around stopped vehicles. The width of a drive through travel lane shall not be less than 11' [3.3m]. A stacking space shall have a minimum length of 18' [5.5m]. L.A.R.E. Reference Manual ACCESSIBLE PARKING _____________________________________ Parking 1. If parking spaces are provided for self-parking by employees or visitors, or both, then accessible spaces shall be provided in each such parking area in conformance with the table below. Total Parking in Lot 1 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 75 76 to 100 101 to 150 151 to 200 201 to 300 301 to 400 401 to 500 501 to 1000 1000 and over Required Minimum Number of Accessible Spaces 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 percent of total 20 plus 1 for each 100 over 1000 2. Accessible parking spaces shall be 8'-0" x 20'-0" [2.4m x 6m] and shall have a 5' [1.5m] wide access aisle adjacent to one side of the parking space. Access aisles may be shared by two adjacent parking spaces (see figure 5). 8' [2.4m] min. 5' [1.5m] min. ____________________________________ Figure 5 Location Accessible parking spaces serving a particular building shall be located on the shortest accessible route of travel from adjacent parking to an accessible entrance. ACCESSIBLE ROUTE At least 50% of all public entrances must be accessible. At least one must be a ground floor entrance. Public entrances are any entrances that are not loading or service entrances. Where feasible, accessible entrances shall be the entrances used by the majority of people visiting or working in the building. Width The minimum clear width of an accessible route shall be 3' [1m] except at doors. Door Threshold The maximum rise at a door threshold for an accessible entry shall be 0.1' [0.03m]. -7- L.A.R.E. Reference Manual CURB RAMPS Width Location The minimum width of a curb ramp shall be 3' [1m], exclusive of flared sides. Curb ramps shall be provided wherever an accessible route crosses a curb. Slope The maximum slope of a curb ramp shall be 1:12. Transitions from ramps to walks, gutters, or streets shall be flush and free of abrupt changes. Maximum slope of adjoining gutters, or accessible route shall not exceed 5%. Sides of Curb Ramps If a curb ramp is located where pedestrians must walk across the ramp, or where it is not protected by handrails or guardrails, it shall have flared sides; the maximum slope of the flare shall be 1:12 (see figure 6). Curb ramps with returned curbs may be used where pedestrians would not normally walk across the ramp (see figure 6). ______________________________________________________________________________ Planting or Other NonWalking Surface 48" [1200mm] min. flared side 1 12 Flared Sides Returned Curb ______________________________________________________________________________ Figure 6 -8- L.A.R.E. Reference Manual RAMPS 1. The landing shall have a 2% slope for drainage. General 2. The landing shall be at least as wide as the ramp run leading to it. Any part of an accessible route with a slope greater than 5% shall be considered a ramp. The minimum clear width of a ramp shall be 3' [1m]. 3. The landing length shall be a minimum of 5' [1.5m] clear. Slope and Rise 4. If ramps change direction at landings, the minimum landing size shall be 5' x 5' [1.5m x 1.5m]. The least possible slope shall be used for any ramp. The maximum slope of a ramp in new construction shall be 1:12. The maximum rise for any run shall be 2.5' [0.75m]) (see figure 7). Cross Slope of Ramp Surfaces and/or Landings The cross slope of ramp surfaces shall be no greater than 2%. Landing Rise Ramps shall have landings at the bottom and top of each ramp and each ramp run. Landings shall have the following features: ______________________________________________________________________________ Slope of Ramp Surface Landing Landing