1. business and industrial
2. agriculture and forestry
3. crops and seed

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT
OF
ERGNETI VILLAGE
July 2013
(DRC) , (SDC) „ . “ . TBSC Consulting– .
SCD- .
The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect
the views of SDC.
This report has been commissioned by the Danish Refugee Council (DRC) under its project
"Rebuilding Returnees' Housing and Livelihoods in Ergneti", funded by the Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation (SDC). It has been carried out by TBSC Consulting.
Table of Contents
I. Executive Summary
Recent History....................................................................................................................................4
Objectives...........................................................................................................................................4
Self-Reliance......................................................................................................................................4
Agricultural Value Chains...................................................................................................................5
Non-Agricultural Value Chains............................................................................................................5
Infrastructure......................................................................................................................................5
Labor Skills Assessment.....................................................................................................................6
Market Development Potential...........................................................................................................6
Gender................................................................................................................................................6
Report Organization...........................................................................................................................6
II. Methodology
1Background....................................................................................................................................7
2Approach.......................................................................................................................................7
III. Self-Reliance
1 Definition........................................................................................................................................9
2Conclusions...................................................................................................................................9
IV. Agricultural Value Chains
1 Importance Of Agriculture............................................................................................................13
2Fruits And Vegetable Production.................................................................................................13
3 Problems Facing Fruit And Vegetable Production.......................................................................14
4 Livestock, Poultry And Beekeeping.............................................................................................16
5 Problems Facing Livestock, Poultry And Beekeeping.................................................................16
6Recommendations To Improve Agriculture Value Chains............................................................18
V. Non-Agricultural Value Chains
1Current Situation..........................................................................................................................20
2Recommendations For Non-Agriculture Value Chains................................................................21
VI. Infrastructure
1Current Situation..........................................................................................................................23
2Recommendations.......................................................................................................................23
VII. Labor Skills Assessment
1Current Situation..........................................................................................................................25
2Recommendations To Improve Labor Skill Levels.......................................................................26
VIII. Market Development............................................................................................................28
IX. Gender Issues
1 Similarity To Rest Of Georgia......................................................................................................29
2Observations................................................................................................................................29
X. Appendixes...................................................................................................................................31
I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Chapter summarizes the major themes that
are elaborated in the rest of the report.
Recent History
Ergneti Village is located in the Shida-Kartli
region of Georgia. The distance from the Village
to the regional center Gori is around 30 km.
The population of the Village is around 220
households; only about 170 households are
permanently residing in the Village.
Ergneti faces the same large socio-economic
problems as other villages in the region, with
underdeveloped agri¬culture and non-agriculture
sectors, which affect the villagers’ socio-eco¬nomic
condition. The situation is especially difficult since
the adjacent Ergneti market, which was the key
source of income for most local households, was
closed in 2004. The major source of income for
local households is now close-to-subsistence
farming.
The Village is located along the Administrative
Boundary Line (ABL) between Tskhinvali region/
de facto South Ossetia and the rest of Georgia.
It hosts a checkpoint and is only a few kilometers
from Tskhinvali (the largest city in Tskhinvali
region/ South Ossetia). It has been and continues
to be severely affected by the conflict which
erupted in the early nineties with separatist South
Ossetia, which then remained frozen for more
than a decade, until armed conflict broke out
again in 2008.
During the 2008 August war, most of the
population left the Village, but the overwhelming
majority of those displaced returned to Ergneti a
few weeks to months later, after the retreat of the
Russian forces and South Ossetian militias. Most
houses they returned to had been destroyed, and
the household and economic assets other than
those that they were able to carry with them while
fleeing the fighting, including livestock, had often
been lost, destroyed or looted.
4
The conflict situation continues to greatly influence
the socioeconomic condition of the villagers.
Since 2008, the ABL is closed and access to
markets across the divide, which was a traditional
income opportunity for Ergneti villagers, became
impossible. Benefitting from agricultural income
has also been increasingly difficult, notably
because of the insuf¬ficient access to irrigation
water.
Objectives
The goal of this socio-economic baseline study is
to detect respective problems in the Village and
the wider region, and provide recommendations
for further improvements. For the purpose of
the Project, we identified seven core focuses:
self-reliance, agricultural value chains, nonagricultural value chains, infrastructure, labor
skills assessment, market development and
gender issues.
For each of the areas research was undertaken
to investigate the current situation and identify
possible improvements. We used a number of
data sources including existing documentation,
face-to-face interviews with key stakeholders,
focus groups with local citizens, informal
conversations on the street with villagers, our
observations when we were in the Village and
our own experience with issues of this kind.
Self-Reliance
We found that households make just enough
money to keep them fed; we did not find evidence
of hunger. The main income for households
comes from selling agricultural products, and
from aid from the Government and international
donor organizations. In a current income sense,
the self-reliance of citizens in the Village is similar
to the self-reliance of citizens in other Georgian
villages.
The situation in a household assets sense in
Ergneti Village is quite different from most other
villages in Georgia. Households lost most of their
household assets, primarily their residence, in
the war. About half of the destroyed houses are
still not habitable, even though this is currently
being addressed through a shelter rehabilitation
programme carried out by DRC under SDC funding.
Households were given a financial compensation
by the Government after the 2008 conflict (usually
15 000 USD each). Some households used this
to partly renovate their homes while others used
it for other purposes.
Significant economic assets were lost in the war.
Most households lost livestock, and many of them
have not been able to rebuild their herds yet.
The most important economic asset, the irrigation
system, stopped operating normally because of
the conflict and has not resumed full operation.
The irrigation system had long been problematic,
but the 2008 conflict greatly aggravated the
problem.
To the end, current income, both private and from
Government, is sufficient for current consumption
of basic products. It is not enough to invest in
housing or economic assets. This inability to
invest in the future weighs heavily on citizens;
they told us their despair about the future.
Villagers cannot afford to purchase firewood for
the winter – it has been historically supplied by
the Government and international stakeholders.
The younger generation has little hope in the
future and is reluctant to engage in self-reliance
activities. Their primary objective is often to leave
the Village for larger cities. Improved education
of youth would better prepare them, but the
education in itself would probably accelerate the
migration since more young people would be
better qualified for jobs outside the Village.
Agricultural Value Chains
In this sector, the main problems are outdated
orchards and techniques, unavailability of new
seeds and seedlings and the lack of a properly
functioning irrigation system. Farmers also do not
have access to agricultural machinery. Apart from
this, the Village does not have a veterinarian or
an agronomist and agriculture marketing is poorly
organized and ineffective.
The highest priority is to address the irrigation
issue. A new irrigation system was built in 2012 to
solve this problem, but it does not cover all needs
in the Village. Creating a local cooperative or an
affiliation with another cooperative in the area
would be profitable. Access to mechanization
services needs to be improved and demonstration
plots created to show farmers the benefits of
modern methods. Better breeds and modern feed
management practices should be introduced and
access to agro-consulting improved. To the end,
one or more high priority agricultural value chains
should be developed; there are several to choose
from.
Non-Agricultural Value Chains
The potential for developing non-agricultural
value chains in the Village is very limited. Even
though the demand exists for specific types of
services in the Village, there is no sign that these
businesses could be developed and sustained by
the private sector. The size of the market is so
small that most businesses would not cover their
(even low) fixed costs.
The only way to support the Village in nonagricultural value chain areas at present is
probably through donor-implemented projects;
even then, the project sustainability will be under
question. As a result, donors need to carefully
assess the genuine business case for every
business that they choose to assist. Donors also
need to be prepared for long-term subsidies for
many non-agriculture businesses. Training in
business concepts should be done, but in the
context of a business incubator.
This situation will change once farming incomes
rise after the irrigation system is rehabilitated and
other agriculture-related issues addressed. Until
then, non-agricultural value chains will remain
undeveloped unless non-agricultural business
entrepreneurs find markets outside the Village
itself.
Infrastructure
The biggest concern is access to domestic water
and irrigation water. Domestic water provided to
much of the Village is not in sufficient quantity or
quality. However, about 25 percent of the Village
is served by an Artesian well built under a DRC
project funded by the European Union (EU) a few
5
years back, which provides good quality water 24
hours a day. Other wells are available, but the
water systems are old, and electricity costs for
pumping are too expensive to allow for constant
water supply. Another priority in the Village is
mainstreaming the natural gas system. Village
roads, while not good, are not necessarily much
worse than in other rural villages in Georgia.
Labor Skills Assessment
In general, the labor skills level of citizens is
low. Education in the past is often not relevant
to current situations and demands, and skills
learned in the past have sometimes become rusty.
Training is difficult for most citizens to access due
to cost and travel-distance, and they told us that
most training is not relevant since they have no
opportunity to put what they learn into practice.
However, vocational training in computer skills
and foreign languages is greatly needed and in
demand.
Farming and agronomy training curricula and
materials should be created and delivered to
farmers. An on-the-job training program should
be developed and a computer and foreign
language center should be established. Finally,
short, focused small business training modules
should be created and delivered.
Market Development Potential
Currently farmers sell fresh agricultural products
mostly in the Gori market. Low quality products
are sold to processing companies at low prices.
Because of the limited amount of production,
there is no big opportunity for local farmers to
identify new markets locally.
6
Local farmers would benefit from coordinating
with each other on agricultural production, but
this is not done often. To the end, cooperation
with an existing Cooperative in Kvemo Nikozi
could be useful.
Gender
Gender issues in Ergneti Village are very similar to
the situation in other Orthodox rural communities
in Georgia. We can say that there is nothing
distinguishing about the Village in this field.
However, the war in 2008 created a general
malaise among men, worse than we have seen
elsewhere. We were told that many men have
withdrawn from community and economic life
due to the stress of the war and the resulting
economic dislocations. Some women told us that
their husbands have had great difficulty regaining
their motivation and that they, the women, have
had to step in.
Report Organization
This Report comprises nine Chapters and one
Appendix containing several Sections. The first
Chapter, this Chapter, is the executive summary.
Chapter Two discusses the methodology used for
the Baseline Study and Focus Group meetings.
Chapters Three to Eight discuss the six areas of
emphasis of the report: self- reliance, agricultural
value chains, non-agricultural value chains,
infrastructure, labor force and skills and market
development potential. Chapter Nine concludes
with a gender-based analysis of the local situation.
IIMETHODOLOGY
This Chapter briefly describes how the Project
was performed. DRC retained TBSC Consulting
for the Project. TBSC Consulting has been
operating in Georgia since 2003 and during this
time has helped more than 200 organizations,
including domestic and foreign firms, local
communities, prospective foreign investors,
international financial institutions, Government
of Georgia, international donor organizations,
diplomatic missions and NGOs.
■ Identify opportunities to develop agricultural
and non-agricultural value chains; enhance
business development potential in the Village.
The scope of services provided by TBSC
Consulting is broad including rural development,
water and sewer infrastructure, geothermal water,
real estate, agriculture (e.g., beef farms, dairy
farms, cheese production, vegetable growing and
storage, pigs, wine), warehouses, fast-moving
consumer goods, banking, consumer electronics,
retail, tourism, forestry and other sectors of the
economy.
2 APPROACH
As a matter of editorial style, in this report we
often use the first person; we refer to ourselves
– TBSC Consulting – as “we”.
1 BACKGROUND
The purpose of DRC, through this study, is to
document the socio-economic opportunities
and challenges in Ergneti, and support the
development of further livelihood opportunities in
the Village. DRC currently implements an SDCfunded project of shelter and livelihood support
to returnees in Ergneti Village. In the livelihood
sphere, this support notably translates into the
distribution of small business grants to local
entrepreneurs and small farmers. In particular,
the livelihood component of the project aims to:
■ Analyze the self-reliance level of Village
households, identify their livelihood needs and
the opportunities to best address them.
■ Financially support households in their
business endeavors and strengthen their
financial condition.
The objective of this Project is to develop a socioeconomic baseline of Ergneti Village. This baseline
(this report) describes the current socio-economic
situation in the Village and recommends a number
of interventions that could be undertaken by any
interested stakeholders.
This Section describes the participatory approach
we took to the Project. There were four Steps
as follows.
Develop a Work Plan
The research required careful planning. During
this Step, we developed a work plan that we
reviewed with DRC.
Review Existing Documentation
For most projects, our first step is to review
existing documentation. We do this to develop
hypotheses that we later test in fieldwork. For
the Project, we reviewed about 20 reports and
researches written by a variety of organizations
(e.g., donor organizations, NGOs, Public Sector).
We then developed initial hypotheses which were
reviewed with DRC. Once proved in fieldwork,
these hypotheses are shown in this report.
Perform Field Work
During this Step, we first spoke with stakeholders
involved in relevant activities in the selected
region (i.e., farmers, NGOs, donor projects,
Government). We conducted about 15 meetings
in Tbilisi and about ten meetings in the Shida
Kartli region. The purpose of the meetings
was to gain an in-depth understanding of core
problematic issues in the Village.
7
We then visited the Ergneti Village region. We
spent several days speaking with people on the
street, observing local practices, meeting with
local governmental officials and just becoming
familiar with the Village and its citizens. We also
conducted four formal focus group meetings in
the Village; these are described more fully in the
following paragraphs.
We used a participatory approach to the focus
groups to ensure that all people in the Village
were given an equal chance to participate. We
first met local Government Trustees and other
local stakeholders to increase awareness of the
Project and our planned activities. We informed
them about the objectives, content and schedule
of the fieldwork.
We then organized an open meeting with
citizens where we provided detailed information
about the research objectives and the upcoming
focus groups. Approximately fifty Village citizens
expressed interest in participating in the focus
groups. To the end, forty citizens participated.
Using
our
desk
research,
hypotheses,
conversations with DRC and other local
stakeholders (noted above), we developed a list
of questions to discuss during the focus groups.
Local authorities provided the venues and
necessary supplies for the focus groups including
items such as chairs, tables and other materials.
We provided refreshments.
Each focus group comprised ten participants
and lasted about two hours. Four profiles
were distinguished when selecting focus group
participants, to ensure an equal participation
in terms of age, gender and diversity: younger
population, men, women and older population.
8
For each profile we used variations of the
standard question form.
The focus groups provided good qualitative
support for the conclusions we discuss in this
report.
Synthesize Data And Recommend
Interventions
We applied our usual methods for reaching
conclusions in analytical work of this type. We
apply our broad experience to understand the
implications of what others have said in written or
verbal form, not what they write or say specifically.
We stress what does it mean over what was
said. Consequently, this report is a product of
our interpretation, judgment and opinion.
We synthesized information from five sources to
reach the conclusions shown in this report.
■ Information compiled in research works
and reports, or related to previous projects
conducted by various stakeholders in Ergneti
Village and other relevant areas.
■ Our extended observations and informal
conversations with citizens on the street
during our seven days in the Village, with two
consultants each day.
■ Primary data collected from 15 formal face-toface meetings with stakeholders.
■ Primary data from four focus group meetings,
with 40 participants.
■ Our general and specialized knowledge
of and experience in agriculture and rural
development in Georgia and elsewhere.
IIISELF-RELIANCE
Chapter discusses our conclusions about the
self-reliance of households in Ergneti Village. To
do this, we collected information about average
monthly incomes, both private and subsidies. We
assessed families’ livestock capital, agricultural
yield and distribution. We also spoke with
citizens, both informally and in focus groups, to
understand their perspectives on their own level
of self-reliance.
The Chapter has two Sections. We first define
self-reliance. The second Section discusses our
conclusions.
1 DEFINITION
We describe what we mean by self-reliance in
this Section. Webster’s Dictionary defines selfreliance as:
Reliance on one’s own efforts and abilities.
Reliance on one’s own capabilities, judgment, or
resources. Independence.
Household self-reliance, in turn, can be divided
into three components as follows:
■ Current income – ability of the household to
provide itself basic consumables (e.g., food,
clothing) on a day-to-day basis
■ Household assets – ability of the household to,
over time, add to its wealth primarily through
investment in long-lived household assets
(e.g., housing, vehicles)
■ Economic assets – ability of the household
to, over time, add to its economic capacity
by investment in productive assets (e.g.,
livestock, tractors) that permit the first two
components.
If a household has the ability to provide each of
the components through its own efforts then the
household could be considered self-reliant.
Conclusions about the independence of
households in Ergneti in the three components
are described in the next Section.
2 CONCLUSIONS
In A Current Income Sense, The Self-Reliance
Of Ergneti Households Is Very Similar To The
Self-Reliance Of Households In Many Remote
Villages In Georgia
Households in Ergneti Village use a combination of
private income and support from the Government
and other sources to provide for current
consumption. The average annual income for a
household is 1 500 to 2 000 GEL. Half comes
from various aids from the Government and half
from private incomes (primarily agricultural trade).
Average household size is about 4,4 (with three
generations often taken into account), so per
capita income is from 28 to 38 GEL per month.
The main source of private income for households
is their agricultural lands. They consume most of
the harvest themselves; only a small portion is
left to be exchanged for cash. Most families have
poultry, only a few have cattle; milk and cheese
quantities are low and often do not warrant being
sold in markets.
Approximately half of households receive
Governmental support at the rate of about 30 GEL
per month per household member, based on a
social assessment by the Social Service Agency.
IDPs can also receive a Governmental allowance
of 28 GEL per month per household member.
However, an individual can qualify to receive only
one of the two Governmental allowances.
For the physically handicapped, the Government
provides wheelchairs and allocates money for
medical operations.
Senior Ergnetians receive pensions of around 100
GEL per month. There are around 170 pensioners
in the Village. As in the rest of Georgia, the
retirement age is 65 for men and 60 for women.
Several international donors have been or are
9
working in Ergneti Village, some of them providing
subsidies and grants to selected households.
In a current income sense, households in Ergneti
are very similar to households in other remote
villages. Private incomes are insufficient for
current consumption. About half of households
rely on Governmental aid to provide for current
consumption.
While citizens cannot afford luxury products such
as chocolate or candies, based on our observations
and conversations with them, there appears to
be little or no hunger or malnourishment in the
Village. We did not visit every household in the
Village so we cannot conclusively guarantee that
this is an absolute truth.
However, In A Household Assets Sense, The
Self-Reliance Of Households In Ergneti Is
Much Worse Than In Other Remote Villages
In Georgia
Most households lost most of their household
assets in the 2008 war. Vehicles were generally
an exception since people drove them out of the
area.
The majority of houses were destroyed and
nearly all of them were looted. Consequently,
most households lost most of their household
wealth, built up over many years.
After the war, the Government distributed
monetary compensations of usually USD 15,000
to households having lost their shelter, for the
purpose of shelter rehabilitation. Many citizens
told us that the amount of compensation was
inadequate to actually renovate their homes fully.
Regardless, the majority of Ergnetians used the
compensations for other purposes. According to
what we were told in the village, the money was
apparently used as follows:
■ Some households used a smaller or bigger
part of the amount to rehabilitate parts of
their houses in Ergneti Village; this was the
intended use.
■ 20 percent of households rented apartments,
mostly in Gori (i.e., they used the compensation
over time).
■ 30 percent of households
apartments, mostly in Gori.
10
purchased
■ 20 percent of households used the funds
to cover other expenses (e.g., business
assets, daily expenses, healthcare expenses,
university tuition fees).
At this moment, the state of household assets in
Ergneti village remains very poor. About two-third
of the houses were totally or partly destroyed in
the 2008 conflict. This is very different from most
villages in Georgia where most homes are fully
habitable.
The prospects of rebuilding household assets
from private income are poor, or even nonexistent. Citizens told us that while they are able
to feed themselves and their families, and pay
most current bills, it is simply not feasible for them
to invest in their houses and other household
(or economic) assets. Private income and
Governmental assistance is simply not enough.
The houses of resident households having been
damaged in the 2008 conflict are currently being
rehabilitated up to Durable Housing Standards,
in the frame of a shelter programme carried out
by DRC under SDC funding.
Similarly, In An Economic Assets Sense, The
Self-Reliance Of Households In Ergneti Is
Much Worse Than In Other Remote Villages
In Georgia
During the war, what few economic assets
belonging to households were largely destroyed.
The answers of interviewed villagers also suggest
that the Village had relatively few economic
assets before the war. The decline of the local
economy since the Ergneti market was closed
in 2004 would be a direct cause of this. For
many years, the market was the core of the local
economy, not agriculture. People invested in the
market. When the market closed there were only
few economic assets in agriculture, like tractorsand this continued up to the 2008 war.
One type of economic asset that was lost was
households’ livestock. Most households lost most
of their livestock and few households have been
able to rebuild their herds.
However, perhaps the most important economic
asset was lost. As noted later, the agricultural
irrigation system became inoperative after the
war. This is the key economic asset that permitted
profitable farming in the Village. With its loss,
households’ self-reliance in an economic asset
sense became very poor.
Ergneti Village is worse off than most villages
in this sense. Economic assets, including the
one the local economy was built around, were
lost during the war. Most other villages have not
suffered such a catastrophic economic asset loss.
A Growing Outward Migration Trend Can Be
Observed In Ergneti Village
Not surprisingly, we were told that there is a
growing tendency for citizens, particularly men,
to leave the Village. Most move to Gori and
Tbilisi. While income prospects in Gori or Tbilisi
are better than in Ergneti Village, they are still
low. We were told that the majority of those who
leave have not a high level of education and
qualifications, and a limited work experience. As a
result, most of them find only low-wage jobs (i.e.,
from 250 to 400 GEL per month). Considering
living costs in Gori or Tbilisi, these wages do not
permit very large remittances to family members
remaining in Ergneti Village.
The very poor condition of household and
economic assets in the Village weighs heavily on
its citizens. Very few citizens that we spoke with
were optimistic about the ability of the community
to rebuild itself fully in the short- to mediumterm. One thing that keeps communities strong
and causes citizens to remain in the community
is the wealth of citizens in their homes. When
that wealth is destroyed and the prospects of
developing it again are poor, it becomes much
easier for citizens to leave the community and
seek opportunities elsewhere. This is the situation
in Ergneti, particularly among youth.
Prospects Are For Very Cold Winters In The
Village, If New Sources Of Firewood Are Not
Found
While most households are able to support most
current consumption through a combination of
private income and Governmental assistance,
the situation with winter heating is different. In
this area, households are completely dependent
on outside assistance.
Firewood is the only source of heating in Ergneti;
the Village does not have access to natural
gas and electricity is expensive and unreliable.
In previous winters, the Government and/or
international donors and agencies have supplied
firewood to households.
However the needs are high, and the low income
of households makes it extremely difficult for
them to purchase firewood themselves. Lack of
firewood is a strong concern since the risk of
seeing households cutting their own fruit trees- a
major source of self-consumption and incometo heat themselves during harsh winters is real.
There is also a potential security concern since
inaccessible woods standing on the other side of
the ABL may prove too tempting.
A well-functioning irrigation system would be
one of the keys to increasing incomes in Ergneti
and allowing households to support themselves
through the winter (i.e., to purchase firewood
themselves). However irrigation is still insufficient
for the village despite partial works carried out
by the Government in 2012. Without sufficient
income to purchase firewood, some citizens
told us they might have to move temporarily
and spend winters at their relatives in Gori or
elsewhere in Georgia.
Gasification is sometimes raised as an alternative
solution to firewood but it requires important funds
and careful planning, as well as a comprehensive
approach to make sure households can afford it.
The Primary Objective Of Youth In The Village
Is To Migrate To Larger Cities
During the focus groups and in conversations
on the street, some younger members said they
wished they were of retirement age so they could
receive a pension (around 100 GEL per month).
The younger generation has little hope that the
quality of life in Ergneti Village would return to the
pre-conflict state. They expressed the opinion to
us that they see no way that economic activity in
the Village could ever rise to the point where all
household assets could be restored.
As a result, they told us that they are reluctant to
engage in self-reliance activities or to build upon
existing agricultural works, since such efforts
would never be sufficiently remunerative.
Most young people we spoke with expressed a
hope that they would be able to move to other
11
places in Georgia, since opportunities in Ergneti
Village are so poor.
While Education Should Be Improved, It
Cannot Be Relied Upon To Stop The Outward
Migration Of Youth
The quality of education in Ergneti Village is very
similar to other villages in Georgia. The secondary
school is in good physical condition. However, the
quality of education might be perceived as lower
than in larger cities. This complaint is common
in Georgian villages.
12
Unfortunately, merely improving the quality of
education would not significantly improve the
vitality of the Village. First, it takes several years
for improvements in education to be reflected in
local economies. Second, the direct beneficiaries
of the improvement, the students, would merely
be better qualified for jobs in places outside
Ergneti Village. While improvements in education
are always good, it was suggested to us by
parents that an odd effect would be that it could
accelerate the migration of young people from
the Village.
IVAGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS
This Chapter summarizes problems in agricultural
value chains in Ergneti Village. There are six
Sections. The first Section gives an overview
of the importance of farming to the community.
The next two Sections describe current fruit and
vegetable production and problems farmers face
with these products. The next two Sections discuss
livestock, poultry and bee keeping. The sixth
Section contains a number of recommendations
to improve agricultural value chains.
a. Production Of Major Agricultural Products
1 IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
Historically, people in Ergneti Village were involved
in agricultural activities. Farm sizes are small,
about one hectare. With plots of this size, there
are limited opportunities to develop commercial
farming in the Village. The very fragmented
ownership of agricultural land means the majority
of households in the Village are involved in closeto-subsistence farming.
Agricultural land totals about 300 ha in the Village.
Of this, only 130 ha are cultivated annually. About
95 percent of the available agricultural land in the
Village is in private ownership.
Ninety percent of local citizens capable of working
are employed in the agricultural sector, nearly
all of whom are self-employed (approximately
90 percent). Essentially, no one works for
commercial companies. A small number of
citizens (approximately 20 men) work on their
neighbors’ lands as well. They receive a daily
wage of approximately 15 GEL.
2 FRUITS AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
Primary production of fruits and vegetables are
the main agricultural activities in the Village.
The agricultural land soil condition is perfectly
suitable for it. The following chart shows the main
agricultural products harvested for the Village.
Source: TBSC Analysis
During the last four years, locals started primary
production of wheat, barley and corn. Historically,
the production of wheat and corn was not a
major agricultural activity in the Village. However,
because of limited access to irrigation, farmers
now prefer to cultivate them because they are
more resistant to water scarcity.
The following chart shows production levels for
different agricultural products in 2010 and 2011.
The increase in cabbage production in 2011 was
a reaction to low production and high prices in
2010. The information about the production
capacity in the chart below is given in tons.
Although there were increases in all major
production categories in 2011, the amount of
harvest is still very low when compared to what
is likely possible as shown in chart c.
