1. No category

Australia’s Regional &
Global Links
Migration
Use pg 271 of book to complete the
table
Term
Emigration
Definition
The process of…..
The 2 main processes of migration
EmigrationThe permanent departure
Of people from their country
ImmigrationThe movement of people into
A country
•
The process of migration takes place
at a range of scales.
1. International
Between countries
2. Interstate
Between states or
territories within a
country.
3. Intrastate
Between regions
within a state
or territory.
IMMIGRATION• Migration may be
either forced or
voluntary.
• Immigration has had
a significant impact
on the size and
structure of
Australia’s population
During the fifty years from 1947 to 1997
Australia Population increased
By approx 11.5 million.
7 Million of this
increase can be
attributed to the
net gain of immigrants
and their families
http://www.news.com.au/business/story/0,23636,24474767-664,00.html
Oct 2008 migration rethink from the 2008-09 Migration Program
is set at 190,300 places, representing a 19.8 per cent increase
on the 2007-08 program. The figure includes 56,500
places for family migrants sponsored by
people already in Australia and 133,500 places for those with special skills.
Net Migration
• Net migration is the difference
between the number of permanent
departures from Australia (emigration)
and the number of people arriving to live
in Australia on a permanent basis
(immigration)
• permanent arrivals (immigration) –
permanent departures (emigration) =
net migration
Immigration
• Australian society has been shaped by a long history
of immigration. Since 1945 around 6.5 million people
have arrived as new settlers and in 2006, nearly one
in four (24%) Australian residents were born
overseas.
Australian Population
Change 1901-2002
Growth rates
Australian Immigration:
• 7 million immigrants(2nd Generation) between 1947-97
• The composition of immigrant population has changed
significantly over time.
Why? :
– White Australia Policy.
– The need for labour post WWII. (Snowy River)
Why come to Australia?
http://www.ntrust.com.sg/why-migrateto-australia.htm A perspective from
Singapore
Short Answer
practice.
1.Outline this
cartoon’s main
ideas/ themes
Indicate in general
terms the main
features of…
• The cartoonists main ideas are that immigration has
created jobs.
• Businesses in Australia have a larger amount of people
to sell to.
• There is a larger marketplace which has created
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. GDP means the
total combined value of all the goods and services
produced in the economy at a given time.
• Therefore immigration has largely contributed to
economic growth
Australian Emigration:
• This is a voluntary form of migration.
Why leave Australia?
People attempting to improve
their social and economic well being.
Where do they go?
Mostly to the UK, USA, NZ, China.
Refer to page 272
for this graph
THEN
read the text
below it to
complete the
tasks
1. Complete the summary
table
1901 to
1970s
After
WW II
Today
2. Work out the % for each
group listed
Years/areas
1950
1970
2000
UK
Europe
Asia
Skilled & family Migrants
60
thousands
50
40
family
Skill
30
20
10
0
1990
1996
2003
years
2004
Skilled
Family
Streamed
Types
Of
Migration
Trans Tasman
Humanitarian
Illegal Migrants
• Illegal migrants under Australian law are
those who:
– enter Australia without authority; or
– overstay visas, work without
appropriate approval or have
their visas cancelled.
• There are estimated to be about 50,000 visa
over stayers in Australia.
The majority?
British Nationals.
Types of migration flows to Australia
•
Skilled Stream:
– Highly skilled migrants who could potentially contribute to the
economy.
– Migrants must pass a skills test. ie, English speaking ability, work
experience,etc.
– This is usually a voluntary
form of emigration.
– Since the late 1990s, the Skill Stream has been
the largest and fastest growing Migration Program
stream, an increase in the proportion of total
permanent additions in this category from 23% in
1996–97 to 51% in 2005–06.
• Family Stream:
– Migrants selected due to their families ties in Australia.
– Migrants must be a close family member of someone already
living in Australia.
– There is no skills or
language test for these
migrants.
– As a proportion of total permanent additions, the Family
Stream has decreased from 45% (47,300) in 1996–97 to
26% (45,900) in 2005–06.
• Humanitarian migration:
– The Humanitarian Program is the smallest of
Australia's immigration categories
– This is designed to provide sanctuary for refugees.
– This is normally a forced form of migration.
– Examples of factors for people leaving their
countries include war, disease and famine.
– In 2005–06, there were around 17,000 permanent
additions through the Humanitarian Program,
representing 9% of all permanent additions in that
year.
• Trans-Tasman migration:
– This is a unique agreement with New
Zealand.
