Supporting Information Chen et al. 10.1073/pnas.1408327111 SI Materials and Methods General Methods and Strains. All C. elegans strains were derived originally from the wild-type Bristol strain N2. Worm cultures, genetic crosses, and other strain manipulation methods were essentially those described by Brenner (1). Worms were raised on OP50 E. coli-seeded nematode growth medium (NGM) plates at 20 °C. The wild-type C. elegans strain Bristol N2 was provided by the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis). The sec-10(txu1) mutant strain has been described (2). A complete list of strains used in this study can be found in Table S1. Plasmids and Generation of Transgenes. The transcriptional GFP fusion Psec-10::GFP, which was used for expression analysis, was described in detail (2). To construct N-terminal RFP fusion transgenes for expression in the worm intestine, a skeleton vector was prepared by using the promoter region of the intestinespecific gene vha-6 cloned into Fire laboratory vector pPD49.26, followed by TagRFP-T coding sequences. The cDNA sequences of rab-10 and rme-1 were PCR amplified from plasmids Pvha-6:: gfp::rab-10 and Pvha-6::gfp::rme-1 (gifts from B. D. Grant, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ), respectively, digested with SmaI and KpnI, and individually cloned into the same site of Pvha-6::TagRFP-T-vector to generate N-terminal fusions. rab10 Q68L and T23N mutants were generated by using standard techniques of site-directed mutagenesis from the TagRFPT::rab-10 construct. To construct GLUT1::GFP and GLUT1:: TagRFP-T reporters, a 2.5-kb genomic fragment of R09B5.11 was amplified from wild-type worm genomic DNA, digested with SmaI and AgeI, and inserted into the same site of the skeleton vectors Pvha-6::gfp and Pvha-6::TagRFP-T, which were both derived originally from pPD95.75. To generate the AMPH-1:: GFP reporter, a 3-kb genomic fragment was amplified and also cloned into Pvha-6::gfp through SmaI-AgeI sites. Constructs were verified by DNA sequencing. Plasmids were injected into wild-type or mutant animals at concentrations of 10−30 ng/μL, with Pmyo-3:: mCherry at 5 ng/μL or pRF4, which contains the rol-6(su1006) allele, at 20 ng/μL as a coinjection marker, the total DNA concentration of injection mixtures was adjusted to 100 ng/μL by adding PvuII-digested N2 genomic DNA fragments. MosSCI lines were generated by the direct insertion method as described (3). To obtain T7-tagged single copy insertion transgenic strains, the sec-10 promoter sequence was cloned into an AflII-SbfI digested MosSCI vector pCFJ151 (gift from E. M. Jorgensen, University of Utah, Salt Lake City). The sec-10 genomic DNA fused by T7 with a linker sequence [(Gly4Ser)3] at 5′-terminal was amplified and cloned into pCFJ151-Psec−10 by using SbfI and BsiWI sites to create fusion plasmid Psec-10::T7sec-10. A 700-bp sec-10 3′ UTR fragment was amplified from genomic DNA, digested with BsiWI and BssHII, and inserted into BsiWI-BssHII digested fusion plasmid to produce the single copy insertion plasmid pCFJ151-Psec-10::T7-sec-10-3′ UTR. Two independent single copy insertion transgenic lines were made for the rescue examination. The T7-SEC-10 single copy strains partially rescued the sec-10(txu1) developmental defect phenotypes and perfectly restored the tubular network of hTACGFP. We also generated C-terminal T7 fusion single copy strain SEC-10-T7, which failed to rescue the mutant phenotypes. Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay. The Matchmaker GAL4 Two-Hybrid System 3 (Clontech) was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The yeast reporter strain AH109 with the bait Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 plasmid pGBKT7 and the prey plasmid pGADT7 were used. Prey and bait cDNAs, including C. elegans rab-10(Q68L and T23N), sec-3, sec-5, sec-6, sec-8, sec-10, sec-15, exoc-7, and exoc-8, were amplified from C. elegans cDNA. The prenylation motif for membrane attachment at the C-terminal end of RAB-10 was deleted to improve entry of fusion proteins into the yeast nucleus. Constructs were verified by DNA sequencing. Yeast transformants