4 ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS APPEASEMENT, COLLABORATION, RESISTANCE AND DISSENT
Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay 4 ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS APPEASEMENT, COLLABORATION, RESISTANCE AND DISSENT Kevin P. Dincher www.kevindincher.com www.crazymoonconsulting.com MS ST. LOUIS Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 2 HAVANA, 1939 MS ST. LOUIS Hamburg: 13 May 1939 • Sailed for Havana • 937 passengers • 930 were Jewish • Cuba’s Decree 55 • US efforts • 29 passengers Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 3 Boarding the MS St. Louis in Hamburg MS ST. LOUIS Florida: 4 Jun 1939 • • Ted Falcon & David Blatner: Judaism for Dummies US Coast Guard Canada: 9 June 1939 Dominican Republic? Evian Conference (July 1938) • Garden of Beasts 32 countries; 24 organizations • US: 30,000 • UK: 30,000 • Australia: 15,000 refugees • "as we have no real racial problem, we are not desirous of importing one". • Canada: none • France: none • "the extreme point of saturation as regards admission of refugees“ • Dominican Republic: 100,000 Kevin P. Dincher 4 • Jewish refugees on the MS St. Louis in Havana. MS ST. LOUIS Antwerp: 17 Jun 1939 • Original 937 passengers Captain Gustav Schröder On March 11, 1993, Yad Vashem decided to recognize Captain Gustav Schroeder (posthumously) as Righteous Among the Nations. Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher • 29 - remained in Cuba 1 died on ship 288 – UK 619 returned to continental Europe • 224 – France • 214 – Belgium • 181 – Netherlands Roughly 709 survived and 227 were slain 5 • • • • MS ST. LOUIS 1974 book: Voyage of the Damned, • Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan-Witts. Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 6 1976 film: Voyage of the Damned Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 7 SURVIVERS OF THE MS ST. LOUIS MIAMI, DECEMBER 2011 MS ST. LOUIS Patria (1940) • • • • SS Navemar (1941) • • • • Spanish ship chartered by American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Designed for 28 passengers Carried 1,120 Jewish refugees from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia to New York in a voyage lasting 7 weeks. SS Struma (1942) • • • • • French ocean liner carrying 1800 refugees who were being deported from Palestine by the British 25 November 1940 was the sinking by the Haganah in the port of Haifa 260 people were killed and 172 injured. Romanian vessel chartered to carry 781 Jewish refugees from Romania to British-controlled Palestine Left December 12, 1941 Torpedoed and sunk by a Soviet submarine on February 5, 1942 Only 1 person survived Mefure (1944) • • • A motor schooner chartered to carry refugees from Romania to Istanbul, sailing under the Turkish and Red Cross flags. Torpedoed and sunk by a Soviet submarine on August 5, 1944. Captain, 6 crew and 5 of 350 passengers survived Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 8 • 4 ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 9 Ambassador William E. Dodd and family arriving in Germany (1933) 4 ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS Appeasement Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 10 The policy of acceding to the demands of a potentially hostile nation in the hope of maintaining peace Kevin P. Dincher 11 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 12 Garden of Beasts APPEASEMENT 1. Cowardice 2. Political/Economic Instability • • • Abdication of the Kaiser and the “German Revolution” (1918—1919) The Weimar Republic and the Treaty of Versailles (1919) Economic Collapse and Hyperinflation (1921-1923) 3. Nativism, Isolationism, Neutrality and Pacifism • • • Immigration Quotas; League of Nations; Neutrality Laws German Americans; Irish Americans New Pacifism 4. Hitler’s Message • Social justice for Germany and the German people; Peace 5. America’s “Affinity” with Germany Garden of Beasts Anti-semitism Kevin P. Dincher 13 • APPEASEMENT William Dodd • Ambassador: 30 August 1933 – 29 December 1937 • Instructions: “don’t upset the apple cart” • Pro-German • • • Initially saw the “positives” of a strong leader Concerned by militaristic spirit Critical • • • • Oct, 1933: American Chamber of Commerce (Berlin) Jul, 1934: Night of the Long Knives Nov, 1936: Report to the State Department Annual Nazi Party Rallies (Nuremburg) • Lack of “Style” – Not a Member of the “Club” • “Resigned” in 1937 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 14 • $1.2 billion in loans; American domestic politics • “There were very few men who realized what was happening in Germany more thoroughly" than Dodd, who proved ineffective because he "was completely appalled by what was happening.” (George S. Messersmith) • “Sincere though impulsive and inexperienced.