– It means New Zealanders
can enter, live and work in
Australia without a visa.
– There were 15 663 migrant
settlers from NZ in 2001-02.
This is a link to the latest Government
Statistical publications
http://www.immi.gov.au/media
/publications/statistics/index.htm
ADVANTAGES
Cultural and linguistic diversity
•
•
•
•
Considered a valuable resource
Over 200 languages spoken here
A rich mix of traditions, cultures, languages and beliefs.
Multiculturalism is now considered a defining characteristic of
Australia’s identity.
• Food, music, customs enrich our lifestyles.
ADVANTAGES
Economic Benefits
• Generate wealth and employment for all Australians +
invest in economy. (29% small businesses
owned/operated by overseas born)
• Generate extra tax revenue for the govt. (very
important in an ageing society)
• Important language and cultural skills boosts our links/
business opportunities overseas.
– Research shows that migration increases average
incomes and improves the economy.
– Migrants address skills shortages.
(check p.279 for more advantages)
ADVANTAGES
Geopolitical advantages
• Migration policy is a sensitive topic and accepting refugees
improves our foreign relations and standing in the international
community.
• It has also helped Australia to build stronger bilateral and
multilateral links with other countries.
DISADVANTAGES
Racial Conflict
• There are those who see this as a threat to Australia’s AngloCeltic background.
• Some groups are discriminated against e.g. Sudanese people in
Tamworth
DISADVANTAGES
Economic Costs
• At times it can be a drain on the economy because they need
support services
• In some instances they can take jobs from Australians
DISADVANTAGES
Geopolitical disadvantages
• Australia’s hard line on people smuggling out of SE Asia has
created some friction with our close neighbours
• The ‘Pacific Solution’ (processing and detaining asylum seekers on
islands outside the migration zone has drawn criticism from the
United Nations.
The role of Government
Migration continued
• The Federal Government plays an
important role in the development of
immigration policy.
• It has a number of key roles, such as:
– Developing policy
– Enforcing Australia’s migration policy
– Provision of services for new arrivals
Developing Policy
• Federal government develops
immigration policy
• Sets requirements foreign nationals
need to meet for entry into Australia
(Migration Act 1958)
Enforcing Australia’s migration
policy
• This involves:
– Preventing people smuggling
– Deporting foreign nationals who do not have
correct documentation
– Ensuring visitors do not overstay their
visas
Provision of services
• Provisions that are provided for new
migrants include:
– Settlement information
– English programs
– Translation and interpretation services
The role of non government
services: (NGO’s)
• Some roles of NGOs include:
– Defend human rights of asylum seekers and
illegal migrants
– Provide legal advice to asylum seekers.
– Mount campaigns in support of migrants
rights.
– Some eg’s of NGOs include: Amnesty
International, AUSTCARE, and Red Cross.
Govt. treatment of asylum
seekers.
• Those entering Australia with the
correct visa can apply for permanent
protection visas.
• Those arriving illegally are detained
until they can prove their refugee
status.
• Some detention centres include
Villawood, Baxter, Woomera, and Port
Hedland.
The Tampa Crisis.
• Aug 2001: 433 asylum seekers rescued
from a sinking ship by MV Tampa
(Norway).
• The Tampa was refused
entry into Australian waters
to unload the people.
• The govt. processed the asylum seekers
applications offshore, eventually
accepting 27 of the refugees.
The plight of asylum
seekers was brought
to the attention of the
world as a result of the
affair.
The Pacific solution:
• The creation of an ‘exclusion zone’ which
included nearly all of the northern coast
of Australia, as well as outlying islands.
• This meant that people arriving on these
outer islands could not automatically
apply for visas
News articles
•
•
•
•
•
http://www.smh.com.au/news/paul-sheehan/and-the-challenge-ofmigration/2008/08/03/1217701846375.html Aug 2008 Paul Sheehan
Immigration targets for 2009
http://business.smh.com.au/business/an-inconvenient-truth-about
rising-immigration-20080302-1way.html March 2008 Ross Gittins
“we're in the biggest immigration surge in our history.” Consequences
http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,2313365225658,00.html?from=public_rss Asian migration, Bernard Salt January
2008
http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/migration-must-doublereport/2008/02/05/1202090427563.html?s_cid=rss_national
Migration must double: report, Feb 2008
http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/migrant-home-builderstoeaseshortage/2008/03/03/1204402365340.html?s_cid=rss_national
Migrant home builders to ease shortage, March 2008