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Department of Chemistry
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ÅBO AKADEMI
U NI V E R SI T Y
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PROCESS CHEMISTRY CENTRE
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Towards Sustainable Energy:
– the Nordic Way of Renewables ?
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Doc. Dr. Jyri-Pekka Mikkola
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Academy Research Fellow, Academy of Finland
Prof. Technical Chemistry, Sustainable Development Umeå University
Prof. Sust.Dev. Industrial Chemistry & Reaction Engineering
Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University
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MOTIVATION
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WE ARE AT A CROSS-ROAD !
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured at Mauna Loa Observatory.
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World energy demand
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Targets – EU’s vision
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Biofuel proportion from the
total sales in EU (traffic fuels;
gasoline and diesel ):
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Target :
2.00 % during
5.75 %
20 %
2005
2010
2020
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OVERVIEW
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ƒ Difference in feedstock btw. Fossile & Bio
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We are in transition ...
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’The end of the age of oil’
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Oil Economy – What next ?
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Van Krevelen diagram displaying biomass and fossil fuel differences
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Why Biorefineries ?
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ƒ Oil price constantly increasing
ƒ Insecure supply (political instability)
ƒ Ever increasing consumption of energy
and liquid fuels
ƒ Drive to move from all-synthetic products
and materials to more sustainable, natural
bio-based solutions
www.oil-price.net/
ƒ Driving force and focus country-dependent
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Most Abundant Bio Feedstocks
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Trees
Forest residues
Grasses
Agricultural crops
Animal waste
Municipal waste
Algae
Food & Feed
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– depending on geographical location and local politics
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ƒ Fast Wood Forestry ?
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www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/
pdf_files/Books/ForestPerspective.pdf
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Fennoscandia – the richest in
forest resources in Europe and in
the whole world...
E.g. Chile ?
Ca. 3-4
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FOREST BIORAFF
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ƒ Optimum use of biomass raw
material in an integrated process:
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ƒ Chemicals to process industry
ƒ Chemicals to pharmaceutical
industry
ƒ Liquid and solid fuels
ƒ Pulp and paper
ƒ Heat and power (electricity)
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Challenges in (Forest) Biorefinery
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ƒ Are we able to put more knowledge into
bio-derived products ?
ƒ How to invent unique value-added bio and
forest products ?
ƒ Innovation capacity/capability ?
ƒ High added-value specialty products from
forests and other bioresources ?
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Extraction, purification (structure preserving)
Combustion
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Fermentation (enzymes)
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Conversion – Upgrading Biofeedstock: Technology Challenge !
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ƒ CATALYSIS – still in its infancy when dealing
with biorefinery feedstocks in contrary to the
well-established petroleum-based refinery
technology (almost 100 years of development,
fine-tuning and research for perfection)
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ƒ Food and feed
ƒ e.g. sugars, oils, fats, betaine ...
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Products in need
–
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ƒ e.g. Bio-ethanol, Bio-diesel, DME,
DMC,
oxygenates
...
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ƒ Bulk Chemicals
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d acetic acid,
fe phenolics, adhesives,du
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furfural,
fatty
acids,
DƒifDMC,
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carbon products,
paints,
pigments,
detergents,
solvents,
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biodegradable
chemicals
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differe polymers ... sPlatform
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ƒ Fine-Chemicals
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e.g.
xylitol,
sorbitol,
sitosterol, mannans, lignans,
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ƒ Liquid fuels
stilbenes, flavonoids, betulinol, suberin ...
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ƒ Heat and electricity
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Finechemicals from Birch
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aliphatic domain
Lupeol (2%)
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Betulinic acid (2%)
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Aromatic domain
Betulin (25%)
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ƒ Outer bark: Betulin (light scattering), aliphatic suberin
(natural polyester), antioxidant (aromatic suberin)
ƒ Total potential hydroxyfattyacids (Finland & Sweden) :
100 000 t/a Æ aliphatic domain even a potential source
of crude ’Birch-Diesel’
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ƒ STFI-Packforsk in Sweden
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LignoBoost
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Side-fuel for
coal-powered
Powerplants
(e.g. Fortum Stockholm)
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Asphalt emulsions for reduced
carbon dioxide emissions
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ƒ Akzo Nobel
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TallDiesel
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ƒ SunPine in Piteå harbour, Sweden
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Black liquor gasification
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ƒ Piteå, Sweden:
Methanol and/or Dimethylether
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Fischer-Tropsch fuels
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ƒ StoraEnso (Finland)
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Integration for district heat &
electricity, also some
transportation fuels
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ƒ Södra (Sweden, Norway)
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SYNFUEL
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ƒ UPM KYMMENE (Finland)
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From any Oils/fats
Feed tank
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Bio Oil
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ƒ NesteOil NexBtl, (Finland)
Pretreatment
Acid
Caustic
Water
Sludge
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Impurities
removal
Bio Oil - Rape seed oil
Palm Oil
Soya Oil
Animal fat
NExBTL-Process
Conversion
of fatty acids
to
parafins and
isoparafins
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Hydrogen
Porvoo, 170 kt/a
Fuel gas
Sour water
Mineral oil diesel
Stabilation
Biodiesel
tank
Diesel
tank
Diesel +
Biodiesel
Blends
NExBTL component sales
Biodiesel
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Integrated Biorefinery
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ƒ Örnsköldsvik Biorefinery cluster (Sweden)
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Conclusions:
Major efforts in Nordic countries
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ƒ Industrial / large-scale pilot:
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New Research - Many solutions,
some more difficult than other ...