13
b. Total Production By Product (2010 and 2011)
Source: Local Municipality
c. Actual And Standard Productivity By Product
N
Product
1
2
3
Apple
Wheat
Corn
Harvest Per Standard for
Hectare
One Hectare
6 tons
12 tons
2 tons
4 tons
3 tons
6 tons
Source: Local Municipality, TBSC Consulting Analysis.
The total area of land allocated to fruit cultivation
is about 65 ha; this is 20 percent of the total
agricultural land and half of cultivated land.
Annual crops are cultivated on 10 ha, which is 3
percent of the total agricultural land and 8 percent
of the cultivated land.
Apple and peach are the most cultivated fruits,
followed by pear and plum. Farmers told us
that about 85 percent of the fruit crop is of
sufficient quality for sale, as either fresh or for
processing. The remaining 15 percent is thrown
away, sometimes used to feed animals. Eighty
percent of the useable fruit is sold to processing
companies at very low prices, which can go as
low as 0,10 GEL per kilo. The remaining 20
percent is either consumed by local households
themselves or sold in markets in Gori or rarely
in Tbilisi.
As for the vegetables, 80 percent is sold on markets
and 20 percent is kept for self-consumption by
local households.
In recent years, there has been an increase
in the interest in annual crops of wheat, corn
14
and tomatoes. Unlike the yield in orchards, the
harvest from these annual crops is mainly used
for domestic consumption; only about 40 percent
is sold on the market. If there is an increase in
production, the additional harvest can be sold in
Gori.
3 PROBLEMS FACING FRUIT AND
VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
There are a number of agricultural problems
that farmers face. Some are fundamental and
need Government’s or donor organizations’
intervention to be solved. Others are relatively
easy to address. Insights into these problems are
given in this Section.
Farmers Have Limited Access To Agriculture
Irrigation
Timely access to irrigation water is very important
for farmers to be productive. In the past, Ergneti
Village was provided with sufficient irrigation water
through a system going through the territory of
Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia.
Today, because of conflict-related issues, the
supply is not stable and water shortages are
extremely frequent. The lack of maintenance of the
system on the other side of the ABL has a major
influence on the instability and ineffectiveness of
the water supply; irrigation water is also said
to sometimes be cut intentionally by the South
Ossetian de facto authorities.
In February 2012, the Gori Municipality launched
a project of several hundreds of thousands of
Georgian Laris to build an alternative irrigation
system for the Village. The project was finished in
mid-May 2012. However, the amount of water that
this new irrigation system supplies to the Village
is still very insufficient to cover all agricultural
lands. The system still needs an additional pump
to provide sufficient irrigation water for the whole
Village. As a result, the irrigation water shortage
problem remains partly unsolved. And even on
those lands with regular access to irrigation water,
there are still problems with water streams and
channels that need cleaning or rehabilitation.
The absence of access to irrigation on most
agricultural land has a very detrimental effect
on the agricultural sector. This problem is so
severe that separately solving other agricultural
value chain problems (noted below) becomes
impractical; that is, solving the irrigation water
problem needs to be done before significant
improvements can be achieved in other areas.
For example, we discussed a number of
agricultural problems and solutions with farmers,
both in focus groups and on the street. Nearly
all said that until the irrigation problem is solved,
conversations about other problems are moot.
On the first hand, non-irrigation-related problems
(noted later) for individual farmers that already
have access to irrigation can be improved. On
the other hand, it is much harder to improve
the situation of the farmers who currently have
irrigation-related problems. For them, sufficient
irrigation water supply is the number one priority.
Once access to water is guaranteed, there is room
for additional improvements, be it agricultural or
non-agricultural.
To the end, the core cause of the Village having
extremely undeveloped agricultural value chains
is the poor quality of the irrigation system. All other
problems, discussed below, are of secondary
importance.
Farmers Use Outdated Agronomy Methods
One of the most important problems in the
agriculture sector in Village is the low level of
productivity. The major reason for low productivity
is the use of outdated agronomy methods.
We asked farmers in focus groups and on the
street about the agronomy methods they use.
Their descriptions confirmed that farmers in
the Village do not use modern methods and
pesticides, fertilizers, seeds (genetics) and
seedlings management processes.
For example, most farmers in Ergneti still use
artificial methods for disseminating pesticides and
fertilizers in their agricultural land. This method
is very outdated; using it means only around
50 percent of the harvest can be protected
from various viruses and parasites. Crops are
also more susceptible to damage from weather
changes.
Another negative outcome of using artificial
methods for pesticides dissemination is the low
quality of the final product. For example, in apple
orchards only around 35 percent of the harvest
can be sold on the fresh market. Another 50
percent can be sold on the processing market
at much lower prices.
There are two main reasons why local people still
use old agronomy practices. First is the lack of
practical experience and knowledge about modern
practices. The second reason is the absence of
relevant mechanization services that are needed
to implement modern agronomy techniques.
Agricultural Marketing Is Very Poorly
Organized And Is Ineffective
The Village does not have an agricultural
cooperative or a similar market-oriented structure.
The absence of an agricultural cooperative and the
limited capacity of local people to work in groups
have a negative influence on the competitiveness
level of local farmers.
The 2008 conflict closed the markets to the
North; this of course, has had a strong negative
influence on agriculture sales. Currently, the only
markets for local farmers are in Gori and Tbilisi.
The majority of local farmers sell products in Gori;
only ten percent of the population sells products
in Tbilisi.
We asked farmers in focus groups and on the
street about cooperation among themselves
and prospects for forming cooperatives or other
agricultural marketing units. Most agreed that
some type of cooperation would be very beneficial;
most also said that they did not believe that such
15
cooperation was very practical, certainly if the
farmers had to instigate it themselves.
The Lack of Proper Storage Facilities Forces
Fruit Farmers To Sell Their Harvest At The
Peak Of The Season
Fruit farmers usually store their harvest in their
own cellars or other parts of their houses. In
Ergneti, with such a high number of houses
destroyed in the 2008 conflict, this has become
difficult for many households. In any case, this
method is not as effective as storing fruits in
modern storage facilities.
Farmers told us that since they cannot properly
store their harvest they are forced to sell at the
peak of the season, the time with the lowest
prices.
In Ergneti Village, 20 percent of annual harvest is
destroyed due to lack of access to proper storage
facilities.
Farmers Have Limited Access To Good Quality
Input Materials
In conversations with farmers, it became clear
that there is a very insufficient access to proper
input materials in the Village. For example, only
some farmers in the Village go to Gori to buy
good quality seeds; the remaining farmers use
locally available seeds, which are inferior in
terms of quality. Pesticides and fertilizers are also
problematic for the local farmers.
Even if proper input materials became available,
three other problems would need to be solved
before first use.
■ Such materials are expensive; however,
farmers told us they would willingly spend
the money to buy proper input materials if
they were convinced that they would increase
yields and prices commensurately.
■ Farmers told us that even if they were
convinced of efficacy, they still might well
not have sufficient funds (working capital) to
actually buy the materials.
■ We asked farmers about their knowledge of
how to use these materials; their comments
suggested that they do not have sufficient
technical skills to use the proper inputs.
16
This suggests some demonstration plots and
technical training would be needed before modern
input materials can be widely used in the Village.
4 LIVESTOCK, POULTRY AND BEEKEEPING
The livestock sector is not a leading sector
in Ergneti Village, mainly due to the lack of
pastureland. For this purpose, locals use the
edges of the roads and lands left after the harvest.
Productivity is low in both the dairy production
and meat production sectors. On average, a cow
produces five to seven liters of milk a day. Even
though demand for good quality fresh milk is
high in the Georgian market, most people in the
Village use fresh milk for self-consumption or for
cheese production. This is mostly due to a supply
chain issue. Farmers in the Village cannot provide
enough fresh milk together to interest processing
companies.
Cheese production is not very developed in the
Village because of the low productivity level in
the milk production sector. However, unlike fresh
milk, households manage to sell cheese in the
market. Roughly, half of the cheese produced is
traded.
Meat is almost not traded still. The 2008 war with
Russia caused households to lose most of their
cattle, pigs, rabbits and poultry. Only 20 percent
of local farmers have managed to rebuild their
pre-war agricultural state. This is an example
of households losing their economic assets and
thus has a severe effect on their self-reliance.
Currently, poultry farming in the Village is used
mostly for household consumption purposes.
Almost every family has poultry; households use
80 percent of the produced goods for themselves
and sell the remaining 20 percent in markets.
Beekeeping is not well developed in the Village;
only a few households practice it and they mainly
concentrate on increasing the number of their
beehives. The honey is mostly sold locally.
5 PROBLEMS FACING LIVESTOCK, POULTRY
AND BEEKEEPING
Specific challenges are associated with these
sectors. Some of them are tied to agricultural
hardships. Others are connected with the lack
d. Livestock Distribution In Ergneti Village
Source: TBSC Analysis
of qualification and expertise, or lack of capital
for keeping up with contemporary trends.
Farmers Do Not Use Effective Breed Selection
Processes
The majority of cows in the Village have very low
productivity. The average amount of milk per cow
in per day is around five to seven liters. There is
no distinction between cattle for dairy production
and for meat production. Currently, there are
mixed breeds, which are not optimized for either
use, thus do not bring big benefit.
The average weight of cows is 350 kilo compared
to 450 kilo that could be expected for more
optimized breeds.
At the risk of mixing metaphors, this is a real
chicken and egg problem. Farmers told us they
do not invest in better animal genetics (and
feeding plans) because there is no market for any
increased milk output; processing companies are
not present in the Village. On the other hand, milk
processors told us that they are not present in
the Village because there is not sufficient output
of milk to make such presence worthwhile.
Farmers Use
Processes
Poor
Feed
Management
Local farmers use very outdated feed management
practices. Farmers told us they use agriculture
plots and primary agricultural products for
livestock feeding purposes. They do not use
silages or mixed type feed management practices
for livestock. The use of primary agricultural
products for livestock feed is a very sub-optimal
practice.
The main reason for this fact is the lack of
sufficient working capital to buy the needed
ingredients for mixed-type livestock feed, and
the lack of practical skills on how to prepare
the feed. On the other hand, if farmers were to
use better feed management practices then the
increased output would more than compensate
for the increased costs.
Farmers Have Limited Access To Water
Access to water is very important to achieve
high levels of productivity in livestock. Currently
in the Village there is not enough water access
for livestock; individual farmers are for most of
them unable to keep (i.e., to provide water for)
more than two cows.
The root cause of this situation is the poor state
of the irrigation system, as noted previously.
Farmers Do Not Have Access To Veterinary
Services
It is impossible to increase the level of productivity
in the livestock sector without constant access to
the veterinary services. Currently farmers have to
go to surroundings villages if they need to consult
a veterinary specialist.
The nearest veterinary centers are in Gori and
Karaleti. Many farmers told us that they simply
do not use veterinary services except in extreme
(and likely too late) cases. As a result, animals
become ill and less productive.
17
6 RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS
We formulated a number of recommendations based on our analysis. These recommendations are
summarized in this Section.
⇒Improvements Should Be Made On The Irrigation Water System So It Can Cover All Needs
In The Village
It is almost impossible to make any kind of resultoriented changes in the agriculture sector of the
Village without a well-developed and effectively
functioning irrigation system. Although a new
irrigation system has been built in the Village,
it is not operating effectively, as it can supply
only part of the agriculture plots.
Carrying out works on the central irrigation
system to make it fully efficient is the highest
priority investment needed in the agriculture
sector.
In addition, as we observed, irrigation channels
also need cleaning; this is not connected with
high expenditures.
Implementing this recommendation could double
or triple farm productivity and income and permit
all other agriculture-related recommendations to
be effective.
⇒A Local Agricultural Cooperative Should Be Created
Agricultural land distribution is very fragmented
in Ergneti Village. The majority of farmers in the
Village own 1,2 hectare agriculture plots. The
small size of plots, and commensurate small
outputs, severely limit the market relevance
and bargaining strength of individual farmers.
Farmers are offered the (low) market price and
have no bargaining strength to increase it.
Establishing an agriculture cooperative in the
Village would have a positive influence on
the bargaining strength of Village farmers. In
addition, as a group and through the cooperative,
local farmers would be able to share the cost
of expensive investments (e.g., mechanization
service and drip irrigation systems).
A cooperative could also provide storage
facilities for individual farmers. A storage
facility would permit them to hold a portion of
their harvest for non-seasonal periods when
prices are 50 percent higher or more. Building
a proper storage, big enough to service the
whole Village, could cost around 100 000 USD
with the potential of increasing annual income of
households by many thousands of GEL.
As noted later, a more immediate option here
may be to affiliate with an existing cooperative
in neighboring Kvemo Nikozi.
⇒Access To Mechanization Services Should Be Increased
In Ergneti Village, the limited access to
mechanization and appropriate agricultural
equipment constitutes a big barrier for the
development of successful agriculture. Farmers
told us that yields are low due to infrequent
cultivation of the lands; it is inconvenient and
expensive to bring equipment from other villages
so it does not happen often.
The Village needs appropriate contemporary
machinery; this will make the work of farmers
easier and greatly increase yields. Most
agricultural land is devoted to orchards or grains;
planting is most often done by hand; this is not
a successful practice as the process requires
more time and labor.
Implementing this recommendation would help
increase the productivity of local farmers. People
in the Village would be able to follow the agrocalendar and timely cultivate their agriculture
plots.
⇒Demonstrations Plots Should Be Established
Fruit and vegetables have always been a
big share of Ergneti Village’s agriculture.
Nevertheless, the current crops and the
technologies used to yield the harvest are outof-date. For example, farmers use old pesticides
that are not effective. As a result, operating
18
costs for farmers are higher because the old
pesticides must be used intensively. Thus, it
will be preferable to rejuvenate the old crops
and start using contemporary technologies for
harvesting.
However, farmers told us that they need to be
convinced on the benefits of using contemporary
technologies. This requires local test plots. On
the initial stage, demonstration plots of 500 to
2 500 m2 can be set up. We shall note that
for fruit orchards this is a multi-year effort.
Demonstration plots for vegetables can be set
up in a year.
Demonstration plots will help farmers increase
their practical skills and knowledge about modern
practices used in agriculture. Demonstration
plots will demonstrate new methods in the field
so that local farmers can see where and how
improvements can be made.
⇒Productive Breeds And Modern Feed Management Practices Should Be Introduced In
The Livestock Sector
Implementing this recommendation would help
Animal husbandry is not a leading sector in
local farmers access highly productive livestock
Ergneti, mainly a source of self-consumption; this
varieties. Livestock would be better fed and
is due to the lack of pastureland. Nevertheless,
cared for. As a result, the disposable income of
there is room for development.
local people would increase.
Free plots of land should be used to plant special
Highly productive livestock varieties that could
grasses suitable for cattle feeding. Additional
be adopted in Ergneti Village include Holsteins,
stimulus for rejuvenating animal husbandry
Swiss Brown and Caucasus Mixed.
sector include introduction of new cattle breeds
through artificial insemination.
⇒Access To Agro-Consulting Should Be Improved
One of the problems identified in our con­ver­
sa­tions with farmers is the lack of information
on contemporary technologies in the agricultural
sector. This includes information about pesticides,
fertilizers, new crops, machinery and so forth.
The Village also does not have a qualified
agronomist and veterinarian. Because of the
lack of expertise and qualified consulting, the
yield on the fields is low and many farmers have
harvests that are smaller than they could be.
To improve agro-consulting services, the Village
should obtain a veterinarian and an agronomy
specialist who would later provide appropriate
services to the whole Village. In addition, a set
of intensive training courses on the topic of
contemporary agricultural technologies should
be implemented.
Implementing this recommendation would help
local farmers to increase their technical skills
in specific agricultural fields. As a result, local
farmers would strengthen their capacity to
produce agricultural products in ways that are
more effective and to have higher disposable
incomes.
⇒One Or More High Priority Agricultural Value Chains Should Be Developed
Based on comments from farmers and our
own observation of soil, weather and farming
conditions, there are a number of value chains
that could be developed. None of these value
chains is well developed today, so this is
prospective.
Although no single agricultural value chain is
that well developed in Ergneti Village today,
there still are opportunities for local farmers in
the agriculture sector. The following is a list of
potential agricultural value chains that could be
developed further in the Village.
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
Primary production of tomato
Primary production of cucumber
Primary production of wheat
Primary production of corn
Primary production of peach
Primary production of apple
Primary production of garlic
Primary production of onion
Dairy sector (milk and cheese production)
Beekeeping sector (honey production).
19
V NON-AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS
This Chapter looks at the non-agricultural sector
in Ergneti Village. There are two Sections. The
first describes the bleak picture in the Village
today, and for the near future. The second
Section has three recommendations that should
be considered before undertaking interventions
in non-agricultural areas.
1 CURRENT SITUATION
Non-agricultural business is underdeveloped in
Ergneti Village. Only four percent of the population
works in the private sector, with another six
percent being in the public sector.
A few existing micro businesses such as sewing
or welding workshops are currently functioning,
but they are very small, family-run types of
initiatives and the overwhelming majority of their
production or services are sold outside of Ergneti
Village.
There is only one small market in the Village that
serves as a grocery and convenience store. People
we spoke with in focus groups and informally on
the street told us that this type of business is not
remunerative and they are reluctant to engage in
it. Reportedly, the market is the only shop in the
Village. At that, it is only open three hours per day.
During the focus groups, participants named a
bakery or a barbershop as businesses that could
have potential to be sustainable.
The very low level of activity in private nonagricultural sectors is new to Ergneti Village.
Prior to 2004, when the Ergneti Market was in full
swing, employment in the private sector among
Village residents was very substantial. When the
market closed those individuals lost their jobs be
they wage earners or self-employed. Residents
either left the Village or returned to close-tosubsistence farming.
The 2008 conflict exacerbated matters greatly, as
the previous Northern markets for both agricultural
and non-agricultural products were also closed.
20
Today, With The Exception Of A Few Personal
Service Businesses (e.g., barbershop) Or
Businesses Trading Outside of Ergneti, There
Are Probably No Opportunities For Micro Or
Small Businesses Outside Of Agriculture
We say probably no opportunities because we
did not consider an exhaustive list of possibilities.
However, based on our experience, every
business requires a critical mass of business to
start, and we simply do not see that being likely
for any non-agricultural value chain in Ergneti
Village today.
Even for personal service businesses, the
prognosis is not good. Our conversations with
citizens in focus groups and on the street
suggest that many people prefer to go to Gori for
personal services because prices are lower. This
perhaps counter-intuitive situation is based on
solid economics. Demand for these businesses
in the Village is very small compared to similar
businesses in Gori. Consequently, fixed costs –
even if very low – can be spread only among
relatively few customers. This causes prices for
the services to be high, reportedly even higher
than in Gori. This is a common situation in small
markets.
To the end, it seems entirely plausible that nonagricultural micro and small businesses would
develop only through grants or other investments,
and would probably continue to need subsidies
because of low economies of scale.
Micro businesses with guaranteed markets outside
of Ergneti, thanks to the recognized skills and/or
business contacts of their owners, might be an
exception. However, there again, transportation
costs needed to access these markets and
other operational costs in a village where nonagricultural value chains are not developed, may
prove too high to allow these business holders to
make significant profit.
From An Economic Perspective, There Is
Limited Opportunity For Any Non-Agricultural
Value Chain In Ergneti To Be Sustainable In
The Long Run
■ Economic scale in the Village is very small
for business activities in non-agricultural value
chains; small scale means high costs and
commensurate high prices.
This is a sobering conclusion, but it also is based
on solid economics:
■ Local citizens often do not have a sufficient
entrepreneurial orientation or strong enough
entrepreneurship skills to run a business
profitably.
■ Disposable income among households is
small; if one was to sum all disposable
income among all households, and then apply
a percentage that might be spent at a local
business – a barber for instance – the amount
of revenue for that business would be small.
The situation is a rather vicious circle. The only
way out of this situation is probably to stimulate
growth in the agriculture sector so residents have
a bit more disposable income that can be spent
outside on non-agricultural items.
2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NON-AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS
Given the bleak situation discussed in the previous Section one may ask what can be done. Our
recommendations are as follows.
⇒A Well Documented Business Case Should Be Required Before Providing Any Grants Or
Other Support To New Non-Agricultural Businesses
As mentioned previously, there are good
economic reasons to believe that most nonagricultural businesses cannot operate profitably
in Ergneti Village, at least until overall economic
activity increases.
To ensure wise use of funds, interested
humanitarian and development stakeholders
should start their business analysis from the
perspective of an idea being not feasible, rather
than from the perspective of it being feasible.
Said differently, the standard for feasibility and
sustainability may need to be greater for Ergneti
Village that would normally be the case.
For example, the one shop in the Village was
supported by humanitarian stakeholders so
that it could become functional again, after the
2008 conflict. The owner told us that in the
beginning he was very motivated and thought
that this business could be profitable again.
Now, however, he sees that more and more
people would prefer to buy the same things in
Gori because of the lower prices.
Perhaps working with a micro-finance
organization, and having them apply their credit
requirements could help ensure that supported
businesses are genuinely sustainable. However,
some micro-finance organizations have told us
that they do not like to make loans so close to
the ABL.
Local citizens told us that they did not like
paying interest rates charged by micro-finance
organizations, maybe three percent per month.
On the other hand, if the business case for a
new business cannot generate sufficient profits
to support such a loan then it might not be a
good indicator of business sustainability.
⇒Long-Term Subsidy Requirements Should Be Considered For Any Supported Business
As noted previously, economies of scale probably
mean that prices for non-agricultural businesses
will be high until a critical mass of business is
achieved. That will likely happen only when
agricultural activity picks up. Until then, it is very
likely that supported non-agricultural businesses
will require on-going subsidies.
Interested humanitarian or development
stakeholders need to carefully consider the
potential medium- and even long-term subsidy
requirements for local businesses before
providing grants or other support.
21
⇒Training In Business Concepts Should Be Done, But Usually In The Context Of A
Business Incubator
We found in our conversations with citizens that
the level of understanding of entrepreneurship
and business was not as high as we could have
expected given the economic activity that came
from the Ergneti market before 2004.
There is a need for further business education.
Local citizens told us that they find it hard to
start and sustain businesses without this kind
of knowledge. As a result, there are very few
startups and the old businesses do not develop.
Ergneti Village is no different from nearly every
other village in Georgia in this regard. However,
based on our conclusions perhaps something
more specific should be done.
22
Rather than training people in entrepreneurship
and business concepts generally, perhaps it
would be better to select a few households
with an idea and take them through the entire
business development, startup and graduation
process. This could be considered a business
incubator, but without the physical place of a
business incubator.
The financial investment in each business will
likely be much less than the cost of providing
training and other incubator-type services to the
fledgling businesses. However, in our opinion,
only this level of assistance to a few households
would produce sustainable results.
VIINFRASTRUCTURE
This Chapter briefly reviews the conditions of
the most important infrastructural elements in
Ergneti Village. We first briefly discuss the current
situation and then turn to three recommendations.
from the taps perhaps once every three days,
as the amount of electricity needed to pump
water is high and makes permanent water supply
prohibitively expensive.
Our comments are based on conversations with
local citizens in focus groups and on the street,
plus our own observations over the seven days
we were in the Village. We did not do a complete
infrastructure audit.
Natural Gas
1 CURRENT SITUATION
Infrastructure is underdeveloped in Ergneti
Village, just like in the rest of the region. The rest
of this Section discusses specific infrastructural
elements, apart from the irrigation water supply
system which was already discussed previously.
Domestic Water Supply System
Most households get drinking water from three
community water wells.
In about one-quarter of the village good quality
water is available 24 hours a day from an Artesian
well recently built in the frame of an EU-funded
DRC project.
The domestic water supply system is in poor
condition in the rest of the Village. Besides, we
were told that there, domestic water is available
The Village is not supplied with natural gas.
There is not even a central pipe yet. The villagers
purchase liquid gas in containers, which doubles
the price of the natural gas.
Roads
The road connecting Ergneti Village with the
municipality center is in a good condition, but the
inner roads within the Village itself are in dire
conditions.
This situation decreases the overall efficiency of
farmers who need to move frequently to take care
of their lands- notably during the planting and the
harvest periods- and ultimately to transport the
harvested products.
Services
The Village has a well-equipped school, but they
do not have many pupils. The closest ambulatory
clinic is in Tirdznisi, six kilometers away. The
ambulance service works efficiently. No youth
center exists in the Village.
2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Three large infrastructure projects are needed in Ergneti Village- irrigation water aside. They are
briefly described in the following Sub-Sections.
⇒The Drinking Water System Should Be Rehabilitated
Supplying all households with good quality
drinking water is one of the biggest challenges
in the Village. For about three-quarters of the
Village, the water is supplied infrequently and
in unsatisfactory amounts, because of pumping
costs. This increases the risks of epidemics.
To solve the drinking water problem, old pipes
should be replaced and reservoirs rehabilitated.
Approximately two kilometers of pipes need
to be replaced. In addition, ways to finance
pumping costs need to be found.
23
⇒The Village Should Be Connected To The Natural Gas System
Supplying the Village with natural gas will improve
the economic situation of households, as heating
and cooking would become cheaper; it will also
have a positive impact on ecology since there
will be no need for firewood anymore. However,
connecting private houses to a new natural
gas system has prohibitive costs for individual
households and this needs to be addressed and
⇒Internal Roads Should Be Rehabilitated
Solving the problem is connected with important
financial resources. In recent years, there have
been intensive road rehabilitations in the Shida
Kartli region. It is crucial that these continue.
Temporary rehabilitation of inner roads can be
cheaper using gravel only.
24
agreed prior to the installation of any natural gas
system, to guarantee its efficiency.
The installation of a natural gas system would
also facilitate the development of the greenhouse
sector in the Village. The most cost-effective
mechanism to install and run the heating system
in a greenhouse during the winter period is
indeed to use natural gas resources.
VII
LABOR SKILLS ASSESSMENT
This Chapter provides a general assessment
of labor skill levels in Ergneti Village. Our
comments and recommendations are based on
conversations with local citizens and our own
observations during our visits to the Village.
in this regard citizens in Ergneti Village may have
poorer qualifications than before, unlike citizens
in other rural communities.
There are two Sections. We first briefly review
the present situation concerning labor skills. The
second Section contains four recommendations
on improvements in this area.
