Mineral Deposit Report Page 1 OF 17 Geological Survey of Finland 9/29/2015 Kolmisoppi Talvivaara, Taattola Alternative names: occurrence Occurence type: Commodity Rank Total Measure Total Production nickel 1 408,710.00 t 408,710.00 t zinc 2 888,500.00 t 888,500.00 t cobalt 3 35,540.00 t 35,540.00 t copper 3 231,010.00 t 231,010.00 t Easting EUREF: 552007 Easting YKJ: 3552200 Northing EUREF: 7099027 Northing YKJ: 7102000 Discovery year: 1977 Province: Talvivaara (Ni, Co, Zn) District: Comments: This is one of the two ore bodies of the very large Talvivaara deposit and mine, and the size information of 177 Mt is probably Reference: outdated 2,19 Mineral deposit type Group: Metallogenic deposit Main type: VMS (mixed hydrothermal) Sub type1: Outokumpu-type Sub type2: Comments: References: 3,3,5,5,9,9,10,10,12,12,14,14,15,15,16,16,19,19,20,20,29,29,30,30 Dimension Expression: exposed Area (ha): Form: concordant Dip azim: Shape: irregular Dip: Length (m): 2000 Plunge azim: Width (m): 330 Plunge dip: Thickness (m): Depth (m): Dimension comments: Orientation method: 400 Open along strike at both ends 1 Total Resource Mineral Deposit Report Page 2 OF 17 Geological Survey of Finland 9/29/2015 Holder history Current holder: Talvivaara Sotkamo Oy Years: Holding type: Mining concession (old law) Company Talvivaara Mining Company Plc Years Holding type NA Outokumpu Oy 1985-2003 NA Geological Survey of Finland 1978-1986 NA Suomen Malmi Oy 1961-1962 NA 2 Comments Mineral Deposit Report Geological Survey of Finland Page 3 OF 17 9/29/2015 Exploration Activity Outokumpu Oy Years Activity type 1989-1990 core drilling Comments: Geologist Exploration result Lauri Pekkarinen, Esa NA Sandberg Core drilling (reconnaissance drilling): 67 diamond-drill holes, total 8689 m. Ref 7 Outokumpu Oy Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref 1989-1989 detailed geology NA 7 1989-1989 mining pilot Lauri Pekkarinen, Esa Sandberg Lauri Pekkarinen, Esa Sandberg NA 7 Geologist Exploration result Geological Survey of Finland Years 1977-1982 Comments: Activity type core drilling Pentti Ervamaa NA Core drilling (reconnaissance drilling): 95 diamond-drill holes, total 19.6km. Ref 19,22 Geological Survey of Finland Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result 1977-1977 regional geophysics Pentti Ervamaa key geological features Comments: Ref 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 Low-altitude airborne magnetic, electromagnetic and radiometric survey Geological Survey of Finland Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result 1970-1980 regional geology Pentti Ervamaa NA 1970-1980 detailed geology Pentti Ervamaa NA Comments: 1970-1980 Comments: 1970-1980 1970-1980 Comments: Ref 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 The first indication were the Ni-Cu-Zn-rich black schist glacial erratic. detailed geophysics Pentti Ervamaa NA 19,22,28,32,33 The metal-rich black schists give a more distinct electric anomaly (conductivity, difference between real and imaginary components, susceptibility) than other rocks in the area including the metal-poor black schists, but do not come out by normal magnetic, slingram or gravimetric methods. regional geochemistry Pentti Ervamaa NA 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 detailed geochemistry Pentti Ervamaa NA 31 Cu and Zn anomaly in till. Suomen Malmi Oy Years Activity type 1961-1962 1961-1962 detailed geology excavation Geologist Exploration result NA NA 3 Ref 19 19 Mineral Deposit Report Geological Survey of Finland 1961-1962 Comments: Page 4 OF 17 9/29/2015 core drilling Core drilling (reconnaissance drilling): 4 diamond-drill holes. NA 19,22 Suomen Malmi Oy Years Activity type 1954-1954 1954-1954 1954-1954 detailed geology excavation core drilling Geologist Exploration result NA NA NA Ref 19 19 19 Geological Survey of Finland Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result 1950-1950 regional geology Pentti Ervamaa NA 1950-1950 detailed geology NA 1950-1950 