Horizontal Distance Maximum Rise Slope ft >5% to 8.33% 2.5 m 0.75 Maximum Horizontal Distance ft 30.0 m 9.0 ______________________________________________________________________________ Figure 7 -9- L.A.R.E. Reference Manual Ramp Handrails 3. Handrail extensions shall not extend into adjacent walks. If a ramp run has a rise greater than 6" [150mm] or is greater than 6' [1.8m] long, then it shall have handrails on both sides. Handrails are not required on curb ramps or adjacent to seating in assembly areas. Handrails shall have the following features: 1. Handrails shall be provided along both sides of ramp segments. The inside handrail on switchback or dogleg ramps shall always be continuous. 2. Handrails shall extend at least 12" [300mm] beyond the top and bottom of the ramp segment and shall be parallel with the floor or ground surface (see figure 8). 4. The clear space between the handrail and the wall shall be 1 1/2" [38mm]. 5. Top of handrail gripping surfaces shall be mounted between 34" and 38" [850mm and 1050mm] above ramp surfaces. 6. Ends of handrails shall be either rounded or returned smoothly to floor, wall or post. 7. All handrails shall have a circular cross section with an outside diameter of at least 1 1/4" [32mm] and not greater than 2" [50mm]. ______________________________________________________________________________ 12" [300mm] min. 12" [300mm] min. 34"-38" [850mm-1050mm] Edge of Adjacent Walk Edge of Adjacent Walk Level Ramp Level 3' [1m] min. Clear ______________________________________________________________________________ Figure 8 - 10 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual STEPS ____________________________________ Treads and Risers 11"min. [275mm] Maximum riser height shall be 7" [175mm] and minimum riser height shall be 4" [100mm]. Minimum tread depth shall be 11" [275mm], measured horizontally from the tread’s leading edge to the next tread’s leading edge. Treads shall have a wash of 2% from back to front to allow for drainage and minimize hazards associated with water puddling and ice formation (see figure 9). ____________________________________ 1.5"max. 11"min. [275mm] [38mm] radius radius Flush Riser Vertical Riser 1.5"max. [38mm] 0.5"max. [12mm] radius 60 Angled Nosing Brick Nosing Acceptable Risers/Nosings ____________________________________ Figure 10 2% ____________________________________ Unsafe Nosing ____________________________________ Figure 9 radius Nosings The undersides of nosings shall not be abrupt. The radius of curvature at the leading edge of the tread shall be no greater than 1/2" [12mm]. Risers with nosings shall be sloped or the underside of the nosing shall have an angle not less than 60 degrees from the horizontal. Nosings shall project no more than 1 1/2" [38mm] except for brick or other modular paving veneer which shall project no more than 1/2" [12mm] (see figures 10 and 11). Not Permitted ____________________________________ Figure 11 - 11 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual Step Handrails Steps over 42" [1.1m] in width shall have continuous handrails on both sides. Intermediate handrails are required so that all portions of the required width of stairs are within 2.5' [0.75m] of a handrail. Only one handrail is required on stairways having a width of less than 42" [1.1m]. 1. Handrails shall extend at least 12" [300mm] beyond the top and 12" [300mm] plus one tread width beyond the bottom of the steps and shall be parallel with the floor or ground surface (see figure 12). 3. Top of handrail gripping surfaces shall be mounted between 34" and 38" [850mm and 1050mm] above step nosings. 4. Ends of handrails shall be either rounded or returned smoothly to floor, wall or post. 5. All handrails shall have a circular cross section with an outside diameter of at least 1 1/4" [32mm] and not greater than 2" [50mm]. Exception: Handrails are not required for stairways with two or less risers. 