The ability of citizens to currently participate in
trainings is limited, primarily for two reasons. First
is the cost of trainings; most local citizens we
spoke with told us they cannot afford to pay for
most training courses. Second is the logistical
problems caused by most training centers
being in Gori; most citizens told us they would
have difficulties going there on a daily basis for
trainings.
1 CURRENT SITUATION
This Section briefly reviews the present situation
vis-à-vis skills and access to training among
Ergneti Village citizens.
Existing Qualifications
We asked local citizens and other knowledgeable
stakeholders about skill levels in Ergneti Village.
Most adults have post-secondary education
diplomas, from professional colleges or
universities. Many local citizens however told us
that these diplomas date from the 1990’s and early
2000’s when the general quality of post-secondary
school education in Georgia plummeted, and do
not provide for solid professional qualifications;
this is not unique to Ergneti Village.
Of particular importance is the lack of computer
and foreign language skills. During the focus
groups, participants told us that when they
apply for office jobs outside the Village they are
often rejected because of not having computer
knowledge and not knowing English.
The situation in Ergneti Village is no different from
that in other rural communities in Georgia in this
regard. What may be different is that citizens in
the Village have not had as many opportunities to
even use what skills they have acquired in recent
years as the economy in the Village has declined,
first due to the closing of the Ergneti market in
2004 and second due to the 2008 conflict and its
aftermath. Skills that are not used deteriorate, so
Training
On the bright side, before 2004, the Ergneti
market was active and many people worked
there, and gained experience in some aspects
of small business management and trade. For
the past six years, however, the potential for trade
activities has been very limited and these skills
have lain dormant. We were told that with perhaps
limited training, provided through donor support,
these past skills could be updated. However, one
should keep in mind that the needs for these
particular types of skills (in trade) are in very
limited demand in the Village today.
Use Of New Skills
A common theme among people in focus groups
and on the street is that while being trained is
good in concept, in fact there are few opportunities
to use newly learned skills in the Village. Since
local people are not able to find jobs in the private
sector, the majority of trained citizens are not able
to practice the technical skills they have learned.
The benefits of training dissipate.
Not surprisingly, the motivation of the people we
spoke with to obtain new qualifications through
trainings is limited. Without a clear use for new
skills (e.g., a job), most citizens are reluctant to
invest the time and expenses needed to attend
trainings.
25
Vocational Education And Practical Training
There are essentially no vocational training
programs in Ergneti Village; some are available
in Gori, but there are transportation problems as
noted above. This problem is particularly important
among the young generation of the Village who
on the one hand are often not qualified for jobs
outside the Village and on the second hand have
few opportunities to gain those qualifications.
Conversations with local citizens suggested two
areas of particular need: computer and foreign
language skills. The lack of opportunities to gain
these skills causes citizens, particularly youth, to
be less competitive on the regional and countrylevel job markets. In some ways, citizens are
forced to stay in the Village or, if they leave, to
take only low-paying un-skilled labor type jobs.
On the other hand, if youth do obtain these skills
it is likely they will leave the Village, very possible
permanently.
A second negative result of poor computer skills
is related to social issues. By not having relevant
skills to use computers and the internet, citizens
are not able to obtain information that could have
a positive impact on their daily lives.
Un-Skilled Labor
Limited opportunities in the Village and the
generally poor level of qualifications causes many
people to be only qualified for un-skilled labor
type positions. Locally, the best segment for unskilled labor is seasonal agricultural work when
additional labor is needed in other villages. We
were told in focus groups and by people on the
street that many local citizens do travel to other
villages to work and receive daily wages.
2 RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE LABOR SKILL LEVELS
There are four opportunities to use training to improve labor skill levels. These are briefly described
in this Section.
⇒Farming And Agronomy Training Curricula And Materials Should Be Created And
Delivered To Farmers
In a previous Chapter, we recommended that
local veterinary and agronomy experts be
placed in Ergneti Village. These professionals
could offer on-going advice and support to local
farmers on an ad-hoc basis.
sessions could last from half-a-day to a full week
In addition, however, curricula and training
materials should be provided and delivered, in
small doses, to local farmers and youth. Training
level of knowledge of modern agronomy and
for certain subjects in the off-season.
If properly designed and supported, there is no
reason why, over a three-year period, a good
veterinary practices should not become common
among local farmers.
⇒An On-The-Job Training Program Should Be Developed
We were told that most youngsters complete
secondary school education. Those who do not
finish secondary school typically drop out to
acquire specific skills like bricklaying, welding
and so forth.
Unfortunately, the opportunities to use newly
acquired vocational skills are limited. As a result,
international donor organizations in cooperation
with the private sector in the region should
26
develop specific on-the-job training programs
for Village citizens.
As a result of implementing on-the-job training
programs, citizens will be given a chance to
practice their skills, obtain new experience and
find a job in case the on-the-job training provider
is interested.
Local citizens would benefit most if the on-thejob trainings revolved around agricultural topics.
⇒A Computer And Foreign Language Center Should Be Established
As noted previously, and as we were told by many
local citizens, the lack of computer and foreign
language skills is particularly acute among young
people. Training in these areas is a long-term,
even multi-year undertaking. Consequently, the
most practical way of providing training in these
areas is to do so locally in the Village.
As a result, a local computer and foreign
language center should be established. The
center would need donor support to be created
and would almost certainly need ongoing budget
support as the ability of local citizens to pay for
training is limited. The fact that such a center
would need such support for many years needs
to be carefully considered by donors.
On the other hand, the center need not be large
since the Village is not so large itself. A single
language teacher (probably English) would
be sufficient. A properly selected language
teacher could also handle computer instruction.
Consequently, donor investment would mostly be
in facilities and a wage for a single professional,
plus oversight.
One positive side benefit of a center would be
that access to information by citizens would be
greatly expanded. Today the only widespread
source of information about political and social
issues in the village is television. Access to
and knowledge of the internet would open new
channels for learning about these important
issues.
One side outcome of such a center might be
that youth, once having computer and foreign
language skills, would likely leave Ergneti
Village for other cities in Georgia. It is unlikely
they would return to the Village permanently.
On the other hand, having good jobs in other
cities would permit migrants to remit funds to the
Village, and help parents and relatives.
⇒Short, Focused Small Business Training Modules Should Be Created And Delivered
As noted previously, the demand for business
training is limited. On the first hand, it is
expensive for local citizens. On the second
hand, opportunities to use the acquired skills
are limited in the Village.
This is a chicken and egg situation. Demand
for business-oriented training will be limited until
there are businesses in which to use newly
acquired skills. Businesses will not be formed
until those business skills exist.
To break this cycle, continuous low-level
trainings in small business issues should be
offered. These could be donor-financed, and
should be available for an extended period. The
curriculum would ideally be broken into small
modules, each module no more than one or two
weeks in duration. Modules could be offered by
the training center on demand, for instance if
a small group of interested and ready trainees
can be formed.
It is unlikely that such a training center would
be viable in Ergneti Village alone and there
is therefore no need to set a new center up
locally. A center located elsewhere, for instance
in Gori, could be used as long as transportation
of trainees from the Village would be supported
or organized by the training provider.
27
VIII MARKET DEVELOPMENT
A common theme in this report is that economic
opportunities outside of agriculture are limited
in the Village. Attempts to somehow coerce
opportunities to exist where none actually do
would likely fail in the long term.
Economic opportunities in agriculture are a
completely different situation. Once the abovementioned problems- and mostly access to
irrigation- are solved, the Village has a genuine
opportunity to significantly increase agricultural
productivity, outputs and household incomes.
However, this is good, but not sufficient. As
previously discussed, one of the major issues
is farmers’ limited access to markets, for which
solutions also have to be found.
After the closure of the ABL, traditional markets
across the conflict divide became inaccessible
to local households. They had to turn to other
options, which are at the same time more costly to
access (because of their distance from the Village
which generates increased transportation costs)
and less profitable (as the demand for products
from Ergneti is lower there).
Local farmers told us during focus groups and
informal conversations on the street that in the
past they tried to set up business relations with
agricultural processing companies in the region.
However, because of the low volume produced
in the Village, processing companies did not
express much interest in cooperation and the
prices offered to local farmers were very low.
It is probably not likely that relying on existing
processors would solve market access problems.
We have been told informally by a few investors
and other providers of capital, that they are very
reluctant to invest in the Village due to the close
proximity of the ABL. This suggests that attracting
a private business providing market access and
storage services is probably very difficult, if not
unrealistic.
Consequently, the key market development
28
opportunity in Ergneti Village is that farmers solve
the current market access issues for agricultural
products by organizing themselves. There are
two aspects which might allow local farmers
to strengthen their presence on the accessible
markets, and potentially access new ones: joint
marketing and sales of products and off-season
storage. Both require investment and some type
of cooperative organization.
Farmers motivated by the creation of a cooperative
within Ergneti Village are probably not numerous
enough to warrant the creation of a separate
independent cooperative structure in the Village.
Even if they were, such a process is long and
complicated and would surely require outside
support to be effective and sustainable.
The neighbouring Kvemo Nikozi agriculture
Cooperative, established in 2010, might provide
more immediate opportunities to local farmers.
This Cooperative comprises about 120 members
and is equipped with modern warehouse
infrastructure and drip irrigation facilities. We met
with the management of the Cooperative which
expressed interest in developing cooperation with
the population of Ergneti Village. In case of more
interest from the people or a particular group,
detailed ways of cooperation could be examined
further. Agricultural commodities produced by
farmers in the Village would also need to meet
Kvemo Nikozi Cooperative quality standards,
which could be obtained as the Cooperative
would provide them with technical trainings and
guidelines materials.
In the current state of infrastructure and
cooperative structures in the neighbourhood
of Ergneti village, coordinating with the Kvemo
Nikozi agriculture Cooperative could provide an
opportunity for local farmers in Ergneti Village to
sell their products at more competitive prices,
and use the warehouse storage infrastructure
to be able to sell their products during the nonseasonal period. This might allow Ergneti farmers
to significantly increase their yearly income.
IXGENDER ISSUES
During our observations in Ergneti Village and our
conversations with citizens in focus groups and
on the street, we inquired about gender-related
issues. We did not do fact-finding specific to
gender, but mainstreamed gender concerns in
our questions.
This Chapter briefly describes our observations
and what we were told by citizens.
1 SIMILARITY TO THE REST OF GEORGIA
We did not find any meaningful differences in
terms of gender norms, roles and issues between
Ergneti Village and most other rural Orthodox
communities in Georgia. Similarly, like in other
villages, citizens mostly perceive themselves as
gender-blind whilst reality suggests opportunities
for men and women are far from always being
equal.
Gender Roles and Relations Reflect Those of
Rural Georgian Society In General
Georgian legislative framework generally provides
equal rights and guarantees for male and female
citizens alike. However, in practice, the division
of gender roles often does not translate into
equal responsibilities and expectations. The
relatively equal participation of women and men
in economic life is rarely balanced with an equal
participation of men and women in fulfilling
family and household obligations. The strong
definition of gender roles often weights heavily
on women’s shoulders, since they often carry the
main responsibilities for household chores, also
in situations where they are the only employed
members of their household. Furthermore, men
are often seen as the head of household with
extended rights to decision making on family life.
However, the understanding of gender issues is
often low, since traditional roles and behaviors
are rarely questioned.
2 OBSERVATIONS
This Section notes several observations we made
about gender issues in Ergneti Village.
Opportunities For Education Appear Equal
For Boys And Girls
Citizens told us that both men and women have
equal access to education. The Village is small,
but nevertheless we were told by parents that
they supported both boys and girls attending
school as long as possible.
There are no opportunities for post-secondary
school education in the Village. Parents said
they wished their children, both boys and girls
equally, to attend post-secondary schools outside
the Village.
In this sphere, the problem is more the poor
quality of the education for both boys and girls,
than gender discrimination.
Opportunities For Employment Are Poor For
Both Men And Women
Finding a job in the Village is extremely difficult.
As a result, it is difficult to judge first-hand whether
women would be discriminated against in local
employment.
In one thought experiment, we asked people
if there was a job and two equally qualified
applicants, a man and woman, who would be
employed. Most people still asked the type of
job involved.
The “type of job involved” question from citizens
suggests that there are rather strict concepts
of what is suitable work for men and women.
The concept of suitable work in Ergneti Village
is no different from what is seen in other rural
communities in Georgia.
Ergneti Village is not an exception in this regard.
29
Citizens Perceive Themselves As Being
Gender-Blind, But Comments Suggest
Otherwise
Villagers told us that Ergneti Village was close to
the regional and national capitals and no different
from there in terms of gender relations. They did
not perceive any discrimination among men and
women in daily patterns and behaviors.
When we started speaking about gender issues
people also minimized the importance of the topic
by telling us that with so many other problems in
the Village, they even did not think about it. For
example, one woman told us:
“I have three children in the family. Every day
I wake up and just think – what to do to bring
enough food for them. This continues to be a
daily matter. Therefore, I really do not even have
the mood or desire to think about gender related
issues.”
Villagers stressed that in any case, those
issues were not prevalent locally. One person
emphasized that the Georgian Orthodox religion
prohibits discrimination.
However, our observations as well as villagers’
own comments were also of a sort that caused
us to conclude that awareness of gender issues
and gender-based discrimination was simply not
high amongst citizens. This is not due to meanheartedness, but rather just absence of exposure
to these issues in the past.
Malaise Among Men Has Caused Women To
Shoulder More Of The Burden
We were told by both men and women that one
effect of the closing of the Ergneti market in 2004
and the war in 2008 was a significant decrease
in the ability of men to provide for their families.
Of course, all have suffered from the situation.
However, the events have specifically created a
clearer malaise among men in the Village; they
appear to be more morose and pessimistic. One
woman told us that her husband was morally
destroyed by the war and could hardly regain
his motivation.
In conversations with both men and women, we
found that this malaise had caused many men
to be less involved with Village and economic
affairs. At the same time, women have needed
30
to step in.
Men And Women Say They Are Equal In The
Household, But …
We asked men and women how decisions are
made in their families. Their responses suggested
that decision-making is mostly a shared matter.
Spheres of influence are clear however, with men
being more dominate in some areas and women in
others; this pattern reflects the traditional division
of roles between men and women. However it
appears that men are often seen as the head
of household with extended rights on decisionmaking on the whereabouts of the family.
In conversations, it became clear that many women
would willingly undertake tasks traditionally done
by men (e.g., outside employment). On the other
hand, few men would willingly undertake tasks
traditionally done by women (e.g., housekeeping).
Women Have A Strong Voice In Community
Affairs But Are Not Represented In The Village
Administration
Women appear to be actively involved in public
affairs. This could be a longstanding pattern or,
equally possible, due to the fact that several men
have withdrawn from active engagement (the
malaise noted earlier) and women have stepped
in out of necessity.
On the other hand, the Village representatives we
met were only men; it seems no woman occupies
an official representative position in the Village
currently.
Women Are Actively And Beneficially Involved
In Agriculture
Primary production of agricultural products is
the main source of income for households in the
Village. Based on our observations and what we
were told, it is clear that women are very actively
involved in agricultural activities. In some cases,
they even carry a heavier burden than do the
men in the family.
XAPPENDIXES
Table 1. Areas Of Intervention In The Agricultural Sector
Source: TBSC Analysis
31
Table 2. Areas Of Intervention In The Infrastructure Sector
LN
1
2
3
OBSERVATION
EFFECT
In Three-Quarters
Of The Village,
Water Systems
Are Old and
Damaged; Water
Pumps Are Old
And Require Too
Much Electricity
To Function;
Households
Are Reluctant
To Spend More
Money To Run
These Water
Pumps
Three-Quarters
Of The Village
Receive Water On
Schedule; Poor
Quality Water;
Unsatisfactory
Amounts of
Domestic Water
The Drinking Water
System Should Be
Rehabilitated
Municipality
and Donor
Organizations
Some Inner Roads
And Roads to
Agricultural Lands
Are Damaged
No Recent
Inner Road
Rehabilitation
Problems
To Access
Agricultural
Lands And Farms
And Transport
Products To The
Market; WearAnd-Tear On Farm
Machinery
Internal Roads Should
Be Rehabilitated
Municipality
and Donor
Organizations
Natural Gas Is Not
Available In The
Village
No Main Line;
Even If There Was
One, Households
Would Have
Difficulties
Financing Private
Connections
Consumption Of
Firewood; Impact
On Nature; Higher
Costs; Potential
Security Concerns
A Natural Gas System
Should Be Installed In
The Village
Municipality
and Donor
Organizations
Only One-Quarter
of the Village Has
Access to Plentiful
and Good Quality
Domestic Water
RECOMMENDATION
POTENTIAL
PARTNERS
CAUSE
Note: Irrigation water is also problematic. This is covered in the areas of intervention for the agriculture sector
shown in Chart 1.
Source: TBSC Analysis
32
Table 3. Areas Of Intervention In Labor Skills
Source: TBSC Analysis
33
This report has been commissioned by the Danish Refugee Council (DRC) under its project “Rebuilding Returnees’
Housing and Livelihoods in Ergneti”, funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). It has been
carried out by TBSC Consulting.
The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of SDC.
The Danish Refugee Council (DRC) is a humanitarian, non-governmental, non-profit organisation founded in
1956 that works in more than 30 countries throughout the world.
DRC fulfils its mandate by providing direct assistance to conflict-affected populations – refugees, internally
displaced people (IDPs), other affected groups and host communities in the conflict areas of the world; and
by advocating on behalf of conflict-affected populations on the basis of humanitarian principles and human
rights. Under its mandate, DRC focuses on protection, relief, rehabilitation, post-conflict recovery, capacitybuilding, humanitarian mine-action, and advocacy. We promote “durable solutions”, which we understand as
any means by which the situation of refugees, IDPs and other conflict-affected groups can be permanently and
satisfactorily resolved, enabling them to live normal lives. Durable solutions can be voluntary repatriation, local
integration or resettlement.
DRC has been present in the South Caucasus since 1996.
Danish Refugee Council South Caucasus
Paliashvili 88, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia
Phone: +995 32 2230217
Fax: +995 32 223 0659
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.drc.dk
Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”
TBILISI, 0179, I. CHAVCHAVADZE AVE. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: [email protected]
sofel ergneTis socialur-ekonomikuri kvleva
ivlisi, 2013
(DRC) , (SDC) „ . “ . TBSC Consulting– .
SCD- .
The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect
the views of SDC.
This report has been commissioned by the Danish Refugee Council (DRC) under its project
"Rebuilding Returnees' Housing and Livelihoods in Ergneti", funded by the Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation (SDC). It has been carried out by TBSC Consulting.
sarCevi
I. mokle Sinaarsi
uaxlesi istoria............................................................................................................................. 4
mizani.................................................................................................................................................. 4
ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofa............................................................................................. 5
sasoflo-sameurneo RirebulebaTa jaWvi............................................................................. 5
arasasoflo-sameurneo RirebulebaTa jaWvi....................................................................... 6
infrastruqtura............................................................................................................................. 6
muSaxelis unar-Cvevebis Sefaseba............................................................................................. 6
bazris ganviTarebis potenciali.............................................................................................. 7
genderuli identoba..................................................................................................................... 7
angariSis struqtura.................................................................................................................... 7
II. meTodologia
1. mokle istoria............................................................................................................................ 8
2.midgoma.......................................................................................................................................... 8
III. ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofa
1. ganmarteba................................................................................................................................... 11
2.daskvna......................................................................................................................................... 11
IV. sasoflo-sameurneo RirebulebaTa jaWvi
1. sasoflo meurneobis mniSvneloba...................................................................................... 16
2. xilisa da bostneuli warmoeba........................................................................................... 16
3. xilisa da bostneulis warmoebis winaSe arsebuli problemebi ............................ 18
4. mesaqonleoba, mefrinveleoba da mefutkreoba............................................................ 20
5. mesaqonleobis, mefrinveleobis da mefutkreobis winaSe arsebuli
problemebi................................................................................................................................. 20
6. rekomendaciebi sasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis
qselis gaumjobesebisTvis.................................................................................................... 22
V. arasasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis jaWvebi
1. arsebuli situacia.................................................................................................................. 25
2. rekomendaciebi arasasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis jaWvebisaTvis.................. 26
VI. infrastruqtura
1. arsebuli viTareba.................................................................................................................. 28
2.rekomendaciebi......................................................................................................................... 28
VII. muSaxelis kvalifikaciis Sefaseba
1. arsebuli viTreba.................................................................................................................... 30
2. rekomendaciebi muSaxelis kvalifikaciebis asamaRleblad..................................... 31
VIII. bazris ganviTareba............................................................................................................. 34
IX. genderuli sakiTxebi
1. msgavseba saqarTvelos danarCen nawilTan..................................................................... 36
2.dakvirvebebi............................................................................................................................... 36
X. danarTebi..................................................................................................................................... 39
I
mokle Sinaarsi
winamdebare Tavi gawvdiT saboloo daskvnas im mTavari sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
ganxilulia angariSis danarCen nawilSi.
uaxlesi istoria
sofeli ergneTi mdebareobs Sida qarTlis
regionSi. sofeli, raionuli centridan,
kerZod goridan, daaxloebiT 30 km-iT aris
daSorebuli. soflis mosaxleoba Seadgens
daaxloebiT 220 komls; aqedan, daaxloebiT
170 ojaxi aris soflis mudmivi macxovrebeli.
sofeli ergneTi, regionis sxva soflebis
msgavsad, didi socialur-ekonomikuri
problemebis winaSe dgas. ganuviTarebelia ara marto soflis meurneobis, aramed arasasoflo-sameurneo seqtoric, rac
pirdapir zegavlenas axdens adgilobrivi
macxovreblebis socialur da ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. situacia gansakuTrebiT garTulda 2004 wels ergneTis bazris
daxurvis Semdgom, romelic adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis umetesobisaTvis Semosavlis
ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgenda, amJamad
ojaxebis ZiriTadi Semosavlia naturalurTan miaxloebuli Sinameurneoba.
sofeli ergneTi mdebareobs cxinvalis
regionis de faqto samxreT oseTisa da
saqarTvelos administraciuli sazRvris
(ABL) mimdebared, sofelis gamSvebi punqti
ramodenime kilometriT aris daSorebuli
cxinvalidan (cxinvalis regionis/samxreT
oseTis umsxvilesi qalaqi); igi sastikad
dazaralda aRniSnuli konfliqtis Sedegad, romelic samxreT oseTTan aRmocenda
90–iani wlebis dasawyisSi da Semdeg wlebis
ganmavlobaSi gayinuli iyo, manamde sanam
2008 wels kvlav ar moxda SeiaraRebuli
konfliqti ruseTis monawileobiT.
2008 wlis omis dros, mosaxleobis umravlesobam datova sofeli, Tumca ramodenime
kviris Tu Tvis Semdeg umetesoba maTgani
4
dabrunda s. ergneTSi, rusuli samxedro
Zalebis da samxeT oseTis SeiaraRebuli
dajgufebis gasvlis Semdgom. sacxovrebeli saxlebis umetesi nawili ganadgurda
konfliqtis mimdinareobisas, ojaxebma dakarges Sinameurneobebi, sayofacxovrebo
da ekonomikuri aqtivebi, maT Soris, Sinauri saqoneli, romlebic umetes SemTxvevaSi
daikarga, ganadgurda an moipares. garda im
mcireodeni pirutyvisa, romelTa gayvana
ojaxebma moaxerxes konfliqtisgan Tavis
daRwevis mcdelobis dros.
konfliqturi situacia dRemde did zegavlenas axdens soflis socialur ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. 2008 wlidan de faqto
samxreT oseTisa da saqarTvelos administraciuli sazRvari (ABL) daxurulia da
sazRvis miRma bazarTan xelmisawvdomoba SeuZlebeli gaxda, rac gvevlineboda
tradiciuli Semosavlis wyaros miRebis
SesaZleblobad ergneTis mosaxleobisaTvis. sasoflo–sameurneo gziT Semosavlis
miReba aseve rTuli rCeba sarwyavi wylis
problemebis gamo.
miznebi
aRniSnuli socialur-ekonomikuri sabaziso kvlevis mizani iyo sofelSi da zogadad
regionSi arsebuli problemebis gamovlena
da rekomendaciebis gaweva maTi Semdgomi
gamosworebis mizniT. proeqtis miznebis
gansaxorcieleblad, Cven SeviswavleT
Svidi ZiriTadi aspeqti: ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofa, sasoflo-sameurneo RirebulebaTa jaWvi, arasasoflo-sameurneo
RirebulebaTa jaWvi, infrastruqtura,
muSaxelis unar-Cvevebis Sefaseba, bazris
ganviTareba da genderuli sakiTxebi.
kvleva Catarda TiToeul sferoSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Seswavlisa da SesaZlo
gaumjobesebis gzebis gansazRvris mizniT.
