Mineral Deposit Report
Page 1 OF 17
Geological Survey of Finland
9/29/2015
Kolmisoppi
Talvivaara, Taattola
Alternative names:
occurrence
Occurence type:
Commodity
Rank
Total Measure
Total Production
nickel
1
408,710.00 t
408,710.00 t
zinc
2
888,500.00 t
888,500.00 t
cobalt
3
35,540.00 t
35,540.00 t
copper
3
231,010.00 t
231,010.00 t
Easting EUREF:
552007
Easting YKJ:
3552200
Northing EUREF:
7099027
Northing YKJ:
7102000
Discovery year:
1977
Province:
Talvivaara (Ni, Co, Zn)
District:
Comments:
This is one of the two ore bodies of the very large Talvivaara
deposit and mine, and the size information of 177 Mt is probably
Reference:
outdated
2,19
Mineral deposit type
Group:
Metallogenic deposit
Main type:
VMS (mixed hydrothermal)
Sub type1:
Outokumpu-type
Sub type2:
Comments:
References:
3,3,5,5,9,9,10,10,12,12,14,14,15,15,16,16,19,19,20,20,29,29,30,30
Dimension
Expression:
exposed
Area (ha):
Form:
concordant
Dip azim:
Shape:
irregular
Dip:
Length (m):
2000
Plunge azim:
Width (m):
330
Plunge dip:
Thickness (m):
Depth (m):
Dimension comments:
Orientation method:
400
Open along strike at both ends
1
Total Resource
Mineral Deposit Report
Page 2 OF 17
Geological Survey of Finland
9/29/2015
Holder history
Current holder:
Talvivaara Sotkamo Oy
Years:
Holding type:
Mining concession (old law)
Company
Talvivaara Mining Company Plc
Years
Holding type
NA
Outokumpu Oy
1985-2003
NA
Geological Survey of Finland
1978-1986
NA
Suomen Malmi Oy
1961-1962
NA
2
Comments
Mineral Deposit Report
Geological Survey of Finland
Page 3 OF 17
9/29/2015
Exploration Activity
Outokumpu Oy
Years
Activity type
1989-1990
core drilling
Comments:
Geologist
Exploration result
Lauri Pekkarinen, Esa
NA
Sandberg
Core drilling (reconnaissance drilling): 67 diamond-drill holes, total 8689 m.
Ref
7
Outokumpu Oy
Years
Activity type
Geologist
Exploration result
Ref
1989-1989
detailed geology
NA
7
1989-1989
mining pilot
Lauri Pekkarinen, Esa
Sandberg
Lauri Pekkarinen, Esa
Sandberg
NA
7
Geologist
Exploration result
Geological Survey of Finland
Years
1977-1982
Comments:
Activity type
core drilling
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
Core drilling (reconnaissance drilling): 95 diamond-drill holes, total 19.6km.
Ref
19,22
Geological Survey of Finland
Years
Activity type
Geologist
Exploration result
1977-1977
regional geophysics
Pentti Ervamaa
key geological features
Comments:
Ref
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
Low-altitude airborne magnetic, electromagnetic and radiometric survey
Geological Survey of Finland
Years
Activity type
Geologist
Exploration result
1970-1980
regional geology
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
1970-1980
detailed geology
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
Comments:
1970-1980
Comments:
1970-1980
1970-1980
Comments:
Ref
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
The first indication were the Ni-Cu-Zn-rich black schist glacial erratic.
detailed geophysics
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
19,22,28,32,33
The metal-rich black schists give a more distinct electric anomaly (conductivity, difference between real and
imaginary components, susceptibility) than other rocks in the area including the metal-poor black schists, but
do not come out by normal magnetic, slingram or gravimetric methods.
regional geochemistry
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
detailed geochemistry
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
31
Cu and Zn anomaly in till.
Suomen Malmi Oy
Years
Activity type
1961-1962
1961-1962
detailed geology
excavation
Geologist
Exploration result
NA
NA
3
Ref
19
19
Mineral Deposit Report
Geological Survey of Finland
1961-1962
Comments:
Page 4 OF 17
9/29/2015
core drilling
Core drilling (reconnaissance drilling): 4 diamond-drill holes.
