Bio Oil

Department of Chemistry
ol
a
ÅA
ÅBO AKADEMI
U NI V E R SI T Y
ik
k
PROCESS CHEMISTRY CENTRE
P
M
Towards Sustainable Energy:
– the Nordic Way of Renewables ?
ht
J
Doc. Dr. Jyri-Pekka Mikkola
C
op
yr
ig
Academy Research Fellow, Academy of Finland
Prof. Technical Chemistry, Sustainable Development Umeå University
Prof. Sust.Dev. Industrial Chemistry & Reaction Engineering
Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University
ol
a
ht
J
P
M
ik
k
MOTIVATION
C
op
yr
ig
WE ARE AT A CROSS-ROAD !
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured at Mauna Loa Observatory.
ol
a
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ik
k
World energy demand
ol
a
ik
k
Targets – EU’s vision
ht
J
P
M
Biofuel proportion from the
total sales in EU (traffic fuels;
gasoline and diesel ):
C
op
yr
ig
Target :
2.00 % during
5.75 %
20 %
2005
2010
2020
ol
a
OVERVIEW
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ik
k
ƒ Difference in feedstock btw. Fossile & Bio
ol
a
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ik
k
We are in transition ...
C
op
’The end of the age of oil’
ol
a
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ik
k
Oil Economy – What next ?
C
Van Krevelen diagram displaying biomass and fossil fuel differences
ol
a
Why Biorefineries ?
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ik
k
ƒ Oil price constantly increasing
ƒ Insecure supply (political instability)
ƒ Ever increasing consumption of energy
and liquid fuels
ƒ Drive to move from all-synthetic products
and materials to more sustainable, natural
bio-based solutions
www.oil-price.net/
ƒ Driving force and focus country-dependent
ol
a
Most Abundant Bio Feedstocks
M
P
ig
ht
J
Trees
Forest residues
Grasses
Agricultural crops
Animal waste
Municipal waste
Algae
Food & Feed
...
yr
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ik
k
– depending on geographical location and local politics
op
ƒ Fast Wood Forestry ?
C
www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/
pdf_files/Books/ForestPerspective.pdf
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ik
k
ol
a
Fennoscandia – the richest in
forest resources in Europe and in
the whole world...
E.g. Chile ?
Ca. 3-4
ig
ht
J
P
M
ik
k
ol
a
FOREST BIORAFF
yr
ƒ Optimum use of biomass raw
material in an integrated process:
C
op
ƒ Chemicals to process industry
ƒ Chemicals to pharmaceutical
industry
ƒ Liquid and solid fuels
ƒ Pulp and paper
ƒ Heat and power (electricity)
P
ht
J
ig
yr
op
C
ol
a
ik
k
M
ol
a
Challenges in (Forest) Biorefinery
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ik
k
ƒ Are we able to put more knowledge into
bio-derived products ?
ƒ How to invent unique value-added bio and
forest products ?
ƒ Innovation capacity/capability ?
ƒ High added-value specialty products from
forests and other bioresources ?
P
M
Extraction, purification (structure preserving)
Combustion
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Fermentation (enzymes)
ht
J
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ik
k
ol
a
Conversion – Upgrading Biofeedstock: Technology Challenge !
C
op
yr
ig
ƒ CATALYSIS – still in its infancy when dealing
with biorefinery feedstocks in contrary to the
well-established petroleum-based refinery
technology (almost 100 years of development,
fine-tuning and research for perfection)
ol
a
ƒ Food and feed
ƒ e.g. sugars, oils, fats, betaine ...
ik
k
Products in need
–
s
t
n
e
n
o
p
ƒ e.g. Bio-ethanol, Bio-diesel, DME,
DMC,
oxygenates
...
m
o
c
)
d
o
o
w
(
ƒ Bulk Chemicals
o
i
:
b
s
t
e
n
s
e
u
r
d acetic acid,
fe phenolics, adhesives,du
n
a
furfural,
fatty
acids,
DƒifDMC,
s
t
c
s
o
e
r
i
carbon products,
paints,
pigments,
detergents,
solvents,
r
p
t
t
n
n
u
o
c
c
biodegradable
chemicals
?
i
differe polymers ... sPlatform
d
r
o
N
n
i
e
i
t
ƒ Fine-Chemicals
i
v
i
t
c
a
d
e
t
c
ƒ
e.g.
xylitol,
sorbitol,
sitosterol, mannans, lignans,
e
Se l
ig
ht
J
P
M
ƒ Liquid fuels
stilbenes, flavonoids, betulinol, suberin ...