Cvens mier gamoyenebuli iqna mTeli rigi
monacemTa wyaro, maT Soris, arsebuli do-
kumentacia, pirispir gasaubreba ZiriTad
dainteresebul mxareebTan, adgilobrivi
soflis macxovreblebisagan dakompleqtebuli fokus jgufebi, adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan araoficialuri gasaubreba quCaSi, Cveni dakvirvebebi sofelSi yofnisas
da Cveni sakuTari gamocdileba am tipis
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofa
Cven aRmovaCineT, rom ojaxebi gamoimuSaveben mxolod sakvebis SesaZenad sakmaris
Tanxas; Tumca sofelSi ver davafiqsireT
SimSilis SemTxveva. ojaxebis ZiriTad Semosavals warmoadgens soflis meurneobis
produqtebis realizaciidan Semosuli
Tanxa da xelisuflebisa da saerTaSoriso
donori organizaciebis warmomadgenlebis
mier gaweuli daxmareba. mimdinare Semosavlis TvalsazrisiT, sofel ergneTis mosaxleobis ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofa
saqarTvelos sxva soflebis mosaxleobis
msgavsia.
sayofacxovrebo
aqtivebis
SegrZnebis
TvalsazrisiT, sofel ergneTSi arsebuli
situacia sakmaod gansxvavdeba saqarTvelos soflebis umravlesobisgan. ojaxebma
mTeli maTi sayofacxovrebo aqtivebi, upirveles yovlisa, sacxovrebeli saxlebi,
konfliqtis dros dakarges. dazianebuli
sacxovrebeli saxlebis daaxloebiT naxevari dRemde sacxovreblad gamousadegaria, Tumca amJamad mimdinareobs sacxovreblebis reabilitaciis programa, romelsac
axorcielebs ltolvilTa daniis sabWo
(DRC) Sveicariis ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos (SDC) finansuri
mxardaWeriT, risi wyalobiTac mdgomareoba TandaTanobiT umjobesdeba. 2008 wlis
konfliqtis Semdeg, saxelmwifom ojaxebs
gadasca finansuri kompensacia (TiToeuls
ZiriTadad 15,000 aSS dolari). zogierTma
ojaxma aRniSnuli Tanxa nawilobriv gamoiyena sakuTari saxlebis saremontod, xolo
sxvebma ki sxvadasxva miznebisTvis.
omis dros aseve daikarga mniSvnelovani
ekonomikuri aqtivebi. ojaxebis umravlesoba flobda Sinaur pirutyvs, risi aRdgenac bevrma ojaxma omis Semdgom veRar
SeZlo. yvelaze mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri
aqtivis, sarwyavi sistemis normaluri funqcionireba Sewyda omis dros da sruli
datvirTviT jer kidev ar aris aRdgenili.
sarwyavi sistema didi xnis manZilze problematur sferos warmoadgenda, Tumca 2008
wlis konfliqtma ufro metad gaamwvava es
problema.
da bolos, mimdinare Semosavali, rogorc
kerZo, aseve saxelmwifo struqturebidan,
sakmarisia mxolod pirveladi moxmarebis
produqtebisaTvis. arsebuli Semosavali
ar aris sakmarisi sabinao an ekonomikur
aqtivebSi investirebis gansaxorcieleb­
lad. samomavlo investirebis uunaroba
mZime tvirTad awveba soflis mosaxleobas;
maT gviTxres, rom isini sasowarkveTiT Sehyureben momavals.
soflis mosaxleobas ar SeuZlia SeiZinos
SeSa zamTrisTvis, romlis miwodebas uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi.
axalgazrda Taoba sakmaod uimedod Sehyurebs momavals da isini Tavs arideben
ekonomikuri kuTxiT damoukidebel saqmianobaSi Cabmas. maTi mizania soflis datoveba da ufro didi qalaqebSi gadasvla.
axalgazrdebisTvis gaumjobesebuli ganaTlebis SeTavazeba ukeTesad moamzadebs
maT, Tumca amave dros, ganaTleba aseve daaCqarebs migracias, vinaidan ufro meti da
meti axalgazrda SeiZens kvalifikacias da
SeZlebs soflis gareT samuSaos povnas.
sasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis jaWvi
am seqtorSi, ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens moZvelebuli baRebi da teqnika, axali
Teslebisa da nergebis miuwvdomloba da
sworad funqcionirebadi sarwyavi sistemis
nakleboba. fermerebs aseve ar aqvT SesaZlebloba isargeblon sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikiT. garda amisa, sofels amJamad
ar hyavs veterinari da agronomi, soflis
meurneobis marketingi ki cudad organizebuli da araefeqturia.
yvelaze mniSvnelovan prioritetad iTvleba sairigacio sistemis problemis mogvareba, amis gadasaWrelad 2012 wels aSenda
axali sairigacio sistema magram igi mainc
srulad ver faravs soflis saWiroebebs.
5
adgilobrivi kooperativebis da sxvadasxva kooperativebis filialebis Seqmna
savaraudod momgebiani iqneba. meqanizatoruli momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomoba saWiroebs gaumjobesebas da aseve aucilebelia sademonstracio nakveTebis gamoyofa,
raTa moxdes fermerebisTvis Tanamedrove
meTodebis sargeblianobis Cveneba. unda
dainergos ukeTesi jiSebis da kvebis Tanamedrove menejmentis praqtika da gaumjobesdes agrokonsultaciis xelmisawvdomoba. da bolos, sasoflo-sameurneo
Rirebulebis jaWvis mniSvneloba unda
ganviTardes; arsebobs ramodenime prioriteti.
arasasoflo-sameurneo
jaWvi
RirebulebaTa
sofel ergneTSi arasasoflo-sameurneo
RirebulebaTa jaWvis potenciali Zalzed
SezRudulia. miuxedavad amisa, sofelSi
aris moTxovna momsaxurebis specifikuri
sferoebis Sesaxeb, mainc ar arsebobs raime
niSani imisa, rom kerZo seqtoris mier
SesaZlebelia am biznesebis ganviTareba da
mdgradobis SenarCuneba. bazris masSatabi
imdenad mcirea rom biznesebis umravlesoba ver axerxebs TavianTi (Tundac dabali)
fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis dafarvasac ki.
jaWvi kvlav ganuviTarebeli darCeba Tu
arasasoflo–sameurneo biznes mewarmeebi
soflis gareT TviTonve ar ipovian gasaRebis bazars.
infrastruqtura
yvelaze did problemas warmoadgens Sida
sasmelis da sarwyavi wylis miuwvdomloba.
Sida wyali, romelic soflis umetesobas
miewodeba ar aris sakmarisi raodenobis
da xarisxis. TumcaRa, soflis daaxloebiT 25 procents emsaxureba arteziuli
WaburRili, romelic ramodenime wlis win
gakeTda DRC mier evrokavSiris (EU) dafinasebiT da romelic uzrunvelyofs 24
saaTis ganmavlobaSi soflis xarisxiani wyliT momaragebas. sxva WaburRilebic aseve
xelmisawvdomia, TumcaRa wylis sistemebi
moZvelebulia da satumbi mowyobilobis
eleqtroenergiis xarjebic Zalian didia,
raTa moxdes mudmivi wyalmomarageba. kidev
erTi prioritetuli sakiTxi sofelSi aris
bunebrivi airis nakadis sistemis Seyvana.
soflis arc Tu saxarbielo mdgomareobaSi
myofi gzebi, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva soflebis gzebTan SedarebiT, arc Tu Zalian
cud mdgomareobaSia.
muSaxelis unar-Cvevebis Sefaseba
donorebis daxmarebiT ganxorcielebuli
proeqtebi aris albaT erTaderTi saSualeba sofel ergneTis arasasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebebis jaWvis ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT; Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSic
ki, mdgradoba mainc kiTxvis qveS dadgeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, donorebma sifrTxiliT unda Seafason realuri bizness
SemTxvevebi yvela im kompaniasTan dakavSirebiT, romlis daxmarebasac isini gadawyveten. donorebi aseve unda moemzadnon
bevri kompaniisTvis grZelvadiani subsidirebis gasacemad. unda Catardes kvalifikaciis amaRleba biznes saqmianobaSi magram
mxolod biznes inkubatoris garemoSi.
zogadad, mosaxleobis unar-Cvevebis do­
ne dabalia. warsulSi miRebuli ganaT­
leba xSirad ar Seesabameba mimdinare
mdgo­mareobas da moTxovnebs da nebismier
Sem­
TxvevaSi, warsulSi aTvisebuli unarCvevebi xSirad moZvelebulad iTvleba.
kvalifikaciis amaRlebisadmi wvdoma soflis macxovreblebisTvis rTulia Rirebulebisa da saqalaqTaSoriso mgzavrobis saWiroebis gamo da rogorc gviTxres,
swavlebas azri ar aqvs, vinaidan maT ar
aqvT SesaZlebloba, rom miRebuli codna
praqtikaSi gamoiyenon. TumcaRa, profesiuli treningi kompiuterul unarebsa da
ucxo enebSi Zalian saWiro da moTxovnadia.
aRniSnuli situacia Seicvleba mas Semdeg,
rac fermerebis Semosavali gaizrdeba sairigacio sistemis reabilitaciis da soflis
meurneobasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva
sakiTxebis mogvarebis Semdgom. manamde
ki, arasasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebebis
aucilebelia fermerTa da agronomiuli
saswavlo programebis da masalebis Seqmna da fermerebisTvis miwodeba. samuSaos
adgilze gansaxorcielebeli saswavlo
programa unda SemuSavdes da saWiroa
kompiuterisa da ucxo enebis centris gax-
6
sna. da bolos, unda Seiqmnas mcire biznesze
orientirebuli saswavlo modulebi da miewodos fermerebs.
bazris ganviTarebis potenciali
amJamad, fermerebi ekologiurad sufTa
sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis realizacias axdenen ZiriTadad goris bazarze,
xolo dabali xarisxis produqcias abareben gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebSi dabal
fasad. produqciis SezRuduli raodenobis gamo, adgilobrivi fermerebisTvis ar
arsebobs farTo SesaZlebloba, raTa maT
moaxdinon adgilobrivi axali bazrebis
identificireba.
adgilobrivi fermerebi met sargeblobas
miiRebdnen soflis meurneobis produqciis Sesaxeb erTmaneTTan koordinirebis
meSveobiT, Tumca es xSirad ar keTdeba. da
bolos, qvemo niqozSi arsebul kooperativTan TanamSromloba SesaZloa sasargeblo iyos fermerebisTvis.
genderuli identoba
sofel ergneTSi genderuli problemebi
Zalian hgavs saqarTvelos sxva soflebSi
marTlmadidebel mosaxleobaSi arsebul
situacias. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am kuTxiT sofel ergneTSi araferia gansakuTrebuli.
Tumca, rom 2008 wlis omis dros Seiqmna
mamakacebis zogadi deficiti, rac gacilebiT cud viTarebaze metyvelebs imisgan
gansxvavebiT, rac sxvagan vnaxeT. Cven aseve
gviTxres, rom bevrma mamakacma datova
sofeli da miatova ekonomikuri cxovreba
omisgan gamowveuli stresisa da ekonomikuri sirTuleebis gamo. qalebma gviTxres,
rom maT qmrebs Zalian gauWirdaT motivaciis aRdgena da rom maT, qalebs mouwiaT
gaurkvevlobaSi Tavis garTmeva.
angariSis struqtura
winamdebare angariSi moicavs cxra Tavs da
erT danarTs, romelic Sedgeba ramodenime
monakveTisgan. pirveli Tavi, anu es Tavi,
warmoadgens mokle mimoxilvas. meore Tavi
ganixilavs fokus jgufebis Sexvedrebisa
da sabaziso kvlevis dros gamoyenebul
meTodologias.
mesame-merve Tavebi gTavazobT msjelobas
angariSSi gamaxvilebuli eqvsi aspeqtis
garSemo: ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofa,
sasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis jaWvi,
arasasoflo-samerneo Rirebulebis jaWvi,
infrastruqtura, muSaxelis unar-Cvevebi
da bazris ganviTarebis potenciali, mecxre
Tavi ZiriTadad moicavs genderuli kuTxiT
adgilobrivi situaciis analizs.
7
IImeTodologia
winamdebare TavSi mokled aris aRwerili,
Tu rogor ganxorcielda proeqti. proeqtis miznebisTvis DRC-ma daiqirava „TBSC
Consulting“. „TBSC Consulting“ saqarTveloSi
2003 wlidan moRvaweobs da am xnis ganmavlobaSi daexmara 200-ze met organizacias,
maT Soris adgilobriv da ucxour firmebs, adgilobriv mosaxleobas, perspeqtiul ucxoel investorebs, saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebs, saqarTvelos
mTavrobas, saerTaSoriso donor organizaciebs, diplomatiuri misiebsa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebs.
yofacxovrebisTvis aucilebeli saarsebo
wyaros SeqmnaSi. yofacxovrebis aspeqtSi, aRniSnuli daxmareba gansakuTrebiT
gulisxmobs mcire biznesis wamowyebisTvis
saWiro grantebis ganawilebas adgilobriv
mewarmeebsa da mcire fermerebs Soris. kerZod, proeqtis sayofacxovrebo komponentis mizania:
„TBSC Consulting“ mier ganxorcielebuli
momsaxureba farTomasStabiania da moicavs
soflis meurneobis, wylisa da sakanalizacio infrastruqturis, geoTermuli
wylebis, uZravi qonebis, soflis meurneobis (magaliTad, Zroxebis ferma, rZis fermebi, yvelis warmoeba, bostneulis moyvana
da Senaxva, Rorebi, Rvino), sawyobebis,
swrafad gadaadgilebadi samomxmareblo
saqonlis, sabanko seqtoris, samomxmareblo eleqtronikis, sacalo vaWrobis, turizmis, satyeo da sxvadasxva ekonomikuri
dargebis ganviTarebas.
■finansurad daexmaros ojaxebs biznes
saqmianobaSi da gaaZlieros maTi finansuri SesaZleblobebi.
saredaqcio stilis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, am angariSSi Cven xSirad viyenebT pirvel pirs; rodesac vambobT “Cven”,
vgulisxmobT sakuTar Tavs - „TBSC Consulting“.
1 mokle istoria
winamdebare kvlevis ganxorcielebisas,
DRC-is mizans warmoadgens sofel ergneTSi socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobebis da amocanebis Seswavla
da Semdgomi saarsebo wyaroebis Seqmnis
xelSewyoba. DRC-i amJamad axorcielebs
SDC-is mier dafinansebul proeqts, rome­
lic sofel ergneTSi dabrunebul mosaxleobas daxmarebas uwevs TavSesafarisa da
8
■ gaakeTos soflis mosaxleobis TviTuzrunvelyofis donis analizi, gamoavlinos maTi saarsebo saWiroebebi da SesaZleblobebi mosaxleobis problemebis
gadaWris mizniT.
■
gamoavlinos sasoflo-sameurneo da
arasasoflo-sameurneo
Rirebulebis
jaWvis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi
sofelSi da gazardos biznesis ganviTarebis potenciali sofelSi.
am proeqtis mizania Seqmnas sofel ergneTis socialur -ekonomikuri bazisi. es bazisi
(winamdebare angariSi) aRwers mimdinare
socialur da ekonomikur mdgomareobas
sofelSi da rekomendaciis saxiT gvTavazobs garkveul zomebs, rac SesaZloa gatardes nebismeri dainteresebuli piris
mxridan.
2 midgoma
winamdebare Tavi aRwers erTobliv midgomas, rac Cven gvqonda proeqtis mimarT. proeqti moicavs oTx etaps.
samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba
winamdebare kvlevis amocanebi moiTxovda
yuradRebian dagegmvas. am etapis ganmavlobaSi Cven SevimuSaveT samoqmedo gegma,
romelic ganvixileT DRC-Tan erTad.
arsebuli dokumentaciis mimoxilva
proeqtebis umravlesobis ganxorcielebis
dros, Cven upirveles yovlisa vswavlobT
arsebul dokumentacias, raTa SevimuSavoT
hipoTeza, romelsac mogvianebiT SevamowmebT savele samuSaoebis dros. proeqtis
miznebidan gamomdinare, Cven SeviswavleT
daaxloebiT 20-mde sxvadasxva organizaciis mier warmodgenili (magaliTad, donori
organizaciebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, saxelmwifo seqtori) angariSi da
kvleva.
Cven SevimuSaveT pirveladi hipoTeza, romlis gadaxedvac moxda DRC–sTan erTad da
romlebic kidev erTxel Semowmda savele
pirobebSi, aRniSnuli hipoTeza mocemulia
winamdebare moxsenebaSi.
savele samuSaobis ganxorcieleba
am etapis ganmavlobaSi, Cven Tavdapirvelad gavesaubreT SerCeul regionSi dainteresebul mxareebs, romlebic axorcieleben msgavs saqmianobebs. (anu, fermerebi,
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, donori
proeqtebi, xelisufleba). CavatareT daaxloebiT 15 Sexvedra TbilisSi da aTamde
Sexvedra Sida qarTlis regionSi. aRniSnuli Sexvedrebis mizani iyo sofel ergneTSi arsebuli ZiriTadi problematuri
saki­Txebis siRrmiseuli gaanalizeba.
Cven vewvieT ergneTis regions. ramdenime
dRis ganmavlobaSi vesaubrebodiT adamianebs quCaSi, vakvirdebodiT adgilobriv
praqtikas, SevxvdiT adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs da ubralod gavecaniT sofelsa da misi mcxovreblebs. Cven
aseve CavatareT fokus jgufis oTxi oficialuri Sexvedra sofel ergneTSi; aRniSnuli Sexvedrebi detalurad aris aRwerili momdevno abzacebSi.
fokus jgufebTan mimarTebaSi gamoviyeneT
erToblivi midgoma, raTa soflis yvela
mcxovrebi uzrunvelyofili yofiliyo
monawileobis Tanabari SesaZleblobiT.
proeqtisa da Cvens mier dagegmili saqmianobis Sesaxeb cnobierebis gazrdis mizniT, Tavdapirvelad SevxvdiT adgilobrivi
xelisuflebis administracias da sxvadasxva adgilobriv dainteresebul mxareebs da
gavacaniT maT savele samuSaoebis miznebi,
Sinaarsi da grafiki.
Semdeg, mosaxleobasTan CavatareT Ria
Sexvedra, romelzec detaluri informacia mivawodeT maT kvlevis miznebisa da
momavali fokus jgufebis Sesaxeb. daaxloebiT ormocdaaTma soflis macxovrebelma interesi gamoTqva fokus jgufebSi
monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT. da bolos,
masSi monawileoba miiRo 40 mcxovrebma.
Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli samagido kvlevis, hipoTezebis, DRC-Tan da adgilobriv dainteresebul mxareebTan (zemoT
aRniSnuli) saubrebis safuZvelze SevadgineT mTeli rigi SekiTxvebi, romelTa gan­
xilvac unda momxdariyo fokus jgufebis
Sexvedrebze.
adgilobrivma xelisuflebam fokus jgu­
febis muSaobisTvis gamoyo obieqtebi
da saWiro resursebi, maT Soris skamebi,
magidebi da sxva masalebi. Cven vizruneT
sauzmis da gamagrilebeli sasmelebis miwodebaze.
TiToeuli fokus jgufi moicavda aT
monawiles da grZeldeboda daaxloebiT
ori saaTi. fokus jgufis monawileebis
SerCevisas asakis, sqesis da mosaxleobis
mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tanasworuflebiani monawileobis uzrunvelsayofad gamoyenebul iqna oTxi profili:
axalgazrda mosaxleoba, mamakacebi, qalebi
da xandazmuli mosaxleoba. TiToeuli profilis SemTxvevaSi gamoviyeneT sxvadasxva
standartuli kiTxvari.
winamdebare angariSSi ganxiluli daskvnebis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani daxmareba
gagviwies fokus jgufebma.
monacemebis sinTezi da rekomendaciebi
gasatarebel zomebTan dakavSirebiT
am tipis analitikuri samuSaos safuZvelze
daskvnebis gakeTebis mizniT, Cven gamoviyeneT Cveuli meTodebi. amasTanave, gamoviyeneT Cveni mniSvnelovani da vrceli
gamocdileba, raTa CavwvdomodiT ara marto imas, rasac adamianebi werdnen an konkretulad ambobden, aramed aseve maT mier
werilobiTi an zepiri formiT gakeTebuli
9
gancxadebis qveteqsts. Cven xazs vusvamT,
Tu ras gulisxmobs es da ara rac man Tqva.
Sesabamisad, winamdebare angariSi warmoadgens Cveni interpretaciis produqts,
msjelobas da mosazrebas.
winamdebare angariSSi mocemuli daskvnebis gasakeTeblad, Cven movaxdineT xuTi
wyarodan miRebuli informaciis sinTezi.
■ sxvadasxva organizaciebis mier ergneTSi da Sesabamis sferoSi gasul wlebSi
ganxorcielebul mokvleviT samuSaobTan da angariSebTan, aseve ganxorcielebul proeqtebTan dakavSirebuli informacia;
■ Svidi dRis ganmavlobaSi, yoveldRiurad
Cveni ori konsultantis mier ganxor-
10
cielebuli xangrZlivi dakvirveba da
araoficialuri saubrebi mraval moqalaqesTan sofel ergneTis quCebSi.
■dainteresebul mxareebTan gamarTuli 15 oficialuri pirispir Sexvedris
dros Segrovili pirveladi monacemebi;
■pirveladi monacemebi miRebuli oTx
fokus jgufTan gamarTuli Sexvedre­
bidan, romelSic monawileobda 40 mona­
wile;
■ Cveni saerTo da specializebuli codna
da aseve gamocdileba soflis meurneobisa da sasoflo ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs gareT.
III
ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofa
es Tavi ganixilavs Cvens daskvnebs sofel
ergneTSi mcxovrebi ojaxebis ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofis sakiTxis Sesaxeb.
aRniSnulis ganxorcielebis mizniT, Cven
movipoveT informacia saSualo Tviuri
Semosavlebis, rogorc kerZo, aseve subsidiebis Taobaze. Cven SevafaseT ojaxebis
msxvilfexa saqonlis kapitali, sasoflosameurneo mosavlianoba da gadanawileba.
Cven aseve gavesaubreT soflis mcxovreblebs, rogorc araoficialurad aseve
fokus jgufebSi, raTa gavcnobodiT maT
perspeqtivebs ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofis donesTan dakavSirebiT.
qvemoT mocemuli Tavi Sedgeba ori nawilisgan. Tavdapirvelad, Cven ganvmartavT
ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofis mniSvnelobas. meore nawilSi ki, ganvixilavT Cvens
mier miRebul daskvnebs.
1 ganmarteba
winamdebare nawilSi Cven ganvmartavT, Tu
ras vgulisxmobT ekonomikur TviTuzrunvelyofaSi. vebsteris leqsikoni ekonomikur TviTuzrunvelyofas Semdegnairad
gansazRvravs:
ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofa aris adamianis mxridan sakuTar Zalisxmevaze da unarebze damokidebuleba. adamianis dayrdnoba mis sakuTar msjelobaze, resursebze an
unar-Cvevebze. damoukidebloba.
sayofacxovrebo TviTuzrunvelyofa Tavis
mxriv, SeiZleba daiyos sam komponentad:
■mimdinare Semosavali – ojaxis unari
yoveldRiurad uzrunvelyos sakuTari
Tavi elementaruli samomxmareblo produqtebiT (mag: sakvebi, tanisamosi).
■ sayofacxovrebo aqtivebi - ojaxis unari,
droTa ganmavlobaSi, gazardos sakuTari
qoneba, upirveles yovlisa grZelvadian
sayofacxovrebo aqtivebSi investirebis
ganxorcielebis meSveobiT (magaliTad,
sacxovrebeli saxli, satransporto saSualeba).
■ekonomikuri aqtivebi - ojaxis unari,
droTa ganmavlobaSi, gazardos sakuTari ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi produqtiul aqtivebSi investirebis ganxorcielebis
meSveobiT
(magaliTad,
mecxoveleoba, traqtorebi), rac iZleba
pirveli ori komponentis ganxorcielebis saSualebas.
Tu ojaxs aqvs SesaZlebloba sakuTari ZalisxmeviT uzrunvelyos TiToeuli komponenti, maSin amgvari ojaxi SeiZleba CaiTvalos ekonomikurad TviTuzrunvelyofil
ojaxad.
Semdeg nawilSi, ergneTSi ojaxebis ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb daskvnebi sam komponentad aris aRwerili.
2 daskvna
mimdinare Semosavlebis TvalsazrisiT,
ergneTis mosaxleobis ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofa Zalian hgavs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva soflebis ojaxebis ekonomikur TviTuzrunvelyofas.
mimdinare saarsebo Semosavlebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, ergneTis mosaxleoba iyenebs kerZo Semosavlebis, saxelmwifosgan
da sxvadasxva wyaroebidan miRebuli daxmarebis kombinacias. erTi ojaxis saSualo
wliuri Semosavali Seadgens 1500 dan 2000
lars. aqedan, naxevari modis sxvadasxva
saxelmwifo daxmarebidan, xolo naxevari
ki kerZo Semosavlebidan (pirvel rigSi sasoflo-sameurneo vaWroba). saSualo ojaxi
daaxloebiT 4,4 (xSirad mxedvelobaSi miiRebian 3 Taobis warmomadgeblebi) sulisgan
Sedgeba, aqedan gamomdinare, Semosavali
TiTo sul mosaxleze TveSi Seadgens 28dan 38 lars.
11
soflis mosaxleobis kerZo Semosavlebis
ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi. mosavlis umetes nawils
ojaxebi piradi saWiroebisTvis moixmaren;
mxolod mcire nawiliRa rCeba, romelic
SesaZlebelia naRd fulze gadaicvalos.
ojaxebis umravlesobas hyavs Sinauri frinveli, mxolod ramodenimes hyavs msxvilfexa saqoneli; rZisa da yvelis raodenoba
dabalia da xSirad ar iZleva produqciis
bazrebze realizaciis saSualebas.
ergneTis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT naxevari saxelmwifosgan iRebs daxmarebas
ojaxis TiTo wevrze TveSi saSualod 30
laris odenobiT, socialuri momsaxurebis saagentos mier Catarebul socialur
Sefasebis safuZvelze. aseve, devnilebic
iReben saxelmwifo daxmarebas 28 laris
odenobiT TveSi, ojaxis TiTo wevrze. TumcaRa, mosaxleobas ufleba aqvs isargeblos
aRniSnuli ori saxelmwifo daxmarebidan
mxolod erT-erTiT.
fizikurad unarSezRudulebs saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs etlebiT da gamoyofs
Tanxebs samedicino operaciebis xarjebis
dasafarad.
ergneTis xandazmuli nawili pensias iRebs
TveSi daaxloebiT 100 laris odenobiT. sofelSi daaxloebiT 170 pensioneria. danarCeni saqarTvelos msgavsad, sapensio asaki
aris 65 weli - mamakacebisTvis, xolo 60
weli - qalebisaTvis.
ergneTSi muSaobda da amJamadac muSaobs
ramodenime saerTaSoriso donori organizacia. zogierTi maTgani SerCeuli ojaxebisaTvis uzrunvelobs subsidiebisa da
grantebis gacemas.
mimdinare Semosavlebis TvalsazrisiT,
ergneTis mosaxleoba Zalian hgavs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva Soreuli soflebis
mosaxleobas. piradi Semosavlebi arasakmarisia mimdinare moxmarebisTvis. mimdinare
saarsebos uzrunvelyofis TavalsazrisiT,
ojaxebis daaxloebiT naxevari damokidebulia saxelmwifosgan miRebul daxmarebaze.
Cveni mosazrebebze da mosaxleobasTan
gamarTul saubrebze dayrdnobiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom moqalaqeebi ar aqvT fu-
12
funebis sagnebi, rogoricaa, Sokoladi an
tkbileuli, sofelSi mainc ar fiqsirdeba
SimSilis SemTxvevebi an cudi kvebis raime
saxis niSnebi, Tumca Cven ar gvqonia Sexvedra soflis yvela ojaxTan, amitom ver
vityviT gadaWriT, rom es absoluturi
simarTlea.
miuxedavad amisa, sayofacxovrebo aqti­
vebis TvalsazrisiT, ergneTis ojaxebis
ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofa gacilebiT uaresia saqarTvelos sxva Soreul
soflebTan SedarebiT.
soflis mosaxleobis umravlesobam sayofacxovrebo aqtivebis umetesoba 2008 wlis
omis dros dakarga, am mxriv mxolod satransporto saSualebebi iyo gamonaklisi,
radgan mosaxleobam SeZlo maTi teritoriidan gayvana.
