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VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND LTD
Distributed Energy Systems
Kari Sipilä, Principal Scientist
VTT, Smart Energy Systems
What is DESY
 DESY is R&D program for local energy systems covering the
chain from research to business
 DESY develops and demonstrates new hybrid energy
systems (concept design and optimization)
 DESY is co-operation research program with consumers,
companies and research scientists
Local district energy = sustainable hybrid energy
production using local
renewable energy sources
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DESY vision and targets
 Energy systems in future will based on believable,
independent, self-sufficient and ecological energy
production
 Renewable energy sources will be utilized in optimal and
sustainable way
Fact: Energy production is nowadays too dependent on
external factors in several countries !
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Companies and Researchers
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DESY Distributed Energy Systems
Program structure
Program output
DESY (heating, cooling, powering)
R&D&I, demonstrations and sustainable goals
Solution platform
Energy
production
Theme 1
Theme 2
Theme 3
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Buildings
Farming and
Food
Industries
Turism and
Free-time
Technologies - Hybrid solutions and energy storing
Business Concepts
Local sustainable energy and areal planning
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Summary of DESY resources and publications
 Time 2012 – 2014
 Budget one Meur
 Total amount of 29 people were connected to the project
during 2.5 years.
 In the project was written 5 scientific articles
 10 conference papers
 7 internal deliverables
 1 Dr Thesis
 6 MSc Diploma
 Final summary report
 12 technical reports
 totally 41 technical publications.
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Two-zone single-family house
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Annual heat balance of 2-zone house
in 1985 – 2012 and ZnB-building
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Regional simulation model
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DESY hybrid energy systems and energy storing
Weather
forecast
BioBoiler
Data
Storage
Distance
operation
Energy
trade
Wind
Solar
DISTRICS
1. Design
2. Simulation
3. Optimization
BUILDINGS
1. Design
2. Simulation
3. Optimization
HWAC-net
E-net
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Economics
DHC-net
P-net
Heat
pump
Geo
BioCHP
Energy
citymap
Environmental/
Sustainability
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Demonstrations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Biorefinery including the production of biogas and bioethanol
Zero-energy building including the buildings and its heating system (Hyvinkää)
100/300 kW Eko-CHP plant with hot air turbine (Lappeenranta)
Energy village (Vaasa/ Ostrobothnia); 4/construction ph. + 1/planning ph.(Närväjoki)
Hybrid energy production (Eco Energy Centre, Karjalohja); HP, wind, solar
Solar energy plants (School/Helsinki/Helen, Sakarinmäki)
Energy self-sufficient farms (3) in Central Finland
Innovation
Research
Development
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Demonstrations
Market
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Case 2: Net zero energy building Blok
Hyvinkää housing fair 2013
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Architect:
Tiina Antinoja
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•
Laajuus, 150 k-m2
•
Ground source heating and cooling
•
Solar shading
•
PV ~ 9 kW
•
Solar heat
•
High insulation level, air tightness
•
Efficient heat recovery
•
Yearly balance target = zero
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Hybrid heated building
Floor area 150 k-m2 , HP + solar PV and
solar collectors + heat storage
Talon sähkön tarve 8500 kWh/v
CO2 emission kg/house/25 a
Net zero energy house’s variation in electricity
demand and production (kWh)
1600,00
1400,00
1200,00
Blok-talo,
lämmityksen
sähkönkulutus
Blok-talo, valaistus
+ laitteet
1000,00
800,00
600,00
400,00
Electricity for heating
Electricity demand 4010 kWh
Lighting 3935 kWh
Solar PV electricity production 9935 kWh
Net consumption 1990 kWh
Aurinkosähköä
200,00
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Joulu
Marras
Loka
Syys
Elo
Heinä
Kesä
Touko
Huhti
Maalis
Helmi
Tammi
0,00
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Hyvinkää ZnE-Building
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Case 3: Eko-CHP plant, Lappeenranta
 100e/300th kW Eko-CHP plant
 Hot air -turbine
 Fuel: pellets or wood chips
 Modular construction
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Case 5: Eco energy center, Karjalohja
•
•
•
•
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Floor area of building group 1500 m2
Heating demand 219 MWh/a (146 kWh/m2,a)
Electricity demand 142 MWh/a (95 kWh/m2,a)
Radiator heating and new floor heating
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Hybrid eco energy system
 Basic heating energy system is heat pump (40 kWth, COP = 4.5)
with 4 boreholes per 200 m each
 Also installed 15 kW solar PV, solar collectors and 20 kW wind power
 Electricity car loading should be possible
 Electricity trade
Installed steel tank with a volume of 1000 l and capacity of 25 kWh (T= 30 °C)
as a short time heat storage
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Eco Energy Center; simulation
a)
b)
Heat and electricity demand, when solar PV (a) or wind (b) is available in week 20,
April.