C
op
yr
ƒ Heat and electricity
ol
a
Finechemicals from Birch
yr
op
aliphatic domain
Lupeol (2%)
ig
Betulinic acid (2%)
C
Aromatic domain
Betulin (25%)
ht
J
P
M
ik
k
ƒ Outer bark: Betulin (light scattering), aliphatic suberin
(natural polyester), antioxidant (aromatic suberin)
ƒ Total potential hydroxyfattyacids (Finland & Sweden) :
100 000 t/a Æ aliphatic domain even a potential source
of crude ’Birch-Diesel’
ik
k
ƒ STFI-Packforsk in Sweden
ol
a
LignoBoost
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
Side-fuel for
coal-powered
Powerplants
(e.g. Fortum Stockholm)
ik
k
ol
a
Asphalt emulsions for reduced
carbon dioxide emissions
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ƒ Akzo Nobel
ol
a
ik
k
TallDiesel
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ƒ SunPine in Piteå harbour, Sweden
ol
a
ik
k
Black liquor gasification
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ƒ Piteå, Sweden:
Methanol and/or Dimethylether
ol
a
ik
k
Fischer-Tropsch fuels
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ƒ StoraEnso (Finland)
ik
k
ol
a
Integration for district heat &
electricity, also some
transportation fuels
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ƒ Södra (Sweden, Norway)
ol
a
ik
k
SYNFUEL
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ƒ UPM KYMMENE (Finland)
ol
a
From any Oils/fats
Feed tank
M
Bio Oil
ik
k
ƒ NesteOil NexBtl, (Finland)
Pretreatment
Acid
Caustic
Water
Sludge
ht
J
P
Impurities
removal
Bio Oil - Rape seed oil
Palm Oil
Soya Oil
Animal fat
NExBTL-Process
Conversion
of fatty acids
to
parafins and
isoparafins
C
op
yr
ig
Hydrogen
Porvoo, 170 kt/a
Fuel gas
Sour water
Mineral oil diesel
Stabilation
Biodiesel
tank
Diesel
tank
Diesel +
Biodiesel
Blends
NExBTL component sales
Biodiesel
ol
a
ik
k
Integrated Biorefinery
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ƒ Örnsköldsvik Biorefinery cluster (Sweden)
ik
k
ol
a
Conclusions:
Major efforts in Nordic countries
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ƒ Industrial / large-scale pilot:
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ik
k
ol
a
New Research - Many solutions,
some more difficult than other ...
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
ƒ Complex concistency
ik
k
ol
a
Wood tar – a classical important
product from 16th to 19th century
ol
a
ik
k
Many BioFuels on the market
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
Diesel
ƒ FAME - Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
ƒ RME - Rapeseed Methyl Ester
ƒ NExBTL - Next generation biomass to liquid
ƒ GTL-products (various technologies)
Gasoline :
ƒ Bioethanol
ƒ ETBE, TAEE
ƒ Biogas
ol
a
ik
k
Diesel
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
Future Forest Diesel ?
ik
k
ol
a
EVEN INTEGRATED BIOREFINERIES
PRODUCE A LOT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
- WHAT TO DO WITH IT ?
M
CO2UTIL – Utilization of CO2 for chemicals (incl. fuels)
Carbon dioxide to organic carbonates
P
ht
J
op
9
ig
9
9
9
9
9
Abundant C1 feedstock
Non toxic, non-inflammable
Affordable
Easy to handle, store, transport
Oxygen carrier
Solvent (scCO2: solvent and reagent)
+ enhances rate and selectivity
(Green house gas)
yr
9
C
E.g. Direct synthesis of dimethylcarbonate – catalytic route
CO2 + 2CH3OH
DMC + H2O
M.Sc. Valerie Eta
ol
a
Pyrolysis for Bio-oil
ƒ Challenge: Bio-oil upgrading (catalysis)
M
ik
k
ƒ corrosiveness, viscosity, coking, stability, cold
properties, high water conctent etc.