TiTqmis yvela sacxovrebeli saxli ganadgurda da maTSi arsebuli qoneba gaiZarcva.
Sesabamisad, ojaxebis umravlesobam dakarga wlebis manZilze SeZenili sayofacxovrebo simdidre.
omis Semdeg, TavSesafris reabilitaciis
mizniT, xelisuflebam im ojaxebs, romelTac dakarges sacxovrebeli, gadasca
fuladi kompensacia ZiriTadad 15 000 aSS
dolaris odenobiT. bevrma moqalaqem CvenTan saubarSi aRniSna, rom sakompensacio
Tanxa ar Seesabameboda maTi sacxovrebeli
saxlebis sruli saremonto samuSaoebisTvis saWiro xarjebs. miuxedavad amisa,
ergneTis mosaxleobis umravlesobam kompensacia gamoiyena sxvadasxva miznebisTvis.
rogorc sofelSi gviTxres sakompensacio
Tanxa Semdegnairad iqna gamoyenebuli:
■
ramodenime ojaxma gamoiyena kompensaciis didi Tu mcire nawili sakuTar
sacxovrebeli saxlebis nawilis reabilitaciiTvis ergneTSi; es warmoadgenda
kompensaciis mizans.
■ramodenime ojaxma bina iqirava ZiriTadad gorSi (anu, maT kompensacia etapobrivad gamoiyenes).
■ ramodenime ojaxma, SeiZina binebi ZiriTadad gorSi.
■ ramodenime ojaxma Tanxis nawili gamoiyena sxvadasxva xarjebis dasafarad (magaliTad, biznesis wamowyeba, yoveldRiuri
xarjebi, jandacvis xarjebi, universitetis swavlis safasuri).
am etapze, ergneTSi sayofacxovrebo aqtivebis mdgomareoba kvlav arasaxarbielo
rCeba. saxlebis daaxloebiT ori mesamedi
nawilobriv an srulad dazianebuli iyo
2008 wlis konfliqtis Sedegad, aRniSnuli
garemoeba Zalzed gansxvavebulia saqarTvelos sxva soflebisgan, sadac saxlebi
sacxovreblad sruliad vargisia.
sayofacxovrebo aqtivebis aRdgenis perspeqtiva kerZo Semosavlebis safuZvelze
Zalian mcire, an Tundac warmoudgenelia.
mosaxleobam aRniSna, rom maSin roca maT
uwevT sakuTari Tavis da ojaxebis Senaxva
da aseve, mimdinare gadasaxadebis gadaxda,
maTTvis ubralod SeuZlebelia sacxovrebel saxlebSi da sxva sayofacxovrebo (an
ekonomikuri) aqtivebSi investirebis ganxorcieleba. piradi Semosavali da saxelmwifo daxmareba ubralod sakmarisi ar aris.
2008 wlis konfliqtis Sedegad dazianebuli saxlebis reabilitacia amJamad mimdinareobs grZelvadiani sacxovreblis
standartebis mixedviT, romelsac axorcielebs DRC, Sveicariis ganviTarebisa
da TanamSromlobis saagentos (SDC) mier
dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi
analogiurad, ekonomikuri aqtivebis Tval­
sazrisiT, ergneTis mcxovrebTa ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofa gacilebiT uaresia
saqarTvelos sxva Soreul soflebTan SedarebiT.
2008 wlis omis dros, soflis mosaxleobis
kuTvnili ekonomikuri aqtivebi metwilad
ganadgurda.
gamokiTxuli soflis mosaxleobis pasuxebic aseve gvafiqrebinebs, rom sofeli
omamde SedarebiT mcire ekonomikur aqtivebs flobda. 2004 wels, ergneTis bazris
daxurvis Semdgom dafiqsirebuli adgilobrivi ekonomikis Semcireba warmoadgens
aRniSnuli ekonomikuri aqtivebis ararsebobis pirdapir mizezs. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, ergneTis bazari, da ara soflis
meurneoba, warmoadgenda adgilobrivi ekonomikis birTvs. mosaxleoba axorcielebda
investiciebs bazarze, rodesac bazari daixura, gaCnda mxolod mcireodeni ekonomikuri aqtivi soflis meurneobaSi, rogoricaa traqtori, rac gagrZelda 2008 wlis
omamde.
ekonomikuri aqtivis erT-erTi saxeoba,
romelic omis dros daikarga, iyo Sinauri pirutyvi. ojaxebis umravlesobam mTlianad dakarga msxvilfexa saqoneli da
Zalzed cota ojaxma SeZlo maTi aRdgena.
TumcaRa, omis dros daikarga yvelaze mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri aqtivi, rogorc
mogvianebiT aris aRniSnuli angariSSi,
sasoflo-sameurneo sairigacio sistema,
romelic mwyobridan gamovida omis Semdeg. es aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi ekonomikuri aqtivi, romelic saSualebas aZlevs
soflis mosaxleobas momgebianad marTos
soflis meurneoba. aRniSnuli resursis
dakargvis Semdgom, ojaxebis TviTuzrunvelyofa, ekonomikuri aqtivebis TvalsazrisiT, Zalzed gauaresda.
am TvalsazrisiT, sofeli ergneTi yvelaze
cud mdgomareobaSia, vidre sxva soflebi.
ekonomikuri aqtivebi, maT Soris adgilobrivi ekonomikac, romelic rogorc aseTi,
viTardeboda mis garSemo omis dros daikarga. sxva soflebis umravlesobas ar ganucdia ekonomikuri aqtivebis aseTi katastrofuli danakargi.
ergneTSi SeiniSneba mzardi migraciis
tendencia
Sesabamisad, sulac ar aris gasakviri, rogorc moqalaqeebma ganacxades, rom arsebobs soflis datovebis mzardi tendencia
gansakuTrebiT mamakacebis mxridan. umravlesoba sacxovreblad gadadis gorsa da
TbilisSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Semosavlebis miRebis perspeqtiva gorSi an TbilisSi
gacilebiT maRalia ergneTis SesaZleblobebTan SedarebiT, samomavlo gegmebi mainc
jer kidev dabalia. Cven gviTxres, rom maT
umravlesobas, vinc sofels tovebs aqvs
aradamakmayofilebeli ganaTleba, dabali
kvalifikacia da mwiri gamocdileba. aqedan
gamomdinare, maTi umravlesoba mxolod da-
13
balSemosavlian samuSao adgils sjerdeba
(magaliTad, 250 dan 400 laramde TveSi).
Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT sacxovrebel xarjebs gorsa da TbilisSi, amgvari xelfasi
ar iZleva mniSvnelovani fuladi gzavnilebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas ergneTSi
darCenili ojaxis wevrebiTvis.
soflis
mosaxleobis
sayofacxovrebo
aqtivebis metismetad cudi mdgomareoba
mZime tvirTad awveba soflis mosaxleobas. Zalzed cota moqalaqem, romelsac Cven
gavesaubreT, gamoTqva optimizmi soflis
mosaxleobis unarTan dakavSirebiT sakuTari sacxovrebeli saxlebis mokle an saSualo vadian perspeqtivaSi srulad aRdgenis Taobaze. erTaderTi ram, rac soflis
mosaxleobas aZlierebs da akavebs sofelSi
aris sakuTar saxlebSi arsebuli qoneba.
rodesac aRniSnuli qoneba nadgurdeba da
misi aRdgenis perspeqtiva Zalzed mcirea,
amgvar SemTxvevebSi, moqalaqeebisTvis bevrad martivi xdeba soflis datoveba da
SesaZleblobebis sxvagan Zieba. swored es
aris ergneTSi arsebuli situacia, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebs Soris.
samomavlod, sofels moelis Zalzed civi
zamTari momaval wlebSi, Tuki SeSis axali
wyaro ar iqneba moZiebuli.
miuxedavad amisa, ergneTis mosaxleobis
umravlesobas Seswevs saarsebos gamomuSavebis unari kerZo Semosavlebisa da saxelmwifo daxmarebis kombinirebis meSveobiT,
zamTarSi gaTbobasTan dakavSirebuli situacia mainc gansxvavebulia. am TvalsazrisiT, ojaxi mTlianad damokidebulia
gare daxmarebaze.
ergneTSi gaTbobis erTaderTi wyaro aris
SeSa; sofels ar aqvs bunebrivi airis resursis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, xolo
eleqtroenergia Zviri da arasaimedoa.
gasuli zamTrebis ganmavlobaSi, ojaxebis SeSiT momaragebaze saxelmwifom da/an
saerTaSoriso donorebma da saagentoebma
izrunes. Tumca maRali saWiroeba da ojaxebis dabali Semosavali ukiduresad rTul
xdis mosaxleobis mxridan SeSis SeZenas
sakuTari saxsrebiT, SeSis nakleboba Zlieri SeSfoTebis mizezad gvevlineba, vinaidan mosaxleobis mxridan danaxuli riski,
14
romlebic Wrian sakuTar xexils, rac warmoadgens maTi Semosavlis da sakuTari moxmarebis ZiriTad saSualebas, raTa gaTbnen
mkacri zamTris pirobebSi – aris realuri.
aseve SeSfoTebas iwvevs potenciuri usafrToebis sakiTxi, radgan pirobiTi admi
nistraciuli sazRvis (ABL) miRma arsebuli
xe–tye, romelic usafrTxoebis kuTxiT ar
aris Semowmebuli, SesaZlebelia mosaxleobisaTvis Zalian macduri aRmoCndes.
sairigacio sistemis srulyofilad funqionireba SesaZloa iyos Semosavalis matebis ZiriTadi saSualeba sof. ergneTisaTvis, rac saSualebas miscems ojaxebs
zamTris ganmavlobaSi TviTonve daexmaron
sakuTar Tavebs (mag: SeSis SeZena sakuTari
saxsrebiT), Tumca soflisaTvis sarwyavi
wyali kvlav deficituria, miuxedavad 2012
wels mTavrobis mier nawilobrivad ganxorcielebuli samuSaoebisa. garda SeSis
SesaZenad saWiro Semosavlisa, zogierTma
adgilobrivma mcxovrebma gviTxra, rom
SesaZlebelia isini droebiT gadavidnen
sacxovreblad da gaataron zamTari naTesavTan gorSi an saqarTvelos sxva qalaqsa
Tu sofelSi.
gazifikacia xSirad gvevlineba, rogorc
SeSis alternatiuli saSualeba, magram es
moiTxovs mniSvnelovan Tanxebs, aseve yuradRebiT dagegmvas da srulmasStabian midgomas, raTa ojaxebma SeZlon masTan gadakavSireba.
sofelSi axalgazrdebis pirvelad mizans
warmoadgens did qalaqebSi migracia
fokus jgufebis da quCaSi gasaubrebis
dros, ramodenime axalgazrdam ganac xada,
rom isini isurvebdnen yofiliyvnen sapensio asakis, raTa SeZlebodaT pensiis miReba
(daaxloebiT 100 lari TveSi).
axalgazrda Taobas Zalian mcire imedi
aqvs imisa, rom ergneTSi cxovrebis xarisxi
kvlav daubrundeba konfliqtamde mdgomareobas. maT, CvenTan saubrisas gamoTqves
mosazreba, rom isini ver xedaven perspeqtivas, rom sofelSi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba odesme miaRwevs iseT dones, rodesac SesaZlebeli iqneba sayofacxovrebo
aqtivebis aRdgena.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, maT gviTxres, rom isini Tavs arideben damoukidebel saqmianobaSi CarTvas an arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis ganviTarebas,
radgan aseTi Zalisxmeva verasodes miscemT
maT sakmaris Semosavals.
axalgazrdebis umravlesobam, romlebsac
Cven gavesaubreT, gamoTqva imedi, rom isini
SeZleben saqarTvelos sxvadasxva adgilebSi gadasvlas, radgan ergneTSi arsebuli
SesaZleblobebi Zalian mZimea.
ganaTlebis gaumjobeseba ver SeuSlis
xels axalgazrdebis migracias
ergneTSi ganaTlebis xarisxi Zalian hgavs
saqarTvelos sxva soflebis ganaTlebis
dones. saSualo skola karg fizikur mdgomareobaSia, Tumca ganaTlebis xarisxi
SesaZloa dabali iyos did qalaqebTan SedarebiT. zogadad, es xSiri problemaa qarTul soflebSi.
samwuxarod, mxolod ganaTlebis xarisxis
gaumjobeseba mniSvnelovnad ver gamoasworebs soflis sicocxlisunarianobas. pirvel rigSi, ganaTlebis sistemis gaumjobesebas ramodenime weli sWirdeba rom
aisaxos adgilobriv ekonomikaze. meores
mxriv, gaumjobesebis pirdapiri beneficiarebi, rogoric aris studentebi, metad
kvalificiurni iqnebian samuSao adgilebis
mopovebis mxriv ergneTis gareT. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganaTlebis gaumjobeseba
yovelTvis momgebiania, mSoblebma CvenTan
saubarSi gamoTqves ucnauri Sexeduleba,
rom ganaTlebis donis amaRlebam SesaZloa
daaCqaros axalgazrdebis soflidan migracia.
15
IV
sasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis jaWvi
winamdebare Tavi warmoadgens sofel ergneTSi sasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis
jaWvis problemebis Sejamebas. angariSSi
mocemulia eqvsi nawili. pirveli nawili
iZleva sazogadoebisTvis fermerobis mniSvnelobis mimoxilvas. momdevno ori nawili
aRwers xilisa da bostneulis warmoebis
arsebul mdgomareobas da problemebs,
romlis winaSec fermerebi imyofebian aRniSnul produqciasTan dakavSirebiT. momdevno ori nawili ganixilavs mesaqonleobas, mefrinveleobas da futkris Senaxvas.
meeqvse nawili moicavs garkveul rekomendaciebs sasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis
jaWvis gaumjobesebis mizniT.
1 sasoflo meurneobis mniSvneloba
istoriulad, adamianebi sofel ergneTSi
CarTulni iyvnen sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobaSi. fermebi mcire zomisaa, daaxloebiT erTi heqtari. aRniSnuli zomis nakveTebi sofelSi komerciuli meurneobis
ganviTarebis SezRudul SesaZleblobebs
uzrunvelyofs. sameurneo miwebis metismetad fragmentirebuli sakuTreba niSnavs,
rom sofelSi ojaxebis umravlesoba CarTulia naturalurTan miaxloebul meurneobaSi.
sofelSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis miwebi mTlianobaSi daaxloebiT 300 heqtars Seadgens. aqedan, mxolod
130 heqtari muSavdeba yovelwliurad. sofelSi xelmisawvdomi sasoflo-sameurneo
miwebis daaxloebiT 95 procenti kerZo
sakuTrebaSia.
adgilobrivi Sromisunariani mosaxleobis oTxmocdaaTi procenti dasaqmebulia
sasoflo-sameurneo seqtorSi da TiTqmis
yvela maTgani TviTdasaqmebulia (daaxloebiT 90 procenti). komerciul kompaniebSi
faqtiurad aravin muSaobs. mosaxleobis
mcire nawili (daaxloebiT 20 adamiani)
aseve muSaobs mezoblebis nakveTebSi. isini
16
dRiur gasamrjelod daaxloebiT 15 lars
iReben.
2 xilisa da bostneulis warmoeba
xilisa da bostneulis warmoeba warmoadgens soflis meurneobis ZiriTadad
seqtors sofelSi. sofelSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis niadagis mdgomareoba savsebiT Sesaferisia pirveladi xilisa da bostneuli warmoebisTvis. qvemoT
mocemuli sqema gviCvenebs sofelSi moweul
ZiriTad sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebs.
a) ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoeba
№
qveseqtori
1
xili
vaSli
2
xili
msxali
3
xili
qliavi
4
xili
atami
5
bostneuli
pomidori
6
bostneuli
kitri
7
bostneuli
kombosto
8
bostneuli
wiwaka
9
bostneuli
lobio
10
bostneuli
niori
11
bostneuli
xaxvi
12
marcv. kult.
xorbali
13
marcv. kult.
simindi
14
marcv. kult.
marcvleuli
produqtis
dasaxeleba
wyaro: TBSC-is analizi.
ukanaskneli oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi, adgilobrivma mosaxleobam daiwyo xorblis,
qeris da simindis pirveladi warmoeba. istoriulad, xorblis da simindis warmoeba
ar iyo ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianoba soflisTvis. Tumca, sarwyavi wylis
xelmisawvdomobis SezRudvebidan gamomdinare, fermerebi amJamad upiratesobas
aniWeben xorblis da simindis moyvanas am
b) warmoebis jami produqciis mixedviT (2010 2011)
wyaro: adgilobrivi municipaliteti.
kulturebis wylis deficitisadmi mdgradobis gamo.
qvemoT mocemuli cxrili gviCvenebs sxvadasxva sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis
warmoebis dones 2010- 2011 wlebSi. kombostos warmoebis zrda 2011 wels ganpirobebuli iyo 2010 wlis dabali mosavlisa da
maRali fasebis gamo. produqciis moculobis Sesaxeb cxrilSi mocemuli informacia
mocemulia tonaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 2011 wels dafiqsirda zrda yvela ZiriTadi produqciis
kategoriaSi, mosavalis raodenoba jer
kidev Zalian dabalia imasTan SedarebiT,
rac SesaZlebelia rom yofiliyo, qvemoT
mocemul cxrilis Tanaxmad.
g) faqtiuri da standartuli pro­duq­ti­
u­loba produqciis mixedviT
№
produqcia
1
vaSli
mosavali
erT
heqtarze
6 tona
standarti
erT
heqtarze
12 tona
2
xorbali
2 tona
4 tona
3
simindi
3 tona
6 tona
wyaro: adgilobrivi municipaliteti, TBSC‑is sakonsultacio analizi.
miwis saerTo farTobi, romelic gamoyofilia xilis gasaSeneblad Seadgens daaxloebiT 65 heqtars; es aris mTeli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis 20 procenti
da damuSavebuli miwis nakveTebis naxevari.
yovelwliuri kulturebi iTeseba 10 heqtarze, rac Seadgens sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis 3 procents, xolo damuSavebuli
nakveTebis 8 procents.
vaSli da atami yvelaze kultivirebadi xilia, romelsac mohyveba msxali da qliavi.
fermerebma gviTxres, rom xilis mosavlis
daaxloebiT 85 procenti realizaciisTvis,
rogorc axali, aseve gadamuSavebisTvis gankuTvnili xili, saTanado xarisxisaa. darCenili 15 procenti nagavSi iyreba an xandaxan
gamoiyeneba saqonlis sakvebad. xarisxiani
nayofis oTxmoci procenti Zalzed dabal
fasad iyideba gadamamuSavebel qarxnebSi,
kilogrami daaxloebiT 0,10 lari. darCenil 20 procents adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
piradad moixmars an iyideba goris da iSviaTad, Tbilisis bazrebze.
rac Seexeba bostneuls, 80 procenti iyideba bazrebze, xolo 20 procenti ki adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier inaxeba piradi
moxmarebisTvis.
ukanasknel wlebSi, yovelwliuri kul­
ture­bis, xorblis, simindisa da pomidoris
mimarT dafiqsida interesis zrda. baRCeulidan miRebuli mosavlisgan gansxvavebiT, yovelwliuri kulturebis mosavali
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba saojaxo moxmarebisTvis da mxolod daaxloebiT 40 procentis realizacia xdeba bazarze. Tu arsebobs warmoebis zrda, damatebiTi mosavali
iyideba gorSi.
17
3 xilisa da bostneulis warmoebis
winaSe arsebuli problemebi
fermerebis winaSe dgas mravali sasoflosameurneo problema. zogierTi maTgani
fundamenturia da maT mosagvareblad,
saWiroa xelisuflebis an donori organizaciebis Careva. danarCeni sirTuleebi ki
SedarebiT advilad gadasalaxavia. winamdebare nawilSi mocemulia am problemebis
dawvrilebiTi ganxilva.
fermerebs aqvT sasoflo-sameurneo sairigacio sistemis gamoyenebis SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi
sairigacio wylis drouli xelmisawvdomoba Zalian mniSvnelovania fermerebisaTvis
produqtiulobis kuTxiT. warsulSi ergneTi sakmarisi sarwyavi wyliT maragdeboda
cxinvalis regionis/samreT oseTis teritoriis gavliT arsebuli sistemiT.
amJamad konfliqtTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gamo miwodeba ar aris stabiluri da xSirad adgili aqvs wylis deficits
sofelSi. pirobiTi administraciuli sazRvris (ABL) miRma sistemis mxardaWeris
nakleboba pirdapir zegavlenas axdens
wyalmomaragebis arastabilurobasa da
araefeqturobaze, rogorc gviTxres de
faqto samxeT oseTis xelisuflebis mxridan zogjer gamiznulad xdeba wylis gadaketva.
2012 wlis TebervalSi, goris municipalitetma wamoiwyo ramodenime aTasi laris
Rirebulebis proeqti sofel ergneTSi
alternatiuli sarwyavi sistemis agebis
mizniT. proeqti dasrulda 2012 wlis maisis Sua ricxvebSi. Tumca axali sarwyavi
sistemis mier miwodebuli wylis raodenoba soflisTvis kvlav ar aris sakmarisi,
raTa moxdes yvela sasoflo - sameurneo
nakveTis wyliT momarageba. soflisTvis
sakmarisi sarwyavi wylis miwodebis uzrunvelsayofad, sistema jer kidev saWiroebs
damatebiT tumbos. aqedan gamomdinare,
sarwyavi wylis problema nawilobriv isev
mougvarebeli rCeba da im miwebTan dakavSirebiTac ki, romlebsac aqvT mudmivi xelmisawvdomoba sarwyav wyalze jer kidev arsebobs problemebi wylis nakadis da arxebis
kuTxiT, romlebic saWiroeben gawmendas an
18
reabilitacias.
sarwyavi wylis misawvdomobis ararseboba
mavne zegavlenas axdens soflis meurneobis
seqtorSi arsebul saukeTeso sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis umravlesobaze. es problema imdenad mZimea, rom sasoflo-sameurneo
Rirebulebis jaWvis sxva problemebis gancalkevebiT gadaWra (aRniSnulia qvemoT)
faqtiurad ganuxorcielebadi xdeba; anu,
sanam raime mniSvnelovan gaumjobesebas
eqneba adgili sxva sferoebSi, manamde
saswrafod unda gadaiWras sarwyavi wylis
problema. magaliTad, fermerebTan erTad,
rogorc fokus jgufebSi, aseve quCebSi
gasaubrebis dros, Cven ganvixileT mTeli
rigi sasoflo-sameurneo problemebi da
SesaZlo gadaWris gzebi am mdgomareobidan
gamosasvlelad. TiTqmis yvelam ganacxada,
rom sanam sarwyavi sistemis problema ar
mogvardeba, sxva problemebis gadaWraze
saubaric ki zedmetia.
erTis mxriv, calkeuli fermerebisTvis,
romlebsac aqvT wvdoma sarwyav wyalTan,
sarwyavTan aradakavSirebuli problemebi
(ganxilulia mogvianebiT) SeiZleba gaum­
jobesdes. meores mxriv, gacilebiT ufro
rTulia im fermerebis mdgomareobis gamosworeba, romlebsac amJamad aqvT sarwyav
wyalTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. maTTvis sakmarisi sarwyavi wylis miwodeba
warmoadgens nomer pirvel prioritets.
rogorc ki wylis xelmisawvdomoba garantirebuli gaxdeba, Seiqmneba damatebiTi
SesaZleblobebi gaumjobesebisTvis, ara
marto sasoflo, aramed aseve arasasoflo
sferoSi.
da bolos, sofel ergneTSi ukiduresad
ganuviTarebeli soflis meurneobis Rirebulebis jaWvis ZiriTadi mizezi aris dabali xarisxis sarwyavi sistema. yvela sxva
problema, romlebic ganxilulia qvemoT,
meore xarisxovania.
fermerebi iyeneben moZvelebul agronomiul meTodebs
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani problema ergneTis soflis meurneobis seqtorSi
aris produqtiulobis dabali done, xolo
produqtiulobis dabali maCveneblis ZiriTadi mizezi ki ganpirobebulia moZvele-
buli agronomiuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT.
rebis konkurentunarianobis doneze.
Cven gamovkiTxeT fermerebi rogorc fokus
jgufebSi, aseve quCebSi im agronomiuli meTodebis Sesaxeb, rasac isini iyeneben. maT
mier mowodebulma aRwerilobam daadastura, rom sofel ergneTSi fermerebi ar iyeneben Tanamedrove meTodebs pesticidebis,
sasuqebisa, Teslebisa (genetikisa) da nergebis marTvis procesebTan dakavSirebiT.
2008 wlis konfliqtis Sedegad, soflis
mosaxleobisaTvis daiketa CrdiloeTis bazari, am garemoebam rasakvirvelia Zlieri
negatiuri gavlena moaxdina sasoflo-sameurneo gayidvebze. amJamad, adgilobrivi
fermerebisTvis erTaderT bazars warmoadgens goris da Tbilisis bazrebi. adgilobrivi fermerebis umravlesoba produqciis realizacias axdens gorSi; xolo
mosaxleobis mxolod aTi procenti hyidis
produqts TbilisSi.
magaliTad, ergneTSi fermerebis umravlesoba sakuTar sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebSi jer kidec iyenebs pesticidebisa
da sasuqebis moyris xelovnur meTodebs.
es meTodi Zalzed moZvelebulia; misi gamoyeneba niSnavs, rom mosavlis mxolod 50
procenti SeiZleba iqnas daculi sxvadasxva virusebis da parazitebisgan. mosavali
ufro advilad ziandeba amindis cvlilebebis gamo.
pesticidebis moyris xelovnuri meTodebis
gamoyenebis kidev erTi negatiuri Sedegi
aris dabali xarisxis saboloo produqti. magaliTad, vaSlis baRebSi, mosavlis
daaxloebiT 35 procentis realizacia SeiZleba moxdes axali produqtebis bazarze,
xolo danarCeni 50 procenti ki, mxolod
iyideba gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebSi gacilebiT dabal fasad.
arsebobs ori ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba jer kidev iyenebs
moZvelebul agronomiul praqtikas. pirveli mizezi aris Tanamedrove praqtikis
Sesaxeb praqtikuli gamocdilebis da codnis deficiti, xolo meore mizezi ki aris
Sesabamisi meqanizatoruli momsaxurebis
ar arseboba, romelic saWiroa Tanamedrove
agronomiuli teqnikis ganxorcielebisTvis.
sasoflo-sameurneo marketingi Zalzed
cudad aris organizebuli da araefeqturia
sofelSi amJamad ar aris sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativi an msgavsi bazarze orientirebuli struqtura. sasoflo-sameurneo
kooperativebis ar arseboba da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi jgufuri muSaobis TavlsazrisiT
uaryofiTad aisaxeba adgilobrivi ferme-
Cven gamovkiTxeT fermerebi fokus jgufebSi da quCebSi erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobisa da kooperativebis an sxva sameurneo
marketinguli erTeulis Camoyalibebis
perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb. umravlesoba SeTanxmda, rom garkveuli saxis TanamSromloba
Zalian sasargeblo iqneba; bevrma fermerma
aseve ganacxada, rom maT ar sjeraT, Tuki
aseTi TanamSromloba praqtikuli iqneba,
ra Tqma unda, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fermerebs sakuTari ZalebiT mouwevT amgvari
TanamSromlobis inicireba.