were spread onto growth media lacking leucine and tryptophan for plasmid selection. Interactions were tested on plates lacking leucine, tryptophan, adenine, and histidine, containing X-α-Gal (5-bromo4-chloro-3-indolyl-α-D-galactoside) at 30 °C for 3–4 d. All fusion proteins were tested for self-activation by using the appropriate empty vector pGBKT7 or pGADT7, respectively. Murine p53 (binding domain) and SV40 large T-antigen (activation domain), provided by the kit manufacturer, were used as a positive control. Coimmunoprecipitation Analysis. HEK 293T cells transfected with appropriate plasmids were lysed in lysis buffer [20 mM Tris·HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% Triton X-100, and 1× Roche complete Protease Inhibitor Mixture]. The cell lysates were centrifuged at 14,000 × g for 30 min at 4 °C and then incubated for 1 h with anti-HA antibody (3F10; Roche), followed by incubation with protein-G (Life Technology) for 1 h at 4 °C. Beads were washed with IP buffer three times. Precipitants were eluted with SDS/PAGE sample buffer and subjected to immunoblotting by using anti HA-Tag mouse monoclonal antibody (cwbiotech), anti–α-tubulin antibody (DM1A; abcam) and anti-exocyst Sec15 subunit (15S2G6) monoclonal antibody (KeraFAST; ED2003). Immunostaining in Intestines. Immunostaining of dissected intestines was performed as described (4, 5). Briefly, dissected worms were fixed in −20 °C 100% methanol for 5 min. Subsequently, samples were blocked in blocking solution [2% (wt/vol) BSA, 1× PBS, 0.1% Tween-20, and 0.05% Na Azide] for 30 min at room temperature. Mouse anti-exocyst complex Sec15 subunit monoclonal antibody (KeraFAST; ED2003) was used at 1:1,000 dilution in incubation buffer (1% BSA, 1× PBS, 0.1% Tween-20, and 0.05% Na Azide) overnight at 4 °C. Cy3-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (Jackson ImmunoResearch) was used at a dilution of 1:600 and incubated for 2 h at room temperature. After extensive washing, dissected worms were transferred to coverslips, which were then adhered with 2% (wt/vol) agarose pads and sealed with nail polish. The treated worms were used for confocal imaging. RNA Interference. RNA interference was performed by the feeding method, and all bacterial RNAi feeding strains were from the Ahringer library (6, 7). The empty vector L4440 was used as the control. As shown in Fig. S5C, RNAi of the individual exocyst component efficiently knocked down the gene expression. The actual knock-down efficiencies might be even higher locally in the intestine, because the intestine is most sensitive to feeding RNAi in C. elegans (8). Quantitative Real-Time PCR Gene Expression Analysis. The F1 RNAiprogeny adult worms were collected and washed with 20 °C water for the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Wholeanimal total RNA was extracted and purified with E.Z.N.A. Total RNA Kit II (OMEGA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The cDNA libraries were generated by using RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo Scientific). All real-time PCR reactions were performed by using the Applied Biosystems 7900HT Real-Time PCR System with Roche FastStart Universal SYBR Green Master (ROX). Each experimental 1 of 16 transcript was tested in quadruplicate and compared with an internal control gene act-1 and a control without template. Endocytosis Assay in Intestines. To investigate basolateral endocytosis by the intestine, young adult hermaphrodites were microinjected with 0.5 mg/mL Rhod-Dex (Mr: 10 KDa; Sigma-Aldrich) or 0.4 mM FM4-64 (Molecular Probes) dissolved in egg buffer [118 mM NaCl, 48 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, and 25 mM Hepes, (pH 7.3)] into the pseudocoelom. To label acidic compartments with LysoTracker, worms were prestained in a drop of 2 μM LysoTracker Green DND-26 (Molecular Probes) in egg buffer for 1 h without exposure to light before microinjection. The injected worms were allowed to recover for another 1 h on seeded NGM plates at 20 °C and followed by transferring to an ice-chilled NGM plate to efficiently stop intracellular trafficking of endocytosed