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ƒ Complex concistency
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Wood tar – a classical important
product from 16th to 19th century
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Many BioFuels on the market
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Diesel
ƒ FAME - Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
ƒ RME - Rapeseed Methyl Ester
ƒ NExBTL - Next generation biomass to liquid
ƒ GTL-products (various technologies)
Gasoline :
ƒ Bioethanol
ƒ ETBE, TAEE
ƒ Biogas
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Diesel
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Future Forest Diesel ?
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EVEN INTEGRATED BIOREFINERIES
PRODUCE A LOT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
- WHAT TO DO WITH IT ?
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CO2UTIL – Utilization of CO2 for chemicals (incl. fuels)
Carbon dioxide to organic carbonates
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Abundant C1 feedstock
Non toxic, non-inflammable
Affordable
Easy to handle, store, transport
Oxygen carrier
Solvent (scCO2: solvent and reagent)
+ enhances rate and selectivity
(Green house gas)
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E.g. Direct synthesis of dimethylcarbonate – catalytic route
CO2 + 2CH3OH
DMC + H2O
M.Sc. Valerie Eta
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Pyrolysis for Bio-oil
ƒ Challenge: Bio-oil upgrading (catalysis)
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ƒ corrosiveness, viscosity, coking, stability, cold
properties, high water conctent etc.
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Catalysis
Dr.thesis of M.Sc. Atte Aho
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Hydrogen from Biosources ?
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ƒ TEKES (Finnish Funding
Agency for Technology
and Innovation), Ecocat
Oy, Ehovoc Oy, Selmic Oy,
Danisco Sweeteners Oy
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ƒ Aqueous Phase Reforming
(APR)
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Dr. Anton Tokarev
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Reaction pathways involved in glucose and sorbitol
reforming
R.R. Davda et al., Appl. Catal. B: Envir. 56 (2005) 171
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Bio-Butanol & -Pentanol and Fuel Additives
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Doc. Esa Toukoniitty
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Academy of Finland Sustainable Energy Program: SUSFUFLEX
(collaboration with UOULU and KTH)
NEW, INNOVATIVE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION FUELS
FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS: FROM BIOCOMPONENTS TO
FLEXIBLE LIQUID FUELS
Can be blended into standard gasoline or gasoline containing
ethanol
Compatible with existing vehicle technology
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BP & DuPont: ’biobutanol - will be introduced by the end of 2007’
Synthetic
Gasoline
From BuOH
Via
Catalysis !
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OPTIMAL TREATMENT
PROCESSES OF
Upgrading biogas for
LIGNOCELLULOSES FOR
vehicle fuel - BIOGASUP
BIOETHANOL – OPTBIO
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Certain ionic liquids are capable
for reversible capture of CO2
Jyri-Pekka Mikkola
Lab. of Ind. Chem. and Reaction Eng., Åbo Akademi Univ.
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Prof. Kai Peiponen
Department of Physics, University of Joensuu
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Assoc. Prof. Maria Elena Lienqueo Contreras
Prof. Jukka Rintala
University of Chile
Department of Biology and Environmental Science,, University of Jyväskylä
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Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology
Jyri-Pekka Mikkola
Lab. of Ind. Chem. and Reaction Eng., Åbo Akademi Univ.
Dr. Romel Jiménez
Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción
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Sample Biorefinery –
The Future is Today !
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The biggest biorefinery in Europe ?
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DILEMMA FOOD BASED !
(grain)
rd
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nd
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However, in the world Gas & Coal
dominate the development in syngas
to fuels (dominant technology for 2 /3 generation biofuels) !
FOSSILE SOURCES – NOT SUSTAINABLE !
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So, is Biomass a Sustainable
Energy Source ?
On a Net-Energy Basis ? – YES
On a Green House Gas Basis ? – YES
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...provided that non-food crops are utilized
...and certain problems solved:
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COST
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS
LAND USE
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IN PERSPECTIVE:
ƒUsing ethanol (current technology) in place
of oil reduces total carbon dioxide emissions
by only 13 % !
ƒTo fill the tank of a large SUV with ethanol
fuel could feed one person for a year !
www.scidev.net/en/opinions/research-is-needed-to-make-biofuels-sustainable.html
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Production million m3/year
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Potential for Biomass Conversion, biofuels
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Data by F.O.Licht, 2006, www.earthpolicy.org
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WORST
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FOOD BIO
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NON-FOOD BIO
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BEST
FOSSILE
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Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry
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Perspectives in Global Terms
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Will there be enough land ?
Will there be enough biomass ?
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for food
bio-fuels
bio-products
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Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three preoccupations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development