Sesaferisi sasawyobe sivrcis nakleboba aiZulebs mexile fermerebs Tavisi mosavali
sezonis pikze gayidon
s. ergneTSi mexileebi mosavals ZiriTadad
abinaveben sakuTari saxlis sardafebSi an
saxlis sxva nawilSi, 2008 wlis konfliqtis
Semdeg ojaxebis didi nawili problemis winaSe dadga, nebismier SemTxvevaSi mosavlis
aseTi meTodiT Senaxva naklebad efeqturia
vidre xilis Senaxva Tanamedrove sasawyobe
pirobebSi.
mexile fermerebma gviTxres, rom vinaidan
maT ar SeuZliaT saTanadod daabinaon mosavali, isini iZulebulni arian mosavali
sezonis pikze gayidon.
sofel ergneTSi, wliuri mosavlis 20
procenti nadgurdeba saTanado sasawyobe
obieqtebis deficitis gamo.
fermerebs aqvT maRali xarisxis masalebis
gamoyenebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba
fermerebTan gasaubrebam cxadi gaxada,
rom sofelSi arsebobs saTanado masalebis
gamoyenebis aradamakmayofilebeli SesaZ-
19
lebloba. magaliTad, fermerebis mxolod
garkveuli nawili dadis gorSi kargi xarisxis Teslis SesaZenad; danarCeni fermerebi iyeneben adgilobrivad arsebul,
Tumca dabali xarisxis Teslebs. adgilobrivi fermerebisTvis aseve problematur
sa­kiTxs warmoadgens pesticidebi da sasuqebi.
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki saTanado xarisxis
masalebi xelmisawvdomi iqneba, mainc rCeba
sami problema, romelic winaswar gadaWras
saWiroebs.
■ aRniSnuli masalebi Zviria; Tumca fermerebma gviTxres, rom isini mzad arian
gadaixadon meti da SeiZinon saTanado
masalebi, Tuki maT garantia eqnebaT, rom
amiT maTi Semosavali da fasebic Tanazomierad gaizrdeba.
■ fermerebma CvenTan saubarSi ganacxades,
rom maSinac ki, Tu isini darwmundebian
masalebis efeqturobaSi, maT mainc SesaZloa ar aRmoaCndeT sakmarisi saxsrebi (sabrunavi kapitali) raTa realurad
SeiZinon masalebi.
■ Cven vTxoveT fermerebs gaeziarebinaT
CvenTvis maTi codna, Tu rogor unda
moxdes masalebis saTanadod gamoyeneba;
maTi komentarebidan gamomdinare sCans,
rom maT ar gaaCniaT saTanado saSualebebis sworad gamoyenebis sakmarisi teqnikuri unar-Cvevebi.
es metyvelebs imaze, rom sofel ergneTSi
Tanamedrove masalebis farTod gamoyenebis dawyebamde saWiro iqneba garkveuli
sademonstracio nakveTebis gamoyofa da
teqnikuri gadamzadeba.
4 mesaqonleoba,mefrinveleoba
mefutkreoba
da
mecxoveleobis sfero ar warmoadgens wamyvan seqtors ergneTSi, rac ZiriTadad
ganpirobebulia saZovrebis naklebobiT.
saqonlis gamosakvebad, adgilobrivebi iyeneben mosavlis aRebis Semdgom darCenil
gzebsa da nakveTebis kideebs.
produqtiuloba dabalia rogorc rZis,
aseve xorcis warmoebis seqtorSic. saSualod, Zroxa dReSi xuTidan Svid litramde
20
rZes iZleva. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul
bazarze maRali xarisxis naturalur rZeze
moTxovna maRalia, ergneTis mosaxleobis
umravlesoba sufTa rZes iyenebs piradi
moxmarebisTvis an yvelis sawarmoeblad.
am situaciis ZiriTadi mizezi aris miwodebis qselis problema. fermerebi ergneTSi
erTianad ver awarmoeben sakmarisi raodenobiT axal rZes, rac daainteresebs gadamamuSavebel kompaniebs.
rZis warmoebis dabali produqtiulobis
donis gamo, sofelSi yvelis warmoebis
seqtoric ar aris ganviTarebuli. Tumca,
axali rZisgan gansxvavebiT, soflis mosaxleoba axerxebs yvelis bazarze realizacias. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, warmoebuli
yvelis naxevari realizaciaSi midis.
xorcis realizacia TiTqmis ar xdeba.
ruseTTan 2008 wlis omis Sedegad, ojaxebma pirutyvis, Rorebis, kurdRlebisa da
frinvelis umetesi nawili dakarges. adgilobrivi fermerebis mxolod 20 procentma
SeZlo omamdeli sasoflo-sameurneo mdgomareobis aRdgena. es aris magaliTi imisa,
rom ojaxebma dakarges ekonomikuri aqtivebi, ramac mZime gavlena iqonia maT ekonomikur TviTuzrunvelyofaze.
mefrinveleobis dargi, amJamad, sofelSi
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sayofacxovrebo
moxmarebis mizniT. TiTqmis yvela ojaxs
hyavs frinveli; warmoebuli produqtis 80
procents mosaxleoba iyenebs piradi moxmarebisTvis, xolo darCenil 20 procents
ki bazrebze hyidian.
sofel ergneTSi mefutkreoba cudad aris
ganviTarebuli, mxolod ramodenime ojaxi
misdevs mefutkreobas, isini ZiriTadad
koncentrirebuli arian skebis raodenobis gazrdaze. Tafli ZiriTadad adgilobrivad iyideba.
5
mesaqonleobis,mefrinveleobis
da me­
fut­
kreobis winaSe arsebuli
problemebi
sofelSi aris specifiuri gamowvevebi,
romlebic aseve dakavSirebulia aRniSnul
seqtorTan. zogierTi maTgani mibmulia
sasoflo-sameurneo sirTuleebTan, xolo
danarCeni ki ukavSirdeba kvalifikaciisa
d) sofel ergneTSi Sinauri cxovelebis ganawileba
wyaro: TBSC–is analizi
da gamocdilebis naklebobas an Tanamedrove tendenciebis danergvisTvis saWiro
kapitalis ukmarisobas.
fermerebi ar iyeneben jiSebis seleqciis
process
sofelSi Zroxebis umravlesoba Zalzed dabalproduqtiulia. TiTo Zroxaze, rZis saSualo raodenoba dReSi Seadgens daaxloebiT xuTidan Svid litrs. rZis an xorcis
warmoebisTvis gankuTvnili msxvilfexa
pirutyvs Soris gansxvaveba ar arsebobs.
amJamad, arsebobs Sereuli jiSebi, romlebic ar aris optimizirebuli raime saxis
moxmarebisTvis, da amdenad, maTgan sargebeli Zalzed mcirea.
Zroxis saSualo wona aris 350 kilogrami,
450 kilogramTan SedarebiT, rac SesaZlebelia ufro optimizirebuli jiSebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
Tuki metaforas gamoviyenebT, es swored
qaTmisa da kvercxis problemaa. fermerebma gviTxres, rom isini ar anxorcieleben
investirebas mecxoveleobis ukeTes genetikaSi (da kvebis gegmebSi), vinaidan ar
arsebobs gasaRebis bazari gazrdili rZis
warmoebisTvis; sofelSi ar aris gadamamuSavebeli kompaniebi. meores mxriv, rZis
gadamamuSavebelma kompaniebma CvenTan saubarSi ganacxades, rom maTi sofelSi aryofnis mizezi aris sofelSi rZis arasakmarisi
warmoeba, rac ver uzrunvelyofs ergneTSi
kompaniebis momgebian saqmianobas.
fermerebi iyeneben kvebis marTvis ara­
damakmayofilebel procesebs
adgilobrivi fermerebi iyeneben kvebis
menejmentis Zalian moZvelebul praqtikas. fermerebma ganacxades, rom isini sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebsa da soflis
meurneobis pirvelad produqtebs pirutyvis gamosakvebad iyeneben. msxvilfexa
pirutyvisTvis isini ar iyeneben siloss an
Sereuli tipis kvebis menejmentis praqtikas. soflis meurneobis pirveladi produqtebis gamoyeneba pirutyvis gamosakvebad
warmoadgens Zalzed qve-optimalur praqtikas.
zemoT aRniSnuli problemis mTavari mizezi aris Sereuli tipis pirutyvis sakvebisTvis saWiro ingredientebis SesaZenad
saWiro sakmarisi sabrunavi kapitalis nakleboba da aseve praqtikuli unarebis deficiti sakvebis momzadebasTan dakavSirebiT.
TumcaRa, fermerebi rom iyenebdnen kvebiTi
menejmentis ukeTes praqtikas, warmoeba metad gaizrdeboda, rac moaxdenda gazrdili
xarjebis kompensirebas.
fermerebi SezRudulni arian wylis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT
wylis xelmisawvdomoba Zalian mniSvnelovania msxvilfexa pirutyvis produqtiulobis maRali donis misaRwevad. amJamad, sofelSi pirutyvisTvis ar arsebobs sakmarisi
21
wyali; calkeul fermerebis umravlesobas
ar SeuZliaT Seinaxon (anu, uzrunvelyon
isini wyliT) orze meti Zroxa.
re­
Se. amJamad, veterinaris konsultaciis
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, fermerebi iZulebulni arian mimdebare soflebs mimarTon.
rogorc adre avRniSneT, am situciis mizezi
aris sarwyavi sistemis mZime mdgomareoba.
uaxloesi veterinaruli centri aris gorSi
da karaleTSi. bevrma fermerma ganacxada,
rom isini ubralod ar sargebloben veterinaruli samsaxurebiT, garda ukiduresi
(da savaraudod, Zalian gvian) SemTxvevebisa. Sedegad, cxovelebi avadmyofoben da
naklebad produqtiulni xdebian.
fermerebi ver sargebloben veterine­
ruli momsaxurebiT
SeuZlebelia mesaqonleobis seqtorSi pro­­
duqtiulobis gazrda veterinaruli mom­
saxurebis mudmivi xelmisawvdomobis ga­
6 rekomendaciebi
sebisTvis
sasoflo-sa­me­ur­neo
Rirebulebis
qselis
gaum­jo­be­
Cven CamovayalibeT mTeli rigi rekomendaciebi, romelic dafuZnebulia Cvens mier Catarebul analizze. winamdebare nawilSi mocemulia aRniSnuli rekomendaciebi.
⇒ unda moxdes sarwyavi wylis sistemis srulyofa, raTa srulad dafaros soflis
saWiroeba
kargad ganviTarebuli da efeqturad funqcionirebadi sarwyavi sistemis gareSe,
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia soflis sasoflosameurneo seqtorSi raime saxis Sedegze
orientirebuli cvlilebebis moxdena.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sofelSi dainerga
axali sarwyavi sistema, igi ar funqcionirebs efeqturad, vinaidan mas SeuZlia
wyali miawodos sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebis mxolod nawils.
sasoflo-sameurneo seqtorSi, erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes prioritetul investicias warmoadgens centraluri sairiga-
cio sistemis efeqtur funqcionirebaze
muSaoba.
amas garda, rogorc Cven SevamCnieT,
sarwyavi arxebi aseve saWiroebs gawmendas;
rac ar aris dakavSirebuli did danaxarjebTan.
aRniSnuli rekomendaciebis ganxorcielebam SesaZloa gaaormagos da gaasammagos
fermis produqtiuloba da Semosavali
da efeqturi gaxdos soflis meurneobis
sferoSi gatarebuli yvela danarCeni RonisZieba.
⇒sasurvelia adgilobrivi kooperativis Seqmna
ergneTSi sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis
gadanawileba Zalian fragmentirebulia.
sofelSi, fermerebis umravlesobas ekuTvnis 1,2 ha sasoflo-sameurneo miwis nakveTi. mcire zomis nakveTebi, da Sesabamisad
dabali Semosavali, metismetad zRudavs
individualuri fermerebis bazarze Sesabamisobas da vaWrobis unars. fermerebs
sTavazoben sabazro fass (dabali), xolo
maT ki ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi savaWro siZliere raTa fasebi gazardon.
sofelSi sasoflo-sameurneo kooperati­
vis Camoyalibeba dadebiT zegavlenas
mo­
axdens fermerebis savaWro siZliereze. gar­
da amisa, adgilobrivi ferme-
22
rebi, rogorc jgufurad, aseve kooperativebis meS­
veobiT, SeZleben gainawilon
ZviradRire­bu­li investiciebis xarjebi
(magaliTad, meqa­nizaciis servisi da wveTovani sarwyavi sistemebi).
kooperativma aseve SesaZloa Seqmnas individualuri fermerebisTvis sasawyobe
sivrcis uzrunvelyofis SesaZlebloba,
rac saSualebas miscems mexile fermerebs mosavlis nawili gayidon arasezonur
periodSi, rodesac fasebi 50%–ze metia.
mTeli soflis momsaxurebaze gaTvlili
Sesabamisi sawyobis aSenebis Rirebuleba
daaxloebiT 100 000 aSS dolars Seadgens,
rac savaraudod Seqmnis ojaxebis wliuri
Semosavalis mravali aTasi lariT gazrdis potencials.
rogorc mogvianebiT iqneba aRniSnuli,
saukeTeso variantia qvemo niqozSi arsebul kooperativTan filialis Camoyalibeba.
⇒ meqanizaciis momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomoba unda gaizardos
sofel ergneTSi, warmatebuli soflis
meurneobis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan
bariers warmoadgens meqanizaciis momsaxurebisa da Sesabamisi sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis gamoyenebis SezRuduli
SesaZlebloba. CvenTan saubarSi fermerebma ganacxades, rom dabali Semosavali
ganpirobebulia miwebis iSviaTi kultivirebis gamo; sxvadasxva soflebidan teqnikis Camoyvana ar aris mosaxerxebeli da
amave dros ZviradRirebulia, da Sesabamisad, arc xSirad aqvs amgvar RonisZiebas
adgili.
sofels esaWiroeba Sesabamisi Tanamedrove teqnika, rac fermerebis muSaobas
gaamartivebs da mosavalsac sagrZnoblad
gazrdis. sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis
umravlesoba eTmoba baRebs an marcvleul
kulturebs; maTi dargva yvelaze xSirad
xeliT xorcieldeba, rac ar warmoadgens
warmatebul praqtikas, vinaidan aRniSnuli procesi moiTxovs met drosa da Sromas.
am rekomendaciis ganxorcieleba daexmareba adgilobriv fermerebs produqtiulobis gazrdaSi. soflis mosaxleobas
eqneba saSualeba misdios agrokalendars
da droulad daamuSavon sakuTari sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebi.
⇒ sasurvelia Seiqmnas sademonstracio nakveTebi
ergneTis soflis meurneobaSi xilsa da
bostneuls yovelTvis didi adgili ekava. miuxedavad amisa, mimdinare mosavali
da teqnologiebi, romlebic gamiznulia
mosavlis gazrdili raodenobis miRebaze,
moZvelebulia. magaliTad, fermerebi iyeneben Zvel pesticidebs, romlebic araefeqturia. amis Sedegad, fermerebis saoperacio xarjebi ufro maRalia, radgan
saWiro xdeba Zveli pesticidebis intensiuri gamoyeneba. amdenad, rekomendirebulia Zveli naTesebis gaaxalgazrdaveba
da Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebis dawyeba mosavlis moyvanis procesSi.
Tumca, fermerebis gancxadebis Tanaxmad,
maTTvis aucilebelia darwmuneba, rom
Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyeneba
sasargebelo iqneba. aRniSnulis ganxor-
cieleba moiTxovs adgilobrivi satesto
nakveTebis Seqmnas. sawyis etapze, sademonstracio nakveTi SeiZleba moewyos 500
dan 2500 m2 farTobze. gaiTvaliswineT,
rom xilis baRebis SemTxvevaSi, am RonisZiebas mravali weli dasWirdeba, xolo
bostneulis sademonstracio nakveTebis
mowyoba erT weliwadSia SesaZlebeli.
sademonstracio nakveTebi daxmarebas
gauwevs fermerebs SeiZinon praqtikuli
codna da gamocdileba soflis meurneobaSi Tanamedrove praqtikis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb. sademonstracio nakveTebi iqneba
am konkretul sferoSi axali meTodebis
demonstrireba, raTa adgilobrivma fermerebma sakuTari TavaliT dainaxon, Tu
sad da rogor unda moxdes gaumjobeseba.
⇒ mesaqonleobis seqtorSi unda dainergos produqtiuli jiSebi da Tanamedrove
kvebis menejmentis praqtika
ergneTSi cxovelebis Sejvareba ar aris
wamyvani seqtori, rac ganpirobebulia
saZovrebis naklebobiT. miuxedavad amisa,
ganviTarebis potenciali mainc arsebobs.
Tavisufali miwis nakveTebi unda gamoiyos
specialuri balaxis dasaTesad, romelic
gamoiyeneba pirutyvi sakvebad. cxovelebis Sejvarebis seqtoris gaaxalgazrdavebis damatebiTi stimuli moicavs axali
pirutyvis jiSebis Seqmnas xelovnuri ganayofierebis gziT.
am rekomendaciebis ganxorcieleba SesaZ­
23
loa daexmaros adgilobriv fermerebs
iyolion maRalproduqtiuli saqonlis
jiSebi. pirutyvi SesaZloa iyos ukeTesad gamokvebili da movlili. da Sedegad,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Semosavalic
gaizrdeba.
maRalproduqtiuli pirutyvis jiSebi,
romelic SeiZleba danergil iqnas ergneTSi aris holsteini, Sveicariuli yavisferi
da kavkasiis Sereuli jiSebi.
⇒agro-konsultaciis xelmisawvdomoba unda gaumjobesdes
soflis meurneobis seqtorSi arsebuli Tanamedrove teqnologiebis Sesaxeb
informaciis nakleboba aris erT-erTi
problema, romelic gamovlinda fermerebTan Cveni gasaubrebis dros. aRniSnuli
moicavs informacias pesticidebis, sasuqebis, axali kulturebis, manqana-danadgarebis da sxv. Sesaxeb. sofels aseve ar
hyavs kvalificiuri agronomi da veterinari. profesionaluri unar-Cvevebisa da
kvalificiuri konsultaciis deficitis
gamo, am sferos sargeblianoba dabalia
da Sedegad, bevri fermeri iRebs mosalodnelze mcire mosavals.
agro-sakonsultacio momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis mizniT, sofeli unda iqnas
uzrunvelyofili veterinaris da agronomis momsaxurebiT, romlebic saTanado
daxmarebas gauweven mTels sofels. garda amisa, rekomendirebulia mTeli rigi
intensiuri gadasamzadebeli kursebis
Catareba Tanamedrove sasoflo teqnologiebis Sesaxeb.
am rekomendaciebis ganxorcieleba daxmarebas gauwevs adgilobriv fermerebs
konkretul sameurneo sferoSi maTi teqnikuri unarebis gaZlierebaSi. Sedegad,
adgilobrivi fermeri gaaZlierebs soflis meurneobis produqtebis warmoebis
moculobas, romelic iqneba ufro efeqturi da moutans mas maRal Semosavlebs.
⇒sasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis qselis erTi an meti prioriteti unda ganviTardes
fermerebis komentarebis safuZvelze da
aseve niadagze, amindze da fermebis mdgomareobaze Cvens mier ganxorcielebul
dakvirvebze dayrdnobiT, gamovlinda
mTeli rigi Rirebulebis jaWvi, romelTa
ganviTareba SesaZlebelia. dRevandel
dRes arc erTi Rirebulebis jaWvi ar aris
kargad ganviTarebuli, amitom es perspeqtivis sakiTxia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ergneTSi amJamad
arc erTi soflis meurneobis Rirebulebis jaWvi kargad ganviTarebuli ar aris,
adgilobrivi fermerebisTvis kvlav arsebobs SesaZleblobebi sasoflo-sameurneo seqtorSi. qvemoT mocemulia soflis
24
meurneobis potenciuri Rirebulebis
jaWvi, romelic SeiZleba ganviTardes
sofelSi.
■ pomidvris pirveladi warmoeba
■ kitris pirveladi warmoeba
■ xorblis pirveladi warmoeba
■ simindis pirveladi warmoeba
■ atmis pirveladi warmoeba
■ vaSlis pirveladi warmoeba
■ nioris pirveladi warmoeba
■ xaxvis pirveladi warmoeba
■ rZis produqtebis seqtori (rZisa da
yvelis warmoeba)
■mefutkreobis seqtori (Taflis warmoeba).
V
NOarasasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis jaWvebi
es Tavi exeba arasasoflo-sameurneo seqtors sofel ergneTSi. igi Sedgeba ori
nawilisagan. pirveli aRwers sofelSi arsebul negatiur suraTs dRevandeli dRisaTvis da uaxloes momavalSi. meore nawili
gvTavazobs sam rekomendacias, romlebic
SesaZloa gaiTvaliswinebuli iqnas arasasoflo-sameurneo sferoebSi monawileobis miRebamde.
1 arsebuli situacia
arasasoflo-sameurneo saqmianoba sofel
ergneTSi sustadaa ganviTarebuli. mosaxleobis mxolod 4 % aris dakavebuli
kerZo seqtorSi, da 6% - sazogadoebriv
seqtorSi.
ramodenime arsebuli mikro biznesi, rogoricaa samkervalo da samWedlo amJamad
funqcionireben, magram isini ZiriTadad
Zalin mcire, ojaxuri iniciativis biznesis
tips miekuTvneba da produqciis udidesi
nawili iyideba s. ergneTis gareT
sofelSi erTaderTi patara maRaziaa, romelic sasursaTo da pirveladi daniSnulebis sagnebiT movaWris funqcias asrulebs.
fokus-jgufSi gamokiTxuli adamianebi da
gamvlelebi, romelTac Cven araoficialurad gamovelaparakeT, gvacnobebdnen,
rom aseTi saqmianoba arc Tu Semosavliania da isini eridebian masSi monawileobas.
rogorc gvacnobes, maRazia erTaderTia
sofelSi. amasTan, igi dReSi mxolod sam
saaTs muSaobs. fokus-jgufebSi monawileebma daasaxeles sacxobi an saparikmaxero,
rogorc potenciurad mdgradi biznesis
magaliTebi. kerZo arasasoflo-sameurneo
seqtorSi saqmianobis Zalze dabali done
axalia sofel ergneTisaTvis. 2004 wlamde,
rodesac ergneTis bazari sruli datvirTviT muSaobda, soflis macxovreblebis
kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebis masStabi Zalian
mniSvnelovani iyo. rodesac bazari daixura, am pirebma dakarges samuSao adgilebi,
miuxedavad imisa, iyvnen isini daqiravebulni Tu TviTdasaqmebulni. mosaxleobam an
datova sofeli, an dabrunda naturalurTan miaxloebul meurneobas.
2008 wlis konfliqtma didi gavlena iqonia
movlenebze, ramdenadac manamde arsebuli
sasoflo da arasasoflo produqciis CrdiloeTis bazari aseve daixura.
dRes, ramodenime individualuri momsaxurebis biznesis garda (mag, saparikmaxero) an savaWro biznesi ergneTis
ga­reT. albaT ar arsebobs sasoflo-same­
u­rneo sferos gareT raime SesaZleblobe­
bi mikro an mcire biznesisTvis.
Cven vambobT, rom albaT ar arsebobs SesaZleblobebi, radgan ar gagviTvaliswinebia SesaZleblobaTa CamonaTvalis sruli
nusxa. Tumca, Cveni gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, yvelanairi biznesis wamowyeba moiTxovs biznesis kritikul masas da dReisaTvis Cven, ubralod, ver vxedavT amgvaris
arsebobas sofel ergneTis arasasoflosameurneo Rirebulebis romelime jaWvSi.
TviT individualuri momsaxurebis biznesisaTvisac momavlis prognozi arasaxarbielod gamoiyureba. fokus-jgufis moqalaqeebTan da gamvlelebTan Cvenma saubrebma
cxadyo, rom bevri maTgani gorSi wasvlas
amjobinebs individualuri momsaxurebis
misaRebad, radgan iq fasebi ufro dabalia.
am, TiTqosda, aralogikur situacias myari
ekonomikuri safuZveli gaaCnia. mocemul
saqmianobaze moTxovna sofelSi Zalze
mcirea, vidre analogiur momsaxureobebze gorSi arsebuli moTxovna. Sesabamisad,
fiqsirebuli xarjebi - Tundac Zalze dabali - vrceldeba mxolod momxmarebelTa
Zalian mcire nawilze. amis gamo fasebi momsaxurebaze maRalia, rogorc gvacnobes,
ufro maRalic ki, vidre gorSi. es mcire
bazrebze arsebuli saerTo situaciaa.
dabolos, savsebiT logikurad gveCveneba,
25
rom arasasoflo-sameurneo mcire da mikro
biznesis ganviTareba SeiZleba mxolod da
mxolod grantebisa da sxva investiciebis
meSveobiT da maT, savaraudod, SemdgomSic
dasWirdeba sufsidiebi masStabis ekonomiis (efeqtis) simciris gamo.
gamonaklisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod
is mikro biznesi, romelic moTxovnadia ergneTis gareT, biznesis mflobelebis aRiarebuli unarebis da/an saWiro kontaqtebis
wyalobiT. Tumca, kidev erTxel, bazrebis
wvdomisaTvis saWiro transportirebis da
sxva saeqspluatacio sarjebi sofelSi, sadac arasasoflo–samerurneo RirebulebaTa jaWvi ganviTarebuli ar aris, SesaZlebelia metismetad maRali iyo, imisaTvis
rom biznesis mflobelebma mniSnvnelovani
mogeba miiRon.
ekonomikuri kuTxiT arsebobs SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi nebismieri arasasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis ja­
Wvi­
saTvis,
SeinarCunos
mdgradoba
grZel­vadian perspeqtivaSi
es daskvna gamomafxizleblad moqmedebs,
Tumca amave dros eyrdnoba myar ekonomi-
kur safuZvels:
■ sufTa Semosavali mcirea; Tu SevkrebT
yvela Sinameurneobis mTlian Semosavals da Semdeg gadavxedavT procentul
wils, romelic SesaZloa daxarjul iqnas
adgilobrivi biznesSi - mag. dalaqTan am biznesis Semosavlebis Tanxa mcire
iqneba.