“ • Dodd “has impressed his diplomatic associates as a man who is inclined to forget his responsibilities as an envoy in his zeal as an historian and in his views as a contemporary observer of governing trends.” • “A tragic misfit … "a babe-in-the-woods in the dark forests of Berlin” Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 15 APPEASEMENT APPEASEMENT William Dodd • 1937– 1940 Several policies were adopted during the first two years of the Nazi regime. The first was to suppress the Jews.... They were to hold no • Speaking tour of Canada and the US positions in University or government operations, own no land, write nothing for newspapers, gradually give up their personal business relations, be imprisoned and many of them killed.... • • Warned against the dangers posed by Germany, Italy, and Japan, and detailed racial and religious persecution in Germany And of course there is not a word … to warn the unwary … that all the people who might oppose the regime have been absolutely silenced. The central idea behind it is to make the rising generation worship their chief and get ready to "save civilization" from the Predicted German aggression against Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland Jews, from Communism and from democracy—thus preparing the way for a Nazified world where all freedom of the individual, of education, and of the churches is to be totally suppressed. Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 16 Dodd, 1938 4 ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS Collaboration Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 17 To cooperate treasonably, as with an enemy occupation force in one's country 4 ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS Collaboration To cooperate treasonably, as with an enemy occupation force in one's country Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 18 cooperate versus collaborate COLLABORATION Berlin • • Donald Day Mildred Gillars • • John Burgman • • Steve Wick Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher John Scanlon William Joyce • The Long Night: William L. Shirer and the Rise and Fall of the Third Reich Axis Sally Lord Haw Haw Italy • Rita Zucca • • Axis Sally “Hello Suckers” 19 American Reporters and Broadcasters COLLABORATION Europe of the 1920s and 1930s Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 20 • Jazz Age – Cabaret COLLABORATION Europe of the 1920s and 1930s • Jazz Age – Cabaret • Midnight in Paris Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas Ernest Hemingway Cole Porter F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald Salvador Dali Man Ray Luis Buñuel Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 21 • • • • • • • COLLABORATION Europe of the 1920s and 1930s • Jazz Age – Cabaret • Midnight in Paris • Literature: moral loss/aimlessness • WW I deaths and wounded veterans Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 22 • Lost Generation (Génération Perdue) COLLABORATION Europe of the 1920s and 1930s • Jazz Age – Cabaret • Midnight in Paris • Lost Generation (Génération Perdue) • Literature: moral loss/aimlessness • WW I deaths and wounded veterans • Rise of Marxism/Communism Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 23 • 1929: The Great Depression COLLABORATION Europe of the 1920s and 1930s France • • • Far-right leagues (Ligues d'extrême droite) Communists and Radical Socialists Spain • • • Spanish Civil War (1936 – 1939) Francisco Franco (1939 – 1975) • Pro-Axis, non-belligerant stance Italy • • Benito Mussolini (1922 – 1945) Britain • Garden of Beasts British Fasciti (1923 – 1934) Kevin P. Dincher 24 • COLLABORATION Nuremburg Laws: 1933 • • • • Defined who was Jewish Stripped Jews of citizenship (subjects) Banned marriage between Jews and non-Jews 1935: extended to Romani (gypsies/Zigeuner) and Blacks • German Allies: Garden of Beasts Italy (1938) Hungary (1938/1941) Romania (1940) Bulgaria (1941) Slovakia (1941) Croatia (1941) Kevin P. Dincher 25 • • • • • • 4 ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS Collaboration To cooperate treasonably, as with an enemy occupation force in one's country Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 26 cooperate versus collaborate COLLABORATION • Not citizens of the Third Reich • Driven by: • • • • • • Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher Nationalism Ethnic hatred Anticommunism Anti-Semitism Opportunism Survival • Urged the civilian population to remain calm and accept foreign occupation without conflict • Organized trade, production, financial and economic support • Joined various branches of the armed forces of the Axis powers or special "national" military units fighting under their command 27 COLLABORATORS Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 28 "I live in a German family and feel wonderful“ Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 29 "Let's do agricultural work in Germany. Report immediately to your Vogt" Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 30 "join the fight against Bolshevism." Kevin P. Dincher 31 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 32 Garden of Beasts COLLABORATION Waffen SS • Armed wing of the SS (Schutzstaffel = "Protective Squadron") • • • Worked with the regular army, but not part of it Grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions Multi-national, mutli-ethnic • No Jews or