NA
19,22
Suomen Malmi Oy
Years
Activity type
1954-1954
1954-1954
1954-1954
detailed geology
excavation
core drilling
Geologist
Exploration result
NA
NA
NA
Ref
19
19
19
Geological Survey of Finland
Years
Activity type
Geologist
Exploration result
1950-1950
regional geology
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
1950-1950
detailed geology
NA
1950-1950
detailed geology
Lauri Pekkarinen, Esa
Sandberg
Pentti Ervamaa
1950-1950
mining pilot
NA
1950-1950
regional geophysics
Lauri Pekkarinen, Esa
Sandberg
Pentti Ervamaa
1950-1950
core drilling
1950-1950
Comments:
1950-1950
1950-1950
1950-1950
Comments:
NA
NA
Ref
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
7
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
7
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
7
Lauri Pekkarinen, Esa
NA
Sandberg
detailed geophysics
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
19,22,28,32,33
The metal-rich black schists give a more distinct electric anomaly (conductivity, difference between real and
imaginary components, susceptibility) than other rocks in the area including the metal-poor black schists, but
do not come out by normal magnetic, slingram or gravimetric methods.
regional geochemistry
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
core drilling
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
detailed geochemistry
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
31
Cu and Zn anomaly in till.
Geological Survey of Finland
Years
Activity type
1940-1940
regional geology
Geologist
NA
1940-1940
detailed geology
NA
1940-1940
regional geophysics
NA
4
Exploration result
Ref
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
Mineral Deposit Report
Geological Survey of Finland
1940-1940
Comments:
1940-1940
1940-1940
Page 5 OF 17
9/29/2015
detailed geophysics
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
19,22,28,32,33
The metal-rich black schists give a more distinct electric anomaly (conductivity, difference between real and
imaginary components, susceptibility) than other rocks in the area including the metal-poor black schists, but
do not come out by normal magnetic, slingram or gravimetric methods.
regional geochemistry
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
core drilling
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
Geological Survey of Finland
Years
Activity type
1939-1939
regional geology
Geologist
Exploration result
NA
1939-1939
detailed geology
NA
1939-1939
regional geophysics
NA
1939-1939
1939-1939
detailed geophysics
regional geochemistry
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
NA
1939-1939
core drilling
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
Years
Activity type
Geologist
Exploration result
1938-1938
1938-1938
detailed geology
regional geophysics
Ref
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
19,22,28,32,33
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
4,6,10,13,14,17,18,
19,21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,30,31,32,33,
35
Oy Prospector Ab
NA
NA
Ref
27
27
Geological Survey of Finland
Years
Activity type
Geologist
Exploration result
1902-1926
1902-1926
regional geology
core drilling
Pentti Ervamaa
NA
NA
5
Ref
Mineral Deposit Report
Page 6 OF 17
Geological Survey of Finland
9/29/2015
Resources and Reserves
Most Recent:
Type:
Company:
Year:
Calc method:
Reference:
Resource
Talvivaara Mining
2004
NA
11
Company Plc
NA
Category:
Tonnage:
nickel
0.23 %
zinc
0.50 %
copper
0.13 %
cobalt
0.02 %
Cutoff:
NA
6
177.70 Mt
Mineral Deposit Report
Geological Survey of Finland
Page 7 OF 17
9/29/2015
Figures
Structure
Metamorph photo
Metamorph photo
Ore composition
Ore outcrop
7
Mineral Deposit Report
Geological Survey of Finland
Page 8 OF 17
9/29/2015
Structure
Regional geology
8
Mineral Deposit Report
Geological Survey of Finland
Page 9 OF 17
9/29/2015
Figures
Petrophysics
9
Mineral Deposit Report
Page 10 OF 17
Geological Survey of Finland
9/29/2015
Geology
Host rock
:
Graphite Schist, Mica schist, Calcsilicate-rock
Graphite Schist (Host rock)
Rock Type:
Metamorphic rock (Unknown protolith or undefined)
Proportion:
major
Grain size:
NA
Color:
NA
References:
1,3,6,8,16,17,19,22,26,29,30,35
Comments:
The deposit is in a 15 km long, 1-2 km wide unit characterised by metamorphosed black
shales within a 100 km long turbidite formation.