■ekonomiis masStabi sofelSi Zalian
mcirea biznessaqmianobisaTvis arasasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis jaWvebSi;
mcire masStabi niSnavs maRal xarjebs
da Sesatyvisad maRal fasebs.
■ adgilobriv moqalaqeebs xSirad ar aqvT
sakmarisi samewarmeo orientacia an Rrma
samewarmeo codna-gamocdileba, raTa
momgebianad awarmoon biznesi.
situacia ufro mankieri wres mogvagonebs.
erTaderTi gamosavali am viTarebidan,
albaT, soflis meurneobis zrdis stimulirebaa, raTa moqalaqeebs odnav ufro
meti sufTa Semosavali gauCndeT, romlis
daxarjvac maT arasasoflo-sameurneo saqonelze SeeZlebaT.
2 rekomendaciebi arasasoflo-sameurneo Rirebulebis jaWvebisaTvis
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT wina TavSi ganxilul negatiur suraTs, gaCndeba kiTxva: ris gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli?. Cveni rekomendaciebi Semdegia:
⇒ unda moxdes kargad dokumentirebuli biznes-keisebis moTxovna raime grantebis
gacemamde an sxva saxis mxardaWeris aRmoCenamde axali arasasoflo-sameurneo biznesisaTvis
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, arsebobs kargi
ekonomikuri mizezebi, vivaraudoT, rom
arasasoflo-sameurneo biznesis umetesi
nawili momgebianad ver iwarmoebs sofel
ergneTSi, rogorc minimum manam, vidre ar
moxdeba saerTo ekonomikuri aqtivobis
zrda.
saxsrebis gaazrebuli gamoyenebis uzrunvelsayofad humanitaruli da ganviTrebis
kuTxiT dainteresebulma mxareebma unda
daiwyon biznesis analizi im perspeqtividan, rom idea SesaZlebelia ufrore ganuxorcielebeli iyos, vidre ganxorcielebadi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sofel
26
ergneTis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba saWiro
darCes mizanSewonilobisa da mdgradobis
Cveulebrivze ufro didi standarti.
magaliTad, soflis maRazias daexmarnen
humanitaruli organizaciebi, romelmac ganaaxla funqcionireba 2008 wlis
konfliqtis Semdeg. mflobelma gviTxra,
rom dasawyisSi igi Zalian motivirebuli
iyo da fiqrobda, rom es biznesi SeiZleba
momgebiani yofiliyo. axla ki igi xedavs,
rom sul ufro da ufro met adamians
surs igive saqonlis gorSi SeZena dabali fasebis gamo. albaT, mikrosafinanso
organizaciasTan erTad muSaobam da mis
mier sakredito moTxovnebze morgebam
SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos imis uzrunvelyofas, rom biznesi, romlis mxardaWerac
xorcieldeba, iyos WeSmaritad mdgradi.
Tumca, zogierT mikrosafinanso organizaciebSi gviTxres, rom isini arc Tu
Zalian kargi TvaliT uyureben sesxebis
gacemas samxreT oseTis administraciuli
sazRvarTan aseT siaxloveSi.
adgilobrivma moqalaqeebma gviTxres,
rom maT ar undaT mikrosafinanso organizaciebisaTvis saprocento ganakveTebis
gadaxda, rac daaxloebiT sami procentia
TveSi. meores mxriv, Tu axali biznesis
biznes-keisi ver gamoimuSavebs sakmaris
mogebas aseTi sesxis mxardasaWerad, maSin es savaraudod, ar unda iyos biznesis
mdgradobis kargi maCvenebeli.
⇒ grZelvadiani subsidirebis moTxovnebi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos axali mxardasaWeri biznesebisaTvis
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ekonomiis masStabi,
rogorc Cans, niSnavs, rom arasasoflo-sameurneo biznesis fasebi maRali iqneba manam, vidre ar miiRweva biznesis kritikuli
masa. es, savaraudod, moxdeba mxolod maSin, roca moZlierdeba sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianoba. manamde ki Zalze didia
albaToba, rom mxardasaWer arasasoflosameurneo bizness dasWirdes xangrZlivi
subsidiebi.
humanitaruli da ganviTrebis kuTxiT
dainteresebulma organizaciebma yuradRebiT unda gaiazron saSualo da Tundac
grZelvadiani subsidiebis potenciuri
moTxovnebi adgilobrivi biznesisaTvis,
sanam gascemen grantebs an sxva saxis daxmarebas.
⇒ unda Catardes treningebi biznesis koncepciaSi, Tumca, rogorc wesi, biznes-inkubatoris konteqstSi
moqalaqeebTan saubrebisas Cven aRmovaCineT, rom mewarmeobisa da biznesis aRqmis
done iseTi maRali ar aris rogorsac velodiT. es moulodneli iyo, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ergneTis bazris ekonomikur
aqtiurobas 2004 wlamde.
arsebobs damatebiTi biznes ganaTlebis
saWiroeba. adgilobrivebma gvacnobes,
rom isini rTul saqmed miiCneven biznesis
dawyebasa da SenarCunebas amgvari codnis gareSe. Sedegad, Zalian cota axali
biznesi iqna wamowyebuli da Zveli ki ar
viTardeba.
sofeli ergneTi ar gansxvavdeba saqarTvelos TiTqmis arcerTi sxva soflisagan
am TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, Cvens daskvnebze
dayrdnobiT, albaT raime ufro specifiuris gakeTeba iqneba saWiro.
xalxis mewarmeobisa da biznesis koncepciis treningebSi CarTvis magier, albaT,
ukeTesi iqneboda, SegverCia ramodenime
komli (Sinameurneoba), romelTac gaaCniaT raime idea da gagvevlo maTTan
biznesis ganviTarebis sruli gza, procesis dawyebidan bolomde. es SeiZleboda
gangvexila, rogorc biznes inkubatori,
marTalia, biznes inkubatoris fizikuri
adgilis gareSe.
TiToeul biznesSi finansuri investireba,
savaraudod, bevrad naklebi iqneba, vidre
axalSeqmnili biznesisaTvis treningebis
Catarebisa da biznes inkubatorisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli sxva momsaxurebis xarjebi. Tumca, Cvenis azriT, ramodenime
komlis mxardaWeris mxolod aseT dones
SeuZlia mdgradi Sedegebis motana.
27
VIinfrastruqtura
es Tavi mokled mimoixilavs sofeli ergneTis yvelaze mniSvnelovani infrastruqturuli elementebis mdgomareobas. dasawyisisTvis Cven mokled ganvixilavT arsebul
viTarebas da amis Semdeg davubrundebiT
sam rekomendacias.
flis am nawilSi Sida moxmarebis wyali, albaT, sam dReSi erTxel modis onkanebidan.
imis gamo, rom wylis amosaqaCad saWiro el.
energiis Rirebuleba maRalia.
Cveni SeniSvnebi emyareba fokus jgufebSi
Semaval adgilobrivebTan da gamvlelebTan saubrebs, rasac emateba Cveni sakuTari
dakvirvebebi sofelSi gatarebuli 7 dRis
ganmavlobaSi. Cven ar Cagvitarebia infrastruqturis sruli auditi.
ar xdeba soflis momarageba bunebrivi
airiT. aq jerjerobiT centraluri gazsadenic ki araa. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
Seisyidis Txevad gazs balonebSi, rac bunebrivi airis fass aormagebs.
bunebrivi airi
gzebi
1 arsebuli viTareba
sofel ergneTSi infrastruqtura sustadaa ganviTarebuli, iseve rogorc mTels
regionSi. am Tavis momdevno nawilSi ganxilulia konkretuli infrastruqturuli
elementebi, garda sarwyavi wylis miwodebis sistemisa, romlis ganxilvac ukve moxda
wina TavebSi.
Sida wyalmomaragebis sistema
ojaxebis umetesoba wyals Temis 3 saerTo
Widan iRebs. soflis daaxloebiT meoTxeds
kargi xarisxis wyali 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi miewodeba evrokavSiris dafinansebiT
DRC-s mier gakeTebuli arteziuli Widan.
soflis danarCeni mosaxleobisaTvis Sida
wyalmomaragebis sistema cud mdgomareobaSia, amas garda Cven gvacnobes, rom so-
sofel ergneTis municipalur centrTan
SemaerTebeli gza karg mdgomareobaSia,
magram soflis Sida gzebis mdgomareoba
ukiduresad cudia.
es viTareba auaresebs glexebis saqmianobis
efeqturobas, radgan maT xSiri gadaadgileba esaWiroebaT Tavisi savargulebis mosavlelad gansakuTrebiT Tesvisa da mosavlis aRebis periodSi da saboloo jamSi
mosavlis gadasazidad.
momsaxureba
sofels kargad aRWurvili skola gaaCnia,
Tumca mas bevri moswavle ar hyavs. uaxloesi ambulatoriuli klinika tirZnisSia, 6
km-is daSorebiT. saswrafo daxmareba efeqturad funqcionirebs. sofelSi ar arsebobs axalgazrduli centri.
2 rekomendaciebi
sarwyavi wylis garda, sofel ergneTs esaWiroeba sami didi infrastruqturuli proeqti.
es ukanasknelni aRwerilia Semdeg qveTavebSi.
⇒ sasmeli wylis sistema aRdgenil unda iqnas
komlebis absoluturi momarageba kargi
xa­risxis sasmeli wyliT erTerTi udidesi problemaa soflisaTvis. wylis qaCvis
xar­
jebis gamo soflis daaxloebiT sam
28
meoTxeds wyali iSviaTad da arasakmarisi
raodenobiT miewodeba. es epidemiis saSiSroebas aZlierebs.
sasmeli wylis problemis gadasawyvetad
saWiroa Zveli milebis gamocvla da rezervuarebis aRdgena. saWiroa daaxloe-
biT 2 km sigrZis milebis gamocvla. amis
garda, unda moinaxos wylis qaCvis xarjebis dafinansebis gzebi;
⇒ sofeli unda SeuerTdes bunebrivi airis sistemas
soflis momarageba bunebrivi airiT gaaumjobesebs Sida meurneobebis ekonomikur
mdgomareobas, gaTboba da sakvebis momzadeba SedarebiT gaiafdeba, igi aseve pozitiurad imoqmedebs ekologiaze, radgan
aRar iqneba SeSis gamoyenebis saWiroeba.
Tumca, bunebrivi airis sistemasTan SeerTebis xarjebi kerZo meurneobebisaTvis
ukiduresad maRalia da es problema ase
Tu ise unda iqnas mogvarebuli, raTa ganatirebuli iyos misi efeqturoba.
bunebrivi airis sistemis gakeTeba xels
Seuwyobs sasaTbure seqtoris ganviTarebas sofelSi. zamTris periodSi saTburebSi gaTbobis sistemebis damontaJebisa da
funqcionirebis yvelaze ekonomiuri saSualebaa maTSi bunebrivi airis resursebis gamoyeneba.
⇒ unda aRdges Sida gzebi
problemis gadaWra dakavSirebulia did
finansur resursebTan. gasul wlebSi adgili qonda Sida qarTlSi gzebis intensiur
reabilitacias. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
am procesis gagrZelebas.
Sida gzebis mxolod moxreSvis gziT droebiTi reabilitacia ufro iafi iqneboda.
29
VII
muSaxelis kvalifikaciis Sefaseba
am TavSi mocemulia kvalifikaciis doneebis saerTo Sefasebas sofel ergneTSi.
Cveni SeniSvnebi da rekomendaciebi emyareba
adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan saubrebsa da
Cvens sakuTar dakvirvebebs sofelSi gasvlebis dros.
arsebuli ori Tavidan pirveli mokled
aRwers muSaxelTan dakavSirebiT arsebul
viTarebas. meore Tavi Seicavs 4 rekomendacias mocemul raionSi viTarebis gaumjobesebis kuTxiT.
1 arsebuli viTareba
es Tavi mokled mimoixilavs arsebul viTarebas sofeli ergneTis mosaxleobis kvalifikaciebisa da treningebis xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT.
arsebuli kvalifikaciebi
Cven gamovkiTxeT adgilobrivi mosaxleebi
da saqmeSi Caxeduli pirebi sofel ergneTSi
arsebuli kvalifikaciebis Taobaze. zrdasruli mosaxleobis umetesobas gaaCnia
saSualo ganaTlebis, profsaswavleblis
an umaRlesi ganaTlebis diplomi. bevrma
adgilobrivma mosaxlem gviTxra, rom es
diplomebi, romelic fiqsirdeba 90-ian
wlebsa da 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,
rodesac saSualo ganaTlebis saerTo done
saqarTveloSi sagrZnoblad daeca, ar gascems solidur profesiul kvalifikacias
da es mxolod sofel ergneTs ar exeba.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kompiuteruli da ucxo enis codnis nakleboba.
fokus jgufebis monawileebma gvacnobes,
rom saofise samuSaos Ziebisas ergneTis
gareT xSirad uars eubnebian, radgan maT
kompiuteruli da inglisuri enis codna ar
gaaCniaT.
am kuTxiT sofel ergneTSi arsebuli situacia ar gansxvavdeba saqarTvelos sxva
30
sasoflo TemebSi arsebuli situaciisagan.
gansxvavebas, albaT, is warmoadgens, rom
soflis mosaxleebs axlo warsulSi arcTu
mravlad qondaT saSualeba, gamoeyenebinaT
maT gankargulebaSi arsebuli Tundac saWiro kvalifikacia, radgan soflis ekonomika
uaresdeboda - pirvel rigSi, 2004 wels ergneTis bazris daxurvisa da Semdeg - 2008
wlis konfliqtis da misi Sedegebis gamo.
kvalifikacia, romelic ar gamoiyeneba, degradirebs. am TvalsazrisiT, ergneTis mosaxleobas albaT ufro dabali kvalifikacia gaaCnia, vidre sxva sasoflo Temebisas.
treningi
dReisaTvis mosaxleobis treningebSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba SezRudulia,
umTavresad Semdegi ori mizezis gamo: pirveli - treningebis Rirebulebaa; Cvens mier
gamokiTxuli adgilobrivi mosaxleebis
umravlesobas ar SeuZlia treningis kursebis umetesobis safasuris gadaxda. meore
mizezia materialur-teqnikuri problemebi, romlebic gamowveulia trening-centrebis umravlesobis gorSi mdebareobiT;
mosaxleTa umetesobam gviTxra, rom maT
gauWirdebaT yoveldRiurad gorSi treningebze siaruli.
ukeTes dros, 2004 wlamde, rodesac ergneTis bazari moqmedebda, iq bevri adamiani
iyo dasaqmebuli da mcire biznesisa da
vaWrobis garkveul sferoebSi gamocdilebas iZenda. gasuli 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi
ki savaWro saqmianobis potenciali Zalze
SezRuduli iyo da Sesabamisi unarebic
umoqmedobas ganicdida. Cven gviTxres, rom
donorebis daxmarebiT SemoTavazebuli,
savaraudod, SezRuduli donis treningebis CatarebiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda warsulSi arsebuli am unarebis gamococxleba.
Tumca, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom dReisaTvis sofelSi Zalian mcire moTxovnilebaa
mocemuli tipis (vaWroba) unarebze.
axali unarebis gamoyeneba
fokus jgufSi Semavali pirebi da gamvlelebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom, Tumca treningis gavla TavisTavad kargia, magram
realurad cota SesaZlebloba arsebobs
sofelSi axalSeZenili codnis gamoyenebisa. radganac adgilobrivebs ar SeuZliaT
kerZo seqtorSi samuSaos Sovna, treningebis gavlis Semdeg mosaxleTa umetesobas
ar aqvs SeZenili teqnikuri codnis saqmeSi
gamoyenebis saSualeba. treningis sargebeli fuWad ixarjeba.
ar aris gasakviri, rom gamokiTxuli xalxis
motivacia treningebze axali codnis SeZenis TvalsazrisiT SezRudulia. axali codnis pirdapiri gamoyenebis (mag. samuSao)
Sansis gareSe mosaxleobis umetesoba Tavs
ikavebs treningebSi monawileobaze droisa
da xarjebis gaRebisagan.
profesiuli ganaTleba da praqtikuli
treningi
faqtiurad ar arsebobs profesiuli treningis programebi sofel ergneTSi; aris
ramdenime qalaq gorSi, magram, rogorc
zemoT vaxseneT, arsebobs gadaadgilebis
problema. es problema gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania soflis axalgazrda mosaxleobisaTvis, romelsac, erTis mxriv,
ar gaaCnia soflis gareT arsebuli samuSao adgilebisaTvis saWiro kvalifikacia
da meores mxriv, misi SeZenis Zalian cota
SesaZlebloba aqvT.
adgilobriv mosaxleebTan saubrebisas
gamoikveTa gansakuTrebuli saWiroebis
ori sfero: kompiuterisa da ucxo enebis
codna. am codnis SeZenis SesaZleblobis
arqona uqmnis mosaxleobas, gansakuTrebiT
ki axalgazrdebs, pirobebs, iyvnen naklebad
konkurentunarianni regionuli da erovnuli donis Sromis bazarze. garkveulwilad,
mosaxleoba iZulebulia, darCes soflad,
an Tu sxvagan wava, miiRos mxolod dabalanazRaurebadi da dabalkvalificiuri
samuSao. meores mxriv, Tu axalgazrdebi
miiReben am codnas, isini, savaraudod, datoveben sofels, didi albaTobiT -samudamod.
kompiuteruli codnis dabali donis meore
uaryofiTi Sedegi dakavSirebulia socialur sakiTxebTan. kompiuterisa da internetis gamoyenebisaTvis codnis arqonis
gamo mosaxleobas ar miuwvdeba xeli informaciaze, romelmac SesaZloa dadebiTi
gavlena moaxdinos maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaze.
arakvalificiuri muSaxeli
soflad arsebuli SezRuduli SesaZleblobebisa da mosaxleobis kvalifikaciis
saerTo dabali donis gamo mravali adamiani
mxolod dabalkvalificiuri tipis samuSaoebisaTvis codnas flobs. adgilobrivi
masStabiT yvelaze kargi sfero arakvalificiuri saqmianobisaTvis aris sezonuri
sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebi, rodesac
soflebSi saWiroa damatebiTi muSaxeli.
fokus jgufma da gamvlelebma gvacnoba,
rom bevri adgilobrivi mosaxle miemgzavreba sxva soflebSi samuSaod da dRiuri
jamagiris misaRebad.
2 rekomendaciebi muSaxelis kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad
arsebobs oTxi sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba, gamoviyenoT treningebi muSaxelis kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad. isini mokled aRwerilia mocemul TavSi.
⇒ unda Seiqmnas miwaTmoqmedebisa da agronomiis trening-kursebi da masalebi da miewodos isini glexebs
wina TavSi Cveni rekomendacia iyo, rom
sofel ergneTSi arsebobdnen adgilobrivi eqspertebi veterinariisa da agronomiis dargSi. es profesionalebi, drodadro SeZleben saWiro rCeva-darigebebis
micemas da aRmouCenen daxmarebas adgi­
lobriv glexebs.
amis garda, isini uzrunvelyofili unda
iqnan kursebisa da treningis masalebiT,
31
romlebic mcire moculobebiT SeiZleba
miewodos adgilobriv glexebsa da axalgazrdebs. treningis xangrZlivoba SeiZleba Seadgendes naxevari dRidan erT kviramde garkveuli sagnebisaTvis naklebad
datvirTul sezonze.
saTanado SemuSavebisa da mxardaWeris
pirobebSi, realurad mosalodnelia, rom
3 weliwadSi adgilobrivi glexebSi gavrceldes veterinariisa da agronomiis
codnis kargi done.
⇒ samuSao adgilze swavlebis programa unda iqnas SemuSavebuli
Cven gviTxres, rom axalgazrdebis umravlesobas damTavrebuli aqvs saSualo
skola. maT, vinc ar daamTavra saSualo
skola, miatoves ganaTleba, raTa SeeswavlaT garkveuli xeloba, rogoricaa kalatozoba, SemduRebloba da a. S.
samwuxarod, axalSeZenili profesiuli
cod­­nis gamoyenebis Sansebi cotaa. Sedegad,
saerTaSoriso donorma organizaci­eb­ma
kerZo seqtorTan erTad soflis mo­sax­­le­
o­bisaTvis unda SeimuSaos specia­lu­­ri programebi samuSao adgilze swavle­bisaTvis.
samuSao adgilze swavlebis programebis
ganxorcielebis Sedegad mosaxleobas miecema saSualeba, gamoiyenos Tavisi codna,
SeiZinos axali gamocdileba da iSovos
samuSao, Tuki samuSao adgilze swavlebis organizatori amaSi dainteresebuli
iqneba.
adgilobrivi mosaxleebi yvelaze met sargebels naxavdnen, Tuki samuSao adgilze
warmoebuli swavleba Seexeboda sasoflosameurneo sakiTxebs.
⇒ unda moewyos kompiuterisa da ucxo enis centrebi
rogorc ukve vTqviT da rogorc bevrma
adgilobrivma mcxovrebma Segvatyobina,
kompiuterisa da ucxo enebis codnis arqona gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria axalgazrdebSi. swavleba am sferoebSi xangrZlivi saqmea, mravalwlianic ki. Sesabamisad, am
sferoebSi swavlebis yvelaze praqtikuli
gza amis sofelSi gakeTebaa.
Sedegad adgilobrivad unda Seiqmnas
kompiuterisa da ucxo enebis centri. es
centri Sesaqmnelad moiTxovs donoris
mxardaWeras da mas TiTqmis danamdvilebiT eqneba mudmivi biujeturi daxmarebis saWiroeba, ramdenadac moqalaqeTa
gadamxdelunarianoba SezRudulia. is
faqti, rom amgvar centrs SesaZloa aseTi daxmareba mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi
dasWirdes, yuradRebiT unda iqnas ganxiluli donorebis mier.
meores mxriv, ramdenadac sofeli arc ise
didia, arc didi centris arseboba iqneba
saWiro. ucxo enis (albaT, inglisuris)
erTi maswavlebeli sakmarisi iqneba. kargad SerCeuli inglisuris maswavlebeli
aseve SeZlebda kompiuteris swavlebasac.
32
Sesabamisad, donoris investiciebi saWiro iqneba erTi maswavleblis xelfasisa
da saWiro aRWurvilobis, aseve kursebis
meTvalyureobis uzrunvelsayofad.
centrisgan momdinare erTi Tanamdevi dadebiTi movlena iqneba is, rom moqalaqeebisaTvis informaciis xelmisawvdomoba
bevrad ufro farTo gaxdeba. dRes politikuri da socialuri informaciis erTaderT wyarod sofelSi televizia rCeba.
internetis codna da xelmisawvdomoba am
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gacnobis axal
SesaZleblobebs gaxsnis.
erTi gverdiTi movlena amgvari centrebisa SesaZloa iyos is, rom enasa da kompiuters dauflebulma axalgazrdobam, SesaZloa datovos ergneTi da saqarTvelos
sxva qalaqebSi wavides. naklebad savaraudoa maTi soflebSi sabolood dabruneba.
meores mxriv, Tu maT kargi samuSao eqnebaT sxva qalaqebSi, es maT SesaZleblobas
miscems, fuli gamoagzavnon sofelSi da
daexmaron aq darCenil mSoblebsa da naTesavebs.
⇒ unda Seiqmnas da ganviTardes mokle, fokusirebuli biznes-treningis wreebi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, biznes-treningebze moTxovna SezRudulia. jer erTi,
es Zviria adgilobrivi mosaxleebisaTvis.
meorec, SeZenili unarebis gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobebi sofelSi cotaa.
es situacia kvercxisa da qaTmis ambavs mogvagonebs: moTxovna biznesze orientirebul swavlebaze SezRuduli iqneba, sanam
ar iarsebebs biznesi, sadac SesaZlebeli
iqneba axalSeZenili codnis gamoyeneba.
biznesi ki ar Camoyalibdeba, sanam ar iarsebebs am biznesisaTvis saWiro codna.
am wris gasarRvevad SesaZloa iqnas SemoTavazebuli xangrZlivi, SedarebiT dabali sirTulis treningebi mcire biznesis
sakiTxebSi. es saqme SesaZloa dafinansdes
donoris mier da xelmisawvdomi iyos
xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi kursi mcire wreebad
unda daiyos, TiToeuli maTgani xangrZlivobiT araumetes erTi an ori kvirisa. am
wreebis SeTavazeba trening centris mier
moTxovnilebis mixedviT unda moxdes; magaliTad Tu Camoyalibdeba mcire jfufi
dainteresebuli studentebis, romelic
moisurvebs masSi swavlas.
saeWvoa, rom mxolod sofel ergneTSi
amgvari trening centrebi sicocxlisunariani darCes, amitom axali centris adgilobrivad Seqmnis saWiroeba ar arsebobs.
centri, savaraudod, unda mdebareobdes
mag. gorSi. Tu monawileebis transportis
xarjebi dafinansebuli iqneba treningis
organizatorebis mxridan.