2. The clear space between the handrail and the wall shall be 1 1/2" [38mm]. ______________________________________________________________________________ 12"min. [300mm] Edge of Adjacent Walk [850mm-1050mm] 34-38" 34-38" [300mm] [850mm-1050mm] 12"[300mm] plus one tread 12" Edge of Adjacent Walk Extension at Bottom of Run Extension at Top of Run ______________________________________________________________________________ Figure 12 - 12 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual GUARDRAILS A guardrail system is a system of components located near the open sides of elevated walking surfaces for the purpose of minimizing the possibility of an accidental fall from the walking surface to the lower level. Guardrails are required on retaining walls where differences in grade level on either side of the wall are in excess of 2.5' [0.75m] and are located closer than 2' [0.6m] to a walk, path, parking lot or driveway on the high side. Guardrails shall be a minimum of 42" [1.1m] in height measured vertically from the leading edge of a stair tread or adjacent walking surface. Open guardrails shall have balusters or other construction such that a sphere with a diameter of 4" [100mm] cannot pass through any opening. - 13 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual FASTENERS AND REINFORCING LIST The following is a list of fasteners and reinforcing materials for answering questions in Section D of the L.A.R.E. In some cases, more than one choice is a correct response; in such cases, you will receive credit for any correct response. Indicate ONLY one answer for each question by darkening both one letter and one number on the answer sheet corresponding with your answer selection. BOLTS: A1 Carriage Bolt Assembly A2 Eye Bolt A3 J-Bolt Assembly A4 L-shaped Anchor Bolt Assembly A5 Lag Bolt A6 Lag Bolt with Expansion Shield A7 Lag Bolt with Fiber Plug A8 Lag Bolt with Lead Shield B1 Machine Bolt Assembly B2 Machine Bolt with Expansion Shield B3 Threaded Rod Assembly B4 Toggle Bolt Assembly SCREWS AND NAILS: B5 Cement Nail B6 Common Nail B7 Finish Nail B8 Hook Nail C1 Machine Screw C2 Masonry Nail C3 Spike C4 Wood Screw - 14 - METAL BRACKETS: C5 Joist Hanger C6 Plate Anchor C7 Post Anchor C8 Post Cap Tie Plate D1 Strap Hanger MISCELLANEOUS FASTENERS: D2 Construction Adhesive D3 Drive Anchor D4 Duct Tape D5 Epoxy D6 Masonry Wall Tie D7 Mastic D8 Mortar E1 Rivet E2 Snap Tie E3 Solder E4 Staple E5 Z-anchor REINFORCEMENT: E6 #3 Rebar E7 #4 Rebar E8 #6 Rebar F1 #8 Rebar F2 Cavity Wall Tie F3 Fiber Mesh F4 Geosynthetic Reinforcing Grid F5 Steel Dowel F6 Truss Design Reinforcement F7 Welded Wire Mesh (WWM) L.A.R.E. Reference Manual MATERIALS LIST The following is a list of materials for answering questions in Section D of the L.A.R.E. In some cases, more than one choice is a correct response; in such cases, you will receive credit for any correct response. Indicate ONLY one answer for each question by darkening both one letter and one number on the answer sheet corresponding with your answer selection. A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 Angle Iron Asphalt (Bituminous Concrete) Brass Pipe Brick Butt Hinge Caulk Ceramic Tile Concrete Concrete Masonry Units (CMU) Concrete Pavers Copper Pipe Epoxy Sealer Expansion Joint Material Filter Fabric Flagstone Flashing Flat Steel Floor Drain Foam Insulation Galvanized Electrical Conduit Gate Latch Assembly Geotextile grid Granite Gravel (crushed stone, granular material, aggregate, peagravel) D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 G1 G2 G3 G4 Grout (non-shrink) Joint Sealing Compound Mastic Metal Sleeve Mortar Mulch Perforated PVC Pipe Polyethylene Pipe Porcelain Enamel