Other Minerals:
Proportion:
Quartz
present
K-Feldspar
present
Garnet
present
Biotite
present
Tremolite
present
Plagioclase
present
Mineral texture:
Ore Minerals:
Proportion:
Mineral texture:
Pyrite
major
Vein, Dissemination
Pyrrhotite
major
Dissemination, Vein
Sphalerite
minor
Vein, Dissemination
Pentlandite
minor
Vein, Dissemination
Chalcopyrite
minor
Dissemination, Vein
Alabandite
minor
Dissemination, Vein
Ullmannite
minor
Dissemination, Vein
Stannite
minor
Vein, Dissemination
Molybdenite
minor
Vein, Dissemination
Graphite
present
Structures:
Bedded
Metamorphic description:
Type:
Regional
Comments:
Facies:
Grade:
Relation to
mineralization:
NA
Min P- Max P
(kbar)
1.30
amphibolite
medium
6.00
metamorphic
metamorphic
facies
grade
Quartz-biotite-graphite-sulphides ± rutile, apatite, zircon, garnet, tourmaline, tucholite, albite.
10
Min T- Max T (°C)
Mineral Deposit Report
Page 11 OF 17
Geological Survey of Finland
9/29/2015
Geological age:
Geological era:
Paleoproterozoic
(2500-1600 Ma)
Comments:
Max age - Min
age (Ma)
2145 2044
Inferred age
(Ma)
2095
Age of
mineralization
Y
Somewhat or partially significantly older source area for Pb.
Radiometric age:
Method:
Pb-Pb
Pb-Pb
Age (Ma)
Error (Ma)
Mineral
2044
2145
Calcsilicate-rock (Host rock)
Rock Type:
Metamorphic rock (Sedim protolith-composition-texture)
Proportion:
minor
Grain size:
NA
Color:
NA
References:
1,3,6,8,16,17,19,22,26,35
Comments:
Interlayers in the clastic sedimentary units.
Structures:
Layered
Metamorphic description:
Type:
Regional
Comments:
Facies:
Relation to
Grade:
mineralization:
NA
medium
amphibolite
metamorphic
metamorphic
facies
grade
Tremolite-carbonate-biotite-graphite-sulphides ± garnet, diopside.
Min P- Max P
(kbar)
1.30
Geological age:
Geological era:
Paleoproterozoic
(2500-1600 Ma)
Max age - Min
age (Ma)
2500 1600
Inferred age
(Ma)
Age of
mineralization
N
11
Min T- Max T (°C)
6.00
Mineral Deposit Report
Page 12 OF 17
Geological Survey of Finland
9/29/2015
Mica schist (Host rock)
Rock Type:
Metamorphic rock (Unknown protolith or undefined)
Proportion:
minor
Grain size:
NA
Color:
NA
References:
1,3,6,8,16,17,19,22,26,35
Metamorphic description:
Type:
Regional
Facies:
amphibolite
metamorphic
facies
Relation to
Grade:
medium
metamorphic
grade
mineralization:
NA
Min P- Max P
(kbar)
1.30
Geological age:
Geological era:
Paleoproterozoic
(2500-1600 Ma)
Max age - Min
age (Ma)
2500 1600
Inferred age
(Ma)
Age of
mineralization
N
12
Min T- Max T (°C)
6.00
Mineral Deposit Report
Geological Survey of Finland
Page 13 OF 17
Figures
13
9/29/2015
Mineral Deposit Report
Geological Survey of Finland
Page 14 OF 17
References
14
9/29/2015
Mineral Deposit Report
Geological Survey of Finland
Page 15 OF 17
9/29/2015
1
Korsman, K. (ed.) & Glebovitsky, V. (ed.) 1999. Raahe-Ladoga Zone structure-lithology, metamorphism and
metallogeny: a Finnish-Russian cooperation project 1996-1999. Map 2: Metamorphism of the Raahe-Ladoga
Zone 1:1000000. Geological Survey of Finland.
2
Ekdahl, E. 1993. Early Proterozoic Karelian and Svecofennian formations and the evolution of the
Raahe-Ladoga Ore Zone, based on the Pielavesi area, central Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bull. 373.
137 p.
http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/bulletin/bt_373.pdf
3
Kontinen, A., Peltonen, P. & Huhma H. 2006. Description and genetic modelling of the Outokumpu-type rock
assemblage and associated sulphide deposits. Final technical report for GEOMEX JV, Workspackage Geology.