33
VIII bazris ganviTareba
am angariSis zogadi Tema isaa, rom soflis
meurneobis sferos garda ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi sofelSi SezRudulia. yvela
mcdeloba SesaZleblobebis iZulebiTi Seqmnisa iq, sadac isini realurad ar arsebobs, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, savaraudod, ganwirulia.
soflis meurneobaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis kuTxiT aq sul sxva
viTarebaa. Tu mogvardeba zemoT aSniSnuli sakiTxi, ufro metad ki sarwyavi wylis
problema, sofels gauCndeba namdvili
Sansi, sagrZnoblad aamaRlos sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis produqtiuloba, produqciis raodenoba da Sinameurneobebis
Semosavali. es Tumca kargi saqmea, magram
arasakmarisi, rogorc aRiniSna igi ar Wris
glexebisTvis bazris SezRuduli xelmisawvdomobis problemas, romlis mogvarebis gzebic unda iqnas monaxuli.
adminitraciuli sazRvaris daxurvis Semdeg, tradiciuli bazari xelmiuwvdomeli
gaxda adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis, isini iZulebuli gaxdnen eZebaT axali gzebi,
romlebic arian ufro Zvirad xelmisawvdomi (radgan distancia ufro didia sofelTan, rac warmoSobs transportirebis xarjebis gazrdas) da naklebad momgebiani
(radgan ergneTSi warmoebul produqebze
moTxovna dabalia)
adgilobrivma glexebma fokus jgufis
kvlevisas da quCaSi araoficialuri saubrebisas da gviTxres, rom warsulSi isini cdilobdnen, daemyarebinaT saqmiani
urTierTobebi soflis meurneobis produqciis gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebTan
regionSi. Tumca, sofelSi warmoebuli
produqciis simciris gamo am kompaniebma
ar gamoxates maTTan TanamSromlobis didi
interesi da adgilobrivi glexebisaTvis
SeTavazebuli fasebi Zalze dabali iyo.
albaT, naklebad savaraudoa, rom bazris
xelmisawvdomobis problemis gadaWris sa-
34
kiTxSi arsebul gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebze moxdes dayrdnoba.
ramodenime investorma da sxva kapitaldambandeblebma araoficialurad gvacnobes,
rom isini Tavs ikaveben sofelSi investiciebis Cadebisgan administraciuli sasazRvro xazis siaxlovis gamo. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom kerZo biznesisaTvis bazarze
gayvanisa da Senaxvis momsaxurebis ganxorcieleba savaraudod aris Zalian rTuli da
albaT ararealisturi.
Sesabamisad, sofel ergneTSi bazris ganviTarebis ZiriTadi SesaZlebloba fermerebis mridan, maTive organizebiT soflis
meurneobis
produqtebisaTvis
bazris
xelmisawvdomobis problemis gadaWraSia.
arsebobs ori sakiTxi, romlebic saSualebas miscemen adgilobriv fermerebs gaZlierdnen arsebul bazarze da Sevidnen
potenciurad axal bazrebze. erToblivi
marketingi da produqciis gayidvebi da
Sualedur sezonebze Senaxva. orive sakiTxi
moiTxovs investiciebs da erTgvar kooperatiul organizacias.
sofel ergneTSi, savaraudod, kooperativis SeqmniT motivirebuli glexebi arasakmarisi raodenobiT arian, raTa maT mier
calke damoukidebeli sasoflo kooperativis struqturis Seqmna gamarTlebulad
CaiTvalos, Tumca rom iyvnen kidevac, procesi xangrZlivi da rTulia da imisaTvis,
rom efeqturi da mdgradi iyos namdvilad
saWiroebs gare mxardaWeras.
mezobel qvemo niqozis sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativma, romelic 2010 welSi
daarsda, adgilobrivi fermerebisaTvis
SesaZloa ufro drouli SesaZleblobebi uzrunvelyos. aRniSnuli kooperativi aerTianebs daaxloebiT 120 wevrs da
aRWurvilia Tanamedrove sasawyobo infrastruqturiTa da wveTovani irigaciis
danadgarebiT. Cven SevxvdiT kooperativis
mmarTvelobas, romelic dainteresebulia
s. ergneTis mosaxleobasTan TanamSromlobis ganviTarebiT. mosaxleobis an romelime konkretuli jgufis mxridan ufro
meti dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa
TanamSromlobis detaluri gzebis SemuSaveba. aseve fermerebis mier warmoebuli
soflis meurneobis produqciis xarisxi
unda akmayofilebdes qvemo niqozis koorperativis xarisxis standartebs, romelic
SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli, Tuki kooperativi
Cautarebs teqnikur treningebs da miawvdis
maT saxelmZRvanelo principebs.
qvemo niqozis sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativTan kavSiris damyareba kargi Sansi iqneboda sofel ergneTSi mcxovrebi glexebisaTvis, gaeyidaT Tavisi produqcia ufro
konkurentunarian fasebad, aseve gamoeyenebinaT kooperativis sasawyobo infrastruqtura da gaeyidaT Tavisi produqcia
sezongareSe periodSi. am SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa soflis mkvidr glexebs saSualeba
mieces saSualo wliuri Semosavali mniSvnelovnad gazardos.
35
IX genderuli sakiTxi
sofel ergneTSi Cveni dakvirvebebisa da
fokus jgufSi glexebTan da gamvlelebTan saubrebis dros Cven davinteresdiT
gederuli sakiTxis mdgomareobiT. Cven ar
Cagvitarebia genderuli viTarebis specialuri gamokvleva; Tumca Cveni SekiTxvebi
moicavda genderul aspeqtebsac.
am TavSi mokled aRwerilia Cveni dakvirvebebis Sedegebi da mosaxleobis gamonaTqvamebi.
1 msgavseba saqarTvelos danarCen
nawilTan
Cven ver aRmovaCineT raime mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba genderul normebTan, rolebTan da sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sofel
ergneTsa da saqarTvelos sxva soflebis
marTlmadideblur sazogadoebebs Soris,
mosaxleoba aRiqvams sakuTar Tavs, rogorc
genderuli TvalsazrisiT indiferentuls,
Tumca realoba gvaCvenebs rom qalis da mamakacis SesaZleblobebi namdvilad ar aris
yovelTvis Tanabari.
genderuli rolebi da urTierTobis
asaxva qarTul sazogadoebaze
zogadad, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba
uzrunvelyofs Tanabari uflebebisa da
garantiebis Seqmnas mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi moqalaqeebisaTvis, Tumca, praqtikaSi
genderuli rolebis gadanawileba xandaxan
ar gulisxmobs Tanabar pasuxismgeblobebsa da molodinebs. qalis da mamakacis
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi SedarebiT Tanabari monawileoba iSviaTad dabalansebulia
qalis da mamakacis Tanabari monawileobiT
saojaxo da sayofacxovrebo valdebulebebis Sesrulebisas, xSirad qalebi ZiriTad
pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze iReben,
rodesac saqme exeba yveldRiuri mZime
saojaxo saqmianobebis Sesrulebas, aseve
garkveul SemTxvevebSi ojaxis erTaderT
36
dasaqmebul wevrad qali gvevlineba, garda
amisa mamakaci xSirad ganixileba rogorc
ojaxis ufrosi da aqvs ufro meti uflebebi ojaxuri gadawyvetilebis miRebisas,
Tumca genderuli sakiTxebis codna aqac
mwiria, radgan rolebis tradiciuli gadanawileba maTTvis kiTxvis niSnis qveS naklebad dgeba.
am mxriv sofeli ergneTic ar aris gamonaklisi.
2. dakvirvebebi
es Tavi mimoixilavs sofel ergneTSi Cvens
mier SemCneul ramdenime faqts genderul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
ganaTlebis miRebis Sansebi biWebisa da
gogonebisaTvis Tanasworad gamoiyureba
adgilobrivma mosaxleebma gviTxres, rom
qalebsa da kacebs erTnairad miuwvdebaT
xeli ganaTlebaze. sofeli pataraa, magram
miuxedavad amisa, mSoblebma gviTxres, rom
isini mxars uWeren biWebisa da gogonebis
skolaSi swavlas, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia.
sofelSi ar aris zogadsaganmanaTleblo
skolis Semdgomi ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba. mSoblebma gamoTqves survili,
maT Svilebs - vaJebsac da gogonebsac eswavlaT soflis gareT mdebare saSualo
skolebSi.
am sferoSi rogorc gogonebis, aseve vaJebisaTvis problemas aq ufro swavlebis xarisxi warmoadgens, vidre genderuli diskriminacia.
rogorc qalebisTvis, aseve kacebisTvis
dasaqmebis Sansebi dabalia
sofelSi ukiduresad Znelia samuSaos Sovna. Sedegad, rTulia imis garkveva, xdeba
Tu ara adgilobrivi dasaqmebisas qalTa
diskriminireba. erTi gonebrivi eqsperimentis dros Cven vekiTxebodiT xalxs, rom
arsebuliyo erTi vakansia da ori Tanabrad
kvalificiuri kandidati, romels daasaqmebdnen. gamokiTxulTa umetesoba dainteresda vakansiis xasiaTiT.
Tanasworobis sakiTxebis codna ar aris
maRal doneze rac gamowveulia warsulSi
am sakiTxebTan Sexebis arqoniT.
„vakansiis xasiaTis“ Sesaxeb SekiTxva, dasmuli mosaxleobis mier, miuTiTebs imaze,
rom, savaraudod, arsebobs samuSaos mkacri
dayofa qalisa da mamakacisaTvis misaReb
samuSaoebad. amgvari „misaRebi“ samuSaos
Sesaxeb Sexeduleba sofel ergneTSi faqtiurad ar gansxvavdeba im suraTisagan,
rasac Cven vawydebiT saqarTvelos sxva
soflebSi.
qalebmac da mamakacebmac gviTxres, rom
2004 wels ergneTis bazris daxurvisa da
2008 wlis omis kidev erTi Sedegi iyo mamakacebSi ojaxis marCenalis funqciis sagrZnoblad daTrgunva. ra Tqma unda, yvela dazaralda arsebuli situaciis gamo. Tumca, am
movlenebma gamoiwvia mamakacebis sagrZnobi
dasusteba sofelSi. maTi saerTo ganwyoba
daTrgunuli da pesimisturia. erTma qalma
gviTxra, rom misi meuRle moralurad ganadgurebulia omis gamo da misTvis Zalian
rTulia adrindeli motivaciis dabruneba.
mosaxleoba aRiqvams sakuTar Tavs, rogorc genderuli TvalsazrisiT indiferentuls, magram maTi komentarebi sxva
rameze metyvelebs
soflis mosaxleobam gviTxra, rom sofeli
ergneTi mdebareobs regionaluri da erovnuli dedaqalaqebis siaxloves. Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs gansxvaveba genderuli
urTierTobebis kuTxiT, maT mier ar iqna
SemCneuli raime saxis diskriminacia qalsa
da mamakacs Soris soflis yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi.
rodesac Cven SevexeT genderul sakiTxs,
xalxi gveubneboda, rom amdeni sxva problemis fonze, romelic arsebobs sofelSi, isini mocemul Temaze arc ki fiqroben.
magaliTad, erTma qalma gviTxra:
■“sami bavSvi myavs ojaxSi. yoveldRe
imaze fiqriT viRviZeb – ra vaWamo maT. es
yoveldRiur safiqralad gadameqca. amitom, arc survili maqvs da arc moTxovnileba, vifiqro sqesobrivi Tanasworobis
sakiTxze.”
mamakacebis
daTrgunulobam
aiZula
qalebi, meti movaleobebi ekisraT
qalebTan da mamakacebTan saubrebisas davadgineT, rom am daTrgunulobam gamoiwvia
mravali mamakacis naklebi CarTuloba soflisa da meurneobis saqmeebSi. amave dros,
qalebi iZulebuli Seiqmnen, maTi tvirTi
etvirTaT.
qalebic da mamakacebic amboben, rom isini
Tanabarni arian ojaxSi, magram...
Cven gamovkiTxeT qalebica da kacebic, Tu
rogor xdeba gadawyvetilebaTa miReba maT
ojaxebSi. maTma pasuxebma cxadyo, rom es
umeteswilad saerTo saqmea. gavlenis sferoebi, miuxedavad amisa, mkafiod gayofilia - zog sferoebSi mamakaci dominirebs,
zogSic ki - qali. es modeli asaxavs qalis
da mamakacis rolebis tradiciul gadanawilebas, Tumca rogorc sCans mamakaci xSirad
miiCneva ojaxis ufrosad da ojaxuri sakiTxebSi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas aqvs meti
uflebamosileba.
soflis mosaxleobis mxridan xazgasmiT
aRniSna, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi aseTi
problemebi adgilobriv doneze ar gvxvdeba, erT–erTma pirovnebam isic aRniSna,
rom qarTuli marTlmadidebluri religia
krZalavs diskriminacias.
saubrebSi gamoirkva, rom bevri qali siamovnebiT ikisrebda tradiciulad mamakacebisaTvis gankuTvnil valdebulebas
(mag. samuSao ojaxs gareT). meores mxriv,
mamakacTagan Zalian cota Tu daTanxmdeba
tradiciulad qalis mier Sesasrulebeli
samuSaos kisrebas (mag. diasaxlisoba).
miuxedavad amisa, Cveni dakvirveba da soflis mosaxleobis komentarebi safuZvels iZleva davaskvnad, rom genderuli
qals mniSvnelovani xmis ufleba aqvs sazogado saqmeebSi, Tumca soflis administraciaSi isini ar arian warmodgenili
37
qalebi aqtiurad arian CarTuli sazogado saqmeebSi. es, albaT, imitomaa, rom
qals pativs cemen, an ubralod mamakacebis
umetesobam miatova aqtiuri moRvaweoba
(zemoxsenebuli daTrgunuloba) da qalebma saWiroebis gamo maTi adgili daikaves.
Tumca, meores mxriv soflis warmomadgenlebi, romelsac Cven SevxvdrilvarT mxolod kacebiT Semoifarglebodnen, rac imas
niSnavs, rom amJamad qalebi ar arian dasaqmebuli sofelSi oficialur wamomadgenlobiT Tanamdebobebze.
38
qalebi aqtiurad da warmatebiT arian
CarTuli soflis meurneobaSi
sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis pirveladi warmoeba ZiriTadi Semosavlis wyaroa
soflis mosaxleobisaTvis. Cvens dakvirvebebze dayrdnobiTa da CvenTvis saubrebis
dros monayolis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom qalebi Zalze aqtiurad arian
CarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobaSi.
rig SemTxvevebSi maT meti movaleobac ki
akisriaT vidre mamakacebs.
XdanarTebi
cxrili 1. soflis meurneobis seqtorSi saWiro intervenciis mimarTulebebi
N
dakvirvebis Sedegi
mizezi
1
glexebis SezRuduli
xelmisawvdomoba
soflis meurneobis
sarwyav sistemasTan
nawilobriv gamarTuli centraluri
sarwyavi sistema
2
3
arasakmarisad
morwyuli sasoflo–sameurneo
miwebi; dabali
mosavlianoba
soflis meurneobis
gamoucdeloba;
konkurentunariadargSi savaWro urdabali garigebisuna- nobis dabali done;
TierTobebi Zalze sus- rianoba meurneobaTa dabali fasebi
tad aris organizebuli simciris gamo
produqciaze
da araefeqturia
glexebis xelmisawvdo- samuSao kapitalis
meurneobis dabali
moba kargi xarisxis
sagrZnobi ukmariwarmadoba; dabali
nedleulTan SezRusoba; nedleulis
xarisxis produdulia
gamoyenebisTvis
qcia
saWiro informaciisa
da teqnikuri unar–
Cvevebis simwire
4
SezRuduli xelmisawvdomoba soflis
meurneobis meqanikuri saSualebebis
momsaxureobasTan
5
glexebi ar mimarTaven
jiSebis SerCevis efeqtur saSualebebs
6
glexebi iyeneben miwaTmoqmedebis moZvelebul
meTodebs; glexebi iyeneben kvebis organizebis martiv saSualebebs;
fermerebs ar miuwvdebaT xeli veterinarul
momsaxureobebze
soflis meurneobis
dargSi damatebiTi
Rirebulebis warmoqmnis prioritetuli
saSualebebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi
ar aris gamoyenebuli
7
efeqti
arsebuli meqanikuri
saSualebebi moZvelebulia; ar aris xelsayreli Tanamedrove
teqnikis SekveTa da
gamoyeneba; samuSao
kapitalis sagrZnobi
ukmarisoba
jiSebis SerCevis
araefeqturoba;
kvebis organizebis
dabali done; saZovrebis nakleboba
soflebSi kvalificiuri specialistebis, kerZod
veterinarebisa da
agronomebis, nakleboba
rekomendacia
centraluri
sarwyavi sistema
saWiroebs SekeTebas
unda Camoyalibdes adgilobrivi sasoflo–sameurneo
kooperativi
unda Seiqmnas
sademonstracio
nakveTebi
daumuSavebeli
saWiroa gaizarsasoflo–sameurdos meqanizaciis
neo miwebi; dabali xelmisawvdomoba
mosavali; meurneobis dabali warmadoba
meurneobis dabali mecxoveleobis
warmadoba; bazris seqtorSi unda
ararseboba
dainergos nayofieri jiSebis
moSenebisa da
kvebis organizebis Tanamedrove
meTodebi
soflis meurneobis soflis meursxvadasxva seqtor- neobis dargSi
Si gazrdili riskonsultaciis
kebi; meurneobis
gawevis meqadabali warmadoba
nizmebi saWiroebs
gaumjobesebas
dRemde ar arsebobs
meurneobis warmaSeTanxmebuli nabije- dobisa da saarbi am mimarTulebiT
sebo saSualebebis
gaumjobesebis
SesaZleblobebis
arqona
soflis meurneobis dargSi unda
moxdes damatebiTi Rirebulebis
Semqmneli erTi an
meti prioritetuli saSualebis
ganviTareba
potenciuri
partniorebi
erovnuli
mTavroba da
donori organizaciebi
erovnuli
mTavroba da
donori organizaciebi
erovnuli
mTavroba,
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi,
donori organizaciebi da
kerZo kompaniebi
erovnuli
mTavroba,
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi,
donori organizaciebi
erovnuli
mTavroba,
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi
da kerZo kompaniebi
erovnuli
mTavroba,
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi,
donori organizaciebi
erovnuli
mTavroba,
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi,
donori organizaciebi
wyaro: TBSC–is analizi
39
cxrili 2. infrastruqturis seqtorSi saWiro intervenciis mimarTulebebi
N
1
2
3
dakvirvebis
Sedegi
soflis mxolod
erTi meoTxedisTvis aris
xelmisawvdomi
didi odenobiT
kargi xarisxis
sayofacxovrebo
wyali
mizezi
soflis sam
meoTxedSi wylis
sistema Zveli da
dazianebulia, wylis
tumboebi Zvelia
da funqionirebisaTvis moiTxovs didi
raodenobiT el.
energias. mosaxleoba ar aris dainteresebuli zedmeti
xarji gaiRos mis
asamuSaveblad
Sida da sasogzebis sareabilitaflo–sameurneo cio samuSaoebi ar
teritoriebCatarebula
Tan misasvleli
zogierTi gza
dazianebulia
sofels ar gaaCnia bunebrivi
airi
efeqti
soflis sami
meoTxedi sasmel wyals iRebs
grafikiT; wylis
dabali xarisxi;
sayofacxovrebo
wylis arasakmarisi raodenoba
sasoflo sameurneo miwebTan da
meurneobebTan,
agreTve satransporto saSualebebis bazrebamde
miRwevis problemebi, amortizirebuli manqana–
danadgarebi
ar arsebobs kavSiri SeSis moxmareba;
bunebrivi airis Zi- garemoze zemoriTad milsadenTan; qmedeba; maRali
danaxarjebi;
ZiriTi milsadenis
potenciuri usaSemTxvevaSic ki
mosaxleobas uWirs frTxoebis sakiTxebi
daafinansos xsenebul xazTan mierTebis samuSaoebi
rekomendacia
sasmeli
wylis sistema saWiroebs
reabilitacias
potenciuri
partniorebi
TviTmmarTveloba da
donori organizaciebi
Sida gzebi
saWiroebs
reabilitacias
TviTmmarTveloba da
donori organizaciebi
unda moxdes
soflis
bunebrivi
airis sistemiT uzruvelyofa
TviTmmarTveloba da
donori organizaciebi
SeniSvna: sarwyavi wyali aseve warmoadgens problemas. aRniSnuli mocemulia soflis meurneobis dargSi
saWiro intervenciis daxasiaTebaSi, romelic mocemulia cxrilSi 8.
wyaro: TBSC–is analizi
40
cxrili 3. samuSao Zalis sferoSi saWiro intervenciis mimarTulebebi
N
dakvirvebis
Sedegi
pirebs, romlebic momavalSi
Caatareben
konsultaciebs
soflis meurneobis sferoSi,
esaWiroebaT
saTanado saswavlo masalebi
axalgazrdobas
ara aqvT saSualeba aiTvisos
an gamoiyenos
profesiuli
unar–Cvevebi
mizezi
efeqti
ubralo saWiroeba, soflis
meurneobis dargSi
kargi sakonsultacio momsaxurebis
gasawevad
miwaTmoqmedebis Tanamedrove
meTodebs glexebi mcire doziT
swavloben
ar arsebobs profesiuli gadamzadebis adgilobrivi programebi;
samuSaoebi, sadac
gamoiyeneba SeZenili unar-Cvevebi,
Zalian cotaa
3
axalgazrdobam
ar icis kompiuteriT sargebloba da ucxo
enebi
4
mozrdilebSi
SezRudulia
biznesis warmoebis mimarT
codna da unarebi
sofelSi ar arsebobs kompiuteris
da ucxo enebis
Semswavleli programebi; sofelSi
ar arsebobs
moTxovna amgvari
unarebze; kvalificiuri maswavleblebis ukmarisoba;
saWiro biznes–
unarebis mimarT
ufro meti moTxovnis ararseboba
warsulSi, ergneTis bazroba moiTxovda mxolod
savaWro unarebis
codnas; mozrdilebisTvis msgavsi
unarebis swavlebis aranairi tradicia ar arsebobs
axalgazrdobas
ar gaaCnia stimuli SeiZinos
iseTi profesiuli unar-Cvevebi, romlebTac
(savaraudod)
gamoyeneba ar eqneba; TviTuzrunvelyofis donis
gaumjobesebis
SesaZleblobebi
dakargulia
axalgazrdobas ar gaaCnia
cxovrebisTvis
aucilebli unarebi. axalgazrdobis dasaqmebis
SesaZleblobebi
soflis gareT
SezRudulia
1
2
mozrdilTa dasaqmebis SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi; axali
biznesebis Seqmnisa da marTvis
SesaZleblobebi
ar aris gamoyenebuli
rekomendacia
potenciuri
partniorebi
unda SemuSaerovnuli
vdes da glexebs mTavroba,
miewodos saso- TviTmmarTflo sameurneo veloba da
da miwaTmoqmedonori orgadebis sferoSi
nizaciebi
saswavlo kursebis programa da
masalebi
samuSao adgierovnuli
lebze unda
mTavroba,
ganviTardes
TviTmmarTgadamzadebis
veloba da
programebi
donori organizaciebi
unda Seiqmnas
kompiuterisa
da ucxo enebis
Semswavleli
centri
erovnuli
mTavroba,
TviTmmarTveloba da
donori organizaciebi
mcire biznesis
sferoSi unda
SemuSavdes da
ganxorcieldes
mokle da fokusirebuli saswavlo programebi
erovnuli
mTavroba,
TviTmmarTveloba da
donori organizaciebi
wyaro: TBSC–is analizi
41
ანგარიში მომზადდა ლტოლვილთა დანიის საბჭოს (DRC) დაკვეთით, შვეიცარიის განვითარებისა და თანამშრომლობის
სააგენტოს (SDC) მიერ დაფინანსებული პროექტის „სახლების შეკეთება და საარსებო პირობების შექმნა ს. ერგნეთში
დაბრუნებული მოსახლეობისთვის“ ფარგლებში .ანგარიში გაკეთდა TBSC Consulting–ის მიერ.
ანგარიშში მოცემული ინფორმაცია არის სრულად ავტორების პასუხისმგებლობა და არ არის აუცილებელი ასახავდეს SCD-ის
შეხედულებებს.
დანიის ლტოლვილთა საბჭო (DRC) არის ჰუმანიტარული, არასამთავრობო, არაკომერციული ორგანიზაცია,
რომელიც დაარსდა 1956 წელს და მუშაობს მთელი მსოფლიოს მასშტაბით 30–ზე მეტ ქვეყანაში.
DRC თავისი მანდატის ფარგლებში უზრუნველყოფს კონფლიქტის შედეგად დაზარალებული
მოსახლეობისათვის- ლტოლვილთა, იძულებით გადაადგილებულ პირთა (იგპ–თა), სხვა დაზარალებულ
ჯგუფებისა და მსოფლიოს კონფლიქტურ ზონებში მასპინძელი თემებისათვის პირდაპირი დახმარების
გაწევას; კონფლიქტის შედეგად დაზარალებული მოსახლეობის სახელით, ჰუმანიტარული პრინციპების
და ადამიანის უფლებების საფუძველზე ადვოკატირების გზით. მისი მანდატის ფარგლებში DRC
ორიანტირებულია შემდეგზე: დაცვა, დახმარება, რეაბილიტაცია, პოსტ–კონფლიქტური
აღდგენა,
შესაძლებლობის განვიტარება, ჰუმანიტარული დახმარება ნაღმებით დაზარალებულთათვის და
ადვოკატირება. ჩვენ ხელს ვუწყობთ „გრძელვადიან გადაწყვეტილებებს“, რომლებიც ჩვენ გვესმის, როგორც
ნებისმიერი საშუალება, რომლითაც ლტოლვილების, იგპ–ების და სხვა კონფლიქტით დაზარალებული
ჯგუფების სიტუაცია მუდმივად და დამაკმაყოფილებლად იქნება გადაწყვეტილი, საშუალებას მისცემს მათ
იცხოვრონ ნორმალური ცხოვრებით. გრძელვადიანი გადაწყვეტილება შეიძლება იყოს: ნებაყოფლობითი
რეპატრიაცია, ადგილობრივი ინტეგრაცია და განსახლება.
DRC სამხრეთ კავკასიაში წარმოდგენილია 1996 წლიდან. ამჟამად აქვს ოფისები თბილისში, გორში,
ზუგდიდში, გალში, სოხუმში, და ბაქოში.
ლტოლვილთა დანიის საბჭოს წარმომადგენლობა სამხრეთ კავკასიაში
ფალიაშვილის 88, თბილისი, 0162, საქართველო
ტელ: +995 32 2230217
ფაქსი: +995 32 2230659
ელ.ფოსტა: [email protected]
Web.: www.drc.dk
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19,
E-mail: [email protected]
(:
2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30