Portland Cement Prefabricated Wall Drain PVC Pipe Sand Soil Soil Cement Steel Tubing - Round Steel Tubing - Square Steel Washers Stone Stone Dust (Fines) Strap Hinge Stucco Tar Wall Reinforcement Waterproofing (Bituminous) Waterstop Wood (Lumber) Wrought Iron - 15 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual PRESSURE TREATED LUMBER/TIMBER LIST The following is a list of pressure treated lumber/timber for answering questions in Section D of the L.A.R.E. In some cases, more than one choice is a correct response; in such cases, you will receive credit for any correct response. Indicate ONLY one answer for each question by darkening both one letter and one number on the answer sheet corresponding with your answer selection. A1 1x4 [25x100] A2 1x6 [25x150] A3 1x8 [25x200] A4 1x10 [25x250] A5 1x12 [25x300] A6 5/4x6 [30x150] A7 2x2 [50x50] A8 2x4 [50x100] B1 2x6 [50x150] B2 2x8 [50x200] B3 2x10 [50x250] B4 2x12 [50x300] B5 4x4 [100x100] B6 4x6 [100x150] B7 4x8 [100x200] B8 4x10 [100x250] C1 4x12 [100x300] C2 6x6 [150x150] C3 6x8 [150x200] C4 8x8 [200x200] - 16 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual WOOD MEMBER SIZING For external wood structures with uniform joist and beam spacing. Maximum Allowable Spans for Spaced Boards Laid Flat 1 x 4 [25 x 100] 5/4 x 6 [30 x 150] 2 x 4 [50 x 100] 2 x 6 [50 x 150] For Decking 12" [30cm] 16" [40cm] 24" [60cm] 24" [60cm] For Benches NA NA 36" [100cm] 36" [100cm] Maximum Allowable Spans for Joists Joist Size Joist Spacing 16" [40cm] 24" [60cm] 32" [80cm] 2 x 6 [50 x 150] 10' [3.0m] 8' [2.4m] 6' [1.8m] 2 x 8 [50 x 200] 12' [3.6m] 10' [3.0m] 8' [2.4m] 2 x 10 [50 x 250] 16' [4.8m] 14' [4.2m] 10' [3.0m] Minimum Beam Sizes and Allowable Beam Spans Spacing Between Beams 4' [1.2m] 6' [1.8m] 8' [2.4m] 10'[3.0m] 12'[3.6m] — — — — — Beam Size* 6' [1.8m] 6' [1.8m] — — — 4 x 6 [100 x 150] 10' [3.0m] 8' [2.4m] 6' [1.8m] 6' [1.8m] — 4 x 8 [100 x 200] 12' [3.6m] 10' [3.0m] 8' [2.4m] 8' [2.4m] 6' [1.8m] 4 x 10 [100 x 250] 12' [3.6m] 12' [3.6m] 10' [3.0m] 10' [3.0m] 8' [2.4m] 4 x 12 [100 x 300] Maximum Distance Between Posts (o.c.) * - Two (2) 2 by’s [50's] are acceptable. NOTE: Maximum cantilever for joists and beams is 24" [60cm]. - 17 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual CONSTRUCTION DETAIL EVALUATION LIST The following is a list of common construction detailing errors for answering questions in Section D of the L.A.R.E. You are to evaluate each detail and determine if there is an error in the detail. If there is an error in the detail, select from the list below the response for the most significant error which affects the health, safety and welfare of the public. Response A1 should be used when the detail is correct. Indicate ONLY one answer for each question by darkening both one letter and one number on the answer sheet corresponding with your answer selection A1 The detail is correct MATERIAL APPLICATION A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 An element is missing causing the detail to be structurally unsound Material type is not appropriate for the application Material application does not meet code requirements Alterations have compromised the structural integrity of the material Concrete thickness is not appropriate (too thick or thin) Lumber size is not sufficient for spacing and/or span Appropriate drainage is not indicated FOOTING AND SUBBASE B1 B2 B3 B4 Footing is inappropriate for the application (size or position) Footing embedment is not deep enough for specified frostline or soil conditions Subgrade is not adequately prepared Base material is inappropriate CONNECTIONS AND FASTENERS B5 B6 B7 B8 C1 - 18 - Fasteners are missing or insufficient Fastener type or method of attachment is inappropriate for the application Fastener orientation or distance from edge of material is