detailed geology Lauri Pekkarinen, Esa Sandberg Pentti Ervamaa 1950-1950 mining pilot NA 1950-1950 regional geophysics Lauri Pekkarinen, Esa Sandberg Pentti Ervamaa 1950-1950 core drilling 1950-1950 Comments: 1950-1950 1950-1950 1950-1950 Comments: NA NA Ref 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 7 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 7 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 7 Lauri Pekkarinen, Esa NA Sandberg detailed geophysics Pentti Ervamaa NA 19,22,28,32,33 The metal-rich black schists give a more distinct electric anomaly (conductivity, difference between real and imaginary components, susceptibility) than other rocks in the area including the metal-poor black schists, but do not come out by normal magnetic, slingram or gravimetric methods. regional geochemistry Pentti Ervamaa NA 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 core drilling Pentti Ervamaa NA 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 detailed geochemistry Pentti Ervamaa NA 31 Cu and Zn anomaly in till. Geological Survey of Finland Years Activity type 1940-1940 regional geology Geologist NA 1940-1940 detailed geology NA 1940-1940 regional geophysics NA 4 Exploration result Ref 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 Mineral Deposit Report Geological Survey of Finland 1940-1940 Comments: 1940-1940 1940-1940 Page 5 OF 17 9/29/2015 detailed geophysics Pentti Ervamaa NA 19,22,28,32,33 The metal-rich black schists give a more distinct electric anomaly (conductivity, difference between real and imaginary components, susceptibility) than other rocks in the area including the metal-poor black schists, but do not come out by normal magnetic, slingram or gravimetric methods. regional geochemistry Pentti Ervamaa NA 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 core drilling Pentti Ervamaa NA 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 Geological Survey of Finland Years Activity type 1939-1939 regional geology Geologist Exploration result NA 1939-1939 detailed geology NA 1939-1939 regional geophysics NA 1939-1939 1939-1939 detailed geophysics regional geochemistry Pentti Ervamaa NA NA 1939-1939 core drilling Pentti Ervamaa NA Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result 1938-1938 1938-1938 detailed geology regional geophysics Ref 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 19,22,28,32,33 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 4,6,10,13,14,17,18, 19,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,30,31,32,33, 35 Oy Prospector Ab NA NA Ref 27 27 Geological Survey of Finland Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result 1902-1926 1902-1926 regional geology core drilling Pentti Ervamaa NA NA 5 Ref Mineral Deposit Report Page 6 OF 17 Geological Survey of Finland 9/29/2015 Resources and Reserves Most Recent: Type: Company: Year: Calc method: Reference: Resource Talvivaara Mining 2004 NA 11 Company Plc NA Category: Tonnage: nickel 0.23 % zinc 0.50 % copper 0.13 % cobalt 0.02 % Cutoff: NA 6 177.70 Mt Mineral Deposit Report Geological Survey of Finland Page 7 OF 17 9/29/2015 Figures Structure Metamorph photo Metamorph photo Ore composition Ore outcrop 7 Mineral Deposit Report Geological Survey of Finland Page 8 OF 17 9/29/2015 Structure Regional geology 8 Mineral Deposit Report Geological Survey of Finland Page 9 OF 17 9/29/2015 Figures Petrophysics 9 Mineral Deposit Report Page 10 OF 17 Geological Survey of Finland 9/29/2015 Geology Host rock : Graphite Schist, Mica schist, Calcsilicate-rock Graphite Schist (Host rock) Rock Type: Metamorphic rock (Unknown protolith or undefined) Proportion: major Grain size: NA Color: NA References: 1,3,6,8,16,17,19,22,26,29,30,35 Comments: The deposit is in a 15 km long, 1-2 km wide unit characterised by metamorphosed black shales within a 100 km long turbidite formation. Other Minerals: Proportion: Quartz present K-Feldspar present Garnet present Biotite present Tremolite present Plagioclase present