Vehicle Emissions Measurement

Vehicle Emissions Measurement
Andriannah Mbandi
Stockholm Environment Institute
University of York
Email: [email protected]
Environment Department
Agenda
• Combustion process
• Combustion gases &
particulates
• Petrol or diesel?
• Units of measurement
• Vehicle emission
inventories
• World in-use and new
vehicle testing
• Conclusion
Environment Department
Combustion process
Fuel:
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Water Vapor
Petrol, Diesel
Environment Department
Combustion-air
Environment Department
Combustion process
Ideal Combustion λ = 1
O2
Fuel
O2
Fuel
CO2
CO2
Fuel
CO2
O2
Environment Department
Combustion process
Lean Mixture λ > 1
O2
O2
O2
CO2
Fuel
CO2
Fuel
Fuel
O2
CO2
O2
O2
O2
Rich Mixture λ < 1
CO2
Fuel
O2
Fuel
Fuel
CO
O
Unburnt
Fuel
CO2
O2
Environment Department
Combustion gas: oxygen (O2)
• O2 levels inverse of CO levelswithout air injection system
• Lean Mixture: O2
• Rich Mixture:
O2
• O2 content increases sharply
as λ>1
© http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIhDLnTGMAE
Environment Department
Combustion gas: carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Result of complete
combustion
• Overall combustion and
catalytic converter
efficiency
• Not a pass or fail gas
• CO2: 12-16%
© clickcarparts, 2014
Environment Department
Combustion gas: carbon monoxide (CO)
•
•
•
•
Incomplete combustion
Excess fuel = rich mixture
Partially burnt fuel
Catalytic converter requires air/fuel ratio to vary
lean to rich
 Pre-catalytic converter: CO<1.5%
 After catalytic converter: CO~0%
• Feedback carburetted ran rich at idle: CO~9%
Environment Department
Combustion gas: hydrocarbons (HC)
• Unburned fuel due to incomplete combustion
• All engines produce HC:
 Pre-catalytic converter: 150-300 ppm
 After catalytic converter: ~0 ppm
•
Wasted fuel
 1% partially burnt fuel produce 200 ppm HC
Environment Department
Combustion gas: oxides of nitrogen (NOX)
• Primary contributor of ozone
• Formed under high T & P: not formed at idle or
light loads
• Lean mixture at high T: excess O2 molecules
combine to form NOX
• Exhaust gas recirculation: O2 and T
Environment Department
Combustion gas: oxides of sulphur (SOX)
• High sulphur (S) content in fuel
 Reduction in S
content reduces
emissions in
exhaust
 Marine engines
have higher
contribution
© Bilfinger, 2014
Environment Department
Combustion diagram for gases
Environment Department
Combustion particles-particulate matter (PM)
• Formed in combustion cylinder and in the exhaust
system of the vehicle.
• Mostly attributable to heavy duty diesel vehicles
©ARB, 2009
Mix (condensed) liquid & solidOrganic or Inorganic
• Sulphates
• Nitrates
• Ammonia
• Sodium chloride
• Black Carbon
• Mineral dust
• Water
Environment Department
Petrol and Diesel Engines
Petrol Engine
Diesel Engine
Spark Ignition
Compression Ignition
Fuel/Air premixed before
compression
Lower efficiency & Lighter
Fuel/Air not premixed
AFR:14.7 (predetermined)
Emissions: More fuel, >CO2,
less NOX and low PM
AFR: 20-100/1 (air injected not
controlled)
Emissions: less fuel, <CO2,
>NOX Higher PM
Pollutants: CO, HC, NOX
Pollutants: NOX, PM
Higher efficiency-High
compression ratio & Heavier
Environment Department
Environment Department
Units of measurement from the tail pipe of the
vehicle
Gases
O2 : %
CO2: %
CO: %
HC: ppm
NOX: ppm
PM
Particulate Mass (µg/m3)
Particulate Number (#/km)
Opacity: %
Smoke density: m-1
Environment Department
Vehicle emission inventories
𝑉𝐾𝑇
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 𝐸𝐹 𝑥
𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟
Units of emissions: g/year
EF: Emission factors (g/km)
VKT: Vehicle kilometres travelled
© www.envirotest.co.za
Inventories: SO2, NOX, CO, CO2, NMVOC, NH3,
PM10, PM2.5 , BC, OC and CH4.
Environment Department
World standards for in-use and new
vehicles: tail pipe emissions measurement
• California Air Resource Board (ARB)
• USA-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• United Kingdom (UK)-Ministry of Transport
(MOT)
Environment Department
California Air Resources Board (ARB)
• Heavy-duty trucks and buses: control excessive smoke
emissions & prevent tampering (>6000lb)
• Test-Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J1667 snap
acceleration procedure-opacity measurement
• Test using PEMS
Allowable levels of Smoke Opacity
All post 1991 or newer engines
Must not exceed 40% opacity
All pre-1991 engines
Must not exceed 55% opacity


Periodic Smoke Inspection Program (PSIP)
Heavy-Duty Vehicle Inspection Program (HDVIP)
Environment Department
Snap acceleration (Free
acceleration Test): Opacity
SAEJ1667 snap acceleration:
• RPM recording (Idle/Max)
• Sensing probe inserted
• Driver accelerates 3 times with
transmission in neutral (to clear
loose particles) then repeat 3
times)
©Applus, 2009
Environment Department
US-EPA
• Inspection & maintenance (I/M) program with emissions
testing
• Test: IM 240
• Chassis dynamometer
 Distance = 1.96 mile (3.1 km)
 Average speed =29.4 mile/h
(47.3 km/h)
 240 s test
 Max speed = 56.7 mile/h
(91.2 km/h)
I/M 240 driving schedule
Environment Department
Chassis Dynamometer
• Simulate driving on a road
inside a laboratory under
controlled conditions.
IM240: 240-second transient
driving cycle: CO, HC,CO2,
and NOX determined g/mile
• Dynamometer's analyzers:
NDIR-CO/CO2
FID- HC
chemiluminescence-NOX
©Tuev & dieselnet, 2014
Environment Department
UK
• Petrol and diesel vehicles emissions testing
• Test-MOT
Test
(Petrol)
Type of Test
Pass or Fail
Age of
Vehicle
Visual
Inspection
Visual
Black smoke/dense blue
All
Standard
Emissions
Test
Gas Analyzer (noncatalyst test)
CO :3.5%-4.5%
HC: 1200ppm
>1975
Basic
Emissions
Test
Gas Analyzer & EC Fast
Idle
CO<0.2% HC<200ppm
0.97 < λ <1.03
Normal Idle
>1992
CO <0.3%
Environment Department
MOT Testing centre
in UK
Tests:
• Visual inspection
• Standards
emissions test
• Basic Emission
Test Procedure
• Extended
emissions test
• Gases Test
(Petrol)
• Smoke Test
(Diesel)
©hicksmotandservice, 2014
Environment Department
Emission legislations complexity
© AVL, 2014
Environment Department
New vehicles: use of PEMS to measure gases & PM
GPS &
weather
probe
Exhaust
Flow
Meter
(EFM)
Weighing
Flow tube
Heated sample line
Gas bench: CO/CO2 (NDIR)
NOx (NDUV), THC (FID)
power supply 110
VAC, 220
VAC or 12 VDC
Exhaust sample
Environment Department
Conclusion
• New technologies:





User friendly
Maintenance
Light
Robust
Precise
• Is it fit for purpose?
©
 Vehicle fleet: age, technology
 Fuel quality
 R&D, vehicle manufacturers, Bureau of standards
Nation, 2014
Environment Department