inappropriate Fastener or material embedment is not sufficient for the application The material securing a masonry unit is inappropriate for the application L.A.R.E. Reference Manual REINFORCING C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 D1 Masonry joint reinforcing is missing where required Masonry wall ties are missing where required Rebar is missing where required Rebar sizes shown are not appropriate (too large or small) Reinforcing is improperly placed Reinforcing is not sufficient in the vertical plane (length only) Reinforcing is not sufficient in the horizontal plane (length only) Reinforcing does not tie the wall to the foundation JOINTS D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 E1 Detail does not show or specify an appropriate control joint Detail does not show or specify an expansion joint where required Joint size is inappropriate or unsafe Joint should be designed to prevent differential vertical movement, but fails to do so Joint requires a waterstop Expansion joint is incorrectly located Expansion joint does not allow for free movement for expansion and contraction Dowled expansion joint is inappropriate for this application FINISH E2 Surface treatment is inappropriate or unsafe - 19 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual DIMENSION GRID The following is a dimension grid used for answering questions in Section D of the L.A.R.E. In some cases, more than one choice is a correct response; in such cases, you will receive credit for any correct response. Indicate ONLY one answer for each question by darkening both one letter and one number on the answer sheet corresponding with your answer selection. (Example: 5" [125mm] = B7.) 1 2 c " /16 " 1 3 4 d" ¼" 5 6 e " ½" 7 ¾" 8 1" A 1.5mm 1¼" 3mm 1½" 6mm 1¾" 9mm 2" 12mm 3" 15mm 4" 18mm 5" 25mm 6" B 32mm 7" 38mm 8" 45mm 9" 50mm 10" 75mm 11" 100mm 12" 125mm 14" 150mm 16" C 175mm 18" 200mm 20" 225mm 22" 250mm 24" 275mm 26" 300mm 30" 350mm 32" 400mm 34" D 450mm 3' 500mm 3½’ 550mm 4' 600mm 5' 650mm 6' 750mm 7' 800mm 8' 850mm 9' E 1.0m 10' 1.1m 11' 1.2m 12' 1.5m 13' 1.8m 14' 2.1m 15' 2.4m 16' 2.7m 18' F 3.0m - 20 - 3.3m 3.6m 3.9m 4.2m 4.5m 4.8m 5.5m L.A.R.E. Reference Manual LIGHTING SYMBOLS 4' [1.2m] 24' [7.2m] 3' [1m] 24' [7.2m] 12' [3.6m] 4' [1.2m] -AL -BL 1 footcandle [10 lux] 1 footcandle [10 lux] 0.5 footcandle [5 lux] 0.5 footcandle [5 lux] Area Light -AL Bollard Light - BL 4'[1.2m] 1 footcandle [10 lux] 1 footcandle [10 lux] 0.5 footcandle [5 lux] 12' [3.6m] -LD 24' [7.2m] -DL 4'[1.2m] 12' [3.6m] 30' [9m] 15' [4.5m] 30' [9m] ______________________________________________________________________________ 0.5 footcandle [5 lux] Down Light - DL Low Down Light - LD __________________________________________________________________ 1 footcandle [10 lux] 0.5 footcandle [5 lux] 2'[0.6m] -AC 12' [3.6m] 12' [3.6m] Accent Light - AC _______________________________ - 21 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual PLANT CHARACTERISTICS Graphic sections of the L.A.R.E. which require the preparation of planting plans shall be completed as follows. Location of plants shall be graphically indicated on the planting plan using the symbols given. The type and function of the plant or plant groupings shall be indicated in accordance with the graphic conventions. Botanical names of plant material should NOT be indicated. Plant material shown is mature size and must be drawn at the size indicated. The intended use of the plant material will be evaluated based on the circle size and symbol shown on your solution. Plant material must be selected based on the shape and size shown. Plant shape or size cannot be altered to meet specific requirements. Note: Vignette problems may be at a different scale than the scale of the symbols shown, therefore, plan symbols should be drawn at the