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Eco Energy Centre; simulation
Heat pump, heat storage and
solar PV in week 20, April
Heat pump, heat storage and
wind power in week 20, April
Ground heat pump 40 kW (cop 4.5), Wind power 20 kW or Solar PV power 15 kW (100 m 2),
Heat storage 25 kWh (1000 l, heat power in/out 50 kW), Test period 1 week.
The price of electricity follows the price of electricity trade market, transportation price is 6.0 c/kWh,
tax of electricity 2.11 c/kWh and profit of sale 0.1 c/kWh.
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Eco Energy Centre; simulation
Simulation result of hybrid energy system with heat pump, heat storage,
solar PV and wind power as well as electricity trade to/from local network.
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Sustainability assessment of the hybrid system
Monthly GHG emissions in the different cases
(excluding production of heat pumps and solar panels.
Total GHG emissions in the different cases
The sustainability assessment for greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions calculated over 20 years.
Four different cases:
Case 1, there are ground-source heat pumps with heat storage and 100 m2 (15 kW) solar PV panels.
Case 2, same as Case 1 but there is no heat storage
Case 3, ground-source heat pumps with heat storage, but no solar panels.
Ref. case, only electric heating
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Photos of hybrid eco center
Saved money by using heat pump gives 6.5 years pay-back time
with 5 % of interest compared to direct electricity cost of heating
If Solar PV panels of 15 kW is included the pay-back time is 9 y
Wind power 20 kW with heat pump gives also pay-back time of 9 y
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Heat pump and heat storage
Heat source drilling
Solar PV cells
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Wind power unit
Distributed Energy System (DESY)
Solar collectors
Hybrid energy system
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Conclusions, buildings
 Extremely well insulated envelope and effective heat recovery
from exhaust air it is possible to achieve the passive house level 15
kWh/m2
 Improvements in HVAC systems are more cost-effective than
improving all the time the thermal insulation of the envelope from
the Finnish reference values of the year 2012
 ZnB level is difficult to reach because of heating of hot water, if
you do not build also solar heating system for heating or/and warm
waste water recovering system
 ZnB resulted in lower environmental impacts than the other cases
(district heating Case, electricity Case) in all environmental impact
categories except for eutrophication impacts
 Investments in heating and heat recovery devices are the most
advantageous ones
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Conclusions, hybrid solutions
 Hybrid solar PV or wind power is used with heat pump and
electricity purchase is included as well. Saved money by using heat
pump gives 6.5 years pay-back time with 5 % compared to direct
electricity cost of heating. If Solar PV panels of 15 kW is included the
pay-back time is 9 years. Wind power 20 kW with heat pump gives
also pay-back time of 9 years
 Three self-sufficient case farms (two grain farms and one dairy farm)
with solar energy and wind energy were too expensive investment for
reasonable pay-back time compared to bio fuel used in the boiler.
While comparing return of investment time heat pump has faster
payback time (8,2 years) compared to those of wood chips (10,2
years) and pellets (14,2 years)
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Conclusions, optimisation and GHG emissions
 Based on the developed sustainability optimization framework, it
is possible to compare different local hybrid energy production
options from the wide sustainability perspective. It is possible to
weigh the different sustainability criteria with local priorities and to
find the locally optimal solution for energy production system
 The environmental sustainability study of the Eco-CHP case showed
that it is possible to reduce significantly the local GHG emissions by
replacing even part of the natural gas heat production with biomass
CHP plant and considerable in Eco-CHP concept
 Expert views – there is much potential for small-scale production,
but the future development can take very different paths, depending
on how energy policy, citizen involvement, and business concepts
evolve
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