molecules before examination. For apical endocytosis assay, wild-type and mutant animals were soaked in Rhod-Dex or FM464 for 1 h. The treated worms were used for confocal imaging. Fluorescence Microscopy. Live worms were mounted on 2% (wt/vol) agarose pads with 10 mM levamisole. Fluorescence imaging was performed on a spinning-disk confocal imaging system (CSU-X1 Nipkow; Yokogawa) equipped with an EM CCD camera (DU897K; ANDOR iXon) and oil-immersion objectives (60× N.A. 1.45, 100× N.A. 1.3, or 150× N.A. 1.45). Two 50 mW solidstate lasers (491 nm and 561 nm) coupled to an acoustic-optical tunable filter (AOTF) were used to excite GFP/LysoTracker Green and RFP/rhodamine dyes, respectively. A bandpass emission filter (FF01-525/30-25; Semrock) were used to visualize broad-spectrum intestinal autofluorescence caused by lysosome-related organelles (9). For GFP channel, Semrock FF01-513/17 bandpass filter was used to reduce interference from autofluorescence, because the GFP fluorescence peak at 510 nm lacks significant contributions from autofluorescent lysosomes (10). Z series of optical sections were acquired at 0.2-μm step. Nocodazole (50 μg/mL) or Latrunculin B (10 μM) was injected into the pseudocoelom of young adult worms 1 h before imaging. Drugs were diluted in DMSO and used at a final concentration of 1% DMSO in egg buffer. Imaging Analysis. Images were collected by using Andor IQ 2.0 software and analyzed in ImageJ 1.45m (Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health). Z-stack images were deconvolved by using AutoQuant ×2 software (Media Cybernetics) and then processed to yield maximum intensity projections, typically two to three sections. The displayed range of the projection was set 1. Brenner S (1974) The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 77(1):71–94. 2. Zhang L, et al. (2009) Sec-10 knockout increases the neuroactive-drug responses without affecting function of the postsynaptic ionotropic receptors in neuromuscular junctions. Prog Biochem Biophys 36(4):410–416. 3. Frøkjaer-Jensen C, et al. (2008) Single-copy insertion of transgenes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Genet 40(11):1375–1383. 4. Winter JF, et al. (2012) Caenorhabditis elegans screen reveals role of PAR-5 in RAB-11recycling endosome positioning and apicobasal cell polarity. Nat Cell Biol 14(7):666–676. 5. Duerr JS (2006) Immunohistochemistry. WormBook:1–61. 6. Fraser AG, et al. (2000) Functional genomic analysis of C. elegans chromosome I by systematic RNA interference. Nature 408(6810):325–330. Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 to the minimum and maximum intensities of the image. For images of low signal-to-noise ratio, a median filter or a background subtraction method was used to decrease noise. Fluorescence intensities were quantified with ImageJ. Quantification of the number or the occupied areas of endosomal structures was performed by a wavelet transform algorithm with proper threshold and analyzed by a customized Matlab program. Quantification of ring-like structures was performed manually. Tubular structures were identified by using ImageJ plugin “Tubeness” and analyzed with ImageJ plugin “skeleton,” and the tubule length was obtained by a customized Matlab program. For the analysis of hTAC tubule dynamics, original images were obtained from confocal live worm imaging for 100–200 s, with exposures every 1 or 0.5 s. Brightness and contrast were adjusted for the images, which were then analyzed frame by frame for tethering/fusion events and for identifying the newly growing hTAC tubules with RAB-10 residing at the leading edge. We measured the number of hTAC tubule extension events occurring within a 100-μm2 square over a 10-min time period and considered a tethering/fusion event successful if a tubule reached out for another hTAC compartment and maintained for more than 25 s. Pearson’s Colocalization Coefficient. Images were deconvolved by using AutoQuant, a 10-pixel-wide rolling-ball subtraction algorithm that was subsequently used to remove background noise. For RFP-RME-1 transgenic worms, substacks were generated in three sections spanning 