Geol .Surv. Finland Rep. M10.4/2006/1. 378 p.
http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/m10_4_2006_1.pdf
4
Ervamaa, P. 1980. Talvivaaran nikkeli-kupari-sinkki-esiintymä. Geologi 32, 93. (in Finnish)
5
Karhu, J.A., 1993. Paleoproterozoic evolution of the carbon isotope ratios of sedimentary carbonates in the
Fennoscandian Shield. Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 371. 87 p.
http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/bulletin/bt_371.pdf
6
Ervamaa, P. 1978. Kolmisopen-Talvivaaran alueen tähänastisista tutkimuksista. Geological Survey of Finland,
Report 2.5.1978. 6 p. (in Finnish)
7
Pekkarinen, L. & Sandberg, E. 1996. Talvivaaran monimetalliesiintymä. In: Voutilainen, A. (ed.) Ultramafiitit ja
niihin liittyvät malmit Pohjois-Karjalassa ja Kainuussa syysekskursio: ekskursio-opas 24.-25.9.1996.
Vuorimiesyhdistys. Sarja B 61, 13-14. (in Finnish)
8
Törnroos, R. 1982. Sphalerite geobarometry of some metamorphosed sulphide ore deposits in Finland.
Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 323. 42 p.
http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/bulletin/bt_323.pdf
9
Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1999. Origin of black shales and the serpentinite-associated Cu-Zn-Co ores at
Outokumpu, Finland. Econ. Geol. 94, 1007-1028.
10
Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1992. Geochemistry of Proterozoic metamorphosed black shales in eastern Finland,
with implications for exploration and environmental studies. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus. 86 p.
11
Talvivaara Project 2004. www.talvivaara.com/index_files/page0008.htm 17/12/2004.
http://tupa.gtk.fi/valokuva/mineraalivara/http://www.talvivaara.com/
12
Kontinen, A. 2006. personal communication 30 March 2006.
13
Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1995. Mercury concentrations in stream water and sediments under natural
conditions in the vicinity of the black-schist-hosted Ni-Cu-Zn deposit at Talvivaara, Finland: a pilot study. In:
Pasava, J., Kríbek, B. & Zák, K. (eds.) Mineral Deposits: From Their Origin to Their Environmental Impacts.
Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 773-776.
14
Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1995. Platinum, palladium, rhodium, and iridium concentrations in Early Proterozoic
black schists, Finland: origin in seafloor hydrothermal processes. In: Pasava, J., Kríbek, B. & Zák, K. (eds.)
Mineral Deposits: From Their Origin to Their Environmental Impacts. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 777-780.
15
Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1995. Origin of the Talvivaara black-shale-hosted Ni-Cu-Zn deposit, eastern Finland.
Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 20, 31-46.
http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/specialpaper/sp_020_pages_031_046.pdf
16
Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K., Kontinen, A. & Airo, M-L. 1997. Kainuu district. Geological Survey of Finland, Guide
42, 57-64.
http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/opas/op_042_pages_057_064.pdf
17
Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K., Tenhola, M., Paukola, T. & Uutela, A. 1996. Mustaliuskeiden vaikutus vesistöihin
Sotkamon Talvivaarassa. Summary: Environmental impact of black shales on watercourses at Talvivaara,
Sotkamo, eastern Finland. Vuoriteollisuus 54, 49-53.
15
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Geological Survey of Finland
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18
Carlson, L. & Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1998. Raskasmetallien pidättyminen rautasaostumiin malmiesiintymien
ja kaivosten ympäristössä: esitutkimus Itä-Suomessa. Summary: Fixation of heavy metals in iron precipitates
around ore deposits and mines - a pilot study in eastern Finland. Vuoriteollisuus 56 (3), 37-41.
19
Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. & Heino, T. 1996. Geochemistry and genesis of the black shale-hosted Ni-Cu-Zn
deposit at Talvivaara, Finland. Economic Geology 91, 80-110.
20
Pasava, J., Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. & Chernyshov, N.M. 1997. Important controls of PGE enrichment in
Proterozoic metal-rich black shales. In: Papunen, H. (ed.) Mineral Deposits: Research and Exploration - Where
Do They Meet? Proceedings of the Fourth Biennial SGA Meeting, Turku, Finland, 11-13 August 1997.
Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 11-14.
