DET MORALSKE GUDSBEVIS
DET MORALSKE GUDSBEVIS
1.HVIS GUD IKKE FINDES, SÅ FINDES DER IKKE
OBJEKTIVE MORALSKE VÆRDIER OG
PLIGTER
2.DET ER IKKE SANDT AT DER IKKE FINDES
OBJEKTIVE MORALSKE VÆRDIER OG
PLIGTER
3.DERFOR ER DET IKKE SANDT GUD IKKE
FINDES
1 - GUD OG OBJEKTIV MORAL
• ER NØDVENDIG FOR OBJEKTIVE MORALSKE
VÆRDIER OG PLIGTER
"The universe we observe has precisely the
properties we should expect if there is, at bottom, no
design, no purpose, no evil and no good, nothing but
blind pitiless indifference."
(Richard Dawkins, River out of Eden)
1 - GUD OG OBJEKTIV MORAL
• ER NØDVENDIG FOR OBJEKTIVE MORALSKE
VÆRDIER OG PLIGTER
"We have not been able to show that reason requires the
moral point of view or that all really rational persons,
unhoodwinked by myth or ideology, not be individual egoists
or classic amoralists. Reason doesn't decide here. The picture I
have painted for you is not a pleasant one. Reflection on it
depresses me. ... The point is this: pure practical reason, even
with a good knowledge of the facts, will not take you to
morality." (Kai Nielsen: Why should I Be Moral?" 1984)
1 - GUD OG OBJEKTIV MORAL
• ER NØDVENDIG FOR OBJEKTIVE MORALSKE
VÆRDIER OG PLIGTER
"If ... there are ... objective values, they make the
existence of a god more probable than it would have
been without them. Thus we have ... a defensible
argument from morality to the existence of a god.“
(J.L. Mackie The Miracle of Theism - 1982)
1 - GUD OG OBJEKTIV MORAL
• ER NØDVENDIG FOR OBJEKTIVE MORALSKE
VÆRDIER OG PLIGTER
"A moral world is ... very probable on theism." (Paul
Draper – citeret fra “Necessary Moral Truth and the
Need for explanation." 2000)
1 - GUD OG OBJEKTIV MORAL
“morality is a biological adaptation no less than are
hands and feet and teeth. Considered as a rationally
justifiable set of claims about an objective
something, ethics is illusory. I appreciate that when
somebody says ‘Love thy neighbor as thyself,’ they
think they are referring above and beyond
themselves. Nevertheless, such reference is truly
without foundation. Morality is just an aid to survival
and reproduction . . . and any deeper meaning is
illusory” (Evolutionary Theory and Christian Ethics,” in The
Darwinian Paradigm (London: Routledge, 1989), pp. 262-269. )
EUTHYPHRO PROBLEMET
"Is the pious loved
by the gods because
it is pious? Or is it
pious because it is
loved by the gods ?“
(Socrates til
Euthyphro)
GUD ER ET PROBLEM FOR OBJEKTIVE
MORALSKE VÆRDIER
“Despite superficial differences
Socrates’ concern is closely
related to ours. We can adapt
the Euthyphro Problem to our
discussion of whether morality
requires a religious foundation
by considering the following
conditional formulation of the
doctrine of divine command.
Divine Command: If God exits,
x is good or right if and only if
God approves of x.” (Brink,
2007)
Kan der kun være godhed, hvis Gud findes?
VOLUNTARISME
Hvis det gode er godt
fordi Gud kan lide det,
så er det godes natur
afhængig af et subjekts
indstilling til det.
NATURALISME
Hvis det gode
informerer og
kvalificerer Guds
indstilling til det, så ER
det noget førend Gud
forholder sig til det, og
det afhænger således
ikke af Gud.
Essentialisme
• Gud er essentiel god, og har nødvendig
eksistens sammen med Guds natur. Gud er
standarten for hvad der er godt, som en kæp i
Paris definerer hvad en meter er. Uden den
kæp – ingen meter, og uden Gud – ingen
godhed. Det gør dog ikke det gode arbitrært
for Gud kunne ikke være anderledes end Han
er.
En de jure indvending
“The point is rather that it is impossible to
deduce an ethical conclusion from entirely nonethical premises. ‘We cannot infer ‘We ought to
do X’ from, for example, ‘God commands us to
do X’, unless this is supplemented by the ethical
premiss, ‘We ought to do what God commands’;
and it is quite useless to offer instead of this
some additional non-ethical premiss, such as
‘God commands us to obey His commands’”
(Prior, Faith, Unbelief and Evil 1949)