scale given on the vignette problem. Form Elevation Plan View ______________________________________________________________________________ Tree - Multi-stem 20' [6m] 15' [4.5m] 15' [4.5m] 5' [1.5m] Tree - Palm - 22 - 20' [6m] 30' [9m] 40' [12m] 20' [6m] L.A.R.E. Reference Manual Form Elevation Plan View ______________________________________________________________________________ Tree - Rounded 40' [12m] 30' [9m] 30' [9m] 8' [2.4m] 25' [7.5m] 30' [9m] 25' [7.5m] 8' [2.4m] - 23 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual Form Elevation Plan View ______________________________________________________________________________ Tree - Columnar 15' [4.5m] 10' [3m] 10' [3m] 20' [6m] 20' [6m] 15' [4.5m] 15' [4.5m] 20' [6m] 30' [9m] 15' [4.5m] 20' [6m] 30' [9m] Tree - Pyramidal - 24 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual Form Elevation Plan View ______________________________________________________________________________ Shrub Massing 6' [1.8m] 6' [1.8m] 6' [1.8m] Massing 3' [1m] 3' [1m] 3' [1m] Massing 2' [0.6m] 2' [0.6m] 1.5' [0.45m] Groundcover Variable 1' [0.3m] Lawn - 25 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual Graphic Convention ______________________________________________________________________________ Type ____________________________________ Deciduous Evergreen D E Function ____________________________________ Accent/Flower Background Circulation Control Erosion Control Hedge Shade Spatial Definition Specimen Visual Screen Wind Screen Illustrative Sample ____________________________________ - 26 - Example ____________________________________ A deciduous tree with a rounded form that would be used for shade would be indicated as follows: D - Shade L.A.R.E. Reference Manual Values for Sizing Site Drainage Systems (C values from the L.A.R.E. Reference Manual should be used unless the values are given in the problem). R unoff Coefficient for the Rational M ethod Surface M ate rial C= Rooftop .90 Paving (i.e.; concrete, aspha lt) .90 Gravel .65 Bare Soil .30 Lawn .30 Rational Method formula: q=CiA [q=CiA/360] q= Quantity of runoff in cubic feet per second [cubic metres per second]. C= Runoff coefficient. i= Intensity of rainfall in inches per hour [millimetres per hour]. A= Area in acres [hectares]. - 27 - L.A.R.E. Reference Manual Nomograph for Circular Pipe Flowing Full (Manning’s Equation - Concrete Pipe n=0.013) 1800 0.500 15 60 1600 54 1400 48 1200 0.400 42 0.300 0.00004 0.004 0.00005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.9 0.010 1.0 0.0001 0.8 1.2 0.02 36 900 1.3 0.03 3.0 0.080 0.070 0.060 2.0 0.050 1.5 0.040 0.030 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.020 0.6 0.015 0.5 Pipe Diameter in Inches (Available pipe sizes indicated) 0.100 0.090 Flow in Cubic Meters Per Second (q) Flow in Cubic Feet Per Second (q) 4.0 600 21 525 18 450 15 12 8 6 4 375 300 200 150 100 0.001 0.4 0.005 0.01 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.05 0.9 1.0 1.1 4 1.2 1.3 4.0 1.4 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 20 5 1.5 1.6 1.7 6 1.8 1.9 7 2.2 0.006 40 2 50 0.50 1.0 - 28 - 3 3.0 30 0.003 0.8 2.0 75 0.004 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.007 0.005 2.0 0.2 0.008 0.2 1.8 15 3 0.5 1.9 0.4 0.3 1.7 0.15 0.10 0.010 0.009 1.6 Velocity in Feet Per Second 24 5.0 1.5 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 Slope in Percent 0.150 0.4 1.4 0.04 Slope in Feet Per Foot/Meters Per Meter 30 800 Pipe Diameter in Millimeters (Available pipe sizes indicated) 0.200 0.3 1.1 0.015 1050 10 0.25 50 60 70 80 90 100 8 2.4 2.6 9 10 2.8 3.0 Velocity in Meters Per Second 72 0.600 20 The Material in this booklet is for use on the Landscape Architect Registration Examination (L.A.R.E.) only. Printed April 2002 - 31 -
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