Mineral texture: Ore Minerals: Proportion: Mineral texture: Pyrite major Vein, Dissemination Pyrrhotite major Dissemination, Vein Sphalerite minor Vein, Dissemination Pentlandite minor Vein, Dissemination Chalcopyrite minor Dissemination, Vein Alabandite minor Dissemination, Vein Ullmannite minor Dissemination, Vein Stannite minor Vein, Dissemination Molybdenite minor Vein, Dissemination Graphite present Structures: Bedded Metamorphic description: Type: Regional Comments: Facies: Grade: Relation to mineralization: NA Min P- Max P (kbar) 1.30 amphibolite medium 6.00 metamorphic metamorphic facies grade Quartz-biotite-graphite-sulphides ± rutile, apatite, zircon, garnet, tourmaline, tucholite, albite. 10 Min T- Max T (°C) Mineral Deposit Report Page 11 OF 17 Geological Survey of Finland 9/29/2015 Geological age: Geological era: Paleoproterozoic (2500-1600 Ma) Comments: Max age - Min age (Ma) 2145 2044 Inferred age (Ma) 2095 Age of mineralization Y Somewhat or partially significantly older source area for Pb. Radiometric age: Method: Pb-Pb Pb-Pb Age (Ma) Error (Ma) Mineral 2044 2145 Calcsilicate-rock (Host rock) Rock Type: Metamorphic rock (Sedim protolith-composition-texture) Proportion: minor Grain size: NA Color: NA References: 1,3,6,8,16,17,19,22,26,35 Comments: Interlayers in the clastic sedimentary units. Structures: Layered Metamorphic description: Type: Regional Comments: Facies: Relation to Grade: mineralization: NA medium amphibolite metamorphic metamorphic facies grade Tremolite-carbonate-biotite-graphite-sulphides ± garnet, diopside. Min P- Max P (kbar) 1.30 Geological age: Geological era: Paleoproterozoic (2500-1600 Ma) Max age - Min age (Ma) 2500 1600 Inferred age (Ma) Age of mineralization N 11 Min T- Max T (°C) 6.00 Mineral Deposit Report Page 12 OF 17 Geological Survey of Finland 9/29/2015 Mica schist (Host rock) Rock Type: Metamorphic rock (Unknown protolith or undefined) Proportion: minor Grain size: NA Color: NA References: 1,3,6,8,16,17,19,22,26,35 Metamorphic description: Type: Regional Facies: amphibolite metamorphic facies Relation to Grade: medium metamorphic grade mineralization: NA Min P- Max P (kbar) 1.30 Geological age: Geological era: Paleoproterozoic (2500-1600 Ma) Max age - Min age (Ma) 2500 1600 Inferred age (Ma) Age of mineralization N 12 Min T- Max T (°C) 6.00 Mineral Deposit Report Geological Survey of Finland Page 13 OF 17 Figures 13 9/29/2015 Mineral Deposit Report Geological Survey of Finland Page 14 OF 17 References 14 9/29/2015 Mineral Deposit Report Geological Survey of Finland Page 15 OF 17 9/29/2015 1 Korsman, K. (ed.) & Glebovitsky, V. (ed.) 1999. Raahe-Ladoga Zone structure-lithology, metamorphism and metallogeny: a Finnish-Russian cooperation project 1996-1999. Map 2: Metamorphism of the Raahe-Ladoga Zone 1:1000000. Geological Survey of Finland. 2 Ekdahl, E. 1993. Early Proterozoic Karelian and Svecofennian formations and the evolution of the Raahe-Ladoga Ore Zone, based on the Pielavesi area, central Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bull. 373. 137 p. http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/bulletin/bt_373.pdf 3 Kontinen, A., Peltonen, P. & Huhma H. 2006. Description and genetic modelling of the Outokumpu-type rock assemblage and associated sulphide deposits. Final technical report for GEOMEX JV, Workspackage Geology. Geol .Surv. Finland Rep. M10.4/2006/1. 378 p. http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/m10_4_2006_1.pdf 4 Ervamaa, P. 1980. Talvivaaran nikkeli-kupari-sinkki-esiintymä. Geologi 32, 93. (in Finnish) 5 Karhu, J.A., 1993. Paleoproterozoic evolution of the carbon isotope ratios of sedimentary carbonates in the Fennoscandian Shield. Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 371. 87 p. http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/bulletin/bt_371.pdf 6 Ervamaa, P. 1978. Kolmisopen-Talvivaaran alueen tähänastisista tutkimuksista. Geological Survey of Finland, Report 2.5.1978. 