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
Catalysis
Dr.thesis of M.Sc. Atte Aho
ol
a
Hydrogen from Biosources ?
M
ig
ht
J
P
ƒ TEKES (Finnish Funding
Agency for Technology
and Innovation), Ecocat
Oy, Ehovoc Oy, Selmic Oy,
Danisco Sweeteners Oy
ik
k
ƒ Aqueous Phase Reforming
(APR)
op
yr
Dr. Anton Tokarev
C
Reaction pathways involved in glucose and sorbitol
reforming
R.R. Davda et al., Appl. Catal. B: Envir. 56 (2005) 171
ol
a
Bio-Butanol & -Pentanol and Fuel Additives
ƒ
Doc. Esa Toukoniitty
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
ƒ
ik
k
ƒ
Academy of Finland Sustainable Energy Program: SUSFUFLEX
(collaboration with UOULU and KTH)
NEW, INNOVATIVE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION FUELS
FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS: FROM BIOCOMPONENTS TO
FLEXIBLE LIQUID FUELS
Can be blended into standard gasoline or gasoline containing
ethanol
Compatible with existing vehicle technology
M
ƒ
BP & DuPont: ’biobutanol - will be introduced by the end of 2007’
Synthetic
Gasoline
From BuOH
Via
Catalysis !
ol
a
M
ik
k
OPTIMAL TREATMENT
PROCESSES OF
Upgrading biogas for
LIGNOCELLULOSES FOR
vehicle fuel - BIOGASUP
BIOETHANOL – OPTBIO
ht
J
P
Certain ionic liquids are capable
for reversible capture of CO2
Jyri-Pekka Mikkola
Lab. of Ind. Chem. and Reaction Eng., Åbo Akademi Univ.
ig
Prof. Kai Peiponen
Department of Physics, University of Joensuu
yr
Assoc. Prof. Maria Elena Lienqueo Contreras
Prof. Jukka Rintala
University of Chile
Department of Biology and Environmental Science,, University of Jyväskylä
C
op
Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology
Jyri-Pekka Mikkola
Lab. of Ind. Chem. and Reaction Eng., Åbo Akademi Univ.
Dr. Romel Jiménez
Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción
ik
k
ol
a
Sample Biorefinery –
The Future is Today !
ig
ht
J
P
M
The biggest biorefinery in Europe ?
C
op
yr
DILEMMA FOOD BASED !
(grain)
rd
C
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
nd
ik
k
ol
a
However, in the world Gas & Coal
dominate the development in syngas
to fuels (dominant technology for 2 /3 generation biofuels) !
FOSSILE SOURCES – NOT SUSTAINABLE !
M
ik
k
ol
a
So, is Biomass a Sustainable
Energy Source ?
On a Net-Energy Basis ? – YES
On a Green House Gas Basis ? – YES
P
...provided that non-food crops are utilized
...and certain problems solved:
ig
ht
J
COST
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS
LAND USE
C
op
yr
IN PERSPECTIVE:
ƒUsing ethanol (current technology) in place
of oil reduces total carbon dioxide emissions
by only 13 % !
ƒTo fill the tank of a large SUV with ethanol
fuel could feed one person for a year !
www.scidev.net/en/opinions/research-is-needed-to-make-biofuels-sustainable.html
op
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
Production million m3/year
ik
k
ol
a
Potential for Biomass Conversion, biofuels
C
Data by F.O.Licht, 2006, www.earthpolicy.org
ik
k
ol
a
WORST
yr
ig
ht
J
P
M
FOOD BIO
op
NON-FOOD BIO
C
BEST
FOSSILE
ol
a
Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry
ht
J
P
M
ik
k
Perspectives in Global Terms
yr
ig
Will there be enough land ?
Will there be enough biomass ?
C
op
for food
bio-fuels
bio-products
ol
a
ik
k
M
P
ht
J
ig
yr
op
C
Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three preoccupations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development