0.4 μm near top layers, whereas RFPRAB-10 transgenic worms in six sections spanned 1.0 μm from top to middle layers. The 3D Z-stack images were imported to ImageJ for analysis. The Pearson’s coefficients were calculated by using ImageJ plugin “Coloc 2.” Statistical Analysis. When the data follow normal distribution, Student’s t test or one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the statistical significance, otherwise Mann–Whitney rank sum test was used. All data were presented as the mean value ± SEM. Asterisks denote statistical significance compared with control, with a P value less than 0.05 (*), 0.01 (**), and 0.001 (***). Each displayed image was representative of at least three independent experiments. No inclusion or exclusion criteria were applied during analysis. The worms were selected randomly within the same genotype. The investigators were not blinded to allocation during experiments and outcome assessment. 7. Kamath RS, Ahringer J (2003) Genome-wide RNAi screening in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods 30(4):313–321. 8. Kamath RS, Martinez-Campos M, Zipperlen P, Fraser AG, Ahringer J (2001) Effectiveness of specific RNA-mediated interference through ingested double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genome Biol 2(1):RESEARCH0002. 9. Hermann GJ, et al. (2005) Genetic analysis of lysosomal trafficking in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 16(7):3273–3288. 10. Chen CC, et al. (2006) RAB-10 is required for endocytic recycling in the Caenorhabditis elegans intestine. Mol Biol Cell 17(3):1286–1297. 2 of 16 Fig. S1. Structure of the sec-10 locus and the expression profile of SEC-10 in C. elegans. (A) Schematic representation of the genomic organization of the sec-10 locus. Black boxes, coding regions; blank boxes, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. The bold line underneath the graph indicates the position of mutation in the sec-10(txu1) allele in this study. A deletion of 140 bp and insertion of 5 bp in the sec-10(txu1) allele join exon 3 with intron 3, and introduce frameshift and early stop codon. (B) Confocal images of adult hermaphrodites expressing GFP driven by the sec-10 promoter (5 kb upstream of the start codon). GFP is broadly expressed in C. elegans, including coelomocytes, head neurons, hypodermis, intestine, body wall muscle, reproductive system, and vulva. (Scale bars: 20 μm.) Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 3 of 16 Fig. S2. The basolateral recycling of fluid cargoes is blocked by sec-10 and sec-5 mutation. (A and B) Wild-type and sec-10(txu1) mutant worms exposed to apical Rhod-Dex or FM4-64 showed normal intestinal uptake with a concomitant colocalization of dyes and autofluorescent gut granules. (C and E) WT, sec-10 (txu1), and sec-5(tm1443) mutant worms exposed to basolateral Rhod-Dex. Note that sec-10(txu1) and sec-5(tm1443) mutants accumulated abnormally RhodDex–positive puncta in intestinal cells, which colocalized with autofluorescent (C) or LysoTracker-stained LROs (E). It has been shown that autofluorescent gut granules were identically stained with LysoTracker (1, 2). Arrowheads point to coelomocytes with internalized Rhod-Dex. (D and F) sec-10(txu1) and sec-5 (tm1443) mutant worms exposed to basolateral FM4-64 displayed similar intestinal uptake and LRO localization as WT worms. The right columns for each locant are overlays of the corresponding green and red channels, magnified (3×) in Insets. The contours of intestines are outlined (dashed lines) in red channels. (Scale bars: 20 μm.) 1. Hermann GJ, et al. (2005) Genetic analysis of lysosomal trafficking in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 16(7):3273–3288. 2. Clokey GV, Jacobson LA (1986) The autofluorescent “lipofuscin granules” in the intestinal cells of Caenorhabditis elegans are secondary lysosomes. Mech Ageing Dev 35(1):79–94. Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 4 of 16 Fig. S3. Depletion of sec-15 or sec-10 affects endosomal structures in C. elegans intestines. (A and B) Knock down of sec-15 strongly increases the apical enrichment of RAB-11 vesicles. (A) Representative confocal images of intestinal GFP-RAB-11 in control and sec-15 RNAi worms. Insets display magnified GFPRAB-11 signals at the apical PM. Asterisks depict the lumen of the intestine. (B) The average fluorescence intensity (FI) ratio of apical PM-associated RAB-11 signals relative to cytoplasma signals was quantified. n = 47/40 areas (control/sec-15 RNAi), 18 animals for each group. ***P < 0.001 (Student’s t test). (C–G) RAB-5–positive early endosomes and RAB-7–positive late endosomes were accumulated in sec-10(txu1) intestines. (C and F) Representative confocal images of intestinal GFP-RAB-5 (C) and GFP-RAB-7 (F) in WT and sec-10(txu1) mutants. (D and E) The average puncta number of RAB-5–positive endosomes from middle and top sections was calculated. Middle: n = 19/12 areas (WT/sec-10), Top: n = 18/12 areas (WT/sec-10). ***P < 0.001 (Student’s t test). (G) Quantification of the number of RAB-7–positive late endosomes. n = 21/28 areas (WT/sec-10). ***P < 0.001 (Student’s t test). (H) GFP-RME-1–labeled basolateral structures in control and sec-15 RNAi worms. Arrowheads indicate the aberrant increase of RME-1 labeling of the apical domain. Asterisks depict the lumen of the intestine. (I) Coverage percentage of the basolateral surface by GFP-RME-1, as the magnified regions shown in H, was quantified. n = 20 areas from 12 animals for each genotype. ***P < 0.001 (Mann–Whitney rank sum test). (J) FI ratio of GFP-RME-1 between apical and basal sides. A 20-pixel-wide and a 10-pixel-wide region along apical and basal PM, as shown in H, Lower, were selected for the quantification. n = 32/39 from 11/16 animals (control/sec-15 RNAi). ***P < 0.001 (Mann– Whitney rank sum test). Error bars represent SEM. (Scale bars: 10 μm.) Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 5 of 16 Fig. S4. The hTAC-containing tubular network is distinct from the ER. (A) Representative images illustrate no overlapping between hTAC-GFP and the ER marker mCherry-TRAM in the WT intestine (Left, top layer; Right, middle layer). Outlined regions are shown at higher magnification (4×) in Insets. Asterisks depict the lumen of the intestine. (B) Statistical analysis showed that the average diameter of ER tubular structures is twice larger than that of hTAC-containing tubules. n = 208/176 tubules from 12 animals (hTAC/TRAM). ***P < 0.001 (Mann–Whitney rank sum test). (C and D) Linear profile analysis of the merged channels showed that most of the hTAC-positive tubules did not colocalize with ER from beneath the plasma membrane (C, top layer) to the cytosol (D, middle layer). Some weak hTAC signals were observed to colocalize with ER marker, suggesting low level of hTAC in the ER. (E and F) The morphology and average FI of mCherry-TRAM-labeled ER in sec-10(txu1) mutants was identical to that of WT animals. n = 14/26 areas from 10/15 animals (WT/sec-10). P = 0.542 (Mann– Whitney rank sum test). Error bars represent SEM. (Scale bars: 10 μm.) Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 6 of 16 Fig. S5. Exocyst components are required for the hTAC-positive tubular network. (A and B) T7-SEC-10 MosSCI transgene rescues defective phenotypes of sec-10(txu1) mutants. (A) Schematic of the construct Psec-10::T7-sec-10. Black boxes, coding regions; blank boxes, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions; black arrowhead points to T7 tag; wave line indicates linker. (B) T7-tagged SEC-10 MosSCI insertion strain driven by the sec-10 promoter was crossed into sec-10(txu1) mutant background, which partially rescued the developmental defect phenotype and perfectly restored the tubular network of hTAC-GFP in intestines. Bright field micrographs (Top), high-magnification confocal images of individual isolated embryos (Middle), and hTAC-GFP (Bottom) in WT, sec-10(txu1) mutant, and rescued worms are shown, respectively. (C–E) Depletion of exocyst components disrupts the hTAC-positive tubular network. (C) qRT-PCR quantification of the RNA silencing efficiency for the individual exocyst component genes. The mRNA levels of controls were set as arbitrary unit 1. n = 3 independent experiments. (D) High-magnification confocal images provide detailed architectures for hTAC-GFP signals, in F1 control and RNAi-progeny adult intestinal cells. (E) Quantification of the normalized average length of hTAC-positive tubules in control and RNAi-treated worm intestines. The number of areas examined for each group is indicated in each bar. ***P < 0.001 (Student’s t test). Error bars represent SEM. (Scale bars: 10 μm.) Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 7 of 16 Fig. S6. The distribution and patterns of endogenous CIE cargo-containing endosomal tubules are altered in sec-10 mutants. (A) Colocalization images of hTAC-GFP and GLUT1-TagRFP in WT intestines. Outlined regions are shown at higher magnification in Insets. (B–D) The endosomal tubular structures carrying CIE cargoes were disrupted in sec-10(txu1) mutants. (B) Representative confocal images of intestinal GLUT1-GFP, DAF-4-GFP, and MIG-14-GFP in WT and sec-10(txu1) mutants. Outlined regions are shown at higher magnification in Insets. (C ) The average length of GLUT1- or DAF-4-containing tubules as shown in B was calculated. GLUT1: n = 43/40 areas (WT/sec-10), DAF-4: n = 24/31 areas (WT/sec-10). ***P < 0.001 (Student’s t test). (D) Quantification of the number of MIG-14–containing puncta in B. n = 25 areas for both genotypes. Error bars represent SEM. (Scale bars: 10 μm.) Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 8 of 16 Fig. S7. Mutations of rab-10 and rme-1 result in enlarged early endosomes and recycling endosomes, respectively. (A) Representative confocal images of intestinal GFP-RAB-5 and GFP-RME-1 in WT and rab-10(q373) mutants. Large vacuoles in rab-10(q373) mutants were surrounded with early endosome marker GFP-RAB-5. (B) Representative confocal images of intestinal GFP-RAB-5 and AMPH-1-GFP in rme-1(b1045) mutants. Large vacuoles in rme-1(b1045) mutants were decorated with clusters of AMPH-1-GFP, which is a marker for basolateral recycling endosome and colocalizes with RME-1 (1). Outlined regions are shown at higher magnification in Insets. Arrows indicate enlarged endosomes. Asterisks depict the lumen of the intestine. (Scale bars: 10 μm.) 1. Pant S, et al. (2009) AMPH-1/Amphiphysin/Bin1 functions with RME-1/Ehd1 in endocytic recycling. Nat Cell Biol 11(12):1399–1410. Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 9 of 16 Fig. S8. Verification of interaction between exocyst components and RAB-10. (A and B) Intestines extruded from hTAC-GFP transgene (A) or rab-10(dx2) mutant (B) worms were fixed and stained with a mouse monoclonal anti–SEC-15 antibody. (A) Endogeneous SEC-15 partially colocalizes with hTAC-GFP tubules. Arrowheads indicate structures labeled by both hTAC and SEC-15. (B) SEC-15 was normally recruited to and associated on the vacuolar membranes in rab-10(dx2) mutants. Arrowheads indicate vacuoles labeled by SEC-15. Asterisk depicts the lumen of the intestine. (Scale bars: 5 μm.) (C and D) Yeast two-hybrid assay shows no direct interaction between C. elegans exocyst components and RAB-10. Lines and columns describe fusion forms of exocyst components and RAB-10 used for transformation. pGBKT7-p53 and pGADT7-T-antigen were used as the positive control. (E) Coimmunoprecipitation experiments were performed in HEK 293T cells; HA-Rab10 consistently pulled down tubulin, but not Sec15, from cell lysates. Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 10 of 16 Fig. S9. The tubular structures of hTAC-GFP depend on microtubule cytoskeleton. (A) Representative confocal images of worm intestines expressing hTAC-GFP were treated with DMSO, Nocodazole (Noc, 50 μg/mL) or Latrunculin B (LatB, 10 μM) for 60 min before imaging. (B) Quantification of hTAC-GFP tubule length in Noc or LatB treated intestines. n = 19/37/15 areas from 7/23/10 animals (DMSO/Noc/LatB). Error bars represent SEM. ***P < 0.001, *P = 0.021 (one-way ANOVA). (C) Knockdown of actin gene (act-1) exerted no effect on the hTAC-positive tubules in intestines. The diminished oocyte-localized lifeact-GFP was used as positive control. (D) Representative confocal images of worm intestines expressing hTfR-GFP were treated with DMSO, Nocodazole (Noc, 50 μg/mL), or Latrunculin B (LatB, 10 μM) for 60 min before imaging. Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 11 of 16 Table S1. Transgenic and mutant strains used in this study N2* rab-10(q373)* rab-10(dx2)* rme-1(b1045)* pwIs72[Pvha-6::GFP::RAB-5]* pwIs170[Pvha-6::GFP::RAB-7]* pwIs69[Pvha-6::GFP::RAB-11]* pwIs87[Pvha-6::GFP::RME-1]† pwIs90[Pvha-6::hTfR::GFP]† pwIs112[Pvha-6::hTAC::GFP]† pwIs216[Pvha-6::RFP::RME-1]† pwIs414[Pvha-6::RFP::RAB-10]† pwIs922[Pvha-6::DAF-4::GFP]† pwIs765[Pvha-6::MIG-14::GFP]† qxIs162[Pges-1::mCherry::TRAM]‡ zbIs1[Ppie-1::lifeact::GFP]‡ sec-5(tm1443)§ EG4322: ttTi5605 II; unc-119(ed9) III{ sec-10(txu1) txuIs4[Psec-10::SEC-10::T7] (this work) txuIs5[Psec-10::T7::SEC-10] (this work) txuEx10[Pvha-6::TagRFP-T::RAB-10] (this work) txuEx11[Pvha-6::TagRFP-T::RAB-10(Q68L)] (this work) txuEx12[Pvha-6::TagRFP-T::RAB-10(T23N)] (this work) txuEx13[Pvha-6::TagRFP-T::RME-1] (this work) txuEx21[Pvha-6::GLUT1::GFP] (this work) txuEx22[Pvha-6::GLUT1::TagRFP-T] (this work) txuEx23[Pvha-6::AMPH-1::GFP] (this work) *These strains were provided by the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN). † These strains were gifts from Barth D. Grant (Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ). ‡ These strains were gifts from Xiaochen Wang (National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China). § This strain was provided by the National BioResource Project (Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan). { This strain was gift from Erik M. Jorgensen (University of Utah, Salt Lake City). Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 12 of 16 Movie S1. SEC-10 serves for tethering RAB-11–positive apical recycling endosomes to the apical surface. Confocal live-worm movie of GFP-RAB-11 in wild-type and sec-10(txu1) intestinal cells. Time interval between frames, 500 ms. Total time of acquisition, 50 s. Time reported in seconds. Playback is 10 frames per sec (fps). Asterisks depict the lumen of the intestine. (Scale bar: 5 μm.) Refers to Fig. 2C. Movie S1 Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 13 of 16 Movie S2. hTAC-positive endosomal tubules are dynamic. Confocal live-worm movie of hTAC-GFP in a wild-type intestinal cell. Time interval between frames, 1 s. Total time of acquisition, 200 s. Time reported in seconds. Playback is 20 fps. (Scale bar: 5 μm.) Refers to Fig. 3C. Movie S2 Movie S3. hTAC-positive endosomal tubules are fragmented and less dynamic in sec-10(txu1) mutants. Confocal live-worm movie of hTAC-GFP in sec-10(txu1) mutant intestinal cells. Time interval between frames, 500 ms. Total time of acquisition, 100 s. Time reported in seconds. Playback is 20 fps. (Scale bar: 5 μm.) Refers to Fig. 3B. Movie S3 Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 14 of 16 Movie S4. RAB-10 leads the growing of hTAC-positive tubules. Confocal live-worm movie of hTAC-GFP and mRFP-RAB-10 in a wild-type intestinal cell. Arrows mark the dynamic events. Time interval between frames, 2 s. Total time of acquisition, 160 s. Time reported in seconds. Playback is 10 fps. (Scale bar: 5 μm.) Refers to Fig. 5B. Movie S4 Movie S5. The tethering/fusion of RAB-10-guided hTAC tubules is reduced in sec-10(txu1) mutant worms. Confocal live-worm movie of hTAC-GFP and mRFPRAB-10 in sec-10(txu1) mutant intestinal cells. Arrows mark the dynamic events. Time interval between frames, 2 s. Total time of acquisition, 100 s. Time reported in seconds. Playback is 10 fps. (Scale bar: 5 μm.) Refers to Fig. 5D. Movie S5 Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 15 of 16 Movie S6. The stability of hTAC tubular structures depends on microtubule cytoskeleton. Intestinal cells expressing CIE cargo hTAC-GFP were imaged live by using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Comparison of the morphology of hTAC-positive structures after treatment with 1% DMSO, nocodazole, and latrunculin B. (Scale bar: 5 μm.) Time interval between frames, 300 ms. Refers to Fig. S9A. Movie S6 Chen et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1408327111 16 of 16
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