6 p. (in Finnish) 7 Pekkarinen, L. & Sandberg, E. 1996. Talvivaaran monimetalliesiintymä. In: Voutilainen, A. (ed.) Ultramafiitit ja niihin liittyvät malmit Pohjois-Karjalassa ja Kainuussa syysekskursio: ekskursio-opas 24.-25.9.1996. Vuorimiesyhdistys. Sarja B 61, 13-14. (in Finnish) 8 Törnroos, R. 1982. Sphalerite geobarometry of some metamorphosed sulphide ore deposits in Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 323. 42 p. http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/bulletin/bt_323.pdf 9 Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1999. Origin of black shales and the serpentinite-associated Cu-Zn-Co ores at Outokumpu, Finland. Econ. Geol. 94, 1007-1028. 10 Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1992. Geochemistry of Proterozoic metamorphosed black shales in eastern Finland, with implications for exploration and environmental studies. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus. 86 p. 11 Talvivaara Project 2004. www.talvivaara.com/index_files/page0008.htm 17/12/2004. http://tupa.gtk.fi/valokuva/mineraalivara/http://www.talvivaara.com/ 12 Kontinen, A. 2006. personal communication 30 March 2006. 13 Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1995. Mercury concentrations in stream water and sediments under natural conditions in the vicinity of the black-schist-hosted Ni-Cu-Zn deposit at Talvivaara, Finland: a pilot study. In: Pasava, J., Kríbek, B. & Zák, K. (eds.) Mineral Deposits: From Their Origin to Their Environmental Impacts. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 773-776. 14 Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1995. Platinum, palladium, rhodium, and iridium concentrations in Early Proterozoic black schists, Finland: origin in seafloor hydrothermal processes. In: Pasava, J., Kríbek, B. & Zák, K. (eds.) Mineral Deposits: From Their Origin to Their Environmental Impacts. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 777-780. 15 Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1995. Origin of the Talvivaara black-shale-hosted Ni-Cu-Zn deposit, eastern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 20, 31-46. http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/specialpaper/sp_020_pages_031_046.pdf 16 Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K., Kontinen, A. & Airo, M-L. 1997. Kainuu district. Geological Survey of Finland, Guide 42, 57-64. http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/opas/op_042_pages_057_064.pdf 17 Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K., Tenhola, M., Paukola, T. & Uutela, A. 1996. Mustaliuskeiden vaikutus vesistöihin Sotkamon Talvivaarassa. Summary: Environmental impact of black shales on watercourses at Talvivaara, Sotkamo, eastern Finland. Vuoriteollisuus 54, 49-53. 15 Mineral Deposit Report Geological Survey of Finland Page 16 OF 17 9/29/2015 18 Carlson, L. & Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1998. Raskasmetallien pidättyminen rautasaostumiin malmiesiintymien ja kaivosten ympäristössä: esitutkimus Itä-Suomessa. Summary: Fixation of heavy metals in iron precipitates around ore deposits and mines - a pilot study in eastern Finland. Vuoriteollisuus 56 (3), 37-41. 19 Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. & Heino, T. 1996. Geochemistry and genesis of the black shale-hosted Ni-Cu-Zn deposit at Talvivaara, Finland. Economic Geology 91, 80-110. 20 Pasava, J., Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. & Chernyshov, N.M. 1997. Important controls of PGE enrichment in Proterozoic metal-rich black shales. In: Papunen, H. (ed.) Mineral Deposits: Research and Exploration - Where Do They Meet? Proceedings of the Fourth Biennial SGA Meeting, Turku, Finland, 11-13 August 1997. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 11-14. 21 Yletyinen, V. 1950. Vihannin malmista. Geological Survey of Finland, Report M17/Sok-50/1. 10 p. (in Finnish) http://tupa.gtk.fi/valokuva/mineraalivara/References/514_Talvivaara/m17_sok_50_1.pdf 22 Ervamaa, P. & Heino, T. 1980. Sotkamon Talvivaaran nikkeli-kupari-sinkki-esiintymän tutkimukset. Geological Survey of Finland, Report M19/3344/-80/1/10. 