Poles allowed • Volunteer/conscription • End of the war, 60% ethnic non-Germans Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 33 • Nuremberg Trails: criminal organization COLLABORATION WAFFEN SS - 18 TOTALLY VOLUNTEER GROUPS Wiking (Sweden) 1st Flemish (Belgian) Nordland (Scandinavian) Walloon (Belgian) 1st Ukrainian Garden of Beasts 1st Russian 2nd Russian 1st Italian 1st Albanian 1st Belarussian Kama (2nd Croatian) 3rd Hungarian Nederland 1st Hungarian 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French) 2nd Hungarian Landstorm Nederland Kevin P. Dincher 34 1st Croatian COLLABORATION Government Collaboration Channel Islands British territory occupied by Nazi Germany Resistance British government: policy of “passive cooperation” Accusations of collaboration Fraternization Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 35 • • • • • COLLABORATION Government Collaboration Balkans • Most significant governmental support for Germany Garden of Beasts Albania Slovakia Croatia Kevin P. Dincher 36 • • • COLLABORATION Government Collaboration France The French volunteers • • • • Vichy government (Philippe Pétain and Pierre Laval) • • Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism • Fought on the Eastern Front Legion Imperiale • Fought in North Africa 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French) • Participated in the final defense of Berlin Opened up a series of concentration camps in France where it interned Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, political opponents, etc. French police (Rene Bousuet) helped in the deportation of 76,000 Jews to the extermination camps Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 37 • VICHY FRANCE (1940 – 1944) Philippe Pétain: collaborated with the German occupying forces in exchange for an agreement to not divide France between the Axis Powers Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 38 • Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 39 VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP • Born on January 27, 1939, in Paris, • Arrested during the Vel d'Hiv roundup, she was deported on convoy 20 of August 17, 1942, with her mother, Sira. • Her father, Julius, had already been deported on convoy 5. Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 40 Éliane Borowka VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 41 The Velodrome d’Hiver VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 42 The Velodrome d’Hiver VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP The registration file of Jews living in Occupied France • 150,000 Jews living in Paris • 10 May 1941 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 43 • 4,000 Jewish men deported to French concentration camps VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP July 1942 René Bousquet • • • Louis Darquier • • Secretary-general of the National Police Jean Leguay: #2 Commissioner for Jewish Affairs Meetings with Gestapo • Roundup of Jews 22,000 Jews • From Germany, Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union and those whose origins couldn't be determined • All aged from 16 to 50 • Exceptions for women "in advanced state of pregnancy" or who were breast-feeding • Children under 16years will be sent to the Union Générale des Israélites de France to be place in “foundations” Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 44 • VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP July 1942 Pierre Laval • • 16 July 1942, • • • • Prime Minister 13,152 Jews were arrested 5,802 (44%) were women 4,051 (31%) were children Vel D’Hiv conditions Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 45 • VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP Pierre Laval, Prime Minister • • • • Jean Leguay, #2 in National Police • • • 1979: charged with crimes against humanity 1989: committed suicide without having gone to trial Louis Darquier, Commissioner for Jewish Affairs • • • • Trial: 3 October 1945 Defense: obliged to sacrifice foreign Jews to save the French Convicted and executed Sentenced to death in absentia in 1947 by the French High Court of Justice for collaboration Fled to Spain where he died in 1980 1978 interview: gas chambers only killed lice René Bousquet, Secretary General of the National Police • • • Trial: 1949 Acquitted: "compromising the interests of the national defense“ Convicted: Indignité nationale (national unworthiness) • • • 1951: 46,000 convicted of national unworthiness 1986: accusations in connection with Vel d’Hiv Roundup began 1993: assassinated Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 46 • VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP Philippe Pétain 7 September 1944 • • • • 24 April 1945 • • Returned to France 23 July to 15 August 1945 • • • • • Liberation of France Vichy government in exile in Germany 5 April 1945 On trial for treason Judges Jury DeGaul July 23, 1951 • Buried Fort de Pierre-Levée citadel on the Île d'Yeu, an island off the French Atlantic coast Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 47 •
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