21
Yletyinen, V. 1950. Vihannin malmista. Geological Survey of Finland, Report M17/Sok-50/1. 10 p. (in Finnish)
http://tupa.gtk.fi/valokuva/mineraalivara/References/514_Talvivaara/m17_sok_50_1.pdf
22
Ervamaa, P. & Heino, T. 1980. Sotkamon Talvivaaran nikkeli-kupari-sinkki-esiintymän tutkimukset. Geological
Survey of Finland, Report M19/3344/-80/1/10. 73 p. (in Finnish)
http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/m19_3344_80_1_10.pdf
23
Tervo, T. 1980. Sotkamon Talvivaaran geofysikaaliset tutkimukset vuosina 1977-1979. Geological Survey of
Finland, Report Q 19/3344/-80/1. 27 p. (in Finnish)
http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/q19_3344_80_1.pdf
24
Heino, T. 1986. Tutkimustyöselostus Sotkamon kunnassa valtausalueilla Kolmisoppi 1, kaiv.rek.n:o 2819,
Kuusilampi 1 ja 2, kaiv.rek.n:o 2838, Kuusilampi 3, kaiv.rek.n:o 2863 ja Kaivoslampi 1, kaiv.rek.n:o 3335
Geological Survey of Finland, Report M06/3344/-86/1/10. 21 p. (in Finnish)
http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/valtaus/m06_3344_86_1_10.pdf
25
Ervamaa, P. 1980. Selostus Sotkamon kunnassa sijaitsevilla Tiaispuro 1-2, Kolmisoppi 2, Kolmisoppi 3,
Pihlajakorpi 1, Kellosärkkä 1, Hopeakallio 1-2, Kiikkumäki 1-2 ja Kolmikannansuo 1 -nimisillä valtausalueilla
suoritetuista tutkimuksista. Geological Survey of Finland, Report. 3 p. (in Finnish)
http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/valtaus/m06_3433_80_1.pdf
26
Aho, L. 1979. Mineraloginen kuvaus Sotkamon Talvivaaran mustaliuskevyöhykkeestä. Geological Survey of
Finland, Report M19/3433/79/1/10. 9 p. (in Finnish)
http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/m19_3433_79_1.pdf
27
Mikkola, A. 1946. Kainuun malmitutkimukset 1939. Geological Survey of Finland, Report M17/Sok-46/1. 3 p. (in
Finnish)
http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/m17_sok_46_1.pdf
28
Kukkonen, I., Sarapää, O. & Heino, T. 1984. Mustaliuskeiden synty, koostumus ja esiintyminen. In: Puustinen,
K. (ed.) Geologiaa geofyysikoille. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation 69, 62-69. (in Finnish)
http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/tutkimusraportti/tr_069.pdf
29
Törnroos, R. 1982. Properties of alabandite: alabandite from Finland. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie.
Abhandlungen 144, 107-123.
30
Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1991. Geochemical evidence for the hydrothermal origin of sulphur, base metals and
gold in Proterozoic metamorphosed black shales, Kainuu and Outokumpu areas, Finland. Mineralium Deposita
26, 152-164.
31
Nikkarinen, M., Kallio, E., Lestinen, P. & Äyräs, M. 1984. Mode of occurrence of Cu and Zn in till over three
mineralized areas in Finland. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 21, 239-247.
32
Hjelt, S.-E., Heikka, J. V., Lakanen, E., Pelkonen, R. & Pietilä, R. 1990. The audiomagnetotelluric (AMT)
method and its use in ore prospecting and structural research. In: Hjelt, S-E. & Fokin, A. (eds.) Electrical
Prospecting for Ore Deposits in the Baltic Shield. Part 2: Electromagnetic Methods. Geological Survey of
Finland, Report of Investigation 95, 69-86.
http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/tutkimusraportti/tr_095.pdf
33
Hjelt, S.-E., Heikka, J.V., Pernu, T.K. & Sandgren, E.I.O. 1990. Examples of the application of the VLF-R
method to prospecting bedrock structures. In: Hjelt, S-E. & Fokin, A. (eds.) Electrical Prospecting for Ore
Deposits in the Baltic Shield. Part 2: Electromagnetic Methods. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of
Investigation 95, 87-99.
http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/tutkimusraportti/tr_095.pdf
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Geological Survey of Finland
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Vaasjoki, M. 1981. The lead isotopic compositions of some Finnish galenas. Geological Survey of Finland,
Bulletin 316. 30 p.
http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/bulletin/bt_316.pdf
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Havola, M. 1981. Sotkamo. Geological Map of Finland 1:100000: Pre-Quaternary Rocks, Sheet 3433.
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