73 p. (in Finnish) http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/m19_3344_80_1_10.pdf 23 Tervo, T. 1980. Sotkamon Talvivaaran geofysikaaliset tutkimukset vuosina 1977-1979. Geological Survey of Finland, Report Q 19/3344/-80/1. 27 p. (in Finnish) http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/q19_3344_80_1.pdf 24 Heino, T. 1986. Tutkimustyöselostus Sotkamon kunnassa valtausalueilla Kolmisoppi 1, kaiv.rek.n:o 2819, Kuusilampi 1 ja 2, kaiv.rek.n:o 2838, Kuusilampi 3, kaiv.rek.n:o 2863 ja Kaivoslampi 1, kaiv.rek.n:o 3335 Geological Survey of Finland, Report M06/3344/-86/1/10. 21 p. (in Finnish) http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/valtaus/m06_3344_86_1_10.pdf 25 Ervamaa, P. 1980. Selostus Sotkamon kunnassa sijaitsevilla Tiaispuro 1-2, Kolmisoppi 2, Kolmisoppi 3, Pihlajakorpi 1, Kellosärkkä 1, Hopeakallio 1-2, Kiikkumäki 1-2 ja Kolmikannansuo 1 -nimisillä valtausalueilla suoritetuista tutkimuksista. Geological Survey of Finland, Report. 3 p. (in Finnish) http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/valtaus/m06_3433_80_1.pdf 26 Aho, L. 1979. Mineraloginen kuvaus Sotkamon Talvivaaran mustaliuskevyöhykkeestä. Geological Survey of Finland, Report M19/3433/79/1/10. 9 p. (in Finnish) http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/m19_3433_79_1.pdf 27 Mikkola, A. 1946. Kainuun malmitutkimukset 1939. Geological Survey of Finland, Report M17/Sok-46/1. 3 p. (in Finnish) http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/m17_sok_46_1.pdf 28 Kukkonen, I., Sarapää, O. & Heino, T. 1984. Mustaliuskeiden synty, koostumus ja esiintyminen. In: Puustinen, K. (ed.) Geologiaa geofyysikoille. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation 69, 62-69. (in Finnish) http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/tutkimusraportti/tr_069.pdf 29 Törnroos, R. 1982. Properties of alabandite: alabandite from Finland. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie. Abhandlungen 144, 107-123. 30 Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1991. Geochemical evidence for the hydrothermal origin of sulphur, base metals and gold in Proterozoic metamorphosed black shales, Kainuu and Outokumpu areas, Finland. Mineralium Deposita 26, 152-164. 31 Nikkarinen, M., Kallio, E., Lestinen, P. & Äyräs, M. 1984. Mode of occurrence of Cu and Zn in till over three mineralized areas in Finland. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 21, 239-247. 32 Hjelt, S.-E., Heikka, J. V., Lakanen, E., Pelkonen, R. & Pietilä, R. 1990. The audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) method and its use in ore prospecting and structural research. In: Hjelt, S-E. & Fokin, A. (eds.) Electrical Prospecting for Ore Deposits in the Baltic Shield. Part 2: Electromagnetic Methods. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation 95, 69-86. http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/tutkimusraportti/tr_095.pdf 33 Hjelt, S.-E., Heikka, J.V., Pernu, T.K. & Sandgren, E.I.O. 1990. Examples of the application of the VLF-R method to prospecting bedrock structures. In: Hjelt, S-E. & Fokin, A. (eds.) Electrical Prospecting for Ore Deposits in the Baltic Shield. Part 2: Electromagnetic Methods. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation 95, 87-99. http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/tutkimusraportti/tr_095.pdf 16 Mineral Deposit Report Geological Survey of Finland Page 17 OF 17 9/29/2015 34 Vaasjoki, M. 1981. The lead isotopic compositions of some Finnish galenas. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 316. 30 p. http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/bulletin/bt_316.pdf 35 Havola, M. 1981. Sotkamo. Geological Map of Finland 1:100000: Pre-Quaternary Rocks, Sheet 3433. Geological Survey of Finland. http://tupa.gtk.fi/kartta/kallioperakartta100